Secondary

End of Semester 1 Examination

Learning Objectives

Practice Questions and Self – Instructional Materials

Chemistry
Year Group: 10

November 2023

Page 1 of 62
 List of Objectives for End of Semester 1 Examination 2023 - 2024
Year 9 Science

Topics Learning Objectives Page Numbers

(Calculator allowed) Links to Resources

Principles of  1.1 To understand the three states of matter in terms of the Pearson Edexcel
Chemistry arrangement, movement and energy of the particles International GCSE
 1.2 To understand the interconversions between the three (9-1) – Chemistry
states of matter in terms of: Student Book
o the names of the interconversions Pages 3 – 24
o how they are achieved
the changes in arrangement, movement, and energy of the
particles

 1.3 To understand how the results of experiments involving

the dilution of coloured solutions and diffusion of gases can
be explained

 1.4 To know what is meant by the terms:

o solvent
o solute
o solution
o saturated solution.
 1.5C To know what is meant by the term solubility in the units
g per 100 g of solvent
1.6C To understand how to plot and interpret solubility curves
1.7C practical: To investigate the solubility of a solid in water at a
specific temperature

 1.8 To understand how to classify a substance as an element,

compound or mixture

Page 2 of 62
 1.9 To understand that a pure substance has a fixed melting
and boiling point, but that a mixture may melt or boil over a
range of temperatures
 1.10 To describe these experimental techniques for the
separation of mixtures:
o simple distillation
o fractional distillation
o filtration
o crystallisation
paper chromatography.

 1.11 To understand how a chromatogram provides

information about the composition of a mixture
 1.12 To understand how to use the calculation of Rf values to
identify the components of a mixture

1.13 practical: To investigate paper chromatography using

inks/food colouring

1.14 To know what is meant by the terms atom and molecule Pearson Edexcel
1.15 To know the structure of an atom in terms of the positions, International GCSE
relative masses and relative charges of sub-atomic particles (9-1) – Chemistry
1.16 To know what is meant by the terms atomic number, mass Student Book
number, isotopes and relative atomic mass (Ar) Pages 30 – 38

1.17 To be able to calculate the relative atomic mass of an

element (Ar) from isotopic abundances

1.18 To understand how elements are arranged in the Periodic

Table:

in order of atomic number in groups and periods.

Page 3 of 62
 1.19 To understand how to deduce the electronic configurations
of the first 20 elements from their positions in the Periodic Table

1.20 To understand how to use electrical conductivity and the acid-base

character of oxides to classify elements as metals or non-metals

1.21 To identify an element as a metal or a non-metal according to its

position in the Periodic Table

1.22 To understand how the electronic configuration of a main group

element is related to its position in the Periodic Table

1.23 To understand why elements in the same group of the Periodic

Table have similar chemical properties

1.24 To understand why the noble gases (Group 0) do not readily react

Chemical 1.25 To write word and balanced chemical equations (including state Pearson Edexcel
formulae, symbols): for reactions studied in this specification, for unfamiliar International GCSE
equations and reactions where suitable information is provided (9-1) – Chemistry
Student Book
calculations 1.26 To calculate relative formula masses (including relative molecular Pages 64 – 74
masses) (Mr), from relative atomic masses (Ar).

1.27 To now that the mole is the unit for the amount of a substance.

1.28 To understand how To carry out calculations involving the

amount of substance, relative atomic mass (Ar) and relative formula
mass (Mr).

1.29 To calculate reacting masses using experimental data and chemical

equations.

1.30 To calculate percentage yield.

Page 4 of 62
 1.31 To understand how the formulae of simple compounds are
obtained experimentally, including metal oxides, water and salts
containing water of crystallization.

1.32 To know what is meant by the term empirical formula and

molecular formula

1.33 To calculate empirical and molecular formulae from experimental

data

1.34C To understand how to carry out calculations involving amount of

substances, volume and concentration (in mol.dm3) of solution

1.35C To understand how to carry out calculations involving gas

volumes and the molar volume of a gas (24dm3 and 24000cm3 at room
temperature and pressure(rtp).

