1.

GETTING TO KNOW EACH OTHER

General topics: Likes and dislikes. People, places, world cultures, lifestyles. Things we value.
Language points: describing things (What is it like?). Uses of “like”. Present and past passive.

1. GUESSING GAME. Which of the things shown in the photos does your teacher like doing?
E.g. “Maybe the teacher likes playing video games? Perhaps he doesn’t like …”

A B C D E

F G H I

2. Now your teacher will try to guess your likes and dislikes. Correct your teacher
when he guesses wrong, please.

3. Ask a classmate and tell the class about his or her likings.
4. TRIVIA ON PLACES: (the Internet can be used if needed)
a) What are the best places for walking and jogging in our city?
b) Where was chess invented?
c) Is hunting allowed in the “La quebrada de los Cuervos” reserve?
d) Where was motocross racing created?
e) Where can you find an internet café in our city?
f) Where was soccer invented?
g) Where was “mate” first drunk?
h) Where was the printing press invented?

1
 5. Find the two mistakes in each of the following
LOOK. The Passive Voice sentences and rewrite them correctly.
When we say what people and things
do, we use active verb forms: Dionisio A) Chess is invented many century ago
Coronel founded Treinta y Tres in
1853. …………………………………………………………………………………….
When we say what happens to people
and things (what is done to them), we B) Our parks is visit by many people.
often use passive verbs forms:
Treinta y Tres was founded in 1853.
……………………………………………………………………………………
SOME PASSIVE VERB FORMS
Simple present passive: C) The zero and chess was create by the Indians.
Spanish is spoken in Uruguay.
……………………………………………………………………………………
English and French are spoken in
Canada. D) “Mate” are also drinked in Syria and Lebanon.
Simple past passive:
……………………………………………………………………………………
Latin was spoken in ancient Rome.

Paris, London and Barcelona were E) Food is usually eat with chopstick in Asia.
founded by the Romans.
……………………………………………………………………………………
6. Complete these sentences with the name of the brands, the correct form of the verb “to
be” and the name of the countries related to the brands.
A) ………………………………………… ………….. (are - was - were) created in ………………………

B) ………………………… ………………. ( is – are – was – were ) founded in 1964 in …………………………..

C) ………………………. ……………. ( is – was – were ) created by Jeff Bezos in ……………………………

D) …………….………… ………….. ( is – was – were ) created in ……………..…………… in 1935.

7. WRITE A SIMILAR SENTENCE ABOUT A BRAND. READ YOUR SENTENCE TO THE CLASS WITHOUT
SAYING THE NAME OF THE BRAND SO WE CAN GUESS IT. GOOGLE THE INFO IF YOU NEED HELP.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2
 IMPORTANT THINGS IN OUR LIVES. 9. PAIR UP WITH A CLASSMATE AND
THINK OF OTHER IMPORTANT
8. MATCH THE ICONS WITH THE PHRASES: THINGS IN YOUR LIVES:

1. playing sports A) * …………………………………………….

2. playing computer games B) * …………………………………………….

3. watching series on Netflix C) * …………………………………………….

4. hanging out with my friends D)

10. NOW CLEAR YOUR THROAT
5. spending time on social media E)
BECAUSE YOUR TEACHER IS GOING
TO ASK YOU ABOUT YOUR
6. spending time with my sweetheart F)
PRIORITIES AND THOSE OF YOUR
FRIENDS´.

11. TRY TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION. WHAT ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT THINGS IN YOUR
LIFE? YOU CAN USE THESE EXPRESSIONS: I think that…, I really like…., …. isn’t important,
(not) interested in …, my priorities are, I don’t think…, perhaps… . (60 words)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

12. NOW SHARE SOME OF YOUR IDEAS WITH THE REST OF THE CLASS.

13. SOCIAL ISSUES. WHAT THINGS DO URUGUAYANS CARE MOST ABOUT? MAKE A LIST OF
URUGUAYAN “PRIORITIES”.

FIRST PRIORITY: ………………………………………………………..

SECOND PRIORITY: ………………………………………………………..

THIRD IMPORTANT THING: ………………………………………………………

14. SHARE YOUR VIEWS WITH THE CLASS.

I think our priorities are ….

3
 WHAT ARE WE LIKE? WHAT THINGS DO WE LIKE AND HATE DOING? ARE WE EXACTLY LIKE THE
REST OF SOUTH AMERICA? THIS IS HOW SOME AMERICANS AND OTHER FOREIGNERS SEE US.
* The majority of the people are middle class. Uruguayans take a pragmatic and materialistic approach to life.
* Greetings are warm. They greet with a firm handshake. Friends kiss once on the right cheek when meeting.
*Uruguayans stand very close when conversing. The “ch-ch” sound is used to get someone's attention.
* People are very casual about time for social events. An invitation for 9 p.m. means to arrive by 10 p.m.
* Uruguayans dress conservatively and seldom wear the bright colors popular elsewhere in
South America.
* People are very proud of Uruguay’s soccer, music and food. They love to be asked about
their country. And remember, never confuse Paraguay and Uruguay.
15. ANSWER.
1) According to the text above, are there many rich people in Uruguay? ……………………………………………………

2) Do friends in Uruguay give two kisses when they meet? …………………………………………………………

3) Why do we make the "ch-ch" sound? ……………………………………………………………….

4) Do we usually wear bright colors? ………………………………………………………………………………………..

5) Do we usually arrive on time at social events? ………………………………………………………………

16. CORRECT THESE SENTENCES.

1) Uruguayans never handshake. ……………………………………………………………………………………….

2) We never make physical contact when talking. ………………………………………………………………………………….

3) We don´t like talking about our country. ………………………………………………………………………………………

USES OF THE WORD LIKE:

Preposition. Similar to something else, or happening in the same way: * Uruguay is like the east of Argentina. *
We speak like the people from Entre Rios. * What are they like?

Verb. to enjoy something or think that it is nice or good: * We like drinking “mate”. * I like soccer.

Noun. Things you like. * Write about your likes and dislikes. And a Facebook feature: * She has 100 likes on
Facebook.

Conjunction. in the same way as (informal). * Many Argentinians speak like we do.

Adverb. (spoken) used in speech to fill a pause while you are thinking what to say next. * It was like 9 o'clock
when I got home.

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 READ THE FOLLOWING TEXT ABOUT CULTURAL SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
ARGENTINA AND URUGUAY. by Nicolas Lopez Zerpa from Argentina.
The main difference is that Argentina is much larger and more diverse than
Uruguay. Uruguayan culture is very similar to that of the center-east of Argentina.
Uruguay is a secular country; it's the Latin American nation with the fewest number of
Catholics. They are more "liberal" too; marihuana, abortion and prostitution are legalized there; that would
be almost impossible in Argentina, where Catholic priests receive a salary from the National Government.
Most Argentines don't know much about Uruguay, but Uruguayans seem to know a lot about our country. I
think it's because Uruguayan media reproduces a lot of Argentine content.
That leads to another point; Argentina and Uruguay are two "brother" nations, but
Argentina is the older and bigger brother, and sometimes Uruguay suffers this
disadvantage. Uruguay tends to be economically and culturally dependent on us. For
example, the most important economic crisis in the history of Uruguay, in 2002, was
caused by an earlier crisis in Argentina.
For these reasons, Argentines see Uruguay as their little brother and truly appreciate Uruguayans.
Furthermore, a lot of Argentines are happy when Uruguay wins in football. However, the opinion of
Uruguayans about Argentina and Argentines is (justifiably) mixed.

17. TRY TO ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS TO SEE IF YOU HAVE UNDERSTOOD THE TEXT.

1. Which of the two countries has more cultural diversity? ……………………………………………………………

2. Which country is more religious? ………………………………………………………………

3. Which country is more liberal? ……………………………………………………………..

4. Which of the two countries is smaller? ………………………………………………………………..

5. Which country is older, Argentina or Uruguay? ……………………………………………………

6. Why do many Uruguayans know a lot about Argentina? ……………………………………………………………..

18. CORRECT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.

1) Argentines don't like Uruguayans. ………………………………………………………………………...

2) Uruguay is similar to the North of Argentina. ………………………………………………………………………….

3) Argentines watch a lot of Uruguayan TV. ………………………………………………………………………………..

4) We are happy when Argentina wins in football. ………………………………………………………………………

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 19. AGUSTÍN IS A 40-YEAR-OLD STEREOTYPICAL URUGUAYAN. USE SOME OF THE WORDS FROM THE BOX AND
HELP YOUR TEACHER WRITE ABOUT HIM ON THE WHITEBOARD.

