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What happens when light falls on a
material?
Transmission
Reflection
Absorption
Luminescence

Elastic Scattering
Inelastic Scattering
Raman Spectroscopy
1 in 107 photons is scattered inelastically

virtual
state

Scattered
Rotational Raman

Excitation
Vibrational Raman
Electronic Raman

v” = 1

v” = 0
Infrared Raman
(absorption) (scattering)
 Vibrations in Molecules
Sym. Stretching
8086 cm-1 = 1 eV
HCl n = 2991 cm-1 HF n = 4139 cm-1

Asym. Stretching Sym. Bending

H2O n1 = 3835 cm-1 n3 = 3939 cm-1 n2 = 1648 cm-1

Asym. Bending
NH3 n1 = 3505.7 cm-1 n3 = 3573.1 cm-1 n2 = 1022 cm-1 n4 = 1689.7 cm-1

SF6 n5 = 643.35 cm-1 n2 = 615.02 cm-1 n6 = 348.08 cm-1

n1 = 774.55 cm-1 n3 = 947.98 cm-1 n4 = 523.56 cm-1

 Vibrational Spectroscopy
k
2cn  can be rearranged to solve for k (in N/m): k  5.89  10 5 n2

Molecule n (cm-1) k (N/m)  (amu)
HF 3962 878 19/20
HCl 2886 477 35/36 or 37/38
HBr 2558 390 79/80 or 81/82
HI 2230 290 127/128
Cl2 557 320 17.5
Br2 321 246 39.5
CO 2143 1855 6.9
NO 1876 1548 7.5

N2 2331 2240 7
For a vibration to be active (observable) in an infrared (IR) spectrum, the
vibration must change the dipole moment of the molecule. (the vibrations for
Cl2, Br2, and N2 will not be observed in an IR experiment)
For a vibration to be active in a Raman spectrum, the
vibration must change the polarizability of the molecule.
Classical Picture of Raman
Mutually exclusive principle