1.36 practical: To know how to determine the formula of a metal oxide

by combustion (eg magnesium oxide) or by reduction (eg copper(II)
oxide)

Bonding 1.37 To understand how ions are formed by electron loss or gain Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE
1.38 know the charges of these ions: (9-1) – Chemistry
Student Book
o metals in Groups 1, 2 and 3
Pages 75 – 98
o non-metals in Groups 5, 6 and 7

Ag+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Pb2+, Zn2+

o hydrogen (H+), hydroxide (OH–), ammonium (NH4+), carbonate

(CO32–), nitrate (NO3- ), sulfate (SO42–).

1.39 To write formulae for compounds formed between the ions listed
above

Page 5 of 62
1.40 To draw dot-and-cross diagrams to show the formation of ionic
compounds by electron transfer, limited to combinations of elements
from Groups 1, 2, 3 and 5, 6, 7 only outer electrons need be shown

1.41 To understand ionic bonding in terms of electrostatic attractions

1.42 To understand why compounds with giant ionic lattices have high
melting and boiling points

1.43 To know that ionic compounds do not conduct electricity when

solid, but do conduct electricity when molten and in aqueous solution

1.44 To know that a covalent bond is formed between atoms by the

sharing of a pair of electrons

1.45 To understand covalent bonds in terms of electrostatic attractions

1.46 To understand how to use dot-and-cross diagrams to represent

covalent bonds in:

o diatomic molecules, including hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,

halogens and hydrogen halides

o inorganic molecules including water, ammonia and carbon

dioxide

• organic molecules containing up to two carbon atoms, including

methane, ethane, ethene and those containing halogen atoms.

1.47 To explain why substances with a simple molecular structures are

gases or liquids, or solids with low melting and boiling points the term
intermolecular forces of attraction can be used to represent all forces
between molecules

1.48 To explain why the melting and boiling points of substances with
simple molecular structures increase, in general, with increasing
relative molecular mass

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1.49 To explain why substances with giant covalent structures are solids
with high melting and boiling points

1.50 To explain how the structures of diamond, graphite and C60

fullerene influence their physical properties, including electrical
conductivity and hardness

1.51 To know that covalent compounds do not usually conduct

electricity

1.52C To know how to represent a metallic lattice by a 2-D diagram

1.53C To understand metallic bonding in terms of electrostatic

attractions

1.54C To explain typical physical properties of metals, including

electrical conductivity and malleability

1.55C To understand why covalent compounds do not conduct

electricity

1.56C To understand why ionic compounds conduct electricity only

when molten or in aqueous solution

1.57C To know that anion and cation are terms used to refer to
negative and positive ions respectively

1.58C To describe experiments to investigate electrolysis, using inert

electrodes, of molten compounds (including lead(II) bromide) and
aqueous solutions (including sodium chloride, dilute sulfuric acid and
copper(II) sulfate) and to predict the products

1.59C To write ionic half-equations representing the reactions at the

electrodes during electrolysis and understand why these reactions are
classified as oxidation or reduction

1.60C practical: To investigate the electrolysis of aqueous solutions

Page 7 of 62
Inorganic 2.1 To understand how the similarities in the reactions of these Pearson Edexcel
chemistry elements with water provide evidence for their recognition as a family International GCSE
of elements (9-1) – Chemistry
(Groups 1 and 7) Student Book
2.2 To understand how the differences between the reactions of these Pages 123 – 136
elements with air and water provide evidence for the trend in reactivity
in Group 1