LIKES AND DISLIKES: "mate" - listen to folklore/rock on the radio - go to work – pasta/ roast beef for lunch - watch
some soccer on TV - play "truco" with friends - sometimes - usually - always - on the weekend - in the morning /
evening. AGUSTÍN’S POSSIBLE JOBS: clerk, taxi driver, policeman, cook, artist, grocer, mechanic, teacher, house
painter, electrician, plumber, sales attendant, businessman. LAST YEAR: Florianopolis. PLANS: visit Buenos Aires.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

HOMEWORK: WRITE A SIMILAR TEXT ABOUT A FRIEND OR RELATIVE AND SEND IT TO jjscaron@gmail.com

20. YOU ARE ABOUT TO LISTEN TO AN AMERICAN YOUTUBER INTERESTED IN KNOWING PEOPLE’S OPINION
ABOUT AN IMPORTANT ISSUE. LISTEN TO THE FIRST PART OF THE AUDIO AND ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS.
1) What is the presenter/interviewer’s name? …………………………………………………………….
2) Where is he during the interviews? …………………………………………………………………..
3) Is he asking people what they think about the British? ……………………………………………………………….

21. LISTEN TO THE SECOND PART OF THE RECORDING AND CORRECT THESE SENTENCS.
1) People say Americans are quiet. ……………………………………………………………………………..
2) A woman says Americans have good feet. …………………………………………………………………………………
3) Someone else says Americans like whisky. ……………………………………………………………………………

22. LISTEN TO THE THIRD PART OF THE RECORDING AND SELECT THE CORRECT OPTION.
1. A woman says Americans are ………………………………… ( artificial – superficial – beneficial )
2. Other people say Americans like …………………………….. ( fast food – diet food – fatty food )
3. Another guy says America is the land of ……………………………… ( opportunity – unity community )

23. WHAT IS THE LAST ISSUE MENTIONED AND HOW DO EUROPEANS AND AMERICANS DIFFER ABOUT THIS
TOPIC?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………
……………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………

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 24. WITH TWO OR THREE CLASSMATES, PREPARE A PRESENTATION ABOUT A WORLD CULTURE, E.G.
BRAZILIANS, THE JAPANESE, THE CHINESE, ETC. AND CONTRAST IT WITH OUR OWN CULTURE.

25. A BUCKET LIST IS A LIST OF THINGS THAT ONE HAS NOT DONE BEFORE BUT WANTS TO DO BEFORE
DYING. WATCH A VIDEO OF BILLIE EILISH TALKING ABOUT HER BUCKET LIST AND MARK THE THINGS SHE
HAS DONE AND THE THINGS SHE HASN’T.

1) …… 2) …… 3) …… 4) ……..

5) …… 6) ……. 7) …… 8) ……

9) ..…. 10) …… 11) ……. 12) ……

26. WRITE THE NUMBERS OF THE PICTURES ABOVE NEXT TO THE MATCHING ACTIVITIES MENTIONED BY BILLIE.

A) WORK WITH ANIMALS …… B) GET KICKED OUT OF A TARGET …… C) GROW HER HAIR PAST HER B#TT ……..
D) MEET JUSTIN …… E) GET A MOUSE ……. F) GET HER HAIR DONE ……. G) RIDE A DOLPHIN …….
BIG SHOPPING SPREE H) PUNCH SOMEONE …… I) ZIPLINE ABOVE THE CITY …… J) CUT SOMEONE’S HAIR ……
K) GO TO PARIS …..

27. DISCUSS YOUR BUCKET LIST WITH A PARTNER AND WRITE DOWN THE THINGS HE OR SHE WOULD
LIKE TO DO IN THE FUTURE. YOU CAN ASK HIM/HER THESE QUESTIONS: WHAT COUNTRIES WOULD
YOU LIKE TO VISIT? WHAT SKILLS WOULD YOU LIKE TO DEVELOP? WHAT THINGS WOULD YOU LIKE
TO BUY? WHO WOULD YOU LIKE TO MEET?

28. RECORD SOME SENTENCES ABOUT YOUR PARTNER´S IDEAS AND SEND THEM TO YOUR TEACHER.
YOUR TEACHER WILL PLAY SOME OF THE RECORDINGS. TELL HIM WHEN HE PLAYS YOUR VOICE.
7
UNIT 2. PHILOSOPHY ROCKS!
Epistemology: How do you know that you know what you know?
Ethics: Right and wrong in the real world.
General topics: knowledge and values. Language: Modals and reported speech.

Epistemology is the study of knowledge. Epistemology asks questions like: "What is knowledge?", "How is
knowledge acquired?" and "What do people know?"

What Is Knowledge? Knowledge is the awareness and understanding of particular aspects of reality.
What is truth? the property (as of a statement) of being in accord with fact or reality.
What is a belief? something that is accepted, considered to be true, or held as an opinion. Belief may or may
not be true. It is dependent on your faith and confidence in a statement.
Justification is the reason why someone properly holds a belief, the explanation as to why the belief is true.
When a claim is in doubt, justification can be used to support the claim and reduce or remove the doubt.
Justification can use empiricism (the evidence of the senses), authoritative testimony (the appeal to criteria and
authority), or reason.
FLAT EARTH IS ONE OF THE INTERNET'S STRANGEST CONSPIRACY THEORIES.
WHY DO SOME PEOPLE BELIEVE THE EARTH IS FLAT?
Claim (or assertion, or statement) and belief: the earth is flat.
Justification (or evidence): The horizon is a straight line. When you walk around
on the planet's surface, it looks and feels flat.
What things should we accept to believe in a flat earth?

• All satellite photos of Earth as a sphere should be fabrications of a "round Earth conspiracy"
orchestrated by NASA and other government agencies.
• NASA is a government hoax to hoard taxpayer money.
• The "Pac-Man effect". When a plane reaches the edge of the horizon,
such as when Pac-Man reaches the end of the screen, that plane will
teleport from one side of the planet to the other, a la Pac-Man
entering from the other side of the screen.

CONCLUSION: YouTube and the Internet are fun and great sources of
knowledge, but we must be very critical of any information we find on
the Web and carefully examine each site. Remember that most
scientists are willing to admit errors, change their minds and self-
correct when there is new evidence. That´s why science is successful.

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TASKS: Find out what other strange conspiracy theories exist on the Internet and what conspiracy theories
actually turned out to be true in history. Ask Uncle Google if you need help.
CONSPIRACY THEORIES THAT TURNED OUT TO BE TRUE.
Laughing at conspiracy theories is good fun, at least until they turn out to be true.
Conspiracy: Tobacco companies hid a nasty secret for decades.
The truth: At the beginning of the 1950s, research was
showing an indisputable statistical link between smoking and
lung cancer, but it wasn’t until the late 1990s that Philip
Morris even admitted that smoking could cause cancer.

Conspiracy: the government might be spying on you.

The truth: the US government sent 49,868 requests for user data to Facebook and
27,850 to Google in 2016 alone. Furthermore, there’s a real chance that someone Mark Zuckerberg´s laptop
could use your computer camera to look at you–so
consider one of those handy covers! SOME OF THE USES OF MODAL VERBS:

Conspiracy: there is a link between the Illuminati
and the NSA (National Security Agency)
The truth: that “link” is actually a hyperlink (i.e., an
electronic link between two Internet sites). If you type
Illuminati backward – Itanimulli – into a web browser,
you will land on the NSA website. John Fenley of Provo,
Utah, explained he chose to forward the itanimulli.com
domain (which he had purchased years earlier) to the
NSA’s web site as a joke.
1. ANSWER, PLEASE.
1) What should you do when you find strange claims on the
Web? ………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………
2) Have any conspiracy theories turned out to be true?
……………………………………………………………………………………
3) Does smoking cause cancer?
……………………………………………………………………………………
4) Do you cover your phone camera with tape?
……………………………………………………………………………………
CAN: possibility, ability or permission.
We can speak English.
Smoking can cause cancer.
Can I use your phone? (informal)
MAY: possibility or permission.
Belief may or may not be true.
María may be in math class.
May I come in? (formal)
MIGHT: possibility. (lower probability than MAY)
The government might be spying on you.
SHOULD: advice, suggestion or possibility.
All satellite photos should be fabrications.
I think you should study for the test.
MUST: obligation, deduction or certainty.
The doctor must know a lot about viruses.
You must be very critical of any information you
find on the Web.
COULD: possibility, suggestion, request, past
ability.
I could skate when I was a kid.
Someone could use your camera to look at you.
Could I borrow your stapler?
WILL: future events, predictions, promises, etc.
I will never forget you.
That plane will teleport from one side of the
planet to the other.

5) Who created the itanimulli hyperlink? WOULD: unreal situations and past habits.
My mom would read me stories every night.
…………………………………………………………………………………… I would like to live in the Caribbean.
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2. CORRECT THE INFORMATION IN THESE SENTENCES
CORRECT THE LANGUAGE MISTAKES IN
THESE SENTENCES.
1) Tobacco companies wanted people to stop smoking.
1) Mark protect her privacy.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………….
2) Zuckerberg doesn´t cover his laptop camera.
2) He have create great things.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………
3) John Fenley doesn´t like jokes.
3) He no make hardware.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………

Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing,

defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. Ethics
seeks to resolve questions of human morality by defining concepts such as good
and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice and crime.

OUR EVERYDAY PROBLEMS AND ETHICAL DILEMMAS: SCHOOL BULLYING.

