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 PRACTICE
MAKES
PERFECT
®

Complete
French
All-in-One

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 PRACTICE
MAKES
PERFECT
®

Complete
French
All-in-One
Premium Third Edition
Annie Heminway, Editor

New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid

Mexico City Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto

i-x_1-284_Heminway.indd 3 7/9/22 12:07 PM

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Perfect: French Nouns and Their Genders Up Close, Practice Makes Perfect: French Problem Solver, Practice Makes Perfect: French
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 Contents

Preface ix

1 Articles 1

2 Basic gender endings: Masculin and féminin 13

3 More French nouns and their gender 37

4 Numbers 78

5 Vocabulary: Thoughts, feelings, communicating,

home, travel, science, leisure, and technology 87

6 Building sentences 121

7 Asking questions 129

8 Exclamations and commands 149

9 Independent clauses and subordinate clauses 159

10 The present tense of -er verbs 174

11 The present of -ir and -re verbs 186

12 Être, avoir, and other irregular verbs 197

13 The immediate future, the immediate past,

and the causative form 211

14 Pronominal verbs 221

15 The passé composé 227

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 16 The imparfait and the plus-que-parfait 237

17 The simple future and the past future 249

18 The present conditional and the past conditional 258

19 Could, should, would? 268

20 The present subjunctive and the past subjunctive 275

21 Prepositions 285

22 The infinitive mood 315

23 The imperative mood 328

24 The present participle and gerund 336

25 The simple past, the passive voice, and indirect speech 343

26 Pronouns 361

27 Relative pronouns 384

28 Adjectives 394

29 Adverbs 406

30 Written French: Making transitions and written

correspondence 415

31 Verb transfers and confusing verbs 434

32 Whatever, whenever, wherever: French oddities and

fun with prepositions 465

33 French in conversation: Meeting people 478

34 French in conversation: Making conversation and

making plans 491

35 French in conversation: Discussing current events 510

vi Contents

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 36 French in conversation: Asking for help 525

37 A taste of French literature 537

Appendix A French pronunciation 553

Appendix B Grammatical terminology for verbs 557
Appendix C French verb tables 561
Appendix D French-English / English-French glossary 587
Answer key 611
Translations 641

Contents vii

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 Preface

The idea of a book containing all knowledge is probably as old as literacy. In one
of his brilliant short fiction collections, The Book of Sand, Jorge Luis Borges
describes the paradox of infinity contained between the covers of a book. As every
student of French knows, there are always lacunae to fill—lexical, syntactic,
orthographic, and so on. Despite any progress, the learner feels not only over-
whelmed, but also stuck in quicksand, unable to reach solid ground. However, a
solid foundation exists, and its title is Practice Makes Perfect: Complete French
All-in-One.
This book provides a map of the French language—a cartographic represen-
tation, as it were—of the Empire of the French language, encompassing seven
provinces. What makes this map self-sufficient is the fact that it contains numer-
ous clues and indications to guide the wanderer through lesser-known, or even
unmapped, labyrinths. Distilling the best content from seven Practice Makes Per-
fect titles, this book features hand-picked selections from the following:
◆ Practice Makes Perfect: Complete French Grammar may not include every
grammatical rule conceivable to man or woman; nevertheless, it provides
a general idea of French grammar, which you can use as a compass.
◆ Practice Makes Perfect: French Nouns and Their Genders Up Close enter-
tains the quizzical world of French nouns, where words sometimes have
two genders or even seem undecided. In this region, you will learn how to
detect the correct gender of nouns on the basis of their context.
◆ Practice Makes Perfect: French Vocabulary, relying on its thematic struc-
ture, encourages the development of a rich vocabulary by starting from
your own particular interests and naturally moving from a familiar con-
text to lesser-known fields.
◆ In Practice Makes Perfect: French Sentence Builder, you’ll assume the role of
an architect, metaphorically speaking, of course. Nevertheless, you will
learn, just as architects do, that a clear conception must precede the work of
a building a structure. In this section, as in the others, engaging exercises
and examples drawn from real life lead to a mastery of syntactic forms.
◆ It has been said that French prepositions are the Achilles’ heel of highly
proficient French students. Indeed, a wrong preposition can totally de-
molish an elegant French speaker’s reputation. However, Practice Makes
Perfect: French Pronouns and Prepositions provides a plethora of exercises,
based on written French and everyday daily discourse, which will develop
an ability to pick the right preposition and to grasp the preposition-pro-
noun synergy in French.

