Excel Year 12 Mathematics Advanced Online Resource 2020

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YEAR 12
MATH EMATICS
ADVANCED
Lyn Baker
Free-to-download sample pages with answers
e r 1 TOPIC:
pt FUNCTIONS
Cha h i n g
G rap h n i q u es
Tec
1 Translations
Example 2
It is important to be familiar with the shape of the
ÎÎ Meg produced this diagram showing the curve
basic curves. You need to be able to recognise straight y = –x3 – x2 + 5x – 3 and another curve that she forgot
lines, parabolas, absolute values and cubic, hyperbolic, to label.
exponential and logarithmic curves from their equations.
5 y
Adding a constant to the equation of a function,
ÎÎ
y = f(x) + c, has the effect of moving the graph up, or
down if the constant is negative. 0
–5 5 10 x
Adding a constant into the equation of a function,
ÎÎ
y = f(x + c), has the effect of moving the graph left or right. –5
Example 1 –10
The diagram shows the graph of y = x . 3
y –5
6 y = –x3 – x2 + 5x – 3
4 Find the equation of the second curve. Give the answer

y = x3 in the form y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d.
2
The second curve is a translation 6 units to the right.

–4 –2 0 2 4x The equation is:
–2
y = –(x – 6)3 – (x – 6)2 + 5(x – 6) – 3
–4 = –(x3 – 18x2 + 108x – 216) – (x2 – 12x + 36)
+ 5x – 30 – 3
–6 = –x3 + 18x2 – 108x + 216 – x2 + 12x – 36 + 5x – 33
= –x3 + 17x2 – 91x + 147
Copy the diagram and sketch y = x3 + 2 and y = x3 – 3 on Because the translation is to the right the equation is of the
the same diagram. form y = f(x – 6). If it was to the left it would be y = f(x + 6).
y
6
y = x3
4 Example 3
y = x3 – 3 The diagram shows the y
2
graph of y = e3x – 2 and two p10 q r
y=x +2
3 A translation is also known
more informally as a slide. translations of that graph.
© Pascal Press ISBN 978 1 74125 680 2
–4 –2 0 2 4 x Determine the equations of

–2 p, q and r. 5
–4
x
–6 0
–5 5
4 EXCEL YEAR 12 MATHEMATICS ADVANCED

e r 1
Ch apt g
y = e3x – 2
h i n
G rap h n i q u es
ÎÎ ÎP R ACT I C E
Î
When x = 1,
y = e3 × 1 – 2 We know that one of the equations is
y = e3x – 2 so we need to identify that first. 1 The diagram shows the graph of y = x2 + 2x.
Tec
= e (≈ 2.718)
So q is the graph of y = e3x – 2. y
6
Graph p has been translated 4 units to the left of q.
So p has equation:
y = e3(x + 4) – 2 4
= e3x + 10 y = x2 + 2x
r has been translated 2 units to the right of q.
So r has equation: 1 Translations 2
Example
y = e3(x – 2) – 2 ÎÎ It is important to be familiar with the shape of the
= e8x – 8 Meg produc
basic curves. You need to be able to recognise straight y = –x3 – x2 +
So p is y = e3x + 10, q is y = e3x – 2 and r is y = e3x – 8. lines, parabolas, absolute values
–4 and
0
–2 cubic, hyperbolic,
2 x
–1 to label.
ÎÎ
Example 4 y = f(x) + c, has the
Copy theof
effect diagram
movingand
the sketch
graph up,y =or
x2 + 2x + 4 and
1 down if the constanty = xis +negative.
2
2x – 2 on the same diagram.
The diagram shows the graphs of y = and a
x Adding a constant into the equation of a function,
ÎÎ
1 2 Ned produced this diagram showing the curve
translation of y = . y = f(x + c), has the effect of moving the graph left or right.
x y = x3 – 9x2 + 11x + 21 and another curve that he
forgot to label.
y
10 Example 1
y
The diagram shows the graph of40y =yx=3.x – 9x2 + 11x + 21
3
ax + b 1
y= y=
cx + d x
5 y 30
6
0 20
4 Find the equ
–10 –5 5 10 y = x3
10 in the form y
x 2
–5
–5 0 5 10 15 x The second c
–4 –2 0 –102 4x The equation
–2
–10 –20 y = –(x – 6)3
–4 = –(x3 – 18
Determine the values of a, b, c and d. –30
–6 = –x3 + 18
The second curve has moved 4 units to the left and = –x3 + 17
2 units down. Find the equation of the second curve. Give the
Copy the diagramanswer
and sketch
in they =form
x + y2 =
3
axy3 += bx
and x 2–+3cx
3
on+ d.
1
Its equation is y = –2 the same diagram.
x+4
3 yThe diagram shows the graph of y = e2x – 1 and two
1 2( x + 4) 6 translations of that graph. Determine the equations
y=
x+4 x+4 of p, q yand
= x3 r.
Example
4
1 2x 8 y
y= y = x3 – 3 5 The diagram
x+4 2 p q r
A translation is also known graph of y =
We find a common denominator y = x + 2
3
4 informally as a slide. translations
2x 7 more
y= and subtract fractions to change

–4
the equation into the desired form. –2 0 2 4 x Determine t
x+4 3
–2 p, q and r.
∴ a = –2, b = –7, c = 1 and d = 4.
2
–4
1
–6
0 x
–4 –2 2 4
4 CHAPTER
EXCEL 1: MATHEMATICS
YEAR 12 GRAPHING TECHNIQUES
ADVANCED 5
Example 1
1 y
4 The diagram shows the graphs of y = and a The graphs of y = x3,
x x3
6
p q r
1 y = 4x3 and y = were
translation of y = . 4
x 4
produced with graphing
y software on the same
diagram. 2
15
y=
ax +b Identify each graph and
10 cx +d comment on similarities 0
1 –4 –2 2 4x
y=
x
and differences between
5 the curves. –2
0 –4
–10 –5 5 10 x
–5
–6
–10
Graph q passes through (1, 1) so it is the graph of y = x3.
–15 Graph p passes through (1, 4) so it is the graph of
y = 4x3.
x3
Graph r passes through (2, 2) so it is the graph of y = .
Determine the values of a, b, c and d. 4
The graphs all have a similar cubic shape and all pass
5* Determine the equations of the graphs labelled through the origin. They all have different widths, with
p, q and r. x3
y = 4x3 being the narrowest and y = the widest.
y 4
10 q p The constant k in the equation y = kx3 is
the value of y when x = 1.
5
r
Example 2
0 x
–10 –5 5 10 The graph of y = x3 – x is shown below.
y
Answers Ü p. 24 y = x3 – x
2
2 Dilations 1
Dilations are transformations where size is not

