CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background of the study

In recent times, with the development of information communication technology, social media, a way of
information transmission, has experienced a dramatically increasing use in recent years. The youth is
one of the groups who regard social media as a way of living and a way of organizing personal activities.
There are many arguments on social media claiming women contribute less than men in the workplace,
or it is a bad thing for women to be educated well.

Social media is defined as online platforms which provide users to create and share their opinions with
their friends or other individuals through pictures, videos or texts, including Wechat, Weibo, and Tik
Tok. It plays a more and more critical role in our world today, and the number of its users has been
increasing rapidly in recent years. It even becomes a daily routine for many individuals who might spend
most of their time a day using those social media apps.

Social media are Internet-based channels that allow users to opportunistically interact and selectively
self present, either in real-time or asynchronously, with both broad and narrow audiences who derive
value from user generated content and the perception of interaction with others.

However, Gender is "a concept used to point out the roles created socially for women and men and
learnt behavior expectations" (Ecevit, 2003: 83). When we look at the historical background of the
concept, we see that it has emerged due to the inequalities existing in the societies and perception of
woman as a secondary being. Gender covers the hierarchical structuring between men and women in
terms of utilization of power, wealth and other resources. Therefore, the gender stratification, which is
unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege, has become one of the fields discussed in the social
sciences in the recent years (Macionis, 2013. p. 328). Meanwhile, it was accepted that the gender
differences stem from biological difference, and in the second approach, socialization and learnt gender
roles were emphasized, and it was marked that gender has a central role in many fields from daily life
such as family, law, development and education in all class and patriarchal societies (Ecevit et al., 2011,
p. 4).

Meanwhile the concept of gender inequality refers to woman's being at secondary position in social life,
social, economic, political fields, and having less place compared to men.Send these
details:Name:Matric number:Siwes Placement ( where you did your siwes):Supervisor:
In the historical process, place of women has been restricted to the private sphere (home) in all cultures,
their presence in public sphere has become possible as a result of the challenges which have lasted for
many years, and which are still going on.

Also, gender inequality is not normal in the daily life and workplaces of individuals. In terms of daily life,
gender issues show their impact on their interactions with peoples perceptions and behaviors.
According to Lorber, gender is constructed by social interactions and cultures in society, including
gender signs and gender signals. Meanwhile, the social interactions. individual behaviors and
perceptions are also underpinned by the construction of gender issues and media

An online social network can be defined as a type of virtual community that consists of people who
share a similar interest. These communities are able to interact with one another almost
instantaneously whether they are separated geographically or not (Johnston et al, 2013). The growth
and popularity of social media means that is has surpassed its original purpose of being a personal
connectivity channel between friends to becoming an essential strategie business tool. Social media is a
set of collective channels for online communications sources dedicated to varieties of input,
communication, sharing and collaboration. It is especially based on Websites, applications, blogging,
social networking, social bookmarking, and wikis are the different types of social media.

Social media has huge influence on people, women's knowledge about media and access to and control
over the various forms of conventional and modern media is still limited in most societies. The increase
in the participation and access of women to self-expression and decision- making through the media and
new technologies of communication is in a way empowering women. The powerful and positive role
that the media can play in the empowerment of women and gender equality should be supported and
further explored

Over the past decade, the media landscape has dramatically changed with social media outlets such as
blogs, online discussion forums, and online communities now supplementing traditional media outlets
such as newspapers, magazines, and television programs. Social media are new information network
and information technology using a form of communication utilizing interactive and user-produced
content, and interpersonal relationships are created and maintained. Social media is becoming an agent
of change. It is changing the way information is communicated to and from people around the world. Its
use is increasing day by day with high

rate in all over the world. Social media has proven potential for mobilizing attention and Accountability
to women's rights, and challenging discrimination and stereotypes. It has proved to be a powerful
vehicle for bringing women's rights issues to the attention of a wider public. galvanizing action on the
streets of cities around the world and encouraging policy makers to step up commitments to gender
equality.
The explosion of social media, Cyber feminism and unprecedented use by women of new technologies
represents important opportunities to bring gender equality and women's rights issues to the forefront
of both policy making and media attention, India ranks second in usage of Facebook and third in Twitter.
These social networking sites not only pave a way for communicating across the globe but they have
played a major role in empowering women. encouraging the civic participation among women in
Western, Middle East and Asian countries.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

According to a psychological study of gender discrimination of gender inequality problems caused by the
separate reports women could produce the feeling of isolation, while women spontaneously form a
discussion group on Weibo, to discuss, which can attract a common experience of women to join,
produce the feeling of attention, and improve women happy and well-being. It's a plausible result, but
when compared to discrimination on social media, fleeting happiness isn't enough. Because, more
rooted in a patriarchal society, discrimination is also unimpeded on social media. The open Internet has
shattered the traditional "celebrity image" of people like professors as knowledgeable, open-minded
and forward thinking people. These idealized images are disintegrating, with occasional jaw-dropping
remarks by some professors. It is precise because social media has infiltrated our social lives with such
ferocity that we should pay attention to it.

Meanwhile, a repetitive use of notorious gender stereotypes (such as showing women only as careers of
the family or as sexual objects) affects the public's perception of reality. The stereotypes are
everywhere. It is a problem that individuals, non-governmental organizations, mass media and
governments at all levels have given a great deal of attention to Many people and groups have put
forward what constitutes gender disparity. For Musami (2010), gender disparity or inequality could be
equated to the violations of certain rights or privileges of persons because of their sex. She further
states that it connotes the capacity to deny or deprive any person

the essence of fair judgment, violation of the principle of sagacity by reason of arhitrary concession to
the other sex. This means that gender disparity is the obvious or hidden bias, disproportion or imbalance
due to sex. Put differently, it is the discrimination of whatever sort melted out against a particular
person or group of persons based on their sexual category.

