ENERGY STORAGE AND SAFETY -

WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?

JUERGEN MOELLMANN
BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT MANAGER EUROPE

February 18, 2024

AGENDA

1. Li-Ion Battery 5. Failure…….and then

Applications (early) intervention

2. Why Li-Ion Battery 6. Introducing Li-ion Tamer

Safety Matters
7. Design
3. What is Off-Gas?
8. 3rd Party Reports and
4. Detection Technologies Guidance
Comparison
9. Q&A

© 2024 Honeywell International Inc. Neither this document nor the information contained herein may be reproduced, used, distributed or disclosed to others without the written consent of Honeywell 1
GREEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
• What is a green hybrid energy system
A green hybrid energy system combines different renewable energy systems like photovoltaic, wind and
storage to grow renewables without sacrificing the grid reliability.
Battery-based energy storage can absorb excess wind and solar power production where or would typically
be constrained or curtailed, and it can also release this green electricity again over longer periods when
renewable power output is weak.

• Grid stabilization system

Grid stability is the need to balance the production and consumption within an electrical grid. Here, the
energy storage system can work as a buffer.

• In battery-based energy storage systems defective or stressed Li-Ion battery

calls can off-gas and go into thermal runaways
Early electrolyte vapour detection can prevent thermal runaways and
catastrophic damages.

© 2024 Honeywell International Inc. Neither this document nor the information contained herein may be reproduced, used, distributed or disclosed to others without the written consent of Honeywell 2
GIGAFACTORY

Coined in 2013 by Tesla boss, Elon Musk, when describing the battery production facility his firm
was building in Nevada, gigafactories are specialised ultra large volume production facilities for the
manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries primarily for use in EV’s.
The Li-Ion battery cell production process has several steps and once the cell is built and sealed, a
defect cell can release gases.
These should be detected in early stage to prevent catastrophic damages.

Electrode Production Slurry Mixing Warehousing

Storage
Coating
Drying

Stack/Roll Construction
Calendaring
Slitting/Cutting
Winding/Stacking End of Line Pack Testing
QA Testing Shock/Vibe
Pack Charging
Jointing Tabs, Terminals
Cell Assembly
Electrolyte Filling
Sealing

Formation
BMS Interfacing
End-of-Line Preparation Aging Module Assembly
Welding
Electrical Testing
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DATA CENTER
• Data Center uninterruptible power
supplies (UPS)
Li-ion batteries are becoming the energy storage
technology of choice for data centers. They are
rapidly replacing traditional valve-regulated lead-
acid (VRLA) batteries.
There is a clear benefit to using Li-ion batteries in
data centers, but there are also potential major
downsides.
Li-ion batteries can be a serious fire hazard which
can put mission critical power at risk.

• In battery-based energy storage systems

defective or stressed battery calls can off-
gas and go into thermal runaways
Early electrolyte vapour detection can prevent
thermal runaways and catastrophic damages.

© 2024 Honeywell International Inc. Neither this document nor the information contained herein may be reproduced, used, distributed or disclosed to others without the written consent of Honeywell 4
WHY LI-ION BATTERY SAFETY MATTERS

The EPRI website tracked for the last 12 months 10 Stationary Energy Storage Failure Events with
publicly available information and 4 additional Other Energy Storage Failure Events.

Source: https://storagewiki.epri.com/index.php/BESS_Failure_Event_Database

© 2024 Honeywell International Inc. Neither this document nor the information contained herein may be reproduced, used, distributed or disclosed to others without the written consent of Honeywell 5
WHY LI-ION BATTERY SAFETY MATTERS
• Safety is mandatory when a risk for
environment and health is identified.

• Lithium-Ion technology has by nature a

flammable and toxic risk.

• Lithium-Ion fire scenarios are different from

other energy resources.

• Different requirements for risk prevention and

mitigation on batteries

© 2024 Honeywell International Inc. Neither this document nor the information contained herein may be reproduced, used, distributed or disclosed to others without the written consent of Honeywell 6
WHY LI-ION BATTERY SAFETY MATTERS

The main safety concern when installing a Lithium-Ion battery system is that the battery will start to
burn and the development of explosive and toxic gasses.

Source: https://www.dnv.com/Publications/technical-reference-for-li-ion-battery-explosion-risk-and-fire-suppression-165062

© 2024 Honeywell International Inc. Neither this document nor the information contained herein may be reproduced, used, distributed or disclosed to others without the written consent of Honeywell 7
HOW CAN SENSING TECHNOLOGY INCREASE
SAFETY?
• Lithium-Ion batteries follow a common failure
process:
‒ Abuse Factor – Initial Cell Venting – Thermal
Runaway

• Preventing thermal runaway requires early

detection of cell venting

• New gas sensing technology provides

reliable cell venting detection

• Preventing fires by early gas detection is a

common process for decades, i.e. oil & gas
industry

© 2024 Honeywell International Inc. Neither this document nor the information contained herein may be reproduced, used, distributed or disclosed to others without the written consent of Honeywell 8
BATTERY FAILURE STAGES
• Stage 1: Abuse Factor
‒ Thermal, electrical, or mechanical abuse
Pr
• Stage 2: Off-Gas Generation

ev
‒ Golden Time

enta
n

t Regio

tive Region
• Stage 3: Smoke Generation
‒ Catastrophic failure is imminent

n
• Stage 4: Fire generation

me
‒ Propagation Occurrence

ain
nt
Co

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CELL VENTING VS THERMAL RUNAWAY
Li-ion Tamer Detects All Gases
3rd party testing data with GC-MS, FTIR

Stage 2
Cell venting gas composition:
45% Battery Electrolyte Solvent Vapours (DEC, DMC)
<0.1% H2
0% CO
55% Rest (water vapor, CO2, etc.)