ÎÎ
necessarily preserved. –3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3x
Graphs of the form y = kf(x) and y = f(ax), where k and
ÎÎ –1
a are constants, are dilations of the graph of y = f(x). They
are stretched (or reduced) or made wider or narrower but –2
still have the basic features of y = f(x).
The graph of y = –kf(x) is the reflection of y = kf(x) in
ÎÎ
the x-axis. Copy the graph and show the graph of y = –x3 + x on
the same diagram.
y = –x3 + x
= –(x3 – x)
6 EXCEL YEAR 12 MATHEMATICS

ADVANCED MATHEMATICS
ADVANCED
e r 1
Ch apt g
h i n
G rap h n i q u es
y
y = –x3 + x y = x3 – x 1
2 When x = ,
2
Tec
2
1
1 1
x2 + x = +
2 2
1
–3 –2 –1
0
1 2 3x =
4
–1 1 Think about the y-value at each point.
4x2 + 4x = 4 For y = 4f(x) each y-value is 4 times the
4
–2 1 Translations corresponding y-value of y = f(x).
= –1 Example
ÎÎ It is important to be familiar 2 with the shape of2 the
So p is y = x + x and q is y = 4x + 4x. Meg produc
basic curves. You∴ need to be able to recognise straight
p is y = f(x), q is y = 4f(x) and r is y = f(4x). y = –x3 – x2 +
–x3 + x is the negative of (x3 – x) so the required curve lines,
is the parabolas, absolute values and cubic, hyperbolic, to label.
Multiplying by 4 has the effect of narrowing the
same curve reflected in the x-axis. exponential and logarithmic curves from their equations.
curve. y = f(4x) is a narrower version of y = f(x)
ÎÎ Adding a constant to themoving
without equation theofcurve
a function,
up or down. y = 4f(x) is
y = f(x) + c, has the effect of moving
also narrower but the vertexthe graphhasup,also
or moved down.
Example 3 down if the constant is negative.
Consider f(x) = x2 + x. ÎÎ Adding a constant into the equation of a function,
y = f(x + c), has the effect of moving the graph left or right.
a Find f(4x).
ÎÎ ÎP R ACT I C E
Î
b The graphs of y = f(x), y = 4f(x) and y = f(4x) are
shown below. Identify each curve and commentExample 11 The graphs of p qr 6 y
on the effect of multiplying the function by 4 orThe diagram shows y =the , y = –2x
–xgraph
3
of y3 and
= x3.
multiplying x in f(x) by 4. 5
x3 y
y= were produced 4
y 2 6 3
6 with graphing
4 software
p q r 2 Find the equ
on the same diagram.y = x3
5
2
1 in the form y
4 Identify each graph
3 x second c
0
–3 –2 –1–1 1 2 The
and comment 0 on
3 –4 –2 2 4x The equation
similarities and –2
–2
2 differences between the –3 y = –(x – 6)3
1 curves.–4 –4 = –(x3 – 18
–5
0 –6 = –x3 + 18
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 x –6
–1 = –x3 + 17
Copy the diagram and sketch y = x3 +3 2 and y = x3 – 3 on
2 The
the same diagram. graph of y = x – x2
is shown below.
a f(x) = x2 + x y y
3
6
f(4x) = (4x)2 + 4x
y = x3 2
= 16x2 + 4x 4 Example
y = x 3 – x2
b The curves are y = x2 + x, y = 4x2 + 4x and y = x3 – 3 1 The diagram
y = 16x2 + 4x. 2
y = x3 + 2 0
Now both y = x2 + x and y = 4x2 + 4x have –3 –2 –1 more informally
1 as 3x
2 a slide. translations
x-intercepts at –1 and 0. –4 –2 0 2 4 x –1 Determine t

x-intercepts of y = 16x2 + 4x occur when –2 –2 p, q and r.
16x2 + 4x = 0
–4 –3
4x(4x + 1) = 0
1 –6
x = 0 or x = Copy the graph and show the graph of y = –x3 + x2
4
on the same diagram.
So r is y = 16x2 + 4x
≈
4 CHAPTER
ADVANCED 7
b f(x) = x2 y = 3x2 + 2 y y = 3x2
3 Consider f(x) = x2 – x. 10
3f(x) = 3x2
a Find f(3x). 9
3f(x) + 2 = 3x2 + 2
b The graphs of y = f(x), y = 3f(x) and y = f(3x) are 8
shown below. Identify each curve and comment 7
on the effect of multiplying the function by 3 or c In this case, the 6
multiplying x in f(x) by 3. different order
5
y produces different
4
p q r graphs, one of which y = x2
4 is a translation of the 3
other. 2
1
2
0
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 x
0
–2 –1 1 2 3 x By considering the equations we could determine the
differences between the graphs without needing to sketch.
4* Consider f(x) = |3x – 8|.

a Sketch y = f(x), y = 4f(x) and y = f(4x) on the Example 2
same diagram.
Consider f(x) = ex.
b Briefly comment on the similarities between the
curves. a Sketch y = f(x), y = f(x + 3) and y = f(4(x + 3)) on the
same diagram.
Answers Ü pp. 24–25
b Sketch y = f(x), y = f(4x) and y = f(4x + 3) on the
same diagram.
3 Mixed transformations c Briefly comment on any similarities or differences
the changed order of applying both transformations
Many transformations of graphs are a mixture of
ÎÎ has on y = f(x).
translations and dilations.
The order in which transformations are applied is
ÎÎ a f(x) = ex
important. f(x + 3) = ex + 3
f(4(x + 3)) = e4x + 12
Example 1 y y = ex
y = e4x + 12 y = ex + 3
Consider f(x) = x2.
a Sketch y = f(x), y = f(x) + 2 and y = 3(f(x) + 2) on the 6
same diagram.
b Sketch y = f(x), y = 3f(x) and y = 3f(x) + 2 on the 4
same diagram.
c Briefly comment y y = x2 + 2
2
y = 3x2 + 6
on any differences 10
the changed order 9 0 x
of applying both 8
–6 –4 –2 2
transformations adding 7
2 and multiplying by 3 b f(x) = ex
6
has on y = f(x). f(4x) = e4x
5
f(4x + 3) = e4x + 3
a f(x) = x2 4
y = x2
f(x) + 2 = x2 + 2 3
2
3(f(x) + 2) = 3x2 + 6
1
0
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 x