Gender Inequality or disparity occurs in education, in the workplace where there is income disparities
finked to job stratification and at home where there are gender roles in parenting and marriage. In the
latter, it can be said that gender roles develop through internalization and identification during
childhood. It also manifests in politics and other favets of life due largely or embedded in the over-
bearing patriarchal system of existence.
However, social media is emerging as an alternative media as a platform to share and raise the voice of
women when their voice is restricted. People are joining Cyber hands to help women and share their
voices in each and every protest against gender inequality. The subject of empowering women is now
being linked to social media as it is emerging as a powerful tool for awareness and action.
Empowerment of women is necessary for a bright future of the women, family, society and country so
as to make them take their own decisions for personal growth. For a long time voice of women is
restricted and it can be made loud by way of social media Online presence in social media is providing
women with new freedom, independence and control, liberty, and empowerment like never before. It
helps them to try things that were impossible in the real scenario, Social networking offers more of an
opportunity to network and get to know people and places. Women can no more be lost. Nor does she
have to depend on others to carry out her tequirements. Social Media is posing questions and answering
questions that could raise and suggests solutions for every search of hers. It can really turnout to be a
friend indeed that gives her both intellectual and emotional company without having to lose her identity
The more women use social media, the more she will benefit from it as well.

1.3 Objective of the Study

This research will be guided by the following objectives:

L. To examine the level of awareness of gender inequality and gender discrimination on ocal med

2. To investigate public perception on gender inequality and gender discrimination issues

3. To examine social media assessment on gender inequality and gender discrimination

4. To ascertain how social media have influence public perception on gender inequality.

5. To investigate public assessment on gender inequality and gender discrimination issues

1.4 Research Question

1. What is the level of awareness of gender inequality and gender discrimination on social media?
2. What is the perception of the public on gender inequality and gender discrimination issues?

3. What is the assessment of social media on gender inequality and gender discrimination?

4. How do social media influence public perception on gender inequality?

3. What is the assessment of the public on gender inequality and gender discrimination issues?

1.5 Significance of the Study

A dictum for this study as highlighted above in the study objectives is aimed at examining "gender
inequality and gender discrimination issues on social media: a study of public perception and
assessment" It identified and measured the views and general impression of the public on their
perception base on gender discrimination.

This study tends to influence how both gender will have says in their professional lives which will
leverage to building a framework for the policy that will translate into reducing gender inequality and
gender discrimination.

Meanwhile, the government will get the opportunity with this finding to make policies or decisions that
will further help both genders and will create a well divine empowerment for females

Also, this study will help to identify how social media have either influence gender inequality positively
or negative and how it entire public perceive the influence to be

Lastly, it will contribute greatly to the academic community by providing insight on how

male and female gender are being treated to some certain ends and how they get access to different
opportunities, Interested scholars can thus, build on findings of this study.

1.6 Scope of the Study

This study sought to investigate the perception of audience on gender inequality and gendes
descrinunatron esues on social media. However, the public in focus for this sealy will be youths in Off,
resident Kwara State

1.7 Operational Definition

Assessment: the action of assessing someone or something

Discrimination: the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people. especially on the
grounds of ethnicity, age, ses, or disability

Gender inequality: discrimination on the basis of ex ir gender causing ons ses of gender to be routinely
privileged or prioritized over ander

Issues: an important topic or problem for debate or discussion

Public perception: the type of information obtamed from a public opinion survey

Social media: websites and appiestions that enable mers to creato and share conteеть от to participate
in social metvarking.
CHAPTER TWO LITRATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Literature review, according to Oyewole and Olorede (2014:39) is basically a summary of what the
academie literature reveals about the subject under investigation. Researchers are to know that
literatures are many but they are to review only those that are available and closely related to their
studies alone.

This chapter positions the study within existing researches and provides a framework for understanding
gender inequality and gender discrimination issues on social media: a study of public perception and
assessment. This chapter reviews the relevant literatures that are pertinent to the topic of this study,

It is important to review literature because it shows what previous researchers have discovered. It is
usually quite long and primarily depends upon how much research has

previously been done in the area you are planning to investigate (Oyewole and Olorede,

2014:39).

2.2 Conceptual Framework

For better understanding of our discussion, we begin this section with conceptual

clarifications

2.2.1 The Concept Gender

Gender is "a concept used to point out the roles created socially for women and men and learnt
behavior expectations" (Ecevit, 2003: 83). When we look at the historical background of the concept, we
see that it has emerged due to the inequalities existing in the societies and perception of woman as a
secondary being. Gender covers the hierarchical structuring between men and women in terms of
utilization of power, wealth and other resources. Therefore, the gender stratification, which is unequal
distribution of wealth, power and privilege, has become one of the fields discussed in the social sciences
in the recent years. The gender perspective looks at the impact of gender on people's opportunities,
social roles and interactions. Successful implementation of the policy, programme and project goals of
international and national organizations is directly affected by the impact of gender and, in turn,
influences the process of social development. Gender is an integral component of every aspect of the
economic, social,

daily and private lives of individuals and societies, and of the different roles ascribed by society to men
and women.

Sex refers to the permanent and immutable biological characteristics common to individuals in all
societies and cultures, while gender defines traits forged throughout the history of social relations.
Gender, although it originates in objective biological divergencies, goes far beyond the physiological and
biological specifics of the two sexes in terms of the roles each is expected to play. Gender differences
ate social constructs, inculcated on the basis of a specific society's particular perceptions of the physical
differences and the assumed tastes, tendencies and capabilities of men and women. Gender differences,
unlike the inmutable characteristics of sex, are universally conceded in historical and comparative social
analyses to be variants that are transformed over time and from one culture to the next, as societies
change and evolve

Gender relations are accordingly defined as the specific mechanisms whereby different cultures
determine the functions and responsibilities of each sex. They also determine access to material
resources, such as land, credit and training, and more ephemeral resources, such as power. The
implications for everyday life are many, and include the division of labour, the responsibilities of family
members inside and outside the home, education and opportunities for professional advancement and a
voice in policy-making

Men were considered to be noble, decisive, independent, dignified, generous, and able to protect
others; able to face difficulties, ready to take risks and to conquer, thirsty for freedom and willing to
sacrifice. Interviewees said that men have broader knowledge and understanding than women that they
are often successful and hold important positions in society, and that men represent all that is beautiful
and strong. Contrary to men, women are defined by their role in the hoteseriald

Men are encouraged to pay attention to what they consider "great" or "important" matters, while
women sliould manage such "uivial" matters as keeping the home and clothes clean, the household fed,
the children taken care of, and so on Neither men nor women considered the societat contributions of
women through theu daily household tasks important Men are expected to persist in the face of failure,
but the idea that men cannot acknowledge failure would suggest the importance of involving women in
decision-making.