There really is no difference between the bully and the victim. Lady Gaga (American singer)
People who love themselves, don't hurt other people. Dan Pearce (English singer and songwriter)
Bullying never has to do with you. It's the bully who's insecure. Shay Mitchell (Canadian actress)

Reported speech is when we tell someone what another person said. To do this, we can use direct speech or
indirect speech.

direct speech: 'I work in a bank,' said Daniel. indirect speech: Daniel said that he worked in a bank.

In indirect speech, we often use a tense which is 'further back' in the past (e.g. worked) than the tense
originally used (e.g. work). This is called 'backshift'. We also may need to change other words that were used,
for example pronouns. We also have to change pronouns and other words like “here”, “now” and “today” for
“there”, “then” and “that day”.

Present simple, present continuous and present perfect.

When we backshift, present simple changes to past simple, present continuous changes to past continuous and
present perfect changes to past perfect.
'I travel a lot in my job.' Jamila said that she travelled a lot in her job.

'The baby's sleeping!' He told me the baby was sleeping.

'I've hurt my leg.' She said she'd hurt her leg.

Try to report this sentence: “People who love themselves, don't hurt other people,” said Dan.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

10
3. REPORT THE FOLLOWING PHILOSOPHERS´ WORDS ON THESE INTERESTING ISSUES.

1) ON DETERMINATION: “Long journeys begin with a single step.” Lao Tzu, Chinese philosopher.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2) ON REVENGE: “The best revenge is not to be like your enemy.” Marcus Aurelius, emperor and stoic philosopher.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3) ON FRIENDSHIP: “Friendship is the most beautiful gift of providence.” Epicurus, Greek philosopher.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

LOOK: there is no change if we express a general truth, a permanent state or something that is still relevant:
My mother said, “It gets dark earlier in winter.” My mother said that it gets dark earlier in winter.

LANGUAGE RESEARCH. ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS AND GET A THUMBS UP FROM YOUR TEACHER.

How can we report sentences with “will”? “You will find the answers,” said the teacher.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
How can we report sentences with “can”? “You can help your classmates,” said the teacher.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

MOST PEOPLE CAN EASILY SEE THAT BULLYING IS WRONG, BUT THERE ARE OTHER TOPICS THAT LEAD TO STRONG
DISAGREEMENT ABOUT WHAT IS RIGHT OR WHAT IS WRONG, OR SOMETIMES WE KNOW THAT SOMETHING IS WRONG
BUT WE KEEP DOING IT; WHY IS THAT?
TASK: think of an interesting topic and find
EXAMPLES OF CONTROVERSIAL AND COMPLICATED ISSUES.
a classmate with a different viewpoint.
4. MATCH THE WORDS WITH THE CORRESPONDING IMAGES. Then do your research, prepare all the

A. 1) INTERNET PIRACY B. English words you will need and debate

your ideas with your classmate or
classmates.
2) OVERDRINKING
if you can´t find a debater, defend your
position and your teacher will try to play
C. 3) USING CANNABIS D.
devil´s advocate.
POSSIBLE TOPICS:
4) VACCINE SKEPTICISM Are online friends real friends?

School uniform/using Bermuda shorts in

E. 5) EATING TOO MUCH F. high school.

Should we continue eating animals?

6) TOO MUCH TIME ON THE WEB Are video games too violent for children?

11
 FAKE NEWS: EPISTEMOLOGICAL AND AXIOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Is fake news a new phenomenon?
Not at all. It turns out, the more things change, the more they stay the same.
Life on the moon
On 21 August 1835, The New York Sun published a series of articles about the
discovery of life on the moon. This fake information helped the newspaper make a
lot of money.
How contemporary fake news is different
No matter who started the “fake news thing,” fake news in its modern form is different from
the historical forms of journalistic nonsense in traditional media outlets. The speed at which it
is spread and the magnitude of its influence places it in a different category from its historical
cousins.
5. Create a short list of possible reasons why people might
spread fake news."

* …………………………………………………………………………………………….

* …………………………………………………………………………………………….

* …………………………………………………………………………………………….

6. Have you ever been fooled by a fake news story? What was the information about?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

7. What do you think, is the following information real?

John Ponsonby was a British aristocrat. He was so handsome that reportedly, once, women in
Paris took to the streets to avoid his execution. Several years later, the British king wanted him
beyond reach of his mistress Lady Conyngham, who had been attracted to Ponsonby. For that
reason, Ponsonby was given his first major diplomatic posting to a very distant place, South
America. He played an important role in helping create a new country, Uruguay.

8. And what about this information? Bats are blind. They use echolocation to navigate and
catch their food.

Activity: Find or write a short piece of information that seems real but is actually false, or something that
seems fake but is actually true. Read it aloud to the class and see if they can guess whether it's true or false:

.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

12
 5. FIND THE NAMES OF THESE PHILOSOPHERS 9. WHO FAMOUSLY SAID…?
AND SCIENTISTS IN THE BOX. THE WORDS MAY
BE PLACED LIKE THIS: * I think, therefore I am. ……………………………..

N P R U N O S P A D * All I know is that I know nothing. ...............................

X U S A Y G X B R E * Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and
A O E O S R M F E S
I'm not sure about the universe. ……………………..
M D V A C E E Z I C
D A L G L R D C N A
* Man is descended from a hairy, tailed quadruped, probably
I R R C Z V A J S R
arboreal in its habits. ……………………………
G W F X K O O T T T
N I E T Z S C H E E
* That which does not kill us makes us stronger. ..………………..
E N P Y Z H N U I S
Y M B T X E G A N L * The full man does not understand the
wants of the hungry. ………………………

10. CROSSWORD. PHILOSOPHY CONCEPTS AND MISCELLANEA. 1 2L 3 4 5 6 7

ACROSS: 1) a false or mistaken idea. 6) Abbreviation for 8 9

Osteoarthritis. 8) An idea or set of ideas that is intended to
explain something about life or the world. 10) A number that is 10 11 12
given to every book that is published. 13) The study of religion.
15) A hard pointed thing that grows on the heads of animals such 13 14

as cows and goats.

15 16 17
16) The power to make impossible things happen by saying
special words. 18) Extraterrestrial or “and” in Latin. 19) A piece 18 19
of video, a joke, or something else that spreads quickly on the
Internet (plural). 20) Abbreviation for synchronize. 21) A feeling 20 21

of discontent with regard to another's success, possessions, etc.

DOWN: 1) Strong belief in something, esp. without evidence. 2) The freedom to live your life in the way that you want.
3) Preposition of time or place. 4) Another word for chromium. 5) Plural form of “you” in Old English.
6) Conjunction. 7) “Yes” in some dialects of English. 9) A gas that is necessary for most animals and plants to live.
11) Something that you wear to cover your feet (plural). 12) Prefix which expresses negation or absence.
14) An entertaining activity or sport. 17) Initialism for “independent software vendor”. 19) 1100 in Roman numerals.

11. LISTEN AND REPORT THE WORDS SAID BY THESE TWO FAMOUS PHILOSOPHERS.

1) Marcus Aurelius said that ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2) Seneca said that …………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

13
A GREAT BRITISH PHILOSOPHER.
John Stuart Mill was a philosopher and social reformer who had a huge impact on 19th century
thought. Mill was born in London in 1806. His father was James Mill, a Scottish philosopher who gave
his son an intensive education. Mill was a precocious child. At the age of three he was taught Greek.
By the age of eight, he had read Aesop's Fables, Herodotus and Plato. He had also studied a great deal
of history, arithmetic, physics and astronomy.
In 1822, Mill was given a job at the East India Company. His job allowed him plenty of time for writing. John suffered
from depression in his early twenties and that experience got him very interested in human happiness.
Mill believed that an action was right if it maximized the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people. Mill
believed that actions are right if they promote happiness, and wrong if they produce the reverse of happiness. Mill
defines happiness as pleasure and the absence of pain. He defended the superiority of higher pleasures, the pleasures
of the intellect, and of morality over the lower, sensory pleasures. Mill famously said, it is better to be a human being
dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.
In 1865 he was elected as member of parliament. He was considered a radical in parliament because of his support for
equality for women and compulsory education. Mill died in 1873.
12. ANSWER
1) Where was Mill from? ………………………………………………………………………………..
2) Was Mill´s father demanding? ………………………………………………………………………….
3) At what age did Mill start to work? ……………………………………………………………………………..
4) What things were important for Mill? ………………………………………………………………………………..
5) Was he only interested in eating a lot? …………………………………………………………………………………….
13. SELECT THE CORRECT OPTION.

1) Mill was born in… A) Scotland. B) an important city. C) India.

2) Mill … A) wanted many people to be happy. B) was only interested in his own happiness. C) loved eating pork.

3) He preferred … A) eating to thinking. B) drinking to eating. C) thinking to overeating.

14. FIND IN THE TEXT THE WORDS THAT MATCH THESE DEFINITIONS.

1) Someone who works to improve a social or political system: ………………………. ( line 1 )

2) Exhibiting great intelligence and mature qualities at an unusually early age: ………………………… ( line 3)

3) The study of past events, particularly in human affairs: ……………………………… ( line 5 )

4) The group of people elected to make a country’s laws and discuss important affairs: …………………..….…… (line 13)

15. GREAT PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS. LISTEN AND SELECT THE CORRECT OPTION.
1. Epictetus. There is only way to happiness, and that is to cease worrying about things
which are beyond the power of our …………………….. ( skill – being – will ).