ADVANCED
e r 1
Ch apt g
h i n
G rap h n i q u es
y y = e4x y
y = f(x)
6
Tec
y = e4x + 3 y = ex –5
0
2 –2 2 4 6 x
0 x
–4 –2 2 1 Translations a Copy the diagram and show the graph of
Example
c The curves y = e 4x + 12
and y = e4x + 3
have the same Î It
Î is important to be 1
familiar with the shape of the
y = f(x) – 1 on the same diagram. Meg produc
shape. The position of the two graphs is the only basic curves. You need to 2 be able to recognise straight y = –x3 – x2 +
difference; they are translations of each other. Theylines, parabolas, absolute values1and cubic, hyperbolic,
b Would y = f(x – 1) produce the same result? label.
to
are both translations of y = e4x. The curve y= e4x + 3 has exponential and logarithmic curves 2 from their equations.
Justify your answer.
3 ÎÎAdding a constant to the equation of a function,
moved of a unit to the left and y = e4x + 12 has moved y = f(x) + c, has the effect of moving the graph up, or Answers Ü p. 25
4
3 units to the left. 4 x+
3 down if the constant is negative.
e 4 x+3 = e 4
ÎÎAdding a constant into the equation of a function,
4 Sketching
y = f(x + c), has graphs
the effect of moving the graph left or right.
A sketch of a curve does not need to be a strictly
ÎÎ
Example 1 accurate graph.
ÎÎ
Î
ÎP R ACT I C E
The diagramÎ ÎWe make
shows use of
the graph ofany
y = easily
x3. available information to help
1 Consider f(x) = |x|. determine (roughly) where the curve will go.
y
a Sketch y = f(x), y = f(x) + 3 and y = 2(f(x) + 3) on yÎPoints6can be plotted where appropriate.
the same diagram. yÎThe x and4 y-intercepts can often be found without
Find the equ
b Sketch y = f(x), y = 2f(x) and y = 2f(x) + 3 on the too much difficulty.
y = x3 in the form y
2
same diagram. yÎThe sign of the function could also be considered.
c Briefly comment on any differences the changed It may be obvious that the curve is never negative,
Thefor
second c
order of applying both transformations –4example.
–2 0 2 4x The equation
–2
adding 3 and multiplying by 2 has on y = f(x). yÎThe value of the function f(x) for very large y = –(x – 6)
3
–4 and negative) values of x can also be used.

(positive = –(x3
– 18
2 Consider f(x) = ln x.
a Sketch y = f(x), y = f(x + 2) and y = f(3(x + 2)) on –6 = –x3 + 18
the same diagram. Example 1 = –x3 + 17
b Sketch y = f(x), y = f(3x) and y = f(3x + 2) on Copy
the the diagram
Consider y = 15x
and sketch x . y = x – 3 on
y =–x2x+ 2– and
3 2 3 3
same diagram. the same diagram.

a For what values of x does y = 0?
c Briefly comment on any differences the changed b yWhat happens to the y-values as x gets large
order of applying both transformations has on 6
positively?3
y = f(x). y=x
c
4 Sketch the graph of y = 15x – 2x – x .
2 3
Example
3* The diagram shows the graph of y = f(x) where y = x3 – 3 The diagram
2a y = 15x – 2x2 – x3
f(x) = 5 + 4x – x2. A translation is also known graph of y =
y = x3 + 2
When y = 0, more informally as a slide. translations
–4 –2 x x3
00 = 215x –42x2 – Determine t
–2 x3 + 2x2 – 15x = 0 p, q and r.
x(x2 + 2x – 15) = 0
–4
x(x + 5)(x – 3) = 0
–6 x = 0 or x = –5 or x = 3
So y = 0 when x = –5, 0 or 3.
4 CHAPTER
ADVANCED 9
b As x → ∞ , y → –∞ Example 3
On the same diagram sketch the graphs of y = ex, y = e–x
If x is a very large positive number then the highest power
of x (x3) will overpower the rest. As x3 is negative, we say that and y = ex + e–x.
as x tends to infinity y tends to negative infinity.
y
c 5
y 4
40 y = ex + e–x
3
y = ex
20 y = 15x – 2x – x 2 3
2
y = e–x
1
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
0 x
–20 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–40 To sketch y = ex + e–x we use the graphs of

y = ex and y = e–x and add the ordinates.
–60
ÎÎ
Î
ÎP R ACT I C E
1 Consider y = x3 + 2x2 – 24x.

Example 2
a For what values of x does y = 0?
Sketch the curve y = (x – 3)(x – 5)(x + 2)(x + 6). b What happens to the y-values as x gets large
positively?
y = (x – 3)(x – 5)(x + 2)(x + 6) c Sketch the graph of y = x3 + 2x2 – 24x.
x-intercepts are 3, 5, –2 and –6.
y-intercept = –3 × –5 × 2 × 6 2 Sketch the curve y = (x + 3)(x – 1)(x – 4)(x – 7).
= 180
As x → ∞ , y → ∞ 3 On the same diagram sketch y = log2x, y = log3x and
When x = 4, y = (4 – 3)(4 – 5)(4 + 2)(4 + 6) y = log2x + log3x
= –60
4* Consider the curve y = x3 – 13x – 12.
When x = –4, y = (–4 – 3)(–4 – 5)(–4 + 2)(–4 + 6)
= –252 a Where does the curve cut the y-axis?
b Show that the curve cuts the x-axis at –3, –1
y
300 and 4.
250 c Sketch the curve y = x3 – 13x – 12.
200 Answers Ü p. 26
150
100
5 Using symmetry
50
If a function is symmetrical, then the working needed
ÎÎ
0
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8x to sketch its graph can be simplified.
–50
–100 An even function is symmetrical about the y-axis.
ÎÎ
f(–x) = f(x)
–150
–200 An odd function has point symmetry about the origin.

ÎÎ
f(–x) = –f(x)
–250
y = (x – 3)(x – 5)(x + 2)(x + 6)
Example 1
Finding the values midway between the intercepts gives
us an idea of where the graph should go. It does not follow Consider f(x) = 4x2 + 28x + 52.
that the local maximum or minimum values will occur at
those midway values. In the calculus section you will find a Rearrange the equation y = 4x2 + 28x + 52 into the
how to determine the turning points of curves. form y = (ax + b)2 + c.