After all, strength is only part of what is needed in muuking good decisions, and women's ability to
compromise and reflect on their errors would presumably balance well with men's

assertiveness. Men are considered generous in behaviour and social relations, and even in wasting
money and time. When a man does not have a generous character, he is considered not only a narrow-
minded person, but also a dangerous one. While it is good for a woman to be frugal, it is considered
unacceptable in men, men have the right to waste money partly because they have the ability to earn it.
Naturally the very different expectations of men and women in this regard, and women's concerns
about maintaining the family on the husband's income, cause much conflict.

Many men consider freedom to be a male prerogative. Men are considered to be clumsy. to not know
how to care for others, and to have no knowledge of cooking. They are thus exempted from domestic
duties. At the same time, women are given little credit for possessing these skills. Just as there is great
peer pressure on men to go out drinking and gambling, so there is great pressure on women not to
object to those characteristically male activities Peer pressure also means that men who actually wish to
stay home and help their wives find it very difficult to do so. Gender training starts young with boys
learning, among other things, to be independent and generous/extravagant, and girls to be family-
oriented, eager to sacrifice, and careful with money.

2.2.2 The concept of gender inequality

Gender inequality refers to woman's being at secondary position in social lite, social, economic, political
fields, and having less place compared to men. In the historical process, place of women has been
restricted to the private sphere (home) in all cultures, their presence in public sphere has become
possible as a result of the challenges which have lasted for many years, and which are still going on. In
the studies conducted after 1980, gender is evaluated together with the "gender roles". Media has an
important role in both visibility and reproduction of gender discrimination. In our age named as the
communication age, we confront the social sharing sites, where gender roles and stereotype judgments
are discussed with all their aspects, and which are designated also as new public sphere and new media,
as the spaces where increasingly more participants share their opinions and comments within the
tramework of their own lifestyles and worldview.

Due to the reasons that access is available at every hour of the day, people are allowed to freely express
their real identities besides their idealized personalities, data and information flow

is very fast, new media has reached a more advantageous position compared to other mass media
2.2.3 Causes of Gender Inequality

Gender inequality describes the perception or treatment of individuals on the basis of their sex. In other
words, it manifests hierarchically because it regards women as inferior or of lesser value compared men
From early centuries, men have been considered to dominate over women, an act that has slowly
changed over time but it is stillwidespread Although women are predominantly the main focus of
gender inequality, men from less developed countries have also become victims of this act. On the
contrary, gender equality expresses beliefs, attitudes, behaviors and policies that display equity in
provision and valuing of opportunities for both men and women Gender inequality results from
differences in socially constructed gender roles, cultural and political beliefs, and religious beliefs,

The first reason that regards men and women as unequal is tradition and culture Both men and women
are tied to the structure of the society with beliefs that a woman should embrace their role as mothers
and wives hence excludes them from highly paid employments and leadership opportunities. Also, the
traditional division of labor excludes men from home making and child caring, roles they consider to
belong to a woman, it is worth nothing that most traditional based societies prefer having a son over a
daughter, In Korea, India and China, at least 9 girls considered missing for every 100 that are born.
Couples that have two or three daughters are more likely to have another child compared to couples
with the same number of sons. Consequently, this leads to an imbalanced society that considers men to
be more important than

women

Secondly, women have less legal rights and power to make decisions compared to men in all social
areas. For instance, the case of developing countries that inheritance and ownership laws favor men
more compared to women and this in turn affects the financial resources they owa, Politically, a century
ago women had no rights to vote for their preferred leaders hence they had less voice in polines and this
lead to an imbalance in women representation. However, the trend is dying as more developed
countries have embraced the aspect of women representation în politics so that they are able to voice
their opinions. In some countries, there are laws and customs that restrict the number of children a
woman can have hence this takes control away

from the woman. Therefore, women have less voice even on matters that concern their bodies and
politics compared to men

Additionally, the workforce mostly favors men over women. It is worth nothing that women take time
off their work to be the primary caregiver of children hence this causes employment lapses as they start
over when they re-enter the workforce. Furthermore, they tend have less continuity in their work
because on average they retire earlier than men (Gayle, Golan.2008), Women also tend to earn less
because the traditional women roles tend to pass lesser than the men roles (Babcock, Laschever, 2003)
Women are also less likely to be promoted than men because the it is socially acceptable to move
families for the sake of the man's job plus men tend to have more willingness to move compared to
women.

In developing countries, women get fewer chances to education compared to men Majorly, this is
because the return investment from educating a girl is considered to be of low value compared to
educating a boy. Although social retums from an educated boy and girl are equal, more social returns
are expected from the boy than the girl, hence, parents prefer to educate the boy over the girl. Biased
education curriculum makes girls less competitive in science subjects while they excel in economics and
home-based subjects, in brief, the education system fails to cater for both genders equally hence, brings
gender inequality

2.2.4 Media and Gender Stereotyping

Gender stereotype are not inflexible like a barometer, stereotype change to reflect both societal and
culture values this research set out to study current gender stereotype in four popular magazine (Marie
Claire, go, shape and men's health). The advertising was categorized into gender specific and gender
neutral adverts

According to Wood, (2005) gender roles in the media from the moment they are born and wrapped in a
pink and blue blanket, a child's gender is unmistaken from this point on, they will continuously be
bombarded with the socialization into their gender by many source One of the main sources of this
socialization is media, more specifically television. Images of gender in the media, finding a simple or
concrete definition of gender may be near impossible gender roles are what men and women learn and
internalize as the way they are supposed to act. These roles are commonly thought of natural rather
than a construction of culture. The male gender as performance in beer Advertising Aaron Devor in
becoming members of society fearring the

social meaning of gender argues that gender is a performance. He supports his argunsent by recognizing
how society rewards, tolerate, or punishes conformity to or divergence from social norms widely
accepted behavior set by society. If a male fell into the expected characterization of dostiinance and
aggression or female fails to act out passivity and submission they are at high risk of society punishment.
Michael Messner and jittery Montex explain that contemporary beer advert represent a desirable male
life style to reaffirm masculinity in a time when men are insecure.

