EE 3006

Electromechanical Energy
Conversion Capsule
3 – Transformers

Instructor
Burak Tekgun, Ph.D.
Updated in 22.03.2023
 Outline
• Ideal transformer

• Practical transformer
• Equivalent circuits

• Determination of equivalent circuit parameters

• Voltage regulation

• Efficiency

• Autotransformers

• Three-phase transformers 2
 Introduction
• Transformer is not energy conversion device, it is an indispensable component in many energy
conversion systems.

• Transformer makes possible electric generation at the most economical generator voltage, power
transfer at the most economical transmission voltage, and power utilization at the most suitable
voltage for the particular utilization device.

• The transformer is also widely used in low-power, low-current electronic and control circuits for
performing such functions as matching the impedances of a source and its load for maximum
power transfer,

• Isolating one circuit from another,

• Isolating direct current while maintaining ac continuity between two circuits,

• Used in power electronics, especially in DC/DC converters.

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How Does a Transformer Work?

Link

4
 Introduction to Transformers

Core-type Shell-type
On top of another Side by side (interleaved or pancake) winding
Schematic Representation

L and E shaped laminations

Link
5
Transformer Core Types

Link

6
Transformer Winding Types

Link

7
 Introduction to Transformers

25 kVA 7200 V – 240/120 V

660 MVA 20 kV – 405 kV
Distribution transformer
Power transformer (CEM
(GE)
Le Havre, French Member
of the Brown Boveri
Corporation.)
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Transformer Manufacturing

Link

Another
Video

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 Ideal Transformer
Assume:

1. Winding resistances are negligible,

2. All fluxes are confined to the core

(no leakage flux),

3. µcore = ∞

4. The core does not exhibit any eddy-

current or hysteresis loss.
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Ideal Transformer
Assume a sinusoidal voltage is applied to primary side

The input impedance is

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 Impedance Transfer
• Example: A speaker of 9 Ω resistive
impedance is connected to a supply
of 10 V with internal resistive
impedance 1 Ω.
a) Determine the power absorbed by the
speaker

b) To maximize the power transfer to the

speaker, a transformer ratio of 1:3 is
used between source and speaker.
Determine the power taken by the
speaker 12
Polarity

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 Practical Transformer
• Certain assumptions that are made in the ideal
transformers which are not valid in practical
transformer.
• Winding resistances
• Leakage inductances
• Finite material permeability

• Two methods of analysis can be used

• An equivalent circuit model based on physical reasoning
• A mathematical model based on classical theory of
magnetically coupled circuits.
• Both of them provides same performance; however,
equivalent circuit model provides a better appreciation and
understanding the physical phenomena. 14
 Practical Transformer
• The effects of the leakage flux can be
represented with an inductance
Xl1=2πfLl1

Xl2=2πfLl2

• The effects of the winding resistances are

represented with resistances

• Im is required to establish a flux in the core

having finite permeability

• The core loss is represented with a resistor

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Rc
Referred Equivalent Circuits

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Approximate Equivalent Circuits

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 Determination of Equivalent
Circuit Parameters
• The equivalent circuit parameters needs to be determined to estimate the
performance of the transformer.

• These parameters can be calculated using the geometrical quantities (core

dimensions, core permeability, #of turns, cable length, cable material, etc. )

• Or they can be directly and more easily measured by performing tests

involve little power consumption.
• No load test (open circuit test),

• Short circuit test

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 Determination of Equivalent
Circuit Parameters
No Load Test

Rc and Xm can be determined

*Usually low voltage windings are excited 19

 Determination of Equivalent
Circuit Parameters
Short Circuit Test

Req and Xeq can be determined

*Usually high voltage windings are excited to avoid high currents 20

 Determination of Equivalent
Circuit Parameters
• Example

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Voltage Regulation

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 Voltage Regulation
Example: Same transformer in the previous example

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Efficiency

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 Maximum Efficiency
• For constant values of the terminal voltage V2 and
load power factor angle θ2 , the max efficiency occurs
when

• If the current and voltage are constant for each curve

Max eff. can be achieved when the load pf =1. 25
Autotransformer

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 Three-Phase Transformers
Transformer Bank

27
 Three-Phase Transformers
Phase shift

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 Three-Phase Transformers
Single phase equivalent circuit

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 Three-Phase Transformers
Example

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 Three-Phase Transformers

Example

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 Three-Phase Transformers
V Connection

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 Three-Phase Transformers
• 3 phase transformers on a common core

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Three-Phase Transformers

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Harmonics in 3-φ Transformers
If SW1 is closed and SW2 is open

Neutral line current

It only carries the third harmonic component

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 Harmonics in 3-φ Transformers
If both SW1 and SW2 are open:
• Third-harmonic currents cannot flow in the primary
windings.
• Therefore the primary currents are essentially
sinusoidal.
• The flux is non-sinusoidal because of nonlinear B-H
characteristics of the magnetic core, and it contains
third-harmonic components.
• This will induce third-harmonic voltage in the
windings.
• Line to line voltage is
• Because vA3 and vB3 are in phase and have the same
magnitude,
• Hence,
• Note that although phase voltages have third-
harmonic components, the line-to-line voltages do
not.
• The voltage across the open delta is the sum of the
three third-harmonic voltages induced in the
secondary windings.

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 Harmonics in 3-φ Transformers
If SW1 open and SW2 closed:
• Voltage vA0 will drive a third-harmonic current around the
secondary delta.
• This will provide the missing third-harmonic component of
the primary exciting current
• Consequently, the flux and induced voltage will be
essentially sinusoidal
Y-Y System with Tertiary (Δ) Winding
• For high voltages on both sides, it may be desirable to
connect both primary and secondary windings in Y.
• In this case third harmonic currents cannot flow either in
primary or in secondary.
• A third set of windings, called a tertiary winding, connected
in Δ is normally fitted on the core so that the required third-
harmonic component of the exciting current can be supplied.
• This tertiary winding can also supply an auxiliary load if
necessary.
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End of the Session

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