Introduction to qualitative research methods

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 According to Denzin and Lincoln (1994), qualitative research focuses on interpretation
of phenomena in their natural settings to make sense in terms of the meanings people
bring to these settings. Qualitative research involves collecting information about
personal experiences, introspection, life story, interviews, observations, historical,
interactions and visual text which are significant moments and meaningful in peoples'
lives.

 Patton (2002) defined qualitative research as attempting to understand the unique

interactions in a particular situation. The purpose of understanding is not necessarily to
predict what might occur, but rather to understand in depth the characteristics of the
situation and the meaning brought by participants and what is happening to them at the
moment. The aim of qualitative research is to truthfully present findings to others who
are interested in what you are doing.

 According to Pope and Mays (1995), qualitative researchers study things in their natural
settings in an effort to discover the meanings seen by those who are being researched
(or subjects) rather than that of the researcher.

 Qualitative research seeks to provide understanding of human experience, perceptions,

motivations, intentions, and behaviours based on description and observation and
utilizing a naturalistic interpretative approach to a subject and its contextual setting
(Encyclopedia.com 2009).

 Qualitative research is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks in-depth

understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting. It focuses on the
"why" rather than the "what" of social phenomena and relies on the direct
experiences of human beings as meaning-making agents in their every day lives
(University of Utah, College of Health, 2009).

 Merriam (1999) characterises qualitative research as understanding the meaning people

have constructed in which the researcher is the primary instrument for data
collection and analysis. It usually involves fieldwork as primarily employing an
inductive research strategy focussing on process, meaning and understanding
resulting in a richly descriptive product.
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Difference between qualitative and quantitative research

Qualitative Quantitative
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1. Philosophy: Phenomenology Positivism

2. Goal: Understand, meaning Prediction, test hypothesis

3. Focus: Quality (features) Quantity (how much, numbers)

4. Method: Ethnography/Action research Experiments/Correlation

5. Data collection: Interviews, observation Questionnaire, scales,

documents, artefacts tests, inventories

6. Research Design: Flexible, emerging Structured, predetermined

7. Sample: Small, purposeful Large, random, representation

8. Generalisation: Unique case selection Generalisation

9. Analysis Inductive (by the researcher) Deductive (by statistical methods)

10. Role of Researcher: Immersed Detached