2. Plato. The greatest wealth is to live content with ……………………… ( little – titles – rituals )

14
A CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE; UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME (UBI).

16. LISTEN TO THE PERSON SPEAKING AND COMPLETE THE IDEAS.

1) Some call it …………………………………….

2) Universal Basic Income is a regular ……………………… by the

government to every …….…………………………..

3) It has no …………………………. attached. UBI EXPERIMENTS AROUND THE WORLD

4) The idea is gaining traction because of …………………………….

5) Some worry robots could eventually replace all of us at …………………….

17. ANSWER

1) Who will give us the money to continue shopping and consuming? …………………………………………………………….

2) Will businesses of the future need workers? …………………………………………………………………………..

3) Who (or what) is going to work for those companies? ………………………………………………………………………

4) Will business continue making products? ………………………………………………………………………….

5) Will the government tax businesses or the citizens? ……………………………………………………………….

6) What will the government do with the tax revenue? ………………………………………………………………….

7) What will citizens do with the money they receive? ………………………………………………………………………..

18. SELECT THE CORRECT OPTION.

1) According to its supporters, UBI will eliminate ………………………… ( dignity – poverty – equality ).

2) According to critics, UBI is wrong because every person has their particular ………….…. (needs – speeds – creeds).

19. WRITING ACTIVITY: “MY OPINION ABOUT UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME.”

Would you change your future plans if UBI existed in Uruguay? Could our government afford it?

Does it have pros and cons? Are you against or in favor of it? Would it help families? Would it make us lazy?

USEFUL VOCABULARY: I think, I believe, in my view, in my opinion, on the other hand, however, because.

REVIEW. USE THE RIGHT MODAL IN THE BLANKS. Can, may, might, should, must, could, will, would.

* You spend too many hours on the computer. I think you ……………………….. exercise more. (Giving advice)

* Your English teacher ……………………… skate when he was young, but now he can´t. (Past ability)

* Uruguay …………… organize the FIFA 2030 World Cup. But we must wait and see what happens. (Possibility)

* My phone is so slow. I ……….... really like to have a new one, but I´m a bit short of money. (Unreal situation)

REPORT YOUR TEACHER´S WORDS:

“I am interested in philosophy.” ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

“My favorite game is chess.” …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

15
 UNIT 3. HOMO DIGITALIS
01010100 01101000 01100101 00100000 01100011 01110101 01110010 01100101 00100000 01100110 01101111 01110010 00100000 01100010 01101111 01110010 01100101 01100100
01101111 01101101 00100000 01101001 01110011 00100000 01100011 01110101 01110010 01101001 01101111 01110011 01101001 01110100 01111001 00001010

General topic: humans and technology.

Language: conditional sentences. “Used to” (past habits)
Technology is the sum of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the production of goods or services.
Technology is also the knowledge of techniques and processes to accomplish our goals.

The simplest form of technology is the development and use of basic tools. The prehistoric discovery of how to control
fire and the later invention of agriculture increased the available sources of food, and the invention of the wheel helped
humans to travel longer distances. Other inventions like the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet have
allowed humans to interact on a global scale.

Many technological processes produce pollution and deplete natural resources to the detriment of the environment.
Innovations have always influenced the values of a society and they can also raise questions about topics like
automation, cloning, neurohacking, behavioral biometrics, etc.

Neo-Luddism, anarcho-primitivism, and similar movements criticize the pervasiveness of technology, arguing that it
harms the environment and alienates people; proponents of ideologies such as transhumanism and techno-pro
gressivism view continued technological progress as beneficial to the human condition.

1. ANSWER PLEASE.

1) Is knowing how to build a fire a technology? ……………………………………………………………

2) What invention allowed humans to travel longer distances on land? …………………………………………………….

3) Can technology create problems sometimes? …………………………………………..

4) Are you closer to primitivism, transhumanism or something in between? ……………………………………………………..

2. FIND THE WORDS THAT MATCH THESE DEFINITIONS IN THE TEXT.

1) A planned way of doing something (line 1, plural): ……………………….

2) The practice or science of farming (line 4): ……………………………
3) The air, water, and land in which people, animals, and plants live (line 8): ……………………………………
4) To make it difficult for someone to belong to a particular group (line 11): …………………………………

Some technologies may have negative effects but imagine a world without anesthesia, toilets, running water, electricity
or taking five days to go to Montevideo. For 99% of our history, humans have had very little technology.

16
3. WHAT ARE THE NAMES OF THESE GADGETS?

1) ………………… 3) ………………………..

2) ……………………

4) ………………………. 5) …………………………..

6) ……………………… 7) …………………… 8) ………………..…….

4. WHERE WOULD YOU PUT THESE EVENTS ON THE TIMELINE: AGRICULTURE (AGR.), GOING TO MARS (MARS),
FIRST DIGITAL COMPUTERS (1ST DIG. COMP.), CONTROL OF FIRE (COF), WRITING (WRTG), THE INTERNET (NET.)

………………… ………………….. ………………….. ………………….. ………………… ..………………..

1.7 MILLION 10,000 B.C. 3,000 B.C. 1939 1983 AROUND 2035 (?)
YEARS AGO

5. PUT EACH TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE COLUMN CORRESPONDING TO THE MOST AFFECTED FIELD(S) OF
HUMAN ACTIVITY. Smart boards, cloning, VR, AR, robots, gene therapy, 3D printing, AI, automation.

MEDICINE WORK EDUCATION ENTERTEINMENT

THE SECOND CONDITIONAL: The second conditional uses the past simple after “if”, then “would” and the infinitive.

We can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true. Maybe I'm imagining future
events or daydreaming.

If I met Bill Gates or Elon Musk, I would say hello.

I would travel to Mars if I had the opportunity.

She would pass the exam if she ever studied. (She never studies, so this won't happen)

We can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it's not true.

If I had Elon´s number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's impossible for me to call him).

If I were you, I would spend less time on Fortnite.

17
YOUR TEACHER REMEMBERS THE GOOD OLD DAYS.
I grew up in the 70s and 80s (I was born in 1972) and everything was different
then. We played games like Hide and Seek, Tag and Sly Fox and I used to play
soccer for hours until dark. I also loved playing with model cars. However, I know
that if I was a kid now, I wouldn´t be playing those games.
We used to watch cartoons for just 30 minutes a day because there was only one
TV channel. We grew up without the Internet or cell phones. I´m sure that if I was
a teen now, I would be glued to Instagram, Facebook and TikTok.
Shops were closed on Sundays. There were no credit cards but grocers used to give neighbors credit. I
remember they kept a record of our purchases in a notepad (La libreta). The milkman still delivered milk.
People didn’t have house or car alarms; you could leave the house and leave the front door unlocked.
There were no MP3s, YouTube videos or any music streaming. I used to listen to the radio
or to my cassette collection. Tapes used to get tangled; and that was a big problem!
Perhaps, growing up in the 70s and 80s taught us patience, some creative problem-solving
and the skill of using our imagination. Or perhaps I just got nostalgic.
6. ANSWER.
1) Did your teacher use to play inside or outside as a child? ……………………………………………………………………..
2) Would your teacher use Instagram if he was a teen now? ……………………………………………………………………
3) Did people buy milk in plastic bags in the 70s? …………………………………………………………………
4) What technology is more reliable, MP3s or cassettes? ………………………………………………………………………..
7. CORRECT THE INFORMATION.
1) The teacher is 25 years old. (try not to use your calculator.) ……………………………………………………………..
2) You didn´t have to use your imagination in the 70s. ……………………………………………………………………….
3) Your teacher used to surf the web in the 80s. ……………………………………………………………………………….

8. WRITE ABOUT ONE OF YOUR CHILDHOOD HABITS USING THE EXPRESSION “USED TO”.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. TALKING ABOUT UNLIKELY, UNREAL AND IMPOSSIBLE SITUATIONS. SELECT THE CORRECT OPTION.

* Life ………………….…………. ( is - would be ) difficult without computers.

* if I …………………………..……… ( didn´t have - don´t have ) a cell phone, I would get very bored.

* I would buy many gadgets if I ……………………. ( am - were - be ) rich.

* If I had a foldable phone I …………………………….…. ( impress - impressed - would impress ) my friends.

* I ……………………………….. ( am - was - would be ) famous if I ………………………….. ( play - played ) like Messi.

18
 10. LISTEN TO GARY AND JILL TALKING ABOUT THE THINGS THEY WOULD DO IF THEY WERE RICH
AND SELECT THE CORRECT OPTION.

Jill would buy … A) a nice house. B) a new car. C) clothes and bags.
LOOK:
She loves … A) the coast. B) the mountains. C) the countryside.
I would fly = I´d fly.
Jill would also … A) go to the disco. B) buy a castle. C) travel. We would buy a house =
Gary would … A) give to charity. B) help his parents. C) help his friends. We´d buy a house.

Gary would also like to … A) retire. B) travel. C) save some money.