2.3 To use knowledge of trends in Group 1 to predict the properties of

other alkali metals

2.4C To explain the trend in reactivity in Group 1 in terms of electronic

configurations

2.5 To know the colours, physical states (at room temperature) and
trends in physical properties of these elements

2.6 To use knowledge of trends in Group 7 to predict the properties of

other halogens

2.7 To understand how displacement reactions involving halogens and

halides provide evidence for the trend in reactivity in Group 7

2.8C To explain the trend in reactivity in Group 7 in terms of electronic

configurations

Gases in the 2.9 To know the approximate percentages by volume of the four most Pearson Edexcel
Atmosphere abundant gases in dry air International GCSE
(9-1) – Chemistry
2.10 To understand how to determine the percentage by volume of Student Book
oxygen in air using experiments involving the reactions of metals (e.g. Pages 137 – 144
iron) and non-metals (e.g. phosphorus) with air

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 2.11 To describe the combustion of elements in oxygen, including
magnesium, hydrogen and sulfur

2.12 To describe the formation of carbon dioxide from the thermal

decomposition of metal carbonates, including copper(II) carbonate

2.13 To know that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and that

increasing amounts in the atmosphere may contribute to climate
change

2.14 practical: To determine the approximate percentage by volume of

oxygen in air using a metal or a non-metal

Reactivity Series 2.15 To understand how metals can be arranged in a reactivity series Pearson Edexcel
based on their reactions with: International GCSE
(9-1) – Chemistry
o water Student Book
Pages 145 – 159
o dilute hydrochloric or sulfuric acid.

2.16 To understand how metals can be arranged in a reactivity series

based on their displacement reactions between:

o metals and metal oxides

o metals and aqueous solutions of metal salts.

2.17 To know the order of reactivity of these metals: potassium,

sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, zinc, iron, copper,
silver, gold

2.18 To know the conditions under which iron rusts

2.19 To understand how the rusting of iron may be prevented by:

Page 9 of 62
 o barrier methods

o galvanising

o sacrificial protection.

2.21 practical: To investigate reactions between dilute hydrochloric and

sulfuric acids and metals (e.g. magnesium, zinc and iron)

2.20 To understand the terms:

o oxidation

o reduction

o redox

o oxidising agent

o reducing agent in terms of gain or loss of oxygen and loss or

gain of electrons.

Extraction of 2.22C To know that most metals are extracted from ores found in the Pearson Edexcel
Metals Earth’s crust and that unreactive metals are often found as the International GCSE
uncombine element (9-1) – Chemistry
Student Book
2.23C To explain how the method of extraction of a metal is related to Pages 160 -166
its position in the reactivity series, illustrated by carbon extraction for
iron and electrolysis for aluminium

2.24C To be able to comment on a metal extraction process, given

appropriate information detailed knowledge of

2.25 To explain the uses of aluminium, copper, iron and steel in terms
of their properties the types of steel will be limited to low-carbon
(mild), high-carbon and stainless

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 2.26C To know that an alloy is a mixture of a metal and one or more
elements, usually other metals or carbon

2.27C To explain why alloys are harder than pure metals

Acids, Alkalis and 2.28 To describe the use of litmus, phenolphthalein and methyl orange Pearson Edexcel
Titration to distinguish between acidic and alkaline solutions International GCSE
(9-1) – Chemistry
2.29 To understand how to use the pH scale, from 0–14, can be used to Student Book
classify solutions as strongly acidic (0–3), weakly acidic (4–6), neutral Pages 167 – 173
(7), weakly alkaline (8–10) and strongly alkaline (11–14)

2.30 To describe the use of universal indicator to measure the

approximate pH value of an aqueous solution

2.31 To know that acids in aqueous solution are a source of hydrogen

ions and alkalis in a aqueous solution are a source of hydroxide ions

2.32 To know that alkalis can neutralise acids

2.33C To describe how to carry out an acid-alkali titration

2.34 To know the general rules for predicting the solubility of ionic
compounds in water:

o common sodium, potassium and ammonium compounds are

soluble

o all nitrates are soluble

o common chlorides are soluble, except those of silver and

lead(II)

o common sulfates are soluble, except for those of barium,

calcium and lead(II)

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 o common carbonates are insoluble, except for those of sodium,
potassium and ammonium

o common hydroxides are insoluble except for those of sodium,

potassium and calcium (calcium hydroxide is slightly soluble).