ADVANCED
e r 1
Ch apt g
b What is the equation of the axis of symmetry of the
h i n
As x → ∞ , y → ∞
G rap h n i q u es
parabola y = f(x)? y y = 4x4 – 13x2 + 9
c Sketch the curve y = f(x). 15
a y = 4x2 + 28x + 52
= 4x + 28x + 49 + 3
2 Complete the square: 4x2
is (2x)
is 2 × 2x × 7 so we need to add 72.
2
, 28x
Tec 10
= (2x + 7)2 + 3 5
b Axis: 2x + 7 = 0
2x = –7 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3x
x = –3.5 1 Translations
Example
c When x = –3.5, y = 3 ÎÎ It is important to be familiar with the Ifshape of the Meg
the graph could be folded along the y-axisproduc
So the turning point of the parabola is at (–3.5, 3) basic curves. You need to be able to recognise straight
the two halves should match exactly.
y = –x3 – x2 +
and, as the parabola is concave up, this is the lines, parabolas, absolute values and cubic, hyperbolic, to label.
minimum value. exponential and logarithmic curves from their equations.
The curve is always positive. ÎÎ Adding a constant to the equation of a function,
Example
y = f(x) + c, has the effect of3 moving the graph up, or
When x = 0, y = 52
So the y-intercept is 52. a Show
down if the constant is that f(x) = 16x – x3 is an odd function.
negative.
ÎÎ b Sketch
Adding a constant into the y =equation
f(x). of a function,
y
80 y = f(x + c), has the effect of moving the graph left or right.
a f(x) = 16x – x3
Example 1 f(–x) = 16(–x) – (–x)

3
60
y = 4x + 28x + 52
2
= –16x + x3
The diagram shows the graph of y 3= x3.
40 = –(16x – x )
y
= –f(x)
6
20
∴ f(x) is an odd function.
4 Find the equ
b If f(x) = 0 y = x3
0 x in the form y
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 = 16x –2 x3
= x(16 – x2) The second c
We could plot a few points, (–2, 12), (–1, 28) and (1, 84) –4
x = 0–2 or 0 x2 2= 16 4 x The equation
perhaps, to see where the curve goes and then use
–2
symmetry to complete the sketch. x = 0 or x = ±4 y = –(x – 6)3
f(2) = 16(2)
–4 –2 3 = –(x3 – 18
= 24 –6 = –x3 + 18
Example 2 As x → ∞ , y → –∞
= –x3 + 17
a Show that f(x) = 4x4 – 13x2 + 9 is an even function. and yy = x3 – 3 on
Copy the diagram and sketch y = x3 + 2 60
b Sketch y = f(x). the same diagram.
y 40
6 y = 16x – x3
a f(x) = 4x – 13x + 9
4 2
y = x3 20
f(–x) = 4(–x)4 – 13(–x)2 + 9 4 Example
= 4x4 – 13x2 + 9 The diagram
y = –6
x3 – 3 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x
2
= f(x) –20A translation is also known graph of y =
y = x3 + 2
∴ f(x) is an even function. more informally as a slide. translations
–4 –2 0 2 4 x Determine t
b f(0) = 9
When f(x) = 0, –2 If a pin was placed at the origin and the graph spunp, q and r.
through 180° it should be exactly the same.
4x4 – 13x2 + 9 = 0 –4
(4x2 – 9)(x2 – 1) = 0
9 –6
x2 = or x2 = 1
4
3
x=± or x = ±1
2 ≈
4 CHAPTER
ADVANCED 11
ÎÎ
Î
ÎP R ACT I C E
x +1
a y=
1 Consider f(x) = 9x2 + 30x + 29. x
a Rearrange the equation y = 9x2 + 30x + 29 into x 1
= +
the form y = (ax + b)2 + c. x x
b What is the equation of the axis of symmetry of 1
the parabola y = f(x)? =1+
x
c Sketch the curve y = f(x). So the asymptotes are x = 0 and y = 1.
2 a Show that f(x) = –9x4 + 37x2 – 4 is an even b
function. 8
y
b Sketch y = f(x).
6
x +1
3 a Show that f(x) = x3 – 9x is an odd function. y=
x
4
b Sketch y = f(x).
2
4* The graph of y = f(x) is shown for x ≥ 0.
y 0
2 y = f(x) –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8x
–2
0 x
–2 2 4 –4
–2
–6
–4
–8
–6
–8
By rearranging the equation we can see that the curve is a
1
simple translation of the hyperbola y = .
x
On separate diagrams sketch the graph of y = f(x)
given that:
a f(x) is an even function,
b f(x) is an odd function. Example 2
x 2 + 2x + 2 for x 1
Answers Ü pp. 26–27 Consider the function f(x) = .
x 2 2x 1 for x <1
a Is the function continuous?
6 Discontinuities and asymptotes b Sketch y = f(x).
If a curve has a gap or jump it is said to be
ÎÎ x 2 + 2x + 2 for x 1
discontinuous at that point. a f(x) =
x 2 2x 1 for x <1
As a curve approaches a discontinuity there might be
ÎÎ f(1) = –12 + 2 × 1 + 2
an asymptote. An asymptote is a line that a curve tends to
=3
imitate.
When x = 1,
It is necessary to consider the domain over which a
ÎÎ
curve is sketched. The natural domain is the set of real x2 – 2x – 1 = 12 – 2 × 1 – 1
numbers for which the function is defined. = –2
≠ f(1)
∴ the function is not continuous.

Example 1
b –x2 + 2x + 2 = –(x2 – 2x) + 2
a What are the equations of the asymptotes of the
= –(x2 – 2x + 1) + 3
x +1
curve y = ? = –(x – 1)2 + 3
x
x2 – 2x – 1 = x2 – 2x + 1 – 2
b Sketch the curve.
= (x – 1)2 – 2

ADVANCED
e r 1
Ch apt g
h i n
G rap h n i q u es
y y
5
6
5 4
Tec
4
3
3
y = f(x) 1
2 2 y=
x2 1
1
1
0
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 x
–1 0
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 x
–2
1 Translations
–3 Example
The + notation in x → 1+, means as x
–4 ÎÎ It is important to be familiar with the approachesshape of 1the
from the positive side.Meg produc
–5 basic curves. You need to be able to recognise straight y = –x3 – x2 +
–6 lines, parabolas, absolute values and cubic, hyperbolic, to label.
ÎÎ Adding a constantÎÎ ÎP RtoACT
Î the equation
ICE of a function,
The solid circle tells us that the top part of the curve is the
y =
one when x = 1, while the open circle shows that x = 1 does f(x) + c, has the effect of moving the graph up, or
not belong to the other part. down if the constant
1 a What is negative.
are the equations of the asymptotes of the
ÎÎ Adding a constant into the equation 2x 1of a function,
curve y = ?
y = f(x + c), has the effect of movingxthe graph left or right.
Example 3 b Sketch the curve.
1 Example 1
Consider the function f(x) = . 2 Consider the function
x2 1 The diagram shows the graph 2 of y = x .
3
a Is the function odd or even? x 4x + 2 for x 2

