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1 CHAPTER 1 STATES OF MATTER

Matter is a substance that has mass and occupies space. Matter can be a solid, liquid, or gas.

1.2 KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY

Kinetic particle theory states that all matter is made up of tiny particles that are in constant
random motion. It describes the state of matter, explains the matter differences, and explains
the matter changes.

SOLID
- Closely packed
- Held together strongly
- Have enough kinetic energy to vibrate
- Cannot move freely
- Is a fixed shape
- Cannot be compressed (fixed volume)
LIQUID
- Arranged in a disorderly manner
- Have weak attraction force
- Have more kinetic energy than solid
- Move freely
- Cannot be compressed
GAS
- Spread apart from one another
- Have a very weak force attraction
- Have more kinetic energy
- Not in fixed position
- Moves rapidly
- Can be compressed (no fix volume)

1.3 CHANGE STATES OF MATTER

The temperature at which
- a solid melts is melting point
- a liquid freezes is freezing point
- a liquid boils is boiling point

CHANGES OF STATE IN MATTER WITH KINETIC PARTICLE THEORY

Melting
- Particles are heated
- Particles vibrate faster
- Particles break from positions
- Substance is now liquid
- A HEATING CURVE SHOWS HOW THE TEMPERATURE OF A SOLID IS HEATED TO ITS
MELTING POINT.
Freezing
- Particles lose kinetic energy and begin to move slowly
- Particles start to settle into fixed position
- Substance is now a solid
- A COOLING CURVE SHOWS THE TEMPERATURE OF A PURE LIQUID CHANGES AS ITS
COOLED TO FREEZING POINT
Boiling
- Heat absorbed by particles
- Particles starts to move faster
- Particles are spread far apart
- Substance is now a gas
EVAPORATION
Occurs because some particles have enough energy to escape as a gas from the surface of a
liquid. At a higher temperature, the liquid particles have more energy. Liquids that evaporate
quickly at room temperature are called volatile liquids.

1.4 EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ON THE VOLUME OF A GAS

When a gas is heated, the particles have more kinetic energy. The particles
- collide with one another
- move further apart from one another
When pressure is applied to a gas, the particles move closer to one another and the volume of
gas decreases.
When we put pressure on a gas, the particles
- collide with one another
- move closer together

1.5 DIFFUSION
Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a lower
concentration. The rate of diffusion in liquids is much slower than that in gases. Rate increases
with lower molecular mass.

2.1 CHAPTER 2 ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS

An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substance and only
through chemical process.

Chemists use chemical symbols to represent elements. The first letter is always in upper case
and the second letter is in lower case.
Atoms
Atoms are the smallest particle of an element that have a chemical properties of that element.
Each element contains only one type of atoms. Noble gases such as hellium, neon, argon,
krypton, xenon, and radon, are elements that exist individually or called as monatomic
elements.

Molecules
Is a group of two or more atoms that are chemically combined. Dinatomic molecules are
formed by combination of two atoms.

Compounds
Is a pure substance containing two or more elements that are chemically combined in a fixed
ratio.

Composition of a compound
A compound may be made up of molecules or ions. Ions are electrically charged particles. It
carries either positive or negative energy. A compound has different properties from the
elements that form it (constituent elements).

A compound can be represented by a chemical formula. It’s written down by putting together
the chemical symbol. The chemical formula tells ua
- the types of atoms
- the ratio of different atoms
Decomposition of compounds
Thermal decomposition involves heating a compound strongly. Another process of
decomposition of compounds is electrolysis, electricity is used to break down a compound.

2.2 MIXTURE
Mixture is made up of two or more substances that are not chemically combined. The
component is not fixed and can be present in any ratio.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MIXTURE AND COMPOUND

A homogeneous is when have been uniformly combined into a new substance. Heterogeneous
mixture has parts that remain separate.