11/2/2022

CHEM 015
CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS
Lecture 2
FUELS & ENERGY

FUEL AND ITS FUEL ENERGY GENERATIONS OCTANE NUMBER AND

CLASSIFICATIONS ENGINE KNOCKING

Outline

CALORIFIC VALUES FIRST AND SECOND LAWS OF COMBUSTION REACTIONS

THERMODYNAMICS IN
ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM
FUELS

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FUEL - substances that upon combustion

produce a usable amount of energy
FUEL

Non-
Renewable Fuel State Occurrence
renewable

inexhaustible exhaustible Solid Liquid Gaseous Natural Artificial

Ideal Properties of
Fuel
Readily available

Cheap

Burns easily in air at a moderate rate – moderate ignition

temperature

High calorific value - energy produced by the combustion of

one kg of fuel

Low non-combustible content (ash) and low moisture

content

Should not affect the environment adversely

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SOLID FUELS
Natural Advantages
• Easier transportation and storage.
• Wood
• Low production cost.
• Coal
• Oil Shale • Moderate ignition temperature.
Disadvantages
Artificial • Large portion of energy is wasted.
• Tanbark • Cost of handling is high and
• Bagasse controlling is also hard.
• Straw • Ash content is high & burn with
• Charcoal clinker formation.
• Briquettes

LIQUID FUELS
Advantages
Natural • Higher calorific value per unit mass.
• Burn without ash, clinkers, etc.
• Petroleum • Controlling the combustion is easier.
• Transportation easier through pipes and
stored indefinitely without loss.
• Loss of energy is comparatively lower.
Artificial • Require less furnace space for
combustion.
• Oils from distillation of Disadvantages
• Cost of liquid fuel is much higher compared
petroleum to solid fuel.
• Coal Tar • Storage methods are costlier.
• Greater risk of fire hazards.
• Shale-Oil • Special burning equipment required for
• Alcohols more efficient combustion.

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GASEOUS FUELS
Natural
Advantages
• Transportation through pipes is easy.
• Natural Gas • Sparking combustion is easy.
• They have a higher heat content.
Artificial • Clean after use.
• Do not require any special burner
• Coal Gas technology.
• Producer Gas Disadvantages
• Water Gas • Large storage tanks required.
• Hydrogen • As they are highly inflammable, the
• Acetylene chance for fire hazards are extremely
• Blast Furnace high and strict safety measures need
• Oil gas to be followed.

FOSSIL FUELS
➢ Dead and decayed remains of plants and
animals subjected to decades of pressure
and temperature under the earth’s crust. COAL
➢ Primarily fossil fuels are hydrocarbons.
➢ They are convenient and effective.
➢ Provide the calorific value required to fulfil OIL
our needs.
➢ They are a non-renewable source of energy.
➢ The burning of fossil fuels is responsible for NATURAL
a large section of the world’s pollution
index. GAS

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Fossil Fuel Consumption

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Philippines Carbon (CO2) Emissions

1990-2022

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NUCLEAR FUEL

• Material consumed to give out nuclear energy.

• Most nuclear fuels contain heavy fissile elements that are capable of
nuclear fission.
• When these fuels are struck by neutrons, they are in turn capable of
emitting neutrons when they break apart. This makes possible a self-
sustaining chain reaction that releases energy at a controlled rate in a
nuclear reactor or with a very rapid uncontrolled rate of a nuclear
weapon.
• Some common examples of nuclear fuel are uranium-235 (235U) and
plutonium-239 (239Pu).

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Nuclear generation by country 2021

World electricity production by source 2019 (source:

International Energy Agency)

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Nuclear Power in the Philippines

• In response to the 1973 oil crisis,
the Philippines began construction
of a nuclear power plant. The 621
MWe Westinghouse unit at Bataan
was completed in 1984 but never
commissioned.
• With electricity demand expected
to more than triple by 2040,
energy security is a stated priority
for the government.
• The country is exploring the
feasibility of a nuclear power
programme, including the possible
revival of the Bataan project or
constructing a small modular
reactor.

