PWM BASED INDUCTION MOTOR CONTROL

Induction motor is generally used in everyday life as in ceiling fan, table fan,
washing machine, grinders etc. Induction motors are widely used in industrial
application.

A simple circuit overcomes the well-known difficulty in maintaining the

triggered condition of a silicon controlled rectifier when this is used for regulating
inductive loads.

The vast majority of dimmer circuits is only suitable for regulating resistive
(nonreactive) loads, i.e., when there is no phase difference between the mains
voltage and the load current. This means that the trigger pulses can be kept
relatively short, single the load current is in phase with the mains voltage
immediately after triggering has taken place. Normally, the load current is greater
than the holding current, so that the triac or thyristor is triggered immediately, and
remains on.
Among all the electronic method of controlling speed the PWM (pulse width
modulation) method is best one as it uses the variable conduction period or
variable duty cycle to control the speed so that tourque of the motor is maintained.
In our proposed project we want to make the switching(PWM) control of
speed control induction motor. Also we have taken certain points in to
consideration like compactness, usefulness and the commercial application points.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PWM BASED TRIAC CONTROL CIRCUIT

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BLOCK DESCRIPTION :-

Power supply unit is nothing but to supply regulated power of +5V DC for RC5
remote decoder & 12volt non regulated for relays.

 House supply is 230V AC

 Step down transformer steps down the 230v ac into 12 ac
 Rectifier makes 12v AC in 12DC. This non regulated and it is used for relay
control.
 Filter capacitor makes it pure DC by filtering out AC noise.
 5V regulator makes the fluctuating supply into constant 5v DC.

Triac control circuit - In this section we use the pwm based firing control of
triac.. Triac acts as switch for AC SUPPLY. It switches according to duty
cycle given to it. It is more advantageous than resistance based speed control of
induction motor.
ZCT – it is zero crossing detector. It provides short duration pulse at zero
crossing point of AC.
Saw tooth generator- it generates saw tooth wave synchronised with zero
crossing point. It helps in developing PWM signal.
Integrator- it is used for slowing the response when there is quick change in
speed by the user.
Comparator - develops the PWM signal.
Multivibrator- It is used for making pwm pulse into needle point astable wave
form. Which is helpful in dealing triac gate current.
di/dt protection - it is essential for controlling quick rise current in triac.

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PULSE-WIDTH CONTROL

The principle of operation may be seen from the block diagram. A sawtooth
voltage, derived from, and synchronous with, the mains voltage is applied to the
non-inverting input of a comparator. As long as the inverting input of the
comparator is low, its output is a rectangular pulse. This pulse, which is invariably
logic high, is used to trigger a triac.

The pulse width of the comparator output may be changed by a direct voltage at
the inverting input. The comparator will then change state when the leading edge
of the sawtooth rises above the level of this direct voltage. This means that the
higher the level of the direct voltage at the inverting input, the narrower will be the
comparator output voltage and the shorter the phase of each 50Hz period during
which the triac is on. The vary of resistances in series with the triac will then
decrease.

A variable direct voltage source is a combined resistance that is produced and a

comparator. The direct voltage is directly proportional to the resistance set by the
user.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :-

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CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

In the circuit T1-T4 form a zero crossing detector. T1 reacts to the positive half
period and T2 to the negative half. Both transistors are off, however, when the
mains voltage is near the zero space crossing, since T2, in contrast to T1, is driven
via its emitter, T3 is necessary to ensure that the sensitivity for both periods is the
same.

The switching of the three transistors results in junction R3-R6 becoming high
only when the mains voltage is at or near a zero crossing. The level at the junction
is inverted by T4, so that C2 is charged via R5 during the larger part of each and
every half period. The capacitor is however discharged rapidly when the mains
passes through a zero crossing. Consequently, the potential across C2 is a
sawtooth, which is synchronous with the mains voltage. Although the leading edge
of the sawtooth is determined by a power of ‘e’, which normaly is not ideal.

The sawtooth voltage is applied to the non-inverting input of comparator IC1a.