A recent UNSECO report (2009) states "all the current state of progress in stereotyping women, it takes
time for women to achieve gender equality in the Nigeria Television Authority". Advertising on female
sexually to sell their products they tend to under value men and young girls. The research centre
organized a workshop on gender Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) and development in Vietnam
(2003) whereby the role of the Nigeria Television Authority in propagating gender equality and explored
models and experience that promote the active participation of communities in their own development
and also in promoting gender equality in Akpugo community In Nkanu West Local Government Area
Enugu State. The director of (CGFED), Dr. Le Thinham Tuyet gave empowering women, Cheaphalline,
vice director of the national radio of Cambodia do not reflect the contribution of worten to overall
development of the country, rather than continue to be stereotyped as objects for entertainment and
adornment equally the Cambodia media have failed to fulfill their potential reducing poverty and
contributing to the rural poor, by giving them programmes that promote sustainable development and
poverty alleviation, nor da the media work towards eradicating violence against women

Most recently in Cambodia the media has an opportunity to mitigate domestic violence by giving wide
publicity to the law against domestic violence enacted by the government, yet they failed to do so.
UNSECO's global action to promote gender action to promote gender equality in the media (women try
to make the news, 2008) writes on the result of the global media monitoring project conducted in 1995,
2000 and 2005 which found little positive change in selected indicator of gender bias in news media in
the context of news making, in news content and in journalistic practice, gender bias and negative
gender stereotyping have persistent throughout the ten years period. The GMMP of 2005 in particular
found that worsen are dramatically underrepresented in the news, only 20% of news subjects are
female and women's voice are rarely heard in topics that dominate the and agenda. UNESCO (2008)
global action to

promote gender equality in the media campaign according to UNSECO campaign (2008) choose
women's untold stories are as the theme due 26 to the fact that in most countries the way women are
portrayed in the number of women working in the Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) us editor,
journalist, correspondents, news readers and presenter, Three international media monitoring action on
women in the media co-ordinated by the world association for Christian communication 1995, 2000, and
2005 respectively, revealed that perspective on women as unrealistically glamorous or as a victims of
abuse, notably of sexual abuse. Female journalist are best placed to show case the work day challenges
and successes of women and UNESCO is inviting the world's media organization to help them to do this
in their coverage on 8th march 2008.9 women make the news (2008) is a challenging opportunity to
promote gender equality in newsroom by applying the principles of equal opportunity while maintaining
the highest journalist standard

Cultural Stereotype

Cultural stereotype are engrained in both men and women and these stereotype are possible
explanation for gender equality and resulting gendered age disparity. Women have traditionally been
viewed as being caring and nurturing and are designated to occupation which require such skills. While
these skills are culturally valued. They were typically associated with domesticity, so occupation
requesting these skills are economically valued men have traditionally been viewed as the bread winner
or the workers, so jobs held by men have been historically economically valued and occupation
predominated by men continue to be economically valued and pay higher wages.

2.3 Social Media and Gender Inequality Issues

Nowadays, various social media such as Weibo, wechat, twitter and facebook give many women a very
good platform to express their views and opinions. You can see that many websites and accounts
dedicated to promoting women's rights are maturing. It is worth noting that some media will greatly
reduce the living space of women if they focus on women's private parts and external umages and origin
in their creation. To be sure, social media is a big deal. On the one hand, social media plays a strong role
in breaking female stereotypes, which is conducive to improving women's status. On the other hand, if
improper promotion is carried out through the

current controversial topic, it will have a great negative impact. Therefore, good use of social media, a
strong voice of poutive energy, truly speaks for women, and help citizens to establish gender equality
awareness

However, the more relaxed the environment we face, the more vigilant they need to be When "media"
and public accounts frequently publish articles defending women's rights, the public needs to raise their
vigilance. Also be wary of social networks that directly advise women on how to stand up for their rights.
Because in the age of social media, people can't accurately determine whether they really care about
women's rights. Maybe media are more interested in how many clicks they get, how many rewards they
get and how many emotions they stir up. A lot of sexism is blatantly posted on social media, which
reinforces gender inequality m society.

According to a psychological study of gender discrimination of gender inequality problems caused by the
separate reports women could produce the feeling of isolation, while women spontaneously form a
discussion group on Weiho, to discuss, which can attract a common experience of women to join,
produce the feeling of attention, and improve nomen happy and well-being. It's a plausible result, but
when compared to discrimination on social media, fleeting happiness an't enough. Because, more
rooted in a patriarchal society, discrimination is also unimpeded on social media. The open Internet has
shattered the traditional celebrity onage of people like professors as knowledgeable, open-minded and
forwardthinking people. These idealized images are disintegrating, with occasional jaw-dropping
remarks by some professors. It is precise because social media has infiltrated our social lives with such
ferocity that we should pay attention to it.

Also, social media have been dominated by men since its inception and even today the apparatus of
beas and gender inequality is written all over the establishment. Anyaziwa, (2001) expressed the view
that very little attention is given to real life issues that shape the quality of living, things that dominate
the minds and hearts of the populace. Women issues belong to a genre of information considered light
weight she concluded. This is an indictment of the Nigerian media. Thus, publications that feature
women in large numbers are easily branded women's publication note Anyanwu, (2001). The media
continues to be selective in the nature of news carried and covered relegating and obscuring women
issues. The visibility of wonten in elected offices observed Anyanwu, (2001) is relatively low in spite of
the number of women in

prominent capacities. The media is eager to put women's picture on the cover page of the

newspaper for her beauty and elegance to sell newspapers but always short of substance where the
women voices are to be heard.

Anyanwa (2001) lamented that the silence of women on national issues gives an impression that women
do not care about things happening around them. She went on to say that some females' assembly
members have complained the press has always short changed them even when they grant interviews.
The end result is that, these prominent women are either grossly misquoted or they are not reported.
This one sided view of media seriously undermines and cast doubts on whether Nigerian media
practitioners take into considerations, the functions of the media within the structure of society.