11. WHAT WOULD YOU DO IF YOU WERE RICH?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

12. NOW TELL THE CLASS PLEASE.

13. LISTEN TO PHOEBE AND CHANDLER FROM THE SITCOM FRIENDS ANSWERING THIS QUESTION:
What would you want if you were omnipotent for a day?

Phoebe would want ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Chandler would ……………………………………………………………………………….…………………..

14. Answer please. What would you do if you were omnipotent for a day?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

15. NOW TELL THE CLASS.

16. THESE ARE WEIRD SITUATIONS FROM THE BIG BANG THEORY. WRITE THE MISSING WORDS.
SITUATION 1. HOWARD: Sheldon, if you were ………..……..…. , and I knew and you …………..………..,
would you want me to ………….…… you?

SITUATION 2. SHELDON: Anyways, it occurs to me. if I ever did perfect a

………………..………………, I would just go into the past and give it to …………..…………….,
thus eliminating the need for me to ……………………….. it in the first place.

17. USE THESE WORDS IN THE FOLLOWING CHAIN OF EVENTS: buy - had - get - play
If I found a job in the summer, I could ……………. some extra money, if I ………………. more money, I would

…………….. a new computer. If I had a newer computer, I could …………. games with better graphics.
19
 Used to expresses the idea that something was an THE IMPORTANCE OF BINARY CODE
old habit that stopped in the past. It indicates that Every time we talk on the phone or use our
something was often repeated in the past, but it is
computers to surf the Internet, watch a video, create
not usually done now.
a document or listen to music, our devices interpret
• We used to watch Dragon Ball and say
a flow of electrons as zeros (switch off, low voltage)
Kamehameha when we were kids.
• We used to play on the bouncy castle. and ones (switch on, high voltage).
• I used to go to high school no. 3. Then our computers or phones transform the 0s and
• Christine used to eat meat, but now she is a
1s into all the words, images and sounds we need to
vegetarian.
work, communicate or have fun on our devices.
We can also use used to for past states.
Binary is very simple, elegant and efficient.
• My uncle used to be a soccer player.

SOCIAL MEDIA AND MENTAL HEALTH. PROS AND CONS Source: https://ontheline.org.au/
18. WRITE THE HEADING THAT MATCHES THE INFORMATION IN EACH PARAGRAPH. THEN WRITE
THE WORDS “PRO” AND “CON” IN THE GRAY AREAS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT WHETHER EACH
PARAGRAPH MENTIONS A POSITIVE OR A NEGATIVE ASPECT OF SOCIAL MEDIA.

HEADINGS: Combats loneliness, Causes low self-esteem, Raises awareness, Fake news, Cyberbullying, Loneliness

While social media has provided us with access to more information than ever before, there are both positive and
negative implications of our use of this technology.

…………………………………………………………. Every day, more people are using social media to make a
positive difference in the world.

…………………………………………………………. Despite many social media platforms’ efforts to combat

misinformation, anyone with an internet connection has the opportunity to anonymously share false
information to a potentially massive audience.

………………………………………………………… We are social beings, with an inbuilt need to interact, socialize

and connect with one another. For some people, social media is a great platform to facilitate conversations
with like-minded people and build friendships.

………………………………………………………….. A survey has found that people who spent more time on social
media every day felt lonelier than those who checked their social media less.

…………………………………………………………. Many people only show the best aspects of their lives and
personalities. When we spend too much time looking at this improved image of other people, we may feel
inadequate. This often leads to severe psychological and physical issues like low self-confidence and
negative body image.

………………………………………………………….. Issues like online harassment and trolling are huge contributing
factors to feelings of anxiety and depression. Online harassment is the use of technology to harass and
intimidate someone else and according to a recent study, this behavior is linked to depression and suicide
among teenagers.

Social Media – what’s the verdict? To ensure that you get the benefits out of social media while avoiding the negative
implications, it’s important to limit your time using it. While social media enables us to build meaningful relationships,
it’s important to know about the negative implications that social media can have on our overall mental wellbeing.
20
 19. CORRECT THE MISTAKES IN THIS TEXT.

My name is Andrea and I’am from in Treinta y Tres. I born in 2004. I had normal

childhood. I went school no. 2 my favorite teacher is María. As a girl, I like play

handball volleyball. I too use to watch cartoon in TV.

I really likes play football and chat in the Internet. I play in Olimareñas, a local

team. If I don´t play soccer I would be very bored. My favorite social networking site

Instagram. You can sharing photo and videos in Instagram. You can creating short

videos and share it to your friends. I try to no spend all day in the computer That´s

why I do sport and go with my friend out.

20. I AM INTERESTED IN KNOWING YOUR OPINION ABOUT ONE OF THESE TOPICS: your relationship
with social media, cultured meat, meat substitutes, gaming, robot friendship, the world in 50 years.
WRITE A SHORT TEXT (80 to 120 words) AND SEND IT TO jjscaron@gmail.com

21. UNDERLINE THE EIGHT MISTAKES IN THIS TEXT ABOUT ELON MUSK.

Elon Musk have many companies and projects. Her spaceflight company, SpaceX,

handles cargo transport for the International Space Station and Tesla Motors produce

around 400,000 electric car every year.

Elon is also interesting in Artificial Intelligence. In 2015 he found the company OpenAI with the mission of

advancing digital intelligence to benefit humanity. Additionally, Musk is backing a venture called Neuralink,

which intends to create devices to be implant in the human brain and help people merge with software.

"My goals," he tweet in early 2017, "are to accelerate the world’s transition to sustainable energy and to help

make humanity a multi-planet civilization.

21
 PEOPLE WITH DIFFERENT VIEWS ON TECHNOLOGY.

THE AMISH
The Amish are a group of traditionalist Christians. They live in the USA and Canada. Amish are
known for simple living, plain dress, and reluctance to adopt modern technology. Bearing
children, raising them, and socializing with neighbors and relatives are the greatest functions of
the Amish family. Eliminating public power from the home prevents the temptation of using
television, radio, and the internet in the home.

THE JAPANESE
The Japanese really like technology. Many of them have a digital pet called The Tamagotchi and one
of the most important pop stars in the country is the holographic star Hatsune Miku. Their trains have
reached a speed of more than 600 km/h and their robots already work at industries and help people
at companies and in their homes.

TRANSHUMANISTS
Transhumanists embrace technological progress for the purpose of eliminating death, disease
and involuntary suffering. Transhumanists are in favor of using prosthetics that serve to replace
damaged organic limbs, artificial hearts and vision and hearing implants.
22. ANSWER PLEASE.

1) (Obvious question) Which of the three groups is the most technologically-oriented?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2) (Personal question) Would you prefer to spend one month with the Amish or with the Japanese? Why?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3) (Theological question) Which group seems to be the most religious? ………………………………………………………...

4) (Geographical question) Where do the Amish live? ………………………………………………………………………………………….

5) (Question about values) What things are important for the Amish? …………………………………………………………………

6) (Another personal question) Would you become a cyborg and live forever? ……………………………………………

23. CORRECT THESE SENTENCES.

1) The Amish use a lot of gadgets. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2) The Amish like digital pets. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3) Amish children speak Spanish. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4) The Tamagotchi is a Japanese dog breed. …………………………………..……………………………………………………………

5) The Japanese hate robots. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

6) Transhumanists say we should accept suffering. ………………………………………………………………………………………

22
24. CROSSWORD (mostly about technology) ACROSS: 1) The study of the nature and behavior of
natural things. 6) Initialism of amplitude modulation.
1 2 3 4 5
7) Information, especially in a computational context.
8) All human; normal humans in stories. 9) A powerful
6 7 8 narrow beam of light that can be used to perform
medical operations. 11) An underground bunker used to
9 10 11 12 hold missiles. 13) Someone who wants to use
technology to transcend the limitations of the human
13 14 mind and body. 15) Initialism of evolutionary algorithm.
16) Nebraska. 17) Information technology.
18) Preposition, used to indicate location.
15 16
20) Lieutenant. 22) A person who votes. 24) Shortened
form of Abraham. 27) A video-sharing website.
17 18 19 20 21
DOWN: 1) A digital television (two words, but don´t use
the space) 2) The distinguishing character or personality
22 23 24 25 26 of an individual. 3) The organ of hearing and equilibrium
in vertebrates (plural). 4) Not formal (clothing). 5) An
27 electrical system that you use to talk to someone else in
another place. 6) A modifier key (on your keyboard).
8) …. Turing, the father of theoretical computer science.
10) Initialism of special agent. 12) Initialism of
25. FIND 8 WORDS RELATED TO COMPUTERS IN THE Information Management. 14) Pronoun (a male
BOX. THE WORDS MAY BE PLACED LIKE THIS: person). 19) Prefix, new. 21)The letter T in the Greek
alphabet. 23) Russia. 25) Initialism of BlackBerry.
26) Electrical engineering.

E B S I N T R E M O TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY.
H A O L M W S O T R 26. WRITE THE FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES NEXT
B S F O B R I H R E TO THEIR OPPOSITES: ancient, new, advanced,
digital, polluting, expensive.
E P T I T O N M I C
E E W L A P T O P T Primitive: ……………………………….………..