f(x) = y2 .
b For what values of x is the function not defined? 6 x + 4x 1 for x < 2
c Sketch y = f(x). a Is the4 function continuous?
Find the equ
1 b Sketch y = yf(x).
= x3 in the form y
a f(x) = 2
x2 1 1
1 3 Consider the function f(x) = . The second c
–4 –2 0 2 1 x2
4x
f(–x) = 2 The equation
( x) 1 a Is the
–2 function odd or even?
y = –(x – 6)3
1 b For–4what values of x is the function not defined?
= –(x3 – 18
= c Sketch y = f(x).
x2 1
–6 = –x3 + 18
= f(x) 5
4* Sketch y = . = –x3 + 17
So the function is even. 2x 1
Copy the diagram and sketch y = x + 2 and y = x – 3 on Answers Ü p. 27
3 3
b Natural domain:
the same diagram.
x2 – 1 > 0
y
x2 > 1 76 Graphical solution of equations
x < –1 or x > 1 y = x3
Î4Î The simultaneous solution of two, or more, equations Example
So the function is not defined when –1 ≤ x ≤ 1.
can easily
y = x3be
– 3found if graphs are drawn. The pointsThe of diagram
1 2
intersection of two curves give the values that satisfy bothof y =
c y= A translation is also known graph
y = x3 + 2
x2 1 equations at the same time.more informally as a slide. translations
0 x
Now y > 0 for all values of x. –4 –2ÎÎ We can2 often4 determine the physical significanceDetermine of t
As x → ∞, y → 0 –2 a point of intersection; for example, in break-even p, q and r.
As x → 1+, y → ∞ analysis.
–4
ÎÎ Appropriate graphs can be drawn to determine the
–6 number of solutions of certain equations.
4 CHAPTER
ADVANCED 13
EXAMPLE 1 c
income
The graph shows the cost to make ῾babybugs’. 1000
cost
1000 800
cost
Dollars
800 600
Dollars
600 400
400 200
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Number sold
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 d The break-even point is when 30 'babybugs' are sold.

Number sold Both the cost and income are $660.
e The profit when 50 There is no need to calculate
a What is the gradient and what does it represent? babybugs are sold is either the cost or the
income. The profit can be
b What is the y-intercept and what does it represent? $300. seen on the graph as the
difference between them.
c Each ῾babybug’ sells for $22. Copy the graph and f If 20 babybugs are sold
show the income on the same graph. there will be a loss of $150.
d What is the break-even point?
e How much is the profit when 50 ῾babybugs’ are
sold? Example 2
f If 20 ῾babybugs’ are sold will there be a profit or a It is known that a certain rectangle has area
loss? What is the size of this profit or loss? of 36 cm2.
140 a If the length of the rectangle is x cm and the width
a m= 36
20 y cm, briefly explain why y = .
=7 x
The gradient is 7 and it represents the extra cost to b It is also known that the length of the rectangle is
make each 'babybug'. 5 cm longer than the width. Graphing software has
b The y-intercept is 450. 36
Fixed costs are the costs for been used to draw the graph of y = for positive
It represents the fixed things like machinery which
values of x. x
must be paid regardless
costs. of how many items are
y
produced. 25
20
36
y=
15 x
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 x
Find the dimensions of the rectangle.

ADVANCED
e r 1
Ch apt g
a The area is equal to the length by the width.
h i n
G rap h n i q u es
ÎÎ
Î
ÎP R ACT I C E
So 36 = xy
36 1 The graph shows the cost to make bags of
Tec
y= 'sweetbeans'.
x
b Now the width is 5 cm shorter than the length.
So y = x – 5 1000
25 y
20 cost
36 800
y=
x 1 Translations
15 Example
y=x–5 ÎÎ It is important to be familiar with the shape of the Meg produc
10
Dollars
basic curves. You need 600to be able to recognise straight
y = –x3 – x2 +
5 lines, parabolas, absolute values and cubic, hyperbolic, to label.
0 5 10 15 20 25 x ÎÎ Adding a constant to400 the equation of a function,
From the graph the length is 9 cm and the width is
down if the constant is negative.
4 cm.
ÎÎ Adding a constant into 200
the equation of a function,
The point of intersection of the graphs gives us the required answer.
y
It is not always necessary to draw the second graph; it might be
= f(x + c), has the effect of moving the graph left or right.
possible to visualise where it must go and 'see' the answer.
Example 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Number sold
The diagram shows the graph of y = x . 3
Example 3 a What isythe gradient and what does it represent?

6
Use a pair of graphs, drawn on the same diagram, to b What is the y-intercept and what does it
determine the number of solutions to the equation represent?
4 Find the equ
x3 – x + 2 = 0. c Each bag ofy ='sweetbeans'
x3 sells for $5.50. Copyin the form y
2
the graph and show the income on the same
x –x+2=0
3 graph. The second c
x3 = x – 2 d What
–4 –2 0 4x
is the2break-even point? The equation
–2
y e How much is the profit when 150 bags of y = –(x – 6)3
4
y = x3
῾sweetbeans᾿
–4 are sold? = –(x3 – 18
y=x–2
f If 100 bags of ῾sweetbeans᾿ are sold will there be
–6
or a loss? What is the size of this profit= –x + 18
3
2 a profit
or loss? = –x3
+ 17
Copy the diagram and sketch y = x + 2 and y = x – 3 on
3 3
0 x the same diagram. 2 It is known that a particular rectangle has area of

–4 –2 2 4
65 cm2.
y
–2 6 a If the length of the rectangle is x cm and the
y = x3 65
4 width y cm, briefly explain why y = . Example
–4 x
y = x3 – 3 The diagram
2 b It is also known that the length of the rectangle
is 8 cm longer thanA translation
the width. Graphing
is also known graph of y =
y = x3 + 2
–6
software has been used to draw the graph of translations
more informally as a slide.
From the diagram y = x3 and y = x – 2 only have one y = for positive values of x.
point of intersection. –2 x p, q and r.
So x3 – x + 2 = 0 has one solution.
–4
We can see from the graph that as x increases, in both the positive
and negative directions, the curves are getting further apart, so –6
there will be no other points of intersection.
4 CHAPTER
ADVANCED 15
y 4 y
25
65 3
y=
20 x x+y=1 y = 4 x2
2
15 y=1
1
10
0
5 –4 –2 2 4 x
–1
0 5 10 15 20 25 x
y = 1 forms the boundary of, but is not part of

Find the dimensions of the rectangle. the region, so it is shown with a dotted line.
3 Use a pair of graphs, drawn on the same diagram,

to determine the number of solutions to the
equation x3 – 11x + 6 = 0. Example 2
4* The diagram shows the graphs of y = x3 – 4x and The graph shows the region bounded by the curve
y = x2 – 4. x2 + 2y = 8 and the line x + 3y = 5.
y y
6 4
x2 + 2y = 8
4
y = x2 – 4 2
2
x + 3y = 5
0 x
–4 –2 2 4 x –4 –2
0
2 4
–2
y = x – 4x3
–2
–4
–6
a How many solutions are there to the equation Write down a pair of inequalities to describe the
x3 – 4x = x2 – 4? shaded region. Justify your answer.
b How many times will the line y = 4x – 4 intersect
the cubic curve y = x3 – x2? Justify your answer. Consider the point (0, 3) which lies in the shaded region.
When x = 0 and y = 3,
x2 + 2y = 02 + 2 × 3
=6
Now 6 < 8 so x2 + 2y ≤ 8
8 Regions
When x = 0 and y = 3,
Any line, or curve, divides the number plane into
ÎÎ x + 3y = 0 + 3 × 3 The boundary lines are solid so the
symbols must include 'or equal to'.
different regions. =9
A broken line means that the line forms the boundary of
ÎÎ Now 9 > 5 so x + 3y ≥ 5.
but is not part of the region. The required region is x2 + 2y ≤ 8 and x + 3y ≥ 5.
A solid line means that the boundary is part of the
ÎÎ
region.
Choosing a point either side of the boundary and
ÎÎ ÎÎ
Î
ÎP R ACT I C E
testing to see whether or not it satisfies the inequality
1 Draw a clear sketch of the region that satisfies all
allows us to determine the required region.

