Lesson 4: Understanding

and Systematically
Collecting Data
(Part B)
SAMPLES AND SAMPLING
METHODS
SAMPLING
SAMPLING

� It is a process through which a researcher selects a

portion or segment from the from the population
at the center of the researcher’s study.
POPULATION
POPULATION

� It is the group of persons or objects that possess

some common characteristics that are of interests
to the researcher, and about which the research
seeks to learn more.
POPULATION

� TARGET POPULATION
� Composed of the entire group of people or objects
which the research wishes to generalize the findings
of the study.
POPULATION

� ACCESSIBLE POPULATION
� A portion of the population to which the researcher
has reasonable access.
POPULATION

� ACCESSIBLE POPULATION
� A portion of the population to which the researcher
has reasonable access.
WAYS TO DETERMINE
SAMPLE SIZE
1. LITERATURE REVIEW

� You may want to read studies similar to yours and

check the sample size that they used. These
studies can serve as references in proving the
validity of the sample size that you plan to use.
2. FORMULAS

A. SLOVIN’S FORMULA
�Margin of error is the allowable error margin in
research. A confidence interval of 95% gives a
margin of error of 5%; a 98% give a margin of
error of 2%; a 99% confidence interval gives 1%
margin of error.
� For example:
� For example:
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MARIKINA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Nicanor Roxas St. San Roque, Marikina City
FORMULAS
B. National Education Association
B. National Education Association
� Where:
s = required sample size
X2 = table value of chi-square for 1 degree of freedom at the
desired confidence level (1.96)2
N = population size
P = population proportion (0.5)
d = the degree of accuracy expressed as a proportion (0.05)
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MARIKINA
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
Nicanor Roxas St. San Roque, Marikina City
FORMULAS
B. National Education Association
SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES/METHODS
Probability Sampling
Techniques
Simple Random Sampling

� Involves the selection of a group of participants

from a larger population by chance.

� Fish bowl technique wherein your select

participants by drawing out names from a
transparent glass bowl.
Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Random Sampling

� It follows specific steps and procedures in doing the

random selection of the samples.

� Participants are selected from a list based on their

order to the population or on a pre-determined
interval.
Systematic Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling

� Similar to simple random sampling in that the

members of the population can all be selected by
chance. However, in stratified sampling, the
population is divided into subgroups (strata).
Stratified Random Sampling
� The samples are then selected from these
subgroups, and not from the population as a
whole.

� Stratified is best used when the characteristics of

the subgroups may influence the variables being
measured.
Stratified Random Sampling
Cluster Random Sampling

� Similar to stratified sampling, cluster sampling

involves the grouping of the population into
subgroups or clusters. However, these clusters are
not created based on specific characteristics or
traits; thus, they are heterogeneous.
Cluster Random Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling
Techniques
Convenience Sampling

� This is a method selecting samples that are available

and are capable of participating in a research study
on a current issue.

� Sometimes called haphazard or availability

sampling.
Convenience Sampling
Snowball Sampling

� A technique where the researcher identifies a key

informant about a research of interest and then
ask that respondents to refer or identify another
respondent who can participate in the study.
Snowball Sampling
Purposive Sampling
� Sometimes called judgmental or subjective
sampling.

� It is a deliberate selection of samples based on

their characteristics.

� It employs a procedure in which samples are

chosen for a special purpose.
Purposive Sampling
Quota Sampling

� It is gathering a representative sample from a

group based on a certain characteristics of the
population chosen by the researcher.

� Non-random selection.
Quota Sampling