2.35 To understand acids and bases in terms of proton transfer

2.36 To understand that an acid is a proton donor and a base is a

proton acceptor

2.37 To describe the reactions of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and

nitric acid with metals, bases and metal carbonates (excluding the
reactions between nitric acid and metals) to form salts 2.38 know that
metal oxides, metal hydroxides and ammonia can act as bases, and that
alkalis are bases that are soluble in water

2.39 To describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of a

soluble salt, starting from an insoluble reactant

2.40C To describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of a

soluble salt, starting from an acid and alkali

2.41C To describe an experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of an

insoluble salt, starting from two soluble reactants

2.42 practical: To prepare a sample of pure, dry hydrated copper(II)

sulfate crystals starting from copper(II) oxide

2.43C practical: To prepare a sample of pure, dry lead(II) sulfate

Chemical Tests 2.44 To describe tests for these gases: Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE

Page 12 of 62
o hydrogen (9-1) – Chemistry
Student Book
o oxygen Pages 190 – 206
o carbon dioxide

o ammonia

o chlorine.

2.45 To describe how to carry out a flame test

2.46 To know the colours formed in flame tests for these cations:

o Li+ is red

o Na+ is yellow

o K+ is lilac

o Ca2+ is orange-red Cu2+ is blue-green.

2.47 To describe tests for these cations:

o NH4+ using sodium hydroxide solution and identifying the gas

evolved

o Cu2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+ using sodium hydroxide solution.

describe tests for these anions:

o Cl–, Br– and I– using acidified silver nitrate solution

o SO42– using acidified barium chloride solution

o CO32– using hydrochloric acid and identifying the gas evolved.

2.49 To describe a test for the presence of water using anhydrous

copper (II) sulfate

Page 13 of 62
 2.50 To describe a physical test to show whether a sample of water is
pure

Physical 3.1 To know that chemical reactions in which heat energy is given out Pearson Edexcel
Chemistry are described as exothermic, and those in which heat energy is taken in International GCSE
are endothermic (9-1) – Chemistry
(Energetics) Student Book
3.2 To describe simple calorimetric experiments for reactions such as Pages 207– 226
combustion, displacement, dissolving and neutralization

3.3 To calculate the heat energy change from a measured temperature

change using the expression Q = mcΔH

3.4 To calculate the molar enthalpy change (ΔH) from the heat energy
change, Q

3.5C To draw and explain energy level diagrams to represent

exothermic and endothermic reactions

3.6C To know that bond breaking is an endothermic process and that

bond-making is an exothermic process

3.7C To use bond energies to calculate the enthalpy change during a

chemical reaction

3.8 practical: To investigate temperature changes accompanying some

of the following types of change:

• salts dissolving in water

• neutralisation reactions

• displacement reactions

• combustion reactions

Page 14 of 62
Rates of 3.9 To describe experiments to investigate the effects of changes in Pearson Edexcel
Reactions surface area of a solid, concentration of a solution, temperature and International GCSE
the use of a catalysts on the rate of a reaction (9-1) – Chemistry
Student Book
3.10 To describe the effects of changes in surface area of solids, Pages 227 – 239
concentration of a solution, pressure of a gas, temperature and the use
of a catalyst on the rate of reaction

3.11 To explain the effects of changes in surface area of a solid,

concentration of a solution, pressure of a gas and temperature on the
rate of a reaction in terms of particles collision theory

3.12 To know that ac catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a

reaction, but is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction

3.13 To know that a catalyst works by providing an alternative pathway

with a lower activation energy

3.14C To draw and explain reaction profile diagrams showing ΔH and

activation energy

3.15 practical: To investigate the effect of changing the surface area of

marble chips and of changing the concentration of hydrochloric acid on
the reaction between marble chips and dilute hydrochloric acid

3.16 practical: To investigate the effect of different solids on the

catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution.