K R A W D W E U T P Analog: ………………………………….…….
I D R I V E R S I A Modern: …………………………….……..
R O E J S K N E M T
Clean/green: ……………………..……..
G H S C R E E N N B
Cheap: …………………………………
X A N E E G T F Y H
Old: ………………………………….

A SHORT REVIEW

PAST HABITS I ……………………….. read Sapo Ruperto when I was a kid.

I …………………………………………. (not) watch Netflix when I was little.

UNREAL SITUATIONS

If I had a superpower, I think I …………………….. want to fly.

If we ………………..……… soccer like Luis Suárez, we would be rich and famous.

23
 4. MOVE YOUR BODY, BUDDY. AND EAT YOUR VEGGIES.
GENERAL TOPIC: HEALTH
LANGUAGE POINTS: PRESENT PERFECT. FUTURE FORMS.

HOMO SAPIENS NEW CHALLENGE

Modern humans don´t need to run or walk in order to find food or shelter. We have
become sedentary individuals working with our fingertips and spending our leisure time
by watching TV or surfing the Internet.
There is also an enormous surplus of tasty food high in sugar and fat. As a consequence, we now experience
high rates of overweight, diabetes and hypertension. Physical inactivity is also associated with depression
and anxiety. Why do Homo sapiens prefer this unhealthy lifestyle?
We are faced with a dramatic mismatch between the current environment and the
environment in which the human body has evolved. We have spent 99% of our
evolutionary history as hunter-gatherers, and as you can imagine, in order to hunt
animals or gather fruits, humans had to move a lot. At present, if we are hungry, we
just open the fridge. Moreover, in the past, whenever we came upon sugar or fat, we
gorged and added to our fat stores, knowing that fruits and meat were hard to come by. We still have this
propensity to ingest lots of food, but now sugar and fat are more abundant.
Our ancestors had no desire for physical activities; to move was just a question of
survival. We are born to walk and run; however, for the first time in our evolution, we
have to be physically active, not in order to survive, but for staying healthy. This is a
completely new challenge for Homo sapiens.
1. MATCH WORDS FROM THE TEXT WITH THE CORRECT DEFINITIONS.
A) Shelter. 1) Things or people that go together badly or are not suitable for each other.
B) Leisure. 2) A place to live or stay, considered as a basic human need.
C) Anxiety. 3) To bring things together.
D) Mismatch. 4) A new or difficult task that tests somebody’s ability and skill.
E) Gather. 5) The feeling of being nervous or worried about something.
F) Come by. 6) Time when you are not working or studying; free time.
G) Challenge. 7) To obtain something.
2. ANSWER.
1) Why are we experiencing so many health problems? ………………………………………………………………………

2) Why did people in the past move so much? ……………………………………………………………………………………

3) What is Homo sapiens new challenge? ………………………………………………………………………………………..

4) Where can modern humans find food nowadays? ………………………………………………………………………….

24
3. MARK THESE SENTENCES ABOUT THE TEXT FROM
THE PREVIOUS PAGE AS TRUE ( T ) OR FALSE ( F ).
1. Most humans love to move around.
2. In the past, food was always abundant.
THE PRESENT PERFECT. The present perfect is used to
indicate a link between the present and the past.
“We have become sedentary individuals.” As a result
of this process which started in the past, now we are
more sedentary.

“We have spent 99% of our evolutionary history as

3) We have spent most of our history
hunter-gatherers.” Human evolution still continues
without computers. into the present.

To form the present perfect, you need the appropriate

4) We should eat less junk food.
form of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense, have
or has), plus the past participle of the main verb
(spent, been, seen, worked, played, eaten, etc.)

4. A) COMPLETE THE NAMES OF THESE FOODS. B) USE THE CIRCLES TO INDICATE WHETHER EACH TYPE OF
FOOD IS HEALTHY H OR UNHEALTHY U AND THEN DRAW A SMILEY IF YOU THINK THAT FOOD IS
YUMMY OR A SAD FACE IF YOU THINK THE FOOD IS YUCKY.

1. __ __ __ __ __ 5. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

2. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 6. __ __ __ __

3. __ __ __ __ __ 7. __ __ __ __ __

4. __ __ __ __ __ __ 8. __ __ __ __

THE PRESENT PERFECT IS USED TO DESCRIBE:

An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. I have lived in Treinta y Tres since I
was born. (… and I still do.)

An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. She has been to the cinema twice this week.
(the week isn't over yet.)

A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. We have visited Brazil several times.

An action that was completed in the very recent past, expressed by 'just'. I have just finished my homework.

An action when the time is not important. He has read 'Harry Potter'. (The result of his reading is important)

25
5. FOOD & DRINK EXPERIENCES. COMPLETE THESE SENTENCES ABOUT YOUR LIFE WITH HAVE, HAVEN´T (OR
HAVE NEVER) AND THE VERBS EAT (EATEN) AND DRINK (DRUNK).

1) I …………………………………………..…. insects.

2) I ……………………………………... bull testicles. (A tradition at yerras; cattle branding festivities.)

3) I …………………………….……………… the stomach of an animal. (Mondongo in Uruguay, haggis in Scotland.)

4) I ………………………………….……… energy drinks.

5) I …………………………………………. rice. A very nutritious food, but…

6. WRITE TWO SENTENCES ABOUT INTERESTING FOOD & DRINK EXPERIENCES THAT YOU HAVE HAD.
USE THE WORDS “EATEN” AND “DRUNK”. THEN SHARE YOUR EXPERIENCES WITH THE CLASS.
1) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
COMPLETE USING THE WORDS: ALREADY,
WORDS COMMONLY USED WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT:
JUST, YET, EVER, FOR AND SINCE.
Already means something has happened sooner than
1) The teacher says, “Have you finished it
we expected:
“The movie only came out yesterday, but I have already ………….……?” The student says, “No, sorry, I’ve
seen it.” …………..…. started.”

Just means “a short time ago”: 2) I've ……..…. drunk three coffees this morning.
“I have just seen your brother in the square!” (and you're offering me another one!)

Yet is used in questions and negative sentences. 3) Have you ………………… travelled by plane?
It means 'something is expected to happen':
4) I haven´t visited Machu Pichu ……………… .
“Have you finished your homework yet?”
“No, I haven't finished it yet.”
5) We have studied English …………………

Ever means 'at any time', the specific time is unknown primary school.
or unnecessary. Ever is used in questions:
6) She has …………...…….. been to Argentina, but
“Have you ever met a famous person?”
she hasn´t been to Chile ………… .
We use for to talk about a period of time.
7) We have known our teacher ……………. six or
“We have worked for 2 hours.”
seven months.
We use since to talk about a specific point in time, or a
8) Are you all right? You look like you have
time when the action started (last year, 9 o'clock...)
“We have learnt English here since March.” ………………. seen a ghost!

26
8. THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE DISTINGUISHES BETWEEN THE LIVE
ANIMAL AND THE DEAD ANIMAL ON YOUR PLATE. WRITE THE Chickens (Gallus domesticus) are
NAMES OF THE ANIMALS AND THE MEATS IN THE RIGHT COLUMNS: domestic birds that cannot fly.

Match the pictures with the

correct names.

ANIMAL MEAT 1) A) Rooster

2) B) Chick
1) …………… A) ………..
3) C) Hen

The meat of chickens is called

2) ……………. B) ………..
chicken. The meat of birds
(chickens and turkeys) can be
called poultry. (or white meat.)
3) …………… C) …………

LET'S GET TO THE MEAT OF THE MATTER.

The World Health Organization has classified processed meats including ham, bacon,
salami and hot dogs as a Group 1 carcinogen. That means that there’s strong evidence
that processed meats cause cancer. Red meat, such as beef, lamb and pork, has been SALAMI
classified as a Group 2A carcinogen which means it probably causes cancer.

So, should we stop eating meat? Eating meat has known health benefits. WHO advises
people to limit intake of processed meat and red meat. (sources: Cancer Council, Australia
and WHO)
SAUSAGES

MORE ON MEAT
Meat is a good source of protein, vitamins and minerals in your diet. However, if you currently eat more than 90g
of red and processed meat a day, the Department of Health advises that you cut down to 70g.
Meats such as chicken, pork, lamb and beef are all rich in protein. A balanced diet can include protein from meat,
as well as from non-animal sources such as beans.
Some meats are high in fat, especially saturated fat. Eating a lot of saturated fat can raise cholesterol levels in the
blood, and having high cholesterol raises your risk of heart disease.
Red meat provides us with iron, and meat is also one of the main sources of vitamin B12.
Source NHS (National Health service, United Kingdom.)

9. TRY TO ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE INFORMATION WE HAVE JUST READ.
1) Which meat is healthier, red meat or processed meat? ………………………………………………………………
2) Does WHO recommend that you stop eating meat? ……………………………………………………………………
3) Besides meat, where else can you find protein? …………………………………………………………………………
4) According to NHS, is it OK to eat half a kilo of hot dogs a day? …………………………………………………..
5) What organ of our bodies can cholesterol affect? ………………………………………………………………………
27
 QUIZ: HOW HEALTHY ARE YOU? CIRCLE YOUR ANSWERS.