ix

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 ◆ In the breathtaking province of Practice Makes Perfect: French Verb Tenses, the student
learns to perceive time, particularly the past, in a new way. Grammar manuals may de-
scribe a tense, but a visit to this province teaches us the inimitable art of modulating
tenses, from passé composé to passé simple to imparfait naturally and seamlessly as the
narrative unfolds, just as a master of French prose would.
◆ Practice Makes Perfect: French Problem Solver tackles the many conundrums that haunt
even the most accomplished learner. For example, a manual of grammar merely describes
the dance of pronouns in a sentence with two pronouns; this section strives to explain the
dance itself, thus encouraging you to look at what’s behind grammatical rules.
• And accompanying this premium third edition are recordings of example sentences
throughout the book, in addition to the answers to numerous exercises, available via the
McGraw Hill Language Lab app. This streaming audio will help readers improve both lis-
tening and speaking skills.

x Preface

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 Articles ·1·

The definite article with nouns

Let’s first look at the definite article. All nouns in French have a gender: masculine
or feminine, whether they refer to a person, an animal, a thing, or an abstract
notion. While English has only one definite article the, French uses le for mascu-
line nouns and la for feminine nouns. Le and la are shortened to l’ before a singu-
lar noun or adjective that begins with a vowel sound. The plural les is used for
both masculine and feminine.
Masculine
le village the village
le pont the bridge

the city
the region
Plural
les villages (m.pl.) the villages
les villes (f.pl.) the cities

the ocean
the friend

the island

kilometers away.

lecture.

garden.
Sonia’s friend is Japanese.

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 VOCABULAIRE

Earth

a country

an island
a city a bridge
a sea
a street un océan an ocean
une rivière a river (tributary)
un fleuve a river (flowing into
the sea)

north
south
a state east
l’ouest (m.) west
the desert un peuple a people, a nation
une tribu a tribe
autochtone native
étranger, étrangère foreign
inconnu(e) foreign, unknown
a coast(line)

The indefinite and partitive articles with nouns

a project, a plan
a building
an apartment building

a house
a lamp
an avalanche
an eggplant

an architect
an artist
a journalist

(some) walls
(some) balconies
(some) windows
(some) friends (m.)
(some) friends (f.)
Is there a swimming pool?
She bought a bike.

   

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 He has a new dog.
Tu veux emprunter un de mes livres? Do you want to borrow one of my books?

The partitive article

I would like some bread.

She eats chocolate.

He is buying meat.

This village has charm.

She has friends in Paris.

She does not have any friends in Paris.

It’s goat cheese.

It’s porcelain.

It’s drinkable water.

It’s not drinking water.

EXERCICE

1·1

Compléter avec l’article partitif approprié.

1. Il prend vacances.
2. Nous mangeons pain.
3. Elle visite monuments.
4. Elle a chance.

Articles 3

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 5. Il met ail dans la salade.
6. Vous choisissez cadeaux pour vos amis.
7. Il boit lait.
8. Nous envoyons cartes postales en vacances.
9. Tu plantes légumes.
10. Elle veut crème fraîche.