Page 15 of 62
 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

EDEXCEL INTERNATIONA GCSE CHEMISTRY – EXAM PRACTICE WOOKBOOK (CGB BOOK)

Sections Pages

1. Particles and Mixtures 4 - 11

2. The Periodic Table and Bonding 14 - 23

3. Equations, Calculations and Electrolysis 24 – 38

4. Inorganic chemistry 40 – 60

5. Physical Chemistry 61 - 69

Video links

Topics Links

1 States Of Matter - Solids, Liquids & States Of Matter - Solids, Liquids & Gases | Properties of Matter |
Gases | Properties of Matter | Chemistry | FuseSchool - YouTube
Chemistry | FuseSchool

2 Changes of State | Properties of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xYU7RSoOZ0U

Matter | Chemistry | FuseSchool

Page 16 of 62
3 How To Separate Solutions,
Mixtures & Emulsions | Chemical
Tests | Chemistry | FuseSchool
4 Collision Theory & Reactions Part 1 |
Reactions | Chemistry | FuseSchool
5 GCSE Chemistry Revision "Effect of
Surface Area on Rate"
6 GCSE Chemistry Revision "Effect of
Concentration on Rate"
7 GCSE Chemistry Revision
"Exothermic and Endothermic
Reactions"
8 GCSE Chemistry Revision
"Introducing Electrolysis"
9 GCSE Chemistry Revision "Electrolysis
of Aqueous Solutions 1"
10 GCSE Chemistry - Electrolysis Part 1 -
Basics and Molten Compounds #40
11 GCSE Chemistry - What is Ionic
Bonding? How Does Ionic Bonding
Work? Ionic Bonds Explained #14
12 GCSE Chemistry - Covalent Bonding
#16
13 GCSE Chemistry - Properties of Simple
Molecular Substances & Giant Covalent
Structures #17
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XC1RxloV0Mo
Collision Theory Chemistry - Search Videos (bing.com)
Surface Area and Rate of Reaction - Search Videos (bing.com)
Concentration in Science - Search Videos (bing.com)
GCSE Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions - Search Videos
(bing.com)
GCSE Chemistry Revision "Introducing Electrolysis" - YouTube
GCSE Chemistry Revision "Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions 1" -
YouTube
GCSE Chemistry - Electrolysis Part 1 - Basics and Molten Compounds
#40 - YouTube
GCSE Chemistry - What is Ionic Bonding? How Does Ionic Bonding
Work? Ionic Bonds Explained #14 - YouTube
GCSE Chemistry - Covalent Bonding #16 - YouTube
GCSE Chemistry - Properties of Simple Molecular Substances & Giant
Covalent Structures #17 - YouTube
Page 17 of 62
14 GCSE Chemistry - Metallic Bonding GCSE Chemistry - Metallic Bonding #20 - YouTube
#20

15 GCSE Chemistry - Oxidation and GCSE Chemistry - Oxidation and Reduction - Redox Reactions #39
Reduction - Redox Reactions #39 (Higher Tier) - YouTube
(Higher Tier)

Page 18 of 62
 Practice questions
1. The three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas.
The diagram shows how the particles are arranged in each of these states.

(a) Use words from the box to show the changes of state labelled X, Y and Z.
You may use each word once, more than once or not at all.
boiling condensing crystallisation diffusion freezing

X ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Y ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Z ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(b) Which statement best describes the movement of the particles in a gas?
A The particles vibrate about fixed positions.
B The particles slide past one another.
C The particles move freely.
D The particles do not move at all.

2. Air is a mixture of gases.

The table gives the formulae of three gases and their approximate percentage by volume
in a sample of dry, unpolluted air.

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 Gas Percentage by volume

CO2 0.04

N2 78

O2 21

(a) (i) Give the names of the two main gases in the sample of air. (1)
.................................................................................................................................... and ....................................................................................................................................

(ii) Give the name of the gas that makes up most of the remaining 0.96% of the air. (1)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(b) State a use for N2 (1)

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(c) Give the name of a gas present in polluted air that causes acid rain. (1)
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. This question is about the element beryllium.