It must be noted that the media serve as a watchdog and serve as the eyes and ears of

those that are not where news event occur. The media in Nigeria failed to call a spade a spade and thus
failed woefully in the marginalization of women issues in the press. By all account the media must be
fair, accurate, balanced and objective Women should not have to go out of their way to engage with the
news media for adequate coverage. It is the duty and obligation of the media to cover all issues without
reservation. If the media continues to engage in this selective coverage and reporting, then the trust
placed in the media could very well go into oblivion. Media coverage of women issues in Nigeria has
been unimpressive. The growing criticism of the media is borne out of the need to improve on news
coverage and reporting hence to be fair and accurate. The question of whether Nigerian media
practitioners are fulfilling their roles as the mouth piece of the people dedicated to looking at all issues
without predetermined notion of relegating one gender in preference to the other is questionable. Thus,
it will be wrong to say that the work of journalist unimportant in a democratic society. The fact remains
that the Nigerian media practitioners are not living up to par and will seriously be ineffective if a
segment of the Nigerian society is unheard

2.3.1 Gender Inequality and Discrimination among women in Nigeria Women and Education
Education is said to be a vehicle that break the shackles of poverty thereby leading to transformation,
development and progress(Ikoni,2009). With the 2005 MDGs first deadline for attainment of gender
parity in primary and secondary schools' enrolment already missed, the ability of women and girls to
empower themselves economically and socially by going to school,

or by engaging in productive and civic activities is still being constrained by their responsibility for
everyday tasks in the household division of labour (CEC Report 2007)

Flowever, Omolewa (2002) shows that this inequality has its root in the colonial system of education
which was primarily geared toward meeting the manpower need of the colonial government that
obviously alienated women from educational and economic opportunities. Women in Nigeria are
harder-hit than men by poverty due to the non-challant emphasis placed on female checation, and the
prevalence of early marriage which tend to further impoverish the womenfolk, and subject them to
statutory discrimination (Ojo 2002)

Lack of education has been a strong visible barrier to female participation in the formal sector. The
social pressures on females such as early marriages, and other extraneous factors as well as
consideration of female education as secondary to that of boys and certain inhibitive religious practices
in some parts of Nigeria are the major causes of the high illiteracy rate amongst women. As the impact
of teenage pregnancy and early marriage makes abundantly clear, girls are at a dooble disadvantage in
educational access, especially in the north, where these practices are most widespread(NDHS,2003)

Education gives women the opportunity to be less dependent on men and to have more control over
their sexual and reproductive health, often resulting in fewer births and a greater spacing between
births, which is both healthier for mother and child. Where women lack education and information
about family planning and have a low social status, there is a much higher prevalence of unintended
pregnancies; the biggest risk factor associated with this being unsafe abortions

Generally, the girl clüld educational opportunities tend to be circumscribed by patriarchal attitudes
about gender roles, which result in some parents attaching greater importance to the education of boys
than girls. This is always the likelihood when the parents lack resources to enroll all children in school in
some families, investing in girls education is regarded as lovesting for the benefit of the family she will
eventually marry into, unlike in the case of boys This argunient holds in particular for higher education,
which involves greater expenditure and is seen to be less necessary for females whose main role will be
in home keeping and child bearing

Women and Politics

The Nigerian constitutions guaranteed the rights of women to participate in active politics, however, the
last decade has witnessed a relative increase in women's participation.

This is only when we measure werease in participation with certain standards like the number of women
who vote in elections, the munber of public offlers held by one of on related passes implemented by
government ete

Over the years, there has been a remarkable creare in women's participation in pofittes in Nigeria
considering these standards, yet there is inherently a pronounced level of under representation of
women in politics when compared with their male comterpans (ker, 1996 Women's aspiration to
participate in governance is pecatised on the following groinel, that women in Nigeria represent ball of
the populaivo and hence should be allowed a finir hoe je decesina-uuking and the governance of the
country. Secondly that all kuuman beings are opal and women possess the same rights as men to
participate in governance and public life

232 Socio-Cultural and Political Factors of Gender Discrimination

Since the advent of colonthem in Africa, women liave always been exposed to varying forms of di
seronimation due to the sample fact of their 'femaleness', which ought to have been understood on the
bases of its mutual usefulness (Obbo 2005). It is observed that most African countries have not bad
specifle laws or policies to stem the tide of gender disparity. However, the colonial hegesome
philosophy, dependent political ideology and identifiable socio-economic exigencies are seen as factors
anding the prevailing distinctions between men and women in our society (Adeniran 2006).

Socio-Cultural Factors

Indeed, to a omsiderable extent, gender has been a subsidiary issue in Nigerian society. The traditonal
social nructures have been offering limited incentives for amending the existing distribution of power
between men and women. As observed by Nmadu (2000), the Nigerian society (promodem ad
contemporary) has been significantly dotted with peculum cultural practices that are potently, stimmeal
to women's emancipation, such as curly/forced marriage, wille-inhentance and widerwood practices

Moreover, to Bhavani et al (2003) such unequal social and gender relations needs to be tenafiemand in
arterite women out of want and poverty. As Jaughters sdfideally as females with their mother and
sisters, and sorts as mules with their father and brothers, gender stereotyping becomes institutionalized
within the family unit (Haraway 1991). Also, the dominant ramatives of religion in both colonial and
post-colonial Nigerian society indeed
privileges men at the detrinient of women, even in educational accessibility. As such, our society
remains entrapped in "history of analogy whereby it is either exoticised, or simply represented as part of
European history (Mamdani 1996). CEDAW anicles (1979), therefore, acknowledge that whatever
sociocultural norms that deny women equal rights with men will also render women more vulnerable to
physical, sexual and mental abitise

The subordinate status of women vis-à-vis men is a universal phenomenon, though with a difference in
the nature and extent of subordination across countries, Gender role idealogy does not only create
duality of femininity and masculinity, it also places them in hierarchal fashion in which female sex is
generally valued less than male sex because of their socially ascribed roles in reproductive sphere

The gender status quo is maintained through low resource allocation to wonmen's human development
by the state, society and the family. This is reflected in the social indicators which reflect varying degrees
of gender disparities in education, health, employment, ownership of productive resources and polities
in all countries.

Additionally gender is mediated through class, caste and ethnicity that structure access to resources and
oppommities. The socio-cultural dependence of women is one of the key detrimental factors to their
political participation in public political domain. Women also find it hand to participate in politics due to
limited time available to them because of their dual roles in the productive ami reproductive spheres.
With their primary roles as toothers and wives and competing domestic responsibilities and care work,
they are left with little time to participate in politics.