How many fruits have you eaten today? 0 1 2 or more

How many kilometers have you walked today? 0 1 2 or more

How much milk have you drunk in the last three days? 0 lt. 1 cup/glass 2 cups or more

How many liters of water have you drunk in the last three days? 0 1 2 or more

How many heads of lettuces/ bunches of spinach / or tomatoes 0 1 2 or more

have you eaten this week?
How many hours did you sleep last night? 0 hours 4 hours 8 hours

ADD THE NUMBERS FROM THE CIRCLES.

IF THE RESULT IS BETWEEN 0 AND 4 SORRY, CONSIDER CHANGING YOUR LIFESTYLE.

BETWEEN 5 AND 14 YOU ARE NOT MR. OR MISS HEALTHY BUT YOU ARE DOING WELL.

15 OR MORE THIS CALLS FOR A ROUND OF APPLAUSE!

THE FUTURE OF FOOD: WHAT WILL WE EAT IN 2030?

10. CHOOSE THE MOST SUITABLE HEADING FOR EACH PARAGRAPH: GUILT-FREE FOOD - MORE NUTRITIOUS FOOD –
REDUCED ANIMAL SUFFERING – CHANGING THE WAY “WE” COOK - PERSONALIZED NUTRITION

…………………………………………………………… We will understand much more about our genetics in

order to adapt to every person´s needs. By 2030, your nutritionist will be able to tell you what
kinds of fruits, vegetables and wholegrains you should be choosing, or exactly how often”.

………………………………………………………………. By 2030, genetics and biomolecular science will allow us to engineer crops
so that they provide nutrients they currently don't. Poor people in developing nations will have access to more and
better food.

……………………………………………………….. Manufacturers will create new products and flavors.

Impossible Foods, a company from California, has already created a meat-free burger that sizzles in
the pan, tastes like meat and ‘bleeds’. Impossible Foods and other manufacturers will also offer
plant-based chicken and animal-free milk. Expect to get used to the new tastes of meat-free meat
and dairy-free dairy.

……………………………………………….. A short-term solution to our unhealthy diets is to re-engineer calorific ‘junk’ food to
have less fat, sugar, salt and fewer calories, while still giving the same satisfaction and achieving the same flavor.

…………………………………………………………………. 3D-printed food offers endless opportunities for

creating intricate dishes that are impossible to create by human hands alone. And when skills
are lacking, a robotic chef will perhaps lend a helping hand.

28
We use WILL when we think or believe something about
the future. (Prediction)
Manufacturers will create new products and flavors.
The President will not be re-elected at the next election.
We also use WILL to make an offer, a promise or a
threat:
FUTURE "GOING TO". We use "going to" to talk
about plans and intentions. "Going to"
emphasizes your present intention or decision:
I am going to eat out on Friday.
Are you going to dance on Saturday?
She’s going to prepare some salad for lunch.

I will do my best to help you. I´m going to exercise more in summer.

To talk about your future plans and intentions use He's going to travel to Argentina in July.
"GOING TO":
She isn't going to come to the party.
I'm going to have pasta for dinner.
We are going to study for the test.
My mom isn´t going to cook tomorrow.
They aren't going to watch a movie.
"GOING TO" is especially used in an informal style.

11. THE FUTURE OF SPORT. USE “WILL”, “WON´T” OR “AM/IS/ARE (NOT) GOING TO”
DEPENDING ON THE CONTEXT IN EACH SENTENCE.

1) Luis Suárez: “I ……………………………….. to raise cattle in Salto after retiring; that´s

my plan.”

2) According to USA Today: Soccer ……………………. be the most popular sport in the USA because our country
has a large and growing Latino population.

3) Some people think that sports ……………..………… be divided into “enhanced” and natural leagues.

4) Edinson Cavani: “I ………………………………... to stay in Europe forever; my future is in Uruguay.”

5) USA Today: E-sports ……………………………… increase in popularity and celebrity gamers ……………………...
challenge traditional sports stars for adulation.

6) People ………………………………….. stop watching sports on TV or on the Internet because we love comfort.

7) Female participation in sports …………………………. increase.

EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY TRIES TO ANSWER INTERESTING QUESTIONS. (Warning: biology is often too blunt.)

Why do people (especially children) like playing games and sports? ANSWER: To develop or rehearse skills that
are critical to survival. Play provides animals with learning opportunities by simulating the actual experience. For
example, chase play—games like tag and hide-and-seek–may build the stamina, speed, and agility that, in ancestral
human environments, was needed to outrun and outmaneuver predators. Yes, lions used to eat humans!

29
 12. LISTEN TO A PHONE CONVERSATION AND ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS.
“I was wondering” means
you are curious or that you
1) Who are talking on the phone? ………………………………………………………………………
have a wish to
2) What has happened to the man? …………………………………………………………………… know about
something.
3) Where did the man go in the morning? ………………………………………………………….
A cast is a covering made of
4) Is the man going to play tennis the next day? ……………………………………………….. plaster that is put around
part of someone's body,
5) Has the man told Amy yet? …………………………………………………………………………… forming a hard case
to protect them
13. LISTEN AGAIN AND SELECT THE CORRECT OPTION. while a broken
bone repairs itself.
1) The man was just about to … A) phone Jenny. B) phone the doctor.

2) The doctor is …. A) a man. B) a woman.

3) The doctor says the cast needs to stay on for … A) a few more days. B) a few more weeks.

The World Health Organization, or WHO, has the following advice to protect yourself from being infected with
the coronavirus or other flu-like diseases. We can try to anticipate what the recording is about to say.

* Wash …………………………………………………………………….. * Maintain …………………………………………………………………

* Stay at least ………………………………………………… from anyone who is coughing or sneezing.

* Avoid touching ……………………………………………………………

* Make sure that you cover your ………………………………..…… with your elbow when you ……………………………….……

* If you have fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek ……………………………………………………

* Stay home if ………………………………………………………….

1 2 3 4 5
PRESENT PERFECT CROSSWORD
ACROSS 1) I have never ………………….. (see) a UFO. 6 7
4) To perform (also, an auxiliary verb.). 6) Taking place in the air.
(also, elevated). 8) One plus one. 9) North Dakota. 8 9
10) A person who plays recorded music.
12) From a specified time in the past. 10 11 12
13) Up to the present. Have you finished ……. ?
14) Said when hesitating in speech. 13 14

15) Past of eat. 17) Opposite of down.

15 16
18) To obtain, receive, have, bring, etc. 20) Over a period of time.
21) In, near. I study ….. school.
17 18 19
DOWN 1) What you do at school. 2) to ingest.
3) A report of recent events. 4) To move your body to music. 5) 20 21
Opposite of younger.
7) To engage in noisy behavior. R o i s _ _ _ .
11) A vehicle used by the U.S. army in World War II. 15) Earlier than the present time. Two years …….. .
16) Extraterrestrial. 17) Abbreviation of the United States. 19) Pronoun usually used to refer to objects.

30
 UNIT 5.
ART HEALS THE HEART
“Only through art can we know what another person sees.” – Marcel Proust
GENERAL TOPIC: ART.
LINGUISTIC POINTS: REVISION OF TENSES. COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES. REVISION OF THE PASSIVE VOICE.
Since prehistoric times humans have used images and objects to express our
feelings, beliefs and thoughts. Perhaps those hands painted in caves, as well
as art in general, is the way in which we tell the world and future
generations that we existed; it is as if we were saying “I was here”.

1. How to use the verb “to be” in the past?

I… were here.

You… was here. Cueva de las Manos (Cave of Hands) is an

important archaeological site in Argentina.
She … were here.
Perhaps humans
We … was here.
painted on cave
Some humans … were there. walls just to make
beautiful images
or maybe it was
2. What would you like to do to say “I was here”? some sort of ritual
to have good luck
hunting.

3. Research. Which cultures do these images belong to?

1 2 3 4

4. Form groups and describe the images. Use the expressions “there is/are” and “we can see”.

Medieval artists and illustrators painted mostly about religion, knights and monsters.
5. Where would you write each of these comments?
A) A saint is taming a monster. B) Death is coming for an unwilling victim. C) Three knights are riding.

1 2 3

…….. .…… …..…

31
 ¿How can we talk about what we are doing now?
Answer: you need the verb “to be” (am-is-are) and another verb with the “ing” ending”.

Examples: “We are studying.”, “You are reading in English.”, “I am not reading in Spanish.”
6. ANSWER: a) What are you doing now? b) What is a member of your family doing now?

Renaissance painting
In the Renaissance, art became less focused on religion and more interested in human affairs. Artists wanted
to recover the splendor of ancient Greece and Rome. That is why the period is called the “Renaissance”.
7. Form your group and write about what the people in these renaissance paintings are doing.

1) …………………………………………......................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

The Concert, Gerard

van Honthorst, 1623

2) …………………………….………..…………….……………………………………………….
Painting by Jan van Bijlert. Around 1635.

COMPARING PEOPLE AND THINGS.