The inverting input is fed with the variable resistance direct voltage generated by
the circuit around potentiometer. 100k variable resistor is connected as
potentiometer. The variable value of pot is fed to integrator consisting of
resistance 1M ohm and capacitor 1micro farad. This delays any variation done by
the user.

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Triggering the triac

Owing to the simplicity of the power supply. ICla can not provide the 5 mA,
current required by the gate of the triac during the entire length of its output
pulses. This is remedied by astable lC2. Basically the triac can be triggered by a
fairly small pulse. Since the pulse-width information in the output of lCla' is
contained in, the onset of the leading edge. it would seem possible to convert the
leading edges to needle pulses to trigger the triac. After all. The triac is switched
off automatically every time the mains passes through a zero crossing.
The difficulty with this is that single gate pulses work fine with ohmic loads
but the transformer of a halogen lamp or the choke of a neon 1ight. Is an inductive
load. This means that the current lags the voltage and it may happen, therefore. that
the triac is switched off immediately after it has been -triggered. since the current
has not had the time to reach the level of the holding current. This would lead to
asymmetric switching. which would sooner or later, result in such a large direct
current through the transformer, or choke. that (at best) the relevant fuse blows.
Because of this difficulty. the triac is triggered for as long as it has to
conduct. This is not done with a single long pulse but with a series of short
discrete pulses, which require far less current. These pulses ( duty factor 10 %)
are generated by IC2 as long as the output signal of IC1a is high.
Any triac whose gate current need not exceed 5 mA may be used. The
prototype uses TIC206D/BT136. Network R19- C8 suppresses any voltage
peaks. Many modern triacs. Which are particularly suitable for use with
inductive loads do not need this network..

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POWER SUPPLY

Power supply :-
Power supply is important part for operation of the OPAMPs. OPAMPs
operate at +5 volt and also for other digital IC. A 220V AC to 12-0- 12 v
transformer is used and for rectification two diodes 1N4007 are connected for
rectification of the step down AC supply. Filter capacitor of 1000F is used.
Then it is regulated to +5V using a regulator 7805. 0.1 F capacitor is used for
filtration of high frequency noise. LED is given for power on indication.

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COMPONENT DESCRIPTION :-

THE TRIAC

(BT136)

An SCR is a unidirectional device as it can conduct from anode to cathode only

and not from cathode to anode. A triac can, however, conduct in both the
directions. A triac is thus a bidirectional thyristor with three terminals. It is used
extensively for the control of power in ac circuits. Triac is the word derived by
combining the capital letters from the words TRIode

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 Fig. (a) Circuit symbol and (b) static V-I characteristics of a triac.

and AC. When in operation, a triac is equivalent to two SCRs connected in

antiparallel. The circuit symbol and its characteristics are shown in Fig. 4.47 (a)
and (b) respectively. As the triac can conduct in both the directions, the terms
anode and cathode are not applicable to triac. Its three terminals are usually
designated as MTl (main terminall), MT2 and the gate by G as in a thyristor; For
understanding the operation of the triac, its cross-sectional view showing all the
layers and junctions is sketched in Fig. 4.48. The gate G is near terminal MTI. The
cross-hatched strip shows that G is connected to N3 as well as P2, Similarly,
terminal MTI is connected to P2 andN2 ; terminal MT2 to PI andN4. With no
signal to gate, the triac will block both half cycles of the ac applied voltage in case
peak value of this voltage is less
than the breakover voltage of VBOI or VBO2of the triac, Fig. (b). The triac can,
however, be turned on in each half cycle of the applied voltage by applying a
positive or negative voltage to the gate with respect to terminal MTl. For
convenience, terminal MTI is taken as the point for measuring the voltage and
current at the gate and MT2 terminals.

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The turn-on process of a triac can be explained as under:

(i) MT2 is positive and gate current is also positive. When MT2 is positive with
respect to MTI, junction PI NI, P2 N2 are forward biased but junction Nl P2
is reverse biased. When gate terminal is positive with respect to MTI, gate
current flows mainly through

Cross-sectional view of a triac.