three inequalities: y < 9 – x2, y ≤ 3 – 2x, y ≥ –1.
Example 1 2 The graph shows the region bounded by the curves

Draw a clear sketch of the region that satisfies all three y = 2x and y = 16 x 2 .
inequalities: y ≤ 4 x 2 , y > 1, x + y ≥ 1.

ADVANCED
e r 1
Ch apt g
h i n
Example 2
G rap h n i q u es
y y y = x2 – 3x – 10
5 y = 2x
Solve x – 3x < 10.
2
Tec
y = 16 x 2
3 x2 – 3x < 10
x – 3x – 10 < 0
2
–2 0 5 x
2 Let y = x2 – 3x – 10
1 = (x + 2)(x – 5)
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
1 Translations
From the graph, y < 0 when –2 < x < 5. Example
Write down a pair of inequalities to describe the
ÎÎ It is important to
2 be familiar with the shape of the
∴ x – 3x < 10 when –2 < x < 5.
shaded region. Justify your answer. Meg produc
basic curves. You need to be able to recognise straight y = It–x
is – x +
3 2
The sketch does not need to be accurate.
lines, parabolas, absolute values and cubic, hyperbolic, to label.
3* Write down a set of inequalities to describe the just a tool to help us see where the parabola
exponential and logarithmic curves from is; intheir equations.
this case, negative.
shaded region.
ÎÎ Adding a constant to the equation of a function,
y y = f(x) + c, has the effect of moving the graph up, or
6
y=4 Example 3 y
4 ÎÎ Adding a constant into2 the equation of a function, y = 6x2 – 7x + 2
y = f(x + c), hasSolve 6x ≥of7x
the effect – 2. the graph left or right.
moving
2
y = |x + 3| – 2
y = |2x – 3| – 1 6x2 ≥ 7x – 2
Example 16x2 – 7x + 2 ≥ 0
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6x
Let y =the
The diagram shows 6xgraph
– 7x +of2y = x3.
2
–2
= (2x – 1)(3x – 2)
y
6 1 2
Answers Ü p. 28 So y = 0 when x = or x = .
2 3 0 1 2 x
4 2 3 Find the equ
y=x 3
in the form y
2
9 Solving inequalities 1 2
From the graph, y ≥ 0 when x ≤ or x ≥ .
Graphs can also be used to find the solution to
ÎÎ 2 3 The second c
–4 –2 0 2 4x The equation
inequalities. –2 1 2
∴ 6x2 ≥ 7x – 2 when x ≤ or x ≥ . y = –(x – 6)3
Quadratic inequalities can be solved by sketching a
ÎÎ 2 3
–4 = –(x3 – 18
graph of the parabola represented by the equation and Alternatively, y = 6x2 and y = 7x – 2 could both
determining for what values of x it is positive or negative. –6 have been drawn in order to find the solution.3
= –x + 18
= –x3 + 17
Example 1 Copy the diagram and sketch y = x3 + 2 and y = x3 – 3 on
the same diagram.
Use a graph to solve the inequality |2x – 5| < 7. ÎÎÎ P R ACT I C E
Î
y
y 6
8 1 Use a graph to solve the inequality |2x + 3| ≥ 5.
y=7 y = x3
4 Example
2 Solve x23– 3x < 4.
6 y=x –3 The diagram
2
y = |2x – 5| 3 Solve 6x ≥ 19x – 10. A translation is also known
2 graph of y =
4 y = x3 + 2
more informally as a slide. translations
–2 4* 0Solve
2 8 +42x –x x ≥ 0.
2
–4 Determine t
2
–2 p, q and r.
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x –4
10 Solving problems
–6
From the graph |2x – 5| < 7 when –1 < x < 6. Graphs can be used to assist in solving problems.
ÎÎ
It is easy to see on the graph where the graph
Algebraic working may also be required.
ÎÎ
of the absolute value is below the line y = 7.
≈
4 CHAPTER
ADVANCED 17
Any problem needs to be carefully read and
ÎÎ
considered. Take the time to stop and think. Use Example 2
common sense. There is no need to produce pages of a On the same set of axes sketch the graphs of
working if a simpler way exists. If stuck, check if there y = ex – 1 and y = e–x + 3.
is some information that has not yet been used. Keep an b Show that the point of intersection of the two
eye on what you are required to achieve. Perhaps you can curves occurs when e2x – 4ex – 1 = 0.
work backwards.
c Show that, at the point of intersection, ex = 2 + 5.
Make sure you give the answer that is required. For
ÎÎ d Hence show that the lines intersect when x ≈ 1.44.
example, if asked for a point don't just give the x-value.
a
Example 1 y
10
a Show that f(x) = x3 – 3x is an odd function. 8
b Show that f '(x) is an even function. y = ex – 1
6
c Sketch y = f(x) and y = f '(x) on the same diagram.
d When is f '(x) < 0? 4 y = e–x + 3
e What conclusions can be made about f(x) when 2

f '(x) < 0?
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 x
a f(x) = x3 – 3x
f(–x) = (–x)3 – 3(–x) b At the point of intersection:
= –x3 + 3x ex – 1 = e–x + 3
= –(x3 – 3x) e – e–x – 4 = 0
x
Multiplying every part of the
= –f(x) e2x – e0 – 4ex = 0 equation by ex.
∴ f(x) is an odd function. e – 4e – 1 = 0

2x x
b f(x) = x3 – 3x c Let u = ex
f '(x) = 3x2 – 3 ∴ u2 – 4u – 1 = 0
2
f '(–x) = 3(–x)2 – 3 ( 4) ± ( 4) 4 1 1
u=
= 3x2 – 3 2 1
= f '(x) 4± 20
=
∴ f '(x) is an even function. 2
c 4± 2 5
y =
2
y = 3x2 – 3
4 =2± 5
But ex > 0 for all values of x.
3
∴ ex = 2 + 5
2 d ex = 2 + 5
x = ln (2 + 5)
1
= 1.443 635 47…
= 1.44 (2 d.p.)
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3x
∴ the lines intersect when x ≈ 1.44.
–1
y = x3 – 3x
–2
Example 3
–3 x2
The diagram shows the parabola y = and a
2
–4
semicircle of the form y = r 2 x 2 . The graphs
intersect at A and B and the semicircle meets the x-axis

d f '(x) < 0 when –1 < x < 1 This is covered in much
greater detail in the at C and D, as shown.
e When f '(x) < 0, f(x) is decreasing. calculus section.