Accent on accents
There is an annoying tendency, quite widespread in the English-speaking world, to dismiss
French accents as another example of Gallic eccentricity. In fact, there are reference sources,
whose publishers shall remain unnamed, containing thousands of titles, without accents, of
French-language publications. French accents are a nuisance, these publishers maintain, and
what counts is correct spelling. Indeed, but while we’re talking about correct spelling, let us
remind the anti-accent crowd that the result of removing a needed accent is a typo.
As we shall see, French accents, which by the way have nothing to do with stress, not only
indicate the correct pronunciation of a vowel, but also act as semantic markers. For example, con-
sider the following two exclamations:
Vivre . . . ou . . . ?
Vivre . . . où . . . ?
They may sound the same, but their meaning is completely different. The first phrase, which
might remind us of the dilemma expressed in Hamlet’s famous soliloquy, could be translated as:
To live . . . or to . . . ?
Perhaps expressing some confusion, but definitely lacking any sinister overtones, the second
phrase means: To live . . . where . . . ?
Or imagine getting a photograph of a friend at the Louvre Pyramid in Paris. Without the
necessary accent, the caption would read:
Marie a la pyramide du Louvre.
This literally means: Marie has the Louvre Pyramid.
Without the accent grave, a is the third-person singular of the verb avoir; when we add the
accent grave, as in à, we get a preposition! Now you know why people who denigrate French
accents are not to be trusted.
There are four accents in French for vowels and a cedilla for the consonant c. In most cases,
their main purpose is to modify the pronunciation of a vowel, except for the cedilla, of course,
which modifies the pronunciation of a consonant.

coffee
celery
desire

   

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 shoulder
to manage, to handle
doctor
mix
museum
poetry
drought

sponge
state, condition
student
to study

È, À, and Ù

at, in
after
colleague
congress, conference
cream
strike
interpreter
here, there
where
lawsuit

Circumflex

This peach is not ripe.

cost
feast

Articles 5

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 forest
hospital
host
interest
pasta
It is important to identify the meaning of words. Look at the examples:
◆ a versus à
He has a new computer.
He lives in Strasbourg.
◆ de versus dé
She came back from Turkey.
Les enfants jouaient aux dés dans la rue. The children played dice on the street.
◆ du versus dû
Do you want some tea or coffee?
Ils ont dû partir à six heures. They had to leave at 6 o’clock.

Diaeresis

ouch
ambiguity
archaic
bonsai
Caribbean
coincidence
selfish
earthenware
heroine
secular
corn
mosaic
naive
Christmas

La cédille

swing
shopkeeper, merchant
façade, front
way, manner
French
boy
ice cube
lesson
receipt
suspicion

   

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 we start
she noticed
while replacing
he was threatening
we are placing
I suspect
you moved
they pushed, hammered
I conceive, imagine
he pinched

EXERCICE

1·2
Choose the right form of the verb.

1. La journaliste annonçait/annoncait/annonssait les résultats de l’élection quand il y a eu

une panne d’électricité.
2. Nous voyagons/voyageons/voyageeons en Sicile chaque automne.
3. Vous reconnaîssez/reconnaissez/reconnaiçez votre erreur.
4. Après la fête, mes amis rangèrent/rangerent/rangairent la maison très vite.
5. Élodie manga/mangai/mangea une crème brûlée.
6. Tu as été réveillé/reveillé/rêveillé par le chant du coq.
7. Je reconnaitrais/reconnaîtrais/reconnaîtrait la chanson si vous la chantiez.
8. Tous les étés, nous finançons/financons/finanssons une bibliothèque mobile.
9. J’ai enfin recu/ressu/reçu ma commande de livres.
10. Les associations écologiques empêchèrent/empecherent/empéchèrent le départ du
vieux bateau.

EXERCICE

1·3
Restore the accents or the graphic signs in the following passage. (See Translations at the
back of this book for the English.)

La porte etroite, André Gide (1909)

—Tiens! Ma porte n’etait donc pas fermee? dit-elle.
—J’ai frappe; tu n’as pas repondu, Alissa, tu sais que je pars demain?
Elle ne repondit rien, mais posa sur la cheminee le collier qu’elle ne parvenait pas a agrafer. Le
mot: fiancailles me paraissait trop nu, trop brutal, j’employai je ne sais quelle periphrase a la

Articles 7

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 place. Des qu’Alissa me comprit, il me parut qu’elle chancela, s’appuya contre la cheminee …
mais j’etais moi-meme si tremblant que craintivement j’evitais de regarder vers elle.
J’etais pres d’elle et, sans lever les yeux, lui pris la main; elle ne se degagea pas, mais,