P2 N2 junction like an ordinary SCR, Fig (a). When gate current has injected
sufficient charge into P2layer, reverse biased junction NI P2 breaks down just as in
a normal SCR. Ai!. a result, triac starts conductfug through PI NI P2 N2 layers.
This shows that when MT2 and gate terminals are positive with respect to MTI,
triac turns on like a conventional thyristor. Under this condition, triac operates in
the first quadrant of Fig. (b). The device is more sensitive in this mode. It is
recommended method of triggering if the conduction is desired in the first
quadrant.

(ii) MT2 is positive but gate current is negative. When gate terminal is negative
with respect to MTI, gate current flows through P2 N3 junction, Fig. (b) and
reverse biased junction NI P2 is forward biased as in a normal thyristor. As a
result, triac starts conducting through PINIP2N3 layers initially. With the

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conduction of PINIP2N3, the voltage drop across this path falls but potential of
layer between P2N3 rises towards the anode potential ofMT2. As the right hand
portion of P2 is clamped at the cathode potential of MTl, a potential gradient exists
across layer P2, its left hand region being at higher potential than its right hand
region. A current shown dotted is thus established in layer P2 from left to right.

This current is similar to conventional gate current of an SCR. As a consequence,

right-hand part of triac consisting of main structure Pl Nl P2N2 begins to conduct.
The device structure PlNl P2N3 may be regarded as pilot SCR and the structure Pl
Nl P2N2 as the main SCR. It can then be stated that anode current of pilot SCR
serves as the gate current for the main SCR. As compared with turn-on process
discussed in (i) above, the device with MT2 positive but gate current negative is
less sensitive and therefore, more gate current is required.
(iii) MT2 is negative but gate current is' positive. The gate current Ig forward
biases P2N2junction Fig. (c). Layer N2 injects electrons into P2layer as shown by
dotted arrows. As a result, reverse biased junction N 1 P1 breaks down as in a
conventional thyristor. Eventually the structure P2Nl Pl N4 is completely turned
on. As usual, the current after turn-on is limited by the external load. As the triac is
turned on by remote gate N2, the device is less sensitive, in the third quadrant with
positive gate current,

(iv) Both MT2 and gate current are negqtive. In this mode, N3 acts as a remote
gate, Fig. (d). The gate current Ig flows from P2 to N3 as in a normal thyristor.
Reverse-biased junction N 1P 1is broken and finally, the structure P 2N 1P1N 4is
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turned on completely. Though the triac is turned on by remote gate N3 in third
quadrant, yet the device is more sensitive under this condition compared with turn-
on action with positive gate current discussed in (iii) above.
It can, therefore, be concluded from above that:
(i) sensitivity of the triac is greatest in the first quadrant when turned on with
positive gate current and also in the third quadrant when turned on with negative
gate current,
(ii) sensitivity of the triac is low in the first quadrant when turned on with negative
gate current and also in the third quadrant when turned-on with positive gate
current.
Thus the triac is rarely operated in first quadrant with negative gate current and in
the third quadrant with positive gate current. As the two conducting paths from
MTI to MT2 or from MT2 to MTI interact with each other in the structure of the
triac; their voltage, current and frequency ratings are much lower as compared with
conventional thyristors. At present, triacs with voltage and current ratings of 1200
V and 300 A (rms) are available. Triacs are used extensively in residential lamp
dimmers, heat control and for the speed control of small single-phase series and
induction motors.

A triac may sometimes operate in the rectifier mode rather than in the bidirectional
mode.
This may happen due to the following reasons:
(a) For a given value of positive gate current, a triac may turn on with MT2
positive in first quadrant but may fail to turn on with MT2 negative.
(b) With constant negative gate current, the triac may turn on with MT2 negative in
third quadrant but may not turn on with MT2 positive.
The rectifier-mode can be overcome by increasing the value of gate current.

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COMPONENT DESCRIPTION :-

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7805
3-Terminal 1A Positive Voltage Regulator

Features
• Output Current up to 1A
• Output Voltage of 5
• Thermal Overload Protection
• Short Circuit Protection
• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

Description
The MC78XX/LM78XX/MC78XXA series of three terminal positive regulators
are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output
voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs
internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection,
making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can
deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage
regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable
voltages and currents.