ADVANCED
e r 1
Ch apt g
h i n
G rap h n i q u es
y
1 2
r c Area of semicircle = πr
A B 2
Tec
1
= × π × 42
2
D 0 Cx = 25.132 7412…
= 25.1 units2 (1 d.p.)
a Show that the equation of AB is given by 5
So of the area is approximately 15.7 units2.
2 8
y = –1 + 1+r .
5 Now –1 + 17 = 3.123 105 62…
b If r = 4, show that the length of AB is about of1 the
Translations
8 Area of shaded rectangle Example
length of CD.
ÎÎ It is important to be familiar with the
= 4.998 484 27… × 3.123 105 62… shape of the Meg produc
c If r = 4, show that the area of the shaded rectanglebasic curves. You need to be able to recognise straight
5 = 15.610 794… units 2
y = –x3 – x2 +
is about of the area of the semicircle. lines, parabolas, absolute values and cubic, hyperbolic, 5 to label.
8 exponential and So the shaded
logarithmic area is
curves about
from theirof the area of the
equations.
8
a y= r x 2 2
(i) ÎÎ Adding a constant semicircle.
to the equation of a function,
x 2 y = f(x) + c, has the effect of moving the graph up, or
y= down if the constant is negative.
2
x2 = 2y (ii) ÎÎ Adding a constant into the equation of a function,
y = f(x + c), hasÎthe
ÎÎPeffect
Î R ACT I C E the graph left or right.
of moving
Substituting (ii) into (i):
1
y = r 2 2y 1 a Show that f(x) = x3 – 4x is an odd function.
3
y2 = r2 – 2y Example 1
b Show that f '(x) is an even function.
y2 + 2y – r2 = 0 The diagram shows the graph of y = x3.
c Sketch y = f(x) and y = f '(x) on the same
2± 22 4 1 ( r 2 ) diagram. y
y= 6
2 1 d When is f '(x) > 0?
2 e What 4 conclusions can be made about f(x) when Find the equ
2± 4+ 4r
= f '(x) > 0? y = x3 in the form y
2 2
2± 2 1+r 2 2 a On the same set of axes sketch the graphs of The second c
= 0 4 xe–x – 2.
2 –4 y–2= ex + 2 and 2 y= The equation
–2
2 b Show that the point of intersection of the twoy = –(x – 6)3
= –1 ± 1+r
–4 occurs when e + 4e – 1 = 0.
curves = –(x3 – 18
2x x
But y > 0, AB is parallel to the x-axis so its
2 equation is of the form y = c. c Show that, at the point of intersection,
∴ y = –1 + 1+r
ex =–6–2 + 5. = –x3 + 18
So the equation of AB is y = –1 + 1+r 2 . = –x3 + 17
d Hence show that the lines intersect when
b If r = 4, Copy the diagram andx sketch ≈ –1.44. y = x + 2 and y = x – 3 on
3 3
On AB, y = –1 + 1+ 4 2 the same diagram.

= –1 + 17 y
6
Now at A and B, x2 = 2y
y = x3
= –2 + 2 17 4 Example
x = ± 2+ 2 17 y = x3 – 3 The diagram
2
So the length of AB = 2 2+ 2 17 A translation is also known graph of y =
y = x3 + 2
= 4.998 484 27… more informally as a slide. translations
≈ 5 units
–2 p, q and r.
CD is the diameter of the semicircle.
So the length of CD is 8 units. –4
5
∴ the length of AB is approximately of the length
8 –6
of CD.
4 CHAPTER
ADVANCED 19
3 The diagram shows the parabola y = x2 – r and a
3
semicircle of the form y = r 2 x 2 , (r > 1). The b If r = 5, show that the length of AB is of the
5
graphs intersect at A and B and the semicircle length of CD.
meets the x-axis at C and D, as shown. c If r = 5, show that the area of the shaded
y
3
rectangle is about of the area of the semicircle.
5
4* a Use a pair of graphs to determine the number of
y = x2 – r solutions of the equation |x| = 5 – x.
r
A B b Without drawing any further graphs determine
y = r2 x2 the number of solution(s) of the equation
|x| = k – x where k is a constant. Justify your
answer.
C D x
–r
a Show that the equation of AB is given by

y = r – 1.
A q u i c k n ot e ! To help you study effectively we have made the Examples and Practice questions with the same
numbers very similar to each other or you will require very similar skills to solve them.
• Please see the sample below: it shows that the Example 1 question is similar to the Practice 1 question and the
Example 2 question is similar to the Practice 2 question.
» This is to enable you to practise what you have just read in an Example.
» You can also refer to the Examples when you are answering the Practice questions as their worked solutions and
tips will help you answer the questions.
• The Practice questions that have an asterisk (*) are different to the other Practice questions. They do not match
any particular Example but are designed to provide you with extra practice.
» You can see in the sample below that the Practice 3 question is a different type to the other questions and is
not directly related to any example. It is to give you further practice.
Example 1 P R ACT I C E
ÎÎ
Î
Î
The present value of an annuity of $700 per month for is similar to
1 The present value of an annuity of $800 per month
3 years is $22 207 when the interest rate is 8.4% p.a.,
for 4 years is $32 707 when the interest rate is
compounded monthly. Find the future value.
8.1% p.a., compounded monthly. Find the future
value.
Example 2 2 The future value of an annuity is $47 000 when the

investment is over 12 years and earning 4.5% p.a.
The future value of an annuity is $32 000 when the is similar to interest, compounded monthly. Find the present
investment is over 10 years and earning 4.8% p.a.
value.
interest, compounded monthly. Find the present
value. 3* What amount of money needs to be invested now
at 6% p.a. interest, compounded quarterly, to be
worth $10 000 after 4 years?
This question is different from the other Practice questions.