Stage 3 & 4
Thermal runaway gas composition:
5% Battery Electrolyte Solvent Vapours (DEC, DMC)
15% H2
32% CO
15% tVOC (Propane, Butane, Ethane, Methane, etc.)
33% Rest (water vapor, CO2, etc.)

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

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 Test Setup:

DETECTION PERFORMANCE • Open Space

• Chemistry: LFP
• Form: Prismatic
• Abuse: Over-Charge

Li-ion Tamer vs. Aspirating Smoke Detection Li-ion Tamer vs. Conventional Gas Detection

Golden Time
Golden Time

Appr. 13 min
Appr. 13 min

Normal Operation Gas – Smoke - Fire Normal Operation Gas – Smoke - Fire

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COMPILED FAILURE DATA - OVERVIEW

Test 1: Early Warning Li-ion Tamer is >95% successful in

• UL 9540A test method distinguishes preventing thermal runaway when
between venting and thermal runaway
the abuse factor can be isolated.
• Off-gas detection can provide early warning
• Independent of chemistry, capacity and form
factor

Test 2: Barrier to Thermal Runaway

• Off-gas monitoring can enable mitigation
• Isolate from charge/load when off-gas
occurs
• Provides an effective barrier to thermal
runaway

Li-ion Tamer is >95% successful in preventing thermal runaway when the abuse factor can be isolated.
© 2024 Honeywell International Inc. Neither this document nor the information contained herein may be reproduced, used, distributed or disclosed to others without the written consent of Honeywell 12
PREVENTATIVE ACTIONS

FPA Need to Know Guide RE1 – Battery energy storage systems: commercial Lithium-ion battery installations

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PREVENTATIVE ACTIONS Cell Quality
Non-propagation Design Battery Management System
Separation Distance Specification
Spatial humidity sensing
Cooling/Heat Transfer Plates Prev

en
tat
PCM/Intumescent Materials

ive
n

t Regio

Region
Off-gas detection
Fire Suppression
n
Redundant temperature
me
Exhaust and sensing
n

Deflagration Venting
tai
n

LFL Gas Detection Co

Conventional Smoke Detection
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WHAT IS LI-ION TAMER?
Safety product

For lithium-ion batteries

Detects electrolyte solvent vapours (off-gas)

Earliest warning

Avoid catastrophic events

13 years of R&D

• Gas- Humidity – Temperature Sensor

• Flexible Architecture
• Multiple Hubs
• Up to 100 Sensors

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MONITORING SENSOR PLACEMENT

• Monitoring sensors are placed near or on the battery rack to detect off-gas from rack.
• Locate near vent outlets on the exhaust side of the cooling air.
• Airflow is not required for sensor operation.
• Four examples of these air flow patterns are covered below.

Example
Type: air enters from the back of the rack and exits out the front
Sensor placement: top front of the rack
Sensor orientation: sensing face pointing down (±45°)

back

Sensing face
pointing down

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LI-ION TAMER SYSTEM LAYOUT EXAMPLE

- Monitoring Sensor
- Reference Sensor
- Hub, Direct Power
- Ethernet Switch, 5 port
- Controller, GEN 3

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3RD PARTY REPORTS AND GUIDANCE
• FPA - Need to Know Guide RE1 – Battery energy storage systems: commercial Lithium-ion battery
installations
3 Risk control recommendations

• DNV - GL Report (Jan 12th 2020)

“…LEL sensors and voltage do not provide a mechanism for early warning. In comparison, the Li-ion Tamer® sensor
indicates only seconds after off-gassing occurs. In addition, testing was performed where a cell was being overcharged
and charging stopped when off-gas was released as indicated by the Li-ion tamer®. The cell temperatures ceased to
increase, and off-gassing started to decline until the cell was considered stable. Thus, demonstrating it is feasible to ‘pull
back’ a cell after it has begun off-gassing but before thermal runaway occurs. Meaning early detection, coupled with correct
system shutdown measures is an important safety barrier.” - (section 3.4.1)

• FM Global – Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets – Electrical Energy Storage Systems
(5-33; rev. July 2023)
2.5.3.3 Early Intervention Thermal Runaway Prevention
2. Off-gas detection: Provide gas detectors capable of detecting the volatile oxygen compounds associated with the
off-gas event that precedes thermal runaway.

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HOW DOES ENSURING SAFETY IMPACT THE ENERGY
STORAGE BUSINESS CASE?

Asset Availability Restoration & Public Perception

Insurance Costs

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20
LESSON LEARNED
• Li-Ion Battery Risks
− Heat and Gas Generation (Electrolyte Solvent Vapour Off-Gas Event)
▪ Flammable gas release fire hazard
• e.g., Electrolyte Vapour, H2, VOC’s, CO, CO2
▪ Toxic gas release Toxic hazard to people, environment and equipment
• e.g., CO, NO2, HCl, HF, HCN, benzene, etc.
• The DNV test weighting the Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) values with the released gas
amounts, CO NO2 and HCL will first reach its IDLH values.

• Reducing Risks by Multiple Layer of Protection

− Battery Quality
− Battery Management System and Data Analytics
− Early Off-Gas (Electrolyte Solvent Vapour) Detection
− Early Smoke Detection with Aspirating Smoke Detection
− Suppression System

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© 2024 Honeywell International Inc. Neither this document nor the information contained herein may be reproduced, used, distributed or disclosed to others without the written consent of Honeywell 22
Questions?

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THANK
YOU