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 SOLDERING TECHNIQUE

Soldering is one of the most important skills used in electronics project

building, regardless of the nature of the project and the components used. It also
creates the greatest number of problems for beginner and experienced
experimenter alike. This is the not because soldering is extremely complex and
requires years to learn properly; rather it requires only great care and strict
adherence to a few simple rules. A poor solder connection at a single point in a
circuit can make entire circuit in-operational or erratic and trouble shooting can
become a lengthy process of resoldering each and each and every connection in
order to correct the problem. This type of situation can be easily avoided by
taking the time to make each solder connection carefully according to the
following rules:

 Carefully inspect all conductors which are to be soldered to make certain they
are free from oil, dirt or insulation.

 Carefully scrape away any of these materials until the surfaces are clean and
shiny.

 Wrap the conductors to be soldered tightly. This creates a good mechanical

joint, or bond. Check to ensure the file names of this wrapping procedure by
gently tugging at the component leads. If no movement is observed, a firm
mechanical joint has made.

 Turn on the soldering iron and allow it to heat to the proper temperature.
Never attempt to use a soldering iron before it has warmed up sufficiently.

 Once the soldering iron is at the right temperature apply the tip to the joint not
to the solder. This probably the most crucial step in soldering , and if it is not

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 done properly, a cold soldring results. A cold slder joint is most often caused
by droping a glob of solder on to the joint before the component leads or wire
have been heated by the iron, place a small amount solder against it and allow
the solder to move freely around the conductors. When the joint has been
heated to the same temperature as the soldering iron, the solder melts and
flows into every part of the wrapped conductors. Be sure to use only a small
amount of solder joint because an unusually large amount of solder is probably
not completely melted on the inside.

 Once the solder is flowing in the joint, remove the tip of the soldering iron
and allow about 20 seconds for the solder to cool. During this period of time ,
make certain that the conductors are not allowed to move, as this may cause
the solder to crack or become loose. Once the 20 second period has elapsed ,
gently tug on the conductors to make certain no physical movement occurs
where the bond has been made. Now closely examine the joint, looking for
any signs of a cold solder joint, such as a a dull surface or large globs of solder.
A good solder joint has a shiny smooth appearance.

ADVANTAGES & USES-

This is a latest method of controlling AC motor. In early days induction
motor were controlled through series resistors and those are manual controls.
This causes loss in efficiency, no accuracy in control of motor. All these are
removed in our project. Present project provides PWM control therefore
accuracy is maintained. We can use it in industries & in home, where accuracy
is required.

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CONCLUSION :-
It is so designed so that it is complete from any angle like from technical point
of view, from economical point of view. In testing and working it is working
properly as per theory. Therefore is it is feasible one to lunch to market for
industrial use. This will reduce the loss due to other method of controlling
induction motor.

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REFERENCE

[1] A. D. Little, “A technical, economical and policy analysis of electric motor

equipment”, Federal Energy Administration, Cambridge,
MA, Contact No. CO-04-50127-00, May 1976.
[2] M. A. Choudhury, “An analysis of Delta modulated inverters with applications
to submersible motors”, Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of
engineering and applied science, Memorial University of New Foundland, Canada,
December, 1988.
[3] M. H. Rashid, Editor-in-chief, “Power Electronics Handbook”, Academic
Press, 2001.
[4] Nagarath I J, Kothari D P, “Electric Machines”, 2/E, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, ISBN 0-07-
463285-X, India, 1997.
[5] P. C. Sen, “Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics”, 2/E, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc, ISBN 0-471-02295-0, USA, 1997.
[6] B. K. Bose (Editor), “Modern Power Electronics”, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ,
1992, pp. 3-39,
[7] M. H. Rashid, “Power Electronics: Circuit, Devices and Applications”, Second
Edition, Prentice Hall of India, 1994.
[8] J. C. Salmon, S. Olsen and N. Durdle, “A three-phase PWM strategy using a
stepped reference waveform”, IEEE transactions on
industrial applications, vol. IA 27, No. 5, 1991, pp. 914-920.
[9] Md. Abdul Latif, “Microcontroller based PWM inverter control,” M. Engg.
Project, Dept. of EEE, BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh, July.
2006

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