ADVANCED
e r 1
a pt
HSC EXAM-TYPE QUESTIONS
C h
h i n g
G rap h n i q u es
Tec
Now for the real thing! The following questions are modelled on the types of questions you will face in the HSC Examination.
If you get extensive practice at answering these sorts of questions, you will be more confident answering them in the HSC
Examination.
Remember: The Answer section is located straight after this section so that you can check the answers readily. There are
worked solutions and also ticks that indicate the mark allocation for all questions. Both these features will help you to strive
for full marks.
Make sure also that when you check your work you highlight any questions you found difficult and earmark these areas for
extra study. 1 Translations
Example
ÎÎ It is important to be familiar with the shape of the Meg produc
4 Which is the graph of y = |2x + 3|?
Total marks: 60 basic curves. You need to be able to recognise straight
A absolute values y
y = –x3 – x2 +
lines, parabolas, 7 and cubic, hyperbolic, to label.
PART A exponential and logarithmic curves from their equations.
6
(Suggested time: 15 minutes) 5
(1Î Î
markAdding
each) a constant to the equation4
3
of a function,
1 What is the y-intercept of the curve y = ex + 2?
y = f(x) + c, has the effect of moving
2 the graph up, or
down if the constant is negative. 1
A 0 B 1 0 2 8x
Adding a constant into the equation of a function,
–8 –6 –4 –2 4 6
C 2 D 3 ÎÎ
y = f(x + c), has Bthe effect of moving
y
7 the graph left or right.
2 A computer application drew four lines, but they were 6
5
not labelled. 4
y Example 1 3
2
15 The diagram shows the graph1 of y = x3.

–8 –6 –4 –2 y 0 2 4 6 8x
6
C y
10 7
4 6
Find the equ
5
4 y = x3 in the form y
5 2 3
2
1
The second c
–4 –8 –2
–6 –4
0
–2 0 22 4 46 x 8 x The equation
–10 –5 0 5 10 15 x D –2 y
7 y = –(x – 6)3
–5 –4
6
5
= –(x3 – 18
4
–6 3
= –x3 + 18
2
–10 1 = –x3 + 17
Copy the diagram and –4 –2 y 0= 2x 4+ 2
sketch 6 and y = x3 – 3 on
–8 –6
3 8x
–15 the same diagram.

5 For what values of x is x2 > 5x + 24?
y
3 6 A x < –3 and x > 8 B x < –8 and x > 3
The lines are y = –2x – 3, y = 3x – 8, y = x + 1 and C –3 < x < 8 D –8 < x < 3
2 y = x 3
x + y = 6. 4 Example
What is the point of intersection of y = –2x – 3 and 6 The diagram shows the graph of y = x3 – 9x2 + 14x.
y = yx3 – 3 The diagram
x + y = 6? 2
A (–9, 15) B (1, –5) y = x3 + 2 40
C (2, 4) D (3.5, 2.5) 0 x

–4 –2 2 20 4 Determine t
3 The curve y = e – e is:
x –x
–2 p, q and r.
–2 0 2 4 6 8 x
A even.
–4 –20
B odd.
C neither even nor odd. –40
–6
D both even and odd.
How many solutions are there to the equation
x3 – 9x2 + 14x = 10?
A 3 B 2 C 1 D 0
≈
4 CHAPTER
ADVANCED 21
7 Which function is continuous at x = 4? PART B (Suggested time: 90 minutes)
Show all working.
6 x for x < 4
A f(x) =
2x 5 for x 4 11 Consider the curve y = 4x2 – 12x + 5.
a Where does the curve cut the y-axis? (1 mark)
x2 2x 6 for x 4 b Find the x-intercepts. (2 marks)
B f(x) =
x for x >4 c What is the equation of the axis of symmetry? (1 mark)
x d What are the coordinates of the vertex? (1 mark)
C f(x) = e Sketch the curve. (1 mark)
x 4
x
12 a Show that f(x) = 12x – x3 is an odd function. (1 mark)
D f(x) = e for x < 4

4
b Given that y = f(x) has a turning point
e 4 x for x 4 at (2, 16) and cuts the x-axis at (2 3, 0),
sketch the curve. (2 marks)
8 The shaded region is where: 13 a Sketch the graph of y = ex + 1. (1 mark)

y
x–y=2 b On the same diagram show the line y = x and the
2
reflection of the graph of y = ex + 1 in
y = ln x that line. (2 marks)
c What is the equation of the reflected graph? (1 mark)
0 x
–2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
14 The displacements from the origin, x metres at time
–2 t seconds, of 2 particles A and B are given by
xA = 4t + 5 and xB = t3 – 4t2.
–4 The diagram shows the graph of x = t3 – 4t2 for t ≥ 0.
x
A y ≤ ln x, x – y ≥ 2 B y ≥ ln x, x – y ≤ 2 40
C y ≥ ln x, x – y ≥ 2 D y ≤ ln x, x – y ≤ 2
35
1
9 What are the equations of the asymptotes of y = ? 30
x+2
25
A x = 0 and y = 2 B x = 0 and y = –2 x = t3 – 4t2
C x = –2 and y = 0 D x = 2 and y = 0 20
15
10 The graph shows y = 1 + 2x – x2 and a translation of
that graph. 10
5
y
4
y = 1 + 2x – x2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6t
2 –5
–10
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 x
–2 –15
–4 When is particle B further from the origin than

–6 particle A? (2 marks)
15 a Solve x – 25x + 144 = 0.

4 2
(2 marks)
What is the equation of the translated graph? b Explain why the solutions to the above
A y = –5 – 6x – x2 B y = 1 – 4x – x2 equation give the x-values of the points of
C y = –21 + 10x – x2
D y = 43 + 10x – x2 intersection of the circle x2 + y2 = 25 and the
12
hyperbola y = . (2 marks)
x
c Write down the points of intersection of
xy = –12 and y = – 25 x 2 . (2 marks)

e r 1ax +b
x4 t curve y = results from translating the curve
a pThe
16 Consider f(x) = . The diagram shows the graphs
16
Ch
19
h i n g cx +d
G rap h n i q u es
of y = f(x), y = f(2x), y = 2f(x). 1
y y = firstly 2 units to the right and then 3 units down.
x
Tec
7
p q r Sketch the curves on the same diagram.
a (2 marks)
6
What are the equations of the asymptotes
b
5 ax +b
4
of y = ? (2 marks)
cx +d
3 c Would this be the same result if the curve
2 was first translated 3 units down and
1 1 Translations then 2 units right?
Example
(1 mark)
0 ÎÎIt is importantdtoFind the values

be familiar a, b,
withofthe c andofd.the
shape (3 marks)
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 x Meg produc
basic curves. 20 You need toybe
a Sketch = able
ex – 2toand
recognise
y = e–x straight
+ 1 on the same y = –x3 – x2 +
Identify the curves, justifying your answer. (3 lines,
marks) parabolas, absolute values and cubic, hyperbolic,
diagram. tomarks)
(2 label.
17 a On the same diagram sketch y = ln x, exponential and logarithmic curves from their equations.
b How many points of intersection are there? (1 mark)
y = ln(x + 3), y = ln(x3) and y = ln (3x), clearlyÎÎ Adding a constant to the equation
c Explain of a function,
why the x-value(s) of the point(s) of
labelling each curve. (4 y = f(x) + c, has theintersection
marks) effect of moving
can bethe graph
found byup, or the