Political Factors

The nature of politics is an important factor for the incusion of exclusion of wortien in polities. Vicky
Randall defines politics as an "articulation, or working out of relationship within an already given power
structure", which is in contrast with the traditional view of politics that defines it as an activity, a
conscious, deliberate participation in the process by which resources are allocated among citizens. This
conception of politics restricts political activity only in publie arena and the private sphere of family life
is rendered as apolitical. This public-private dichotomy in traditional definition of polities is used to
exclude women from public political sphere and even when women are brought into politics they are
entered as mothers and wives. Male domination of politics, political parties and culture of formal
political structures is another

factor that binders women's political participation. Often male dominated political parties have a male
perspective on issues of national importance that disillusions women as their perspective is ofien
ignored and not reflected in the politics of their parties.
Also women are usually not elected at the position of power within party structures because of gender
biases of male leadership. The society frowns at women keeping late at night, most political mectings
and gathering usually ran into the mid-nights, especially when one is actively involved and wants to vie
for a political post. As a mother, with children and husband at home, it is usually not easy. It important
to also mention that most successful women in politics are those with supportive husbands, those who
have become husbands, those without husbands, and those who are through with childbearing, those
who have mingled with the military. daughters of past politicians/leaders. Specific names were
mentioned, including: Dora Akunyili (supportive husband) lyabo Obasanjo (divorcee and daughter of the
past president), Condoleezza Rice, (single lady), Sara Jubril (widowed), Hillary Clinton (wife of former
president). These names were mentioned by the majority of the respondents sampled. It goes a long a
way in showing that women are actually in the known about the trend of women participation in politics
trespective of the odds against them

Politics in Nigeria has been described as a terrain meant for the hardened (Akinola, 2009), and where
candidates cannot fund elections themselves without recourse to godfatherism (Soyinka, 2004)
Godfatherism involves a patron-client or servant-master relationship which cannot be free of violence,
especially in the area of controversies where a candidate fails to comply with earlier agreed negotiations
and contracts. Politics of godfiatherism lundly favours women: No women, can stand the resultant
consequence of not yielding to the godfathers demands, as we have seen in Oyo and Anambra states
Electioneering in Nigeria has been characterized by violence, electoral irregularities and vanous criminal
activities. However the continuous campaign for women to be actively involved in the democratic
process has yielded little compare to the mereasing member of women heading key positions in other
domain. The larger democratic framework and level of democratizanen also irapues women's political
participation Secular democracies in Europe and also in some of the developing countries have created
relatively more space for women's participation in politics as compared to countries where religious
orthodoxy has been shaping politics and democracy. Ake (1996) claims that the

surrogate post independence political elite deliberately weakened women organizations hitherto

Involved in active agitation for liberation by eishancing the militarization of the policy, and increasing the
statist of the economy. As observed by Mama (1997), gender blindness has meant. that until recently
the differential impact of colonialism on African men and women has not been taken into consideration

2.4 Empirical Review

In a study titled "Media (Mis) Representation of the Nigerian Woman as a Product of the Society" carried
out by Floribert P. &Obonganwan, E, It argues that the misrepresentation of women in the Nigerian
mass media is more a product of gender-relation among other dynamics in the Nigerian society. Media
contents are most ofien fine-tuned according to societal beliefs and realities so as to appear
realistic/believable, appealing to audiences emotions and ultimately to win audiences consensus. The
paper argues and concludes that a more promising approach to the eradication of women stereotyping
and misrepresentations in the Nigerion media should therefore not only consider media's androcentric
configurations and predispositions but start from revolutionary social changes in favor of women's
emancipation in the other ideological state apparatuses (family, education, religion, law among others)
which, to a great extent, seriously control the media of mass communication and determine their
output:

Andrey Shastri (2022) conducted a study on the topic "Gender Inequality and Women Discrimination"
He identified that men and Women are two wheel of a cart. Female of our country have faced the
discrimination throughout the ages now and still to be continued till today and still exist in various ferm
Duelly, discrimination is influenced by cultural norms and tradition, religion region etc Biologically and
sociologically both are assigned different role Physically a female ole is to look after house, children,
family, and relatives and on the other hand men are made for bread earner, for händship and for
struggle for earning. Well all these thinking made out woinen weaker and deprived from basit things.
Hoth are equal in fuman right. Women are disc (minated in this male dorminainig socicty. As a result
most of women tre unable to understand their own right and freedom. They are not free in this so called
"SOCIETY", Thus discrimination not only hamper women future but also impedes the country growth.

Also contributing to the body of the study Dr. K. Darmodaran (2022) identified that the issues faced by
the wennen. Discrimination starts for women from birth itself Female focticide is

high in India among other countries due to preference for mate kids, and the people are reluctant to
have female kids due to dowry. Most of the girls are dropped at the school level and could not bring
education to all despite various government schemes. Currently, the Goverament has raised the age of
women to 21 as eligible for marriage. This change aims to avoid early marriage, allow girls to go for
higher education, and make them independent. In terms of bealth, 70 per cent of females could not take
care of their health in India compared to males. The Nigeria Constitution has the principle of 'equal pay
for equal work, but the issue is too severe in the informal sector. Violence against women is a significant
threat, but they bear all the pain to safeguard their fives and kids. They must put forward their issue
before legislation and violence can end. The Government must create broad awareness about the bill,
reservation and educating the women alone can bring an end to the gender discrimination

Futhermore, Desmond Ekch (2021) illustrate in his study titled "Media and Gender Inequality in
Nigerian" r investigates the role of the media in promoting gender discrimination and inequality in
Nigerian politics. It argues that the male domination of Nigerian politics, which reproduces gender
inequality, is anchored on societal patriarchy as a cultural togie, but. orchestrated and reinforced by
media stereotypical portrayal of female politicians as unequal with their male counterparts in the
Nigerian political sphere. The study uses a corpus of sociological and media communication theories to
advance the argument that the media reinforce the cultural-patriarchal social structure which
narratives" women as subordinates, weak, inferior and subservient to ther mate counterparts; and this
engenders gender inequality and affects how the society perceives women and their participation in
polities. It examines media coverage of the 2015 presidential election in Nigeria, with the aim to
compare the level of coverage given to the female presidential candidate in contradistinction to the
male candidates. It content analyzed two purposively selected national news papers in Nigeria (HISDAY
and The Guardian. The study examined data generated from news mentions in these two newspapers
for a specifie period of 28 days in proximity to the election. It concludes that media role affected how
the electorate perceives the female candidate în the election.