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inclinant un peu son visage et soulevant un peu ma main, elle y posa ses levres et murmura,
appuyee a demi contre moi:
—Non, Jerome, non; ne nous fiancons pas, je t’en prie … [ … ]
—Pourquoi?
—Mais c’est moi qui peux te demander: pourquoi? pourquoi changer?
Je n’osais lui parler de la conversation de la veille, mais sans doute elle sentit que j’y
pensais, et, comme une reponse a ma pensee, dit en me regardant fixement:
—Tu te meprends, mon ami: je n’ai pas besoin de tant de bonheur. Ne sommes-nous pas
heureux ainsi?
Elle s’efforcait en vain a sourire.
—Non, puisque je dois te quitter.
—Ecoute, Jerome, je ne puis te parler ce soir … Ne gatons pas nos derniers instants …
Non, non. Je t’aime autant que jamais; rassure-toi. Je t’ecrirai; je t’expliquerai. Je te
promets de t’ecrire, des demain … des que tu seras parti. Va, maintenant!

The h aspiré

hedge
hatred
hammock
hamlet
hip
handicap
bean
chance
harassment
increase, rise
top, summit
hero
hierarchy
lobster
shame
hors-d’oeuvre
This is of the utmost importance, for you don’t want the French laughing at you when they hear:
les héros de la Révolution, which when pronounced without the aspiration sounds like “The
­
zeros (dummies) of the Revolution”!
As we’ve seen before, rules can be unreliable, so it’s better to remember words in context.

   

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 EXERCICE

1·4
Using the preceding vocabulary list of h aspiré words, translate the following sentences
using the est-ce que form and tu when necessary.

1. The hierarchy in this organization is a game of chance.

2. The hero of this new film is a man who lives in the hamlet next to our village.

3. The hatred between the two brothers is well-known.

4. Nora is surprised by the increase of the prices of the hotel’s restaurant.

5. The hors-d’oeuvres they served were delicious.

6. Do you want to order the lobster on the menu?

7. Carole’s father fractured his hip last week.

8. The hammock in the garden is a gift from Laurent.

9. The cold winter in this city is the main handicap for our grandparents.

10. The shame of his defeat is hard to accept.

Capitalization
In French, the capitalization of words differs quite a bit from English capitalization. After all this
business of “rules but no rules,” one rule is pretty solid: capitalization is more frequent in English
than it is in French. Let’s look at a few examples.

Nationalities

Marie is French.
Paolo is Brazilian.

Articles 9

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from Lyon.
Elle partage un appartement She shares her apartment with
avec une Italienne. an Italian woman.

Languages

They are learning Arabic.

Nous parlons espagnol à la maison. We speak Spanish at home.

Locations
When you write an address, the words for street, avenue, place, and other names for roads are not
capitalized. For example:
25, rue de l’Université
55, avenue de Neuilly
110, boulevard des Capucines
37, quai Branly
1, place des Abbesses
7, impasse de la Tonnelle

Dates, time, days, months, and seasons

Paris, March 10, 2013

It is 10:05 a.m.

Religions

Christianity
Judaism
Buddhism
Hinduism

Geographical nouns

the Red Sea

the Black Sea
the Dead Sea
Mauritius Island
Île de Ré
the Bay of Angels

   

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 Cape Horn
the Iberian Peninsula
the Arabian Desert

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the Pacific Ocean
the North Pole
You will run into many other cases like l’Asie centrale (Central Asia), l’Asie Mineure (Asia
­Minor), l’Asie du Sud-Est (Southeast Asia), l’Arabie Saoudite (Saudi Arabia), le Moyen-Orient
(the Middle East), l’Extrême-Orient (the Far East), les Grands Lacs (the Great Lakes), so check
your dictionary.

EXERCICE

1·5
Translate the following sentences. Be aware of the capitalization of words, using tu when
necessary.