When comparing in English, one-syllable adjectives, e.g. “tall”, “fast”, add the “er” ending (taller,
faster) and for longer words like “expensive”, “intelligent”, use the word “more” before the
adjective (more expensive, more intelligent). Special cases: “bigger”, “happier”, “better”, “worse”.
8. Time to talk. Try to compare these two artworks or the two women using the
following adjectives: famous, expensive, young, happy, enigmatic, etc.

La Gioconda Woman with a Pearl Earring

(Leonardo Da Vinci) (Johannes Vermeer)

9. Write. Compare Uruguay with other countries using these adjectives; big, cold, quiet, developed.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
32
Many important things happened in the art world during the 19th century.
Photography allowed people to easily capture realistic images and during that
same period, artists felt the need to express their inner world. The second half
of the 19th century was the right time for a clean break with the past.
This is the world's oldest
surviving photograph. It was
taken by Nicéphore Niépce, a
10. Listen and select the correct option. French inventor. The shot was
taken from an upstairs window
at Niépce's estate.

1) The avant-garde emerged in the … mid-18th century. mid-19th century. mid-20th century.

2) They received their name for their a) religious … b) exciting … c) fighting … spirit.

3) Avant-garde is a) French. b) Welsh. c) Danish … for “vanguard”.

4) The word is … a) an artistic … b) an auxiliary c) military… … term used to describe the

front line of an army moving into battle.

5) Artists were compared with soldiers, as they were often a group force, … a) challenging … Having your
photo became
easier, cheaper
b) changing … c) showing … long-established concepts and ideas about art and fighting an
and quicker than
asking an artist
entrenched establishment. to paint your
portrait. Photo
6) As many establishments … a) permitted b) gave c) denied … their work public exposure, of American
actress Maude
the avant-garde fought the … a) censorship b) worship c) leadership... of their art. Fealy in 1905.

Continue listening and watch the video version here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u0hQydmGdYA&t=20s

'Scene on a Navigable River' Stoke-by-Nayland by John

by John Constable. Constable.

Gradually, artists started to represent the world

in a more subjective manner.

11. Answer: Which of these two

paintings is more personal or subjective?

Which painting is more realistic?

33 A B
 12. MATCH THE IDEAS AND FEELINGS THAT THE ARTISTS WANTED TO EXPRESS WITH THESE FOUR PAINTINGS
A) Dreams and hopes. B) Rebuilding France after the war. C) Anxiety and anguish. D) Bourgeoisie and shadows.

1. …………………………………. 2. ………………………………….. 3. ……………………………… 4. …………………………….

Starry Night. Vincent Van A Sunday Afternoon on the

Impression, sunrise. Island of La Grande Jatte.
Claude Monet Gogh. The Scream. Edvard
Georges Seurat. Munch.

Reading time.
Van Gogh is now one of the most well-known post-Impressionist painters, although he
was not widely appreciated in his lifetime. He was born in 1853 in the Netherlands. In
1869, Vincent took his first job, working in the Hague branch of an international art
dealing firm.
In 1880, at the age of 27, he decided to become an artist. He moved around, teaching himself to draw and
paint and receiving financial support from his brother Theo. In 1886, Van Gogh joined Theo in Paris, and
met many artists including Degas, Toulouse-Lautrec and Gauguin, with whom he became friends. His style
changed significantly under the influence of Impressionism, becoming lighter and brighter.
In 1888, Van Gogh moved to Provence in southern France, where he painted his famous series
'Sunflowers'. He invited Gauguin to join him but they soon began to quarrel and one night, Van Gogh
threatened Gauguin with a razor. Deeply remorseful he then cut off part of his own ear.
This was the first serious sign of the mental health problems that were to afflict Van
Gogh for the rest of his life. He spent time in psychiatric hospitals and swung
between periods of inertia, depression and incredibly concentrated artistic activity,
his work reflecting the intense colours and strong light of the countryside around
him.
In 1890, again suffering from depression, Van Gogh shot himself. He died two days later.
Source: https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/van_gogh_vincent.shtml

13. ANSWER.
1) Did many people treat Van Gough as an idol? ……………………………………………………………………..
2) In which century was he born? ………………………………………………………………………….
3) Did Vincent have an art teacher? …………………………………………………………………………..
4) How can you describe his style? ………………………………………………………………………….
5) Why did he cut part of his ear? …………………………………………………………………………………………
6) What kind of health problems did Vincent have? ……………………………………………………………………
34
 In Uruguay we have also had artists who have seen the world from a very subjective perspective.
14. Number the events from Joaquín Torres García´s life following a chronological order.

He is now considered one of the most important Uruguayan painters.

He died in Montevideo in 1949.

Torres García was born in Montevideo in 1874.

Torres García took painting lessons from Josep Vinardell in Catalonia.

The birth of his children took his creative work down new paths. Simple
forms, primary colors and a childlike and symbolic language characterized
his work from then on.

POP ART, GRAPHIC DESIGN AND ADVERTISING HAVE BEEN INFLUENCED BY THE AVANT-GARDE MOVEMENT.
PERHAPS YOU HAVE ALREADY SEEN THESE IMAGES.

Well, is this modern art?

Andy Warhol's image A dramatic An inspirational A Spanish lady “restored” a
of Marilyn Monroe sold comic like image to boost painting. A disaster or
at US$ 195 million in painting by Roy female worker subjective expression?
2022. Lichtenstein morale by J. Howard
Miller.

15. Enough, great artist! Stop criticizing and draw a picture that represents your country in this space.

35
The 20th century was to a great extent a
century of wars, ideological conflicts and
propaganda. Many artists expressed their
commitment to ideology through their
works.

Sintesi Fascista by Alessandro

Bruschetti, a painter of the avant-garde
Futurist movement originated in Italy.

16. What are the ideas expressed in this work? What things were important to the artist?

Use your dictionary or the Internet if you need help. ...……………………………..………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………

“Books (Please)!” by
Alexander Rodchenko.
This poster was one of
the first memes in
history. This poster
helped the Soviet
government express
its concern for the
education the masses.

17. What is the idea expressed by the fist in

Chaplin’s image?
“The Hand that Will Rule the World” by Ralph Chaplin, published in 1917.

Poster by J. Howard Miller (1918 –

2004). Miller was an American
graphic artist. He painted posters
during World War II in support of
the war effort, among them the
famous We Can Do It! Poster. As
you can see, propaganda was used
by fascism, communism and
Fortunately, many artists expressed their
western democracies.
opposition to violence as was the case of
Picasso with his famous Dove of Peace.

18. Express yourself, great artist! How would you represent that important thing in your life?

36
 UNDERSTANDING DALÍ
SALVADOR DALÍ USED RELIGIOUS AND FREUDIAN SYMBOLS IN HIS PAINTINGS. HE
ALSO DEVELOPED HIS OWN SYMBOLS TO EXPRESS HIS FEARS AND FANTASIES.

19. CHALLENGE. MATCH THESE PHRASES TO FIND OUT WHAT DALÍ WANTED TO EXPRESS WITH HIS SYMBOLS.

1) Comfort in old age is represented by … A) ants.

2) Hidden secrets and a repressed sexuality are hinted at by … B) skulls.

3) The fleeting nature of life is suggested by … C) crutches.

4) Death and destruction are represented by … D) drawers left slightly ajar.

5) The relativity of time is represented by … E) by eggs.

6) Birth, love and hope are symbolized … F) melting clocks.

Remember that when speaking or writing we can express the same idea in different ways. We can either say “Clocks
symbolize the relativity of time.” ( active voice) or “The relativity of time is symbolized by clocks” (passive voice).
The phrase that you say at the beginning of the sentence will be interpreted as the most important idea that you
want to express. Important: the passive voice is mostly used in formal language.

20. SELECT THE CORRECT OPTION.

Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dalí ……………………….. ( born – be born – was born ) in 1904. Dalí …………….. ( is – was - were )

a Spanish painter, sculptor, engraver, set designer and writer. He …………………………………….…………..

( is considered – considered – considers ) one of the most important surrealist artists. His work

………………………………. ( appreciate – appreciated – was appreciated ) by many people, but his

behavior was criticized because it was very eccentric.

37
The power of images and advertising, I want to have it!

Our world is saturated with commercial images. We see more than

10,000 ads a day on the Internet, on television, on freeway
billboards, on people's T-shirts and even on coffee mugs.
Psychologists have discovered that exposure to brand images can
have a profound effect on everything from honesty to creativity.

Every brand comes with a set of associations. When we're exposed to logos, those associations fire
automatically, activating our motivational systems, leading us to behave in ways that are consistent with
the brand image and our preexisting drives and above all, activating the desire to buy stuff.

(Adapted from https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/articles/200805/logos-branded-life )

21. Answer, please.

1) Do you pay attention to ads on the Internet? ……………………………………..

2) Do you think these ads affect your behavior? ……………………………………………….

3) According to psychologists, do ads affect us? …………………………………………………………………

4) What is the most effective ad that you can think of? ……………………………………………………………..

22. How do advertisements affect you?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

23. Use the passive voice to say where these products are made.

1) Apple products …………………………………………………………………………

2) …………………………………………………………………………………………………

3) ………………………………………………………………………………………………..

4) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

38