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 (a) Use words from the box to complete the sentences about beryllium. Each word may be used once, more
than once or not at all.
electrons neutral nucleus protons

negative neutrons positive shells

An atom of beryllium has a central ............................................. that contains particles called

............................................ and .......................................... . Around these particles there are
.............................................. orbiting in .......................................... . An atom of beryllium has no charge because
it contains equal numbers of ....................................... and ....................................... . The particles with the
lowest mass in an atom of beryllium are called ......................................... .

(b) Beryllium forms a compound with the formula Be(OH)2

(i) How many different elements are there in Be(OH)2 ? (1)
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................

(ii) What is the total number of atoms in the formula Be(OH)2 ? (1)
..................................................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................

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4. This question is about the electrolysis of copper(II) sulfate solution.
(a) The diagram shows the apparatus used for the electrolysis.

A student records the total increase in mass of the negative electrode every minute for 8 minutes.
The table shows the results.

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 (i) Plot the student's results.
(1)
(ii) Draw a curve of best fit.
(1)

(iii) Explain the shape of the graph.

(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) The product at the positive electrode is oxygen gas.
(i) The student repeats the electrolysis using different apparatus.

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 Describe how the student should collect a sample of pure oxygen at the positive electrode.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give an ionic half-equation for the formation of oxygen.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
(c) The wire used to connect the power supply to the electrodes is made of copper metal.
The diagram shows the arrangement of the ions in a metal.

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 (i) Metals that are malleable can also be stretched to form long, thin wires.
Suggest why metals can be stretched to form wires.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why metals conduct electricity.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 12 marks)

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5. This question is about the halogens and their compounds.
(a) The table gives the colour and physical state at room temperature of the halogens.
Complete the table by predicting the colour of astatine and the physical state of fluorine at room
temperature.
(2)

(b) Chlorine gas is bubbled into a colourless solution of potassium bromide.

Explain why the solution turns orange.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(c) Potassium bromide is an ionic compound.
Draw diagrams to show the outer electrons in a potassium ion and in a bromide ion.
Include the charges on the ions.
(3)

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(d) A student sets up a circuit to test the electrical conductivity of water, solid sodium chloride and aqueous
sodium chloride.
The table shows the student's results.

Explain these results, with reference to the structure and bonding of the substances.
(5)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

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.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(e) A concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride is electrolysed using graphite electrodes.
Chlorine is formed at the positive electrode (anode).
(i) Give an ionic half-equation for the formation of chlorine at the positive electrode.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) State why this ionic half-equation represents an oxidation reaction.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Which substance is formed at the negative electrode (cathode)?
(1)
A hydrogen
B oxygen
C sodium
D water

(Total for question = 15 marks)

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6. This question is about some of the Group 1 elements and their compounds.
(a) A teacher adds a small piece of lithium to water in a trough.
(i) Give three observations that are made when lithium reacts with water.
(3)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
3 ..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) After the reaction has finished, the teacher adds a few drops of universal indicator to the solution in the
trough.
Explain the colour of the universal indicator after it is added to the solution.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(iii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction of lithium with water.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) A student does a flame test to see if a white solid contains sodium ions.
She cleans a platinum wire before using it for the flame test.
(i) Explain why the student needs to clean the platinum wire.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

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 (ii) Which of these is the colour of the flame if the solid contains sodium ions?
(1)
A green
B lilac
C red
D yellow

(c) Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) is an ionic compound.

(i) Give the formula of each ion in potassium sulfate.
(1)
potassium ion ..................................................... sulfate ion ....................................................
(ii) The melting point of potassium sulfate is 1069 °C.
Explain why potassium sulfate has a high melting point.
Refer to structure and bonding in your answer.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 15 marks)

Page 30 of 62
7. This question is about substances with covalent bonds.
(a) (i) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the outer shell electrons in a molecule of nitrogen, N2
(2)

(ii) Describe the forces of attraction in a covalent bond.