1. Jean is Belgian.

2. Isabella is Hungarian.

3. Bruno’s children speak French with their friends and English with their parents.

4. In Greece, winter is mild.

5. Lucie was born on February 28.

6. The jazz festival takes place from July 1 to 4.

7. The Mediterranean Sea is less salty than the Dead Sea.

8. Spanish and Portuguese are the main languages in Latin America.

9. The South Pole is in the Antarctic.

10. When you are skiing in the Alps, you can go from France to Slovenia.

Articles 11

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 Addressing people
When writing to people in French, capitalize most titles:
Monsieur Verneuil
Madame Deneuve
Maître Didier Lebon
Monsieur le Recteur de l’académie de Poitiers
Monsieur le Premier ministre

Accents on capitals
 

HOSPITAL.
And for another reason, it is simply more elegant in prose. It’s a question of pure aesthetics. Just
take a look:
Étant donné la promotion d’Air France pour les vols à destination des États-Unis, Ève et
Édouard ont décidé de passer une semaine à la Nouvelle-Orléans.
Given the Air France promotion for flights to the USA, Ève and Édouard have decided to spend
a week in New Orleans.
So, all to your keyboards!

   

i-x_1-284_Heminway.indd 12 5/29/18 9:09 AM

 Basic gender endings:
Masculin and féminin ·2·

Basic endings

le sofa sofa
le cacao cocoa le lieu place le tact tact
le carnaval carnival le nez nose le zébu zebu
le gala gala

13

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 As we proceed, remember to focus on the endings and, at the same time, to memorize any
exceptions that may crop up.

Basic masculine noun endings

The following endings tend to be masculine.

-age, -ige, -ège, -oge, -uge

le prodige prodigy, feat
le refuge refuge
le sortilège spell

la Norvège Norway
l’horloge clock la page page
la plage beach
la loge dressing room/lodge la rage rage, fury, rabies
la luge luge la tige stem
la nage swimming
Il manque la dernière page du livre. The last page of the book is missing.
Nous avons félicité la diva dans sa loge. We congratulated the diva in her
dressing room.

-ail, -euil
le seuil doorstep, threshold
le travail work

garden.

armchair.

-ain
le bain bath, swim le pain bread
le grain grain le terrain ground, land

following day.
Va acheter du pain avant de prendre Go buy some bread before taking a bath.
ton bain.

   

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 -al
le mal harm, pain, evil
le récital recital

at the La Rochelle festival.

Le cheval d’Henri IV était-il vraiment Was Henri IV’s horse really white?
blanc?

-ament, -ement

pressure.
Vu les problèmes dans la famille, il n’a pas Given the family problems, he has not yet
encore fait son testament. made out his will.

-ard
le regard look/gaze
le renard fox

His eyes came to rest on her.

Some words ending in -ard may have a pejorative connotation, such as:
le bâtard bastard, illegitimate child le fêtard reveler
le chauffard reckless driver le vantard boaster
le clochard bum

-eau, -ou
le chameau camel
le château castle
le chou cabbage

Patrick était le cerveau de l’affaire. Patrick was the brains behind the job.
On lui a volé tous ses bijoux. All of her jewelery was stolen.

Here are two exceptions: la peau (skin), l’eau (water). English and French share many nouns
of Latin origin. It will come in handy to compare and deduce the meaning of words. For
instance, these two particular exceptions are interesting, for they have retained the gender
of their Latin ancestors: pellis (skin) and aqua (water).

Basic gender endings: Masculin and féminin 15

i-x_1-284_Heminway.indd 15 5/29/18 9:09 AM

 -el
le matériel equipment, material

website.
Pass me the salt, please.

-ent, -ant
le restaurant restaurant

mother.

ring.

-er
le fer iron
le passager passenger
le verger orchard

orchard.
Si on prenait du pain perdu au petit What about having some French
déjeuner? toast for breakfast?

-ier/yer
le calendrier calendar le loyer rent
le clavier keyboard le tablier apron
le fichier file le voilier sailboat
Adèle n’a pas pu ouvrir ton fichier. Adèle could not open your file.
Le loyer est-il cher pour ce studio? Is the rent expensive for this studio?

-at, -et, -t
l’alphabet alphabet le débat debate
le billet ticket le lit bed

la nuit night
la part share
la plupart most people/things

   

i-x_1-284_Heminway.indd 16 5/29/18 9:09 AM

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