Also, a research on the topic Dr. Himashree Patowary(2622) investigated that Gender and Media shose a
relationship of strong dependency as the Representation, Participation and Portrayal of women in media
itself are becoming the central themes for the researchers especially, the feminests The feminists
criticize the role of media towards women as being

patriarchal in which women are thought of as secondary and inferior being to men which alao leads to
gender discrimination and marginalization of women. According to them with the inception of the
women genre in media women become the durable commodity for the consumers of mass
entertainment. The society has become termed as 'mediated' society Much of what audiences know and
care about is basically based on the stories, narratives, discussions, shows in media, in other words
media imprint different ideas and thoughts upon the consumers thinking. So, the relationship between
media and women are becoming the concern for the feminists over the globe

2.5 Theoretical Review

Theoretical Framework refers to a systematic guide on the school of thought used by researcher as the
foundation of work in expressing some levels of existing relevant knowledge Therefore, this research
adopts Media Framing theory, Gender and Development Theory as its theoretical framework

Media Framing Theory

Media framing theory by Goffman Erving 1974 is closely related to Agenda Setting theory, both focuses
on how the media draw the public's eye to specific topics by setting agenda for such issues. Framing
shows the ways in which the news presented creates a frame for those specific topics Arthur (2012)
citing Nisbet (2007) opine that frames are, Schemata of interpretation that allow individuals to locate,
perceive, identify, and label" issues, events, and topics" (p. 12) Arthur (2012) further states that
"Framing helps the audience understands a topic in the short term, and also gives them a way to think
about the topic that they can draw on later when thinking about the topic in the future". The media in
framing stories, focus attention on certain events and place them in order for the public to derive
meaning and knowledge of those issues, they identify information, classify them, and disseminate them
to the public. The question of how news or other broadcast programmes are presented is where the
framing theory becomes relevant.
Druckman (2021) notes that the framing theory states that the volume of coverage devoted to a
particular issue is not as important as the frame the media adopt" (p. 911. According to the theory,
people make sense of their experiences using interpretational packages called frames. To frame means
to slant a story towards a particular direction. Based on the framing

theory, audience members who are exposed to framed broadcast messages in favour of, or against, a
particular gender are likely to develop a perception about that gender, based on the broadcast media
frames. With this theory in mind one can argue that the broadcast media have a great role to play in the
march to gender balance.

The theory is relevant to this study because, if the media in Nigeria frame their messages in a manner
that is biased against a particular gender, there is the strong tendency that it will lend to a
corresponding effect on how people perceive the gender. If, for example, mass media framings portray
men as inferior to women, it will affect people's perception of men and vice versa

Gender and Development Theory

The Gender and Development (GAD) approach focuses on the socially constructed differences between
men and women, the need to challenge existing gender roles and relations and the creation and effects
of class differences on development. This approach was majorly influenced by the writings of academic
scholars such as Oakley (1972) and Rubin (1975), who argue the social relationship between men and
women have systematically subordinated women, along with economist scholars Lourdes Beneria and
Amartya Sen (1981), who assess the impact of colonialism on development and gender inequality. They
state that colonialism imposed more than a 'value system' upon developing nations, it introduced a
system of economics 'designed to promote capital accumulation which caused class differentiation.

The theory applies gender analysis to uncover the ways in which men and women work together,
presenting results in neutral terms of economics and efficiency. In an attempt to create gender equality
(denoting women having the same opportunities as men, including ability to participate in the public
sphere). Parpart (2002) noted that GAD policies aim to redefine traditional gender role expectations. In
the labor market, women tend to earn less than men. A study by the Equality and Human Rights
Commission found massive pay inequities in some United Kingdom's top finance companies, women
received around 80 percent less performance- related pay than their male colleagues

2.5 Summary of the Literature Review

This study revealed that Gender inequality is a significant issue that has been discussed by many studies,
including political issues in our society, and other issues in the field of academic and individual issues in
our daily life.

However, In terms of daily life, gender issues show their impact on their interactions with peoples'
perceptions and behaviors. According to Lorber, gender is constructed by social interactions and
cultures in society, including gender signs and gender signals. Meanwhile, the social interactions,
individual behaviors and perceptions are also underpinned by the construction of gender issues and
media. In other words, the gender divisions in our daily lives, such as the notion that girls should wear
clothes in pink whereas boys in blue, are determined by society and media rather than by nature.

The trend of gender inequality in work places can be reflected in a less rate of getting a job, getting
promoted or occupying a leadership position for female individuals than male ones. which may cause a
poorer working and living conditions, as well as gender inequality issues, of women. In addition,
individuals, especially female ones, would suffer from gender inequality, gender discrimination or sexual
harassment in their workplaces, indicating gender inequality in workplaces.
CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter is basically a description of the data gathering techniques that will be employed in carrying
out this assumptive quantitative research work. The study will adopt survey method because it is
considered most appropriate.

3.1 Research Methodology

Research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate with the different
components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address
the research problem: it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data

The design that this study aim to adopt is descriptive design, a component of survey method. It will
adopt the descriptive design in order to collect the required data from youths in Offa residence, Kwara
State.

3.2 Population of the Study

According to Tarsi and Tuff (2019), Population can be referred to as living or non-living things; it may be
people, animals or things that the study is essentially carried out to investigate. It worthy of note, that
the total number of youths which this research work essentially investigated is 47, 391 which are the
youths in Offla residence.

3.3 Sample Size and Sampling Technique

Sampling is the selection of some members or elements from the population for actual investigation or
study. This selection is necessitated by the impracticability of studying the entire population in most
cases. Bamidele (2018), as cited in Tarsi &Tuff (2019) defines sampling as the selection of a part to
represent a whole. This means the exact number of respondents which the researcher studies out of the
entire population. For the fact that it is practically impossible to reach out to the whole youths in Offa,
Kwara state and for time and money constraints among others, 400 youths were selected as
respondents (sample) for this study.

The sample of this research is calculated by using faro Yamane formula with 95% confidence level. The
calculation formula of Taro Yamane is presented as follows.