(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) The diagram shows three different structures of carbon.

(i) Name structure A.

(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Graphite and C60 fullerene contain covalent bonds, but have different structures.

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 Explain why C60 fullerene has a much lower melting point than graphite. Refer to structure and bonding in
your answer.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 9 marks)

8. This question is about the metal aluminium.

(a) (i) Draw a labelled diagram to represent the structure and bonding in a metal.
(2)

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 (ii) Explain why a metal conducts electricity.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) Aluminium is used to make cans for drinks.

Give two properties of aluminium that make it suitable for this use.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(c) Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide (Al 2O3) by electrolysis.
The electrolyte is aluminium oxide dissolved in molten cryolite.
(i) State why aluminium cannot be extracted by heating aluminium oxide with carbon.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

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 (ii) Aluminium is produced at the negative electrode.
The ionic half-equation for the reaction is
Al3+ + 3e− → Al
State why this is a reduction reaction.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
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(iii) Complete the ionic half-equation for the reaction at the positive electrode.
(2)
............................... O2− → .............................................................. + ..............................................................

(Total for question = 10 marks)

9. This question is about the metal aluminium.

(a) Aluminium is malleable and conducts electricity.
The diagram shows the arrangement of the ions in aluminium metal.

(i) Explain why aluminium is malleable.

(2)
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(ii) Explain why aluminium conducts electricity.
(2)
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(b) Aluminium cannot be extracted by heating a mixture of carbon and aluminium oxide.
Give a reason why heating a mixture of aluminium oxide and carbon does not produce aluminium.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
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(c) Aluminium is extracted industrially by the electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide Al 2O3 at a temperature of
about 950 °C.
Aluminium metal forms at the negative electrode and oxygen gas forms at the positive electrode. The
positive and negative electrodes are made of graphite.
The diagram shows the apparatus used.

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 (i) Explain how aluminium metal forms at the negative electrode.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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(ii) Write an ionic half-equation for the formation of oxygen gas at the positive electrode.
(1)

............................................................ → ............................................................
(iii) Suggest why carbon dioxide gas is also produced at the positive electrode.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
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(d) Aluminium reacts with iron(III) oxide. The reaction is exothermic.
The equation for the reaction is
2Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Fe
(i) State how the equation shows that iron(III) oxide is reduced.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

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(ii) Draw an energy level diagram for the reaction between aluminium and iron(III) oxide.
(3)

(Total for question = 14 marks)

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10. A student uses this apparatus to find the heat energy change when ammonium nitrate dissolves in water to
form a solution.

This is the student's method.

 add 50 cm3 of distilled water to the polystyrene cup and record the initial temperature of the water

 add a known mass of ammonium nitrate to the polystyrene cup and stir the mixture until all the solid
dissolves

 record the minimum temperature of the ammonium nitrate solution

(a) Give two reasons why the student stirs the mixture.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

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(b) The diagram shows the minimum temperature of the solution.

Complete the table by giving the missing information.

Give both values to the nearest 0.1 °C.
(2)

(c) The student repeats the experiment, again using 50 cm3 water, and finds that the temperature change is
3.9 °C.
(i) Show that the heat energy change, Q, in this experiment is about 800 J.
[c = 4.2 J / g / °C for the solution]
[mass = 1.0 g for 1.0 cm3 of solution]
(2)

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 (ii) The student uses 2.8 g of ammonium nitrate in this experiment.
Calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH, in kJ / mol.
Include a sign in your answer.
[for NH4NO3, Mr = 80]
(4)

ΔH = ........................................................... kJ / mol

(d) Describe a test to show that the ammonium nitrate solution contains ammonium ions.
(3)
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(e) In another experiment the student adds anhydrous copper(II) sulfate to distilled water.
The table shows the student's results.

Explain what the results show about the type of energy change that occurs when anhydrous copper(II)
sulfate dissolves in water.
(2)
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.............................................................................................................................................
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(Total for question = 15 marks)

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