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ENGINE KNOCKING & OCTANE

NUMBER
15

ENGINE KNOCKING
• Knocking occurs when fuel Causes of Engine Knocking
burns unevenly in your
engine's cylinders.
• An annoying noise and Faulty Spark Plugs
potential damage to your
engine's cylinder walls and Low-Octane Fuel
pistons.
Carbon Deposits
Click
the
image

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• Measures of fuel stability.

• Based on the pressure at which a fuel will spontaneously combust (auto-
ignite) in a testing engine
• The simple average of two different octane rating methods that differ
primarily in the specifics of the operating conditions:
Octane Ratings • motor octane rating (MOR)
• research octane rating (RON)
• The higher an octane number, the more stable the fuel.
• In the Philippines, fuels are labeled with the RON rating only. The lowest
RON requirement in the country is set by the Philippine National
Standards at 93.

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Calorific Value

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Calorific Value

• The amount of heat energy present in food or fuel and

which is determined by the complete combustion of
specified quantity at constant pressure and in normal
conditions.
• It is also called calorific power.
• The unit of calorific value is kilojoule per kilogram i.e.
KJ/Kg.

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Calorific Value of Fuel

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The Specific Heats of Some

Common Substances
Calorimetry
• Measurement of heat changes
• Heat (q) changes in physical and chemical
processes are measured with a
calorimeter.
• Specific heat (s) – the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of one
gram of the substance by one degree
Celsius.
• Heat capacity (C) – the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of a
given quantity of the substance by one
degree Celsius.

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Constant-Volume
Calorimetry
• Heat of combustion is usually
measured by placing a known
mass of a compound in a
steel container called a
constant-volume bomb
calorimeter.
• The sample is ignited
electrically, and the heat
produced by the combustion
reaction can be calculated
accurately by recording the
rise in temperature of the
water.

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The special design of the bomb calorimeter allows us to

assume that no heat (or mass) is lost to the surroundings
during he time it takes to make the measurements.

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Constant-
Pressure
Calorimetry
• Used to determine the heat
changes for noncombustible
reactions.
• Acid-base neutralization
• Heat of solution
• Heat of dissolution
• Since P is constant, heat
change of the process (qrxn) is
equal to the enthalpy change
(H).

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Heats of Some Typical Reactions

Measured at Constant Pressure

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Combustion
• Chemical process in which a
substance reacts rapidly with
oxygen and gives off heat
(exothermic).
• The original substance is
called the fuel, and the
source of oxygen is called the
oxidizer.
• Exhaust are new chemical
substances are created from
the fuel and the oxidizer
• Heat is also necessary to start
combustion

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• Brown, L., & Holme, T. (2006). Chemistry for Engineering Students. Cengage
Learning.
• Chang, R. (1998). Chemistry (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill College.
• Combustion. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2022, from
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/combst1.html
• Gasoline explained - octane in depth - U.S. Energy Information Administration
(EIA). (n.d.). Retrieved November 1, 2022, from
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/gasoline/octane-in-depth.php
• General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR) Guidelines BYJU’S. (2021a, March
22). BYJUS. https://byjus.com/chemistry/fuel-types/
• General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR) Guidelines BYJU’S. (2021b, March

References •
22). BYJUS. https://byjus.com/biology/calorific-value/
Helmenstine, A. (2022, September 7). Laws of Thermodynamics. Science Notes
and Projects. https://sciencenotes.org/laws-of-thermodynamics/
• noli esperas. (2021, September 13). Fuel - Chemistry for Engineers | Lesson 5 |
Part 1. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AeYYg3uZg0Q
• Nuclear Power Today | Nuclear Energy - World Nuclear Association. (n.d.).
Retrieved November 1, 2022, from https://world-nuclear.org/information-
library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx
• Ritchie, H. (2022, October 27). Fossil Fuels. Our World in Data.
https://ourworldindata.org/fossil-fuels

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