\gamma=-\frac{N}{1-M\sigma T^{2}}

Where

sample size required

N= number of people in the population

e allowable error (%)

Substitute mimbers in formula:

47391 1+47591(0.05)^{2}

47391 1-473\%1(0.05)\times(0.05) 1+\frac{47391}{1+47391(0.0025)}

47391

118.48

Thus, 399,9 which is approximately 400 Sampling Technique is the method used by the researcher to
select his/her prospective respondents. Simple Random Probability Sampling Technique and Purposive
Sampling Technique were used in selecting the 400 respondents as every member of the population has
equal chance of being selected for the study. The selection of respondents was by probability only and
no area was deliberately omitted.

3.4 Instrumentation (Data Collection Instrument)

Instrument for data collection is the tool which a researcher use in eliciting required information from
the sample selected. The type of instrument to use for a research depends on the type of data to be
collected and probable the method of research adopted.

A questionnaire is proposed to be used for this study and it will be of two parts. Part A will ask questions
on the demography of the respondents while the Part It will be structured in line with the research
objectives.

3.5 Method of Data Analysis

Data collected from the respondents will be presented, analyses and interpreted statistically using
tatiles. Each question on the questionnaire will be presented in a separate table to analyze and interpret
the response from the samples selected.

3.6 Data Collection Procedure

To collect data for this study, the researcher will personally administer a close-ended questionnaire to
prospective respondents which will be collected afterwards.

3.7 Reliability of Research Instrument

According to Reinard (2018), reliability is "a test of the stability of a measure", toward confirming the
"internal consistency of the measure (p. 233). The Questionnaire will be prepared using simple language
in order to ensure clarity of representation. Questions on the Questionnaire will be structured and
arranged sequentially, while they will also be made to be mutually exclusive.

3.8 Validity of Research Instrument

Validity is the extent to which the research instrument appropriately measures what it sets out to
measure. Certain steps will be taken to ascertain the validity of the instrument for this study. The
researcher will develop the preliminary draft of the research instrument based on concepts and inquiries
which will be identified in the review of related literature. The draft will be cross-checked to ensure that
all items on the instrument are in correlation with the objectives of the study.

The instrument (Questionnaire) will pass through the scrutiny of the researcher's supervisor as well as
other academics in the field of Communication who are believed to be acquainted with research of this
kind. Their observations and corrections will form the final draft of the Questionnaire.

3.9 Ethical Consideration

According to liryan and Bell (2017), ethical consideration is an accumulation of value and principles that
address questions of what is good or bad in human affairs. This research is ethically concerned as it
honors human voluntary participation without forcing them to treat the research instrument
(Questionnaire). The respondents are as well fully informed about the research being conducted
especially as with who and what group is funding it, how the findings will be used, if there are any
potential adverse impacts of their participation and who will have access to the findings. The various
work of authors consulted for this research undertaking was accorded to them with several citations.
Lastly, the questionnaire retrieved from the respondents was treated with utmost confidentiality as
promised.

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

51 Summary

Social media is defined as online platforms which provide users to create and share ther opinions with
their friends or other individuals through pictures, videos or texts, including Wechat, Weibo, and Tik
Tok. It plays a more and more critical role in our world today, and the number of its wers has been
increasing rapidly in recent years. It even becomes a daily routine for many individuals who might spend
most of their time a day using those social media apps.

Social media are Internet-based channels that allow users to opportunistically interact and selectively
self present, either in real-time or asynchronously, with both broad and narrow audiences who derive
value from user generated content and the perception of interaction with others.
However, Gender is "a concept used to point out the roles created socially for women and men and
learnt behavior expectations" (Ecevit, 2003: 83). When we look at the historical background of the
concept, we see that it has emerged due to the inequalities existing in the societies and perception of
woman as a secondary being. Gender covers the hierarchical structuring between men and women in
terms of utilization of power, wealth and other resources. Therefore, the gender stratification, which is
unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege, has become one of the fields discussed in the social
sciences in the recent years (Macionis, 2013, p. 328). Meanwhile, it was accepted that the gender
differences stem from biological difference, and in the second approach, socialization and learnt gender
roles were emphasized, and it was marked that gender has a central role in many fields from daily life
such as family, law, development and education in all class and patriarchal societies (Ecevit et al.. 2011,
p. 4).

The specific objectives of the study are as follows:

This research will be guided by the following objectives;

1. To examine the level of awareness of gender inequality and gender discrimination on social media

2. To investigate public perception on gender inequality and gender discrimination issues

3. To examine social media assessment on gender inequality and gender discrimination

4. To ascertain how social media have influence public perception on gender inequality.

5. To investite public assessment on gender inequality and gender discrimination issues In chapter tout
this study The concept gender, the concept of gender inequality, causes of gender inequality, media and
gender stereotyping, social media and gender inequality issues, gender inequality and discrimination
among women in Nigeria amongst others was discussed and the Media Praming theory and Gender and
Development Theory of the media was used further drive mudy. The chapter reviews various work of
other scholars as regard gender inequality and poder discrimination issues on social media: a study of
public perception and assessment

Chapter thece discussed the methodology adopted for this study. The research design used in this study
is the quantitative relational research design, which allowed for the examination of gender inequality
and gender discrimination issues on social media: a study of public perception and assessment.
Questionnaires were administered to Four hundred respondents who were selected through Tare
Yamane model.

In the dats analysis section, data on gender inequality and gender discrimination issues on social media:
a stulty of public perception and assessment, from the secondary sources and review of relevant
literature were extracted and subject to quantitative and qualitative analysis The result of the analysis
revealed the following:

1. There is a strong agreement on social media assessing gender inequality and gender discrimination
Issues.

2. The publics agree that social media influence public perception on gender inequality

3. There is a high level of awareness on gender inequality and gender discrimination on social media

4. There is a high usage of social media among the youths.

5.3 Recommendations

On completion of this research project and after the demographics obtained from the respondents have
been well examined and analyzed, the followings however are the recommendations the researcher
suggest to every concerned persons:

1. It was recommend that with the high level of awareness on gender inequality and gender
discrimination on social media, a lot still need to be done to make the public understand their takes on
this issues.

2. It was recommended that not only social media should influence gender inequality and gender
discrimination.

3. It will be of great impact if social media should influence gender inequality and gender discrimination
can reduce the high influence they derive from social media
4. It was recommended that there should be high sensitive campaign on gender inequality and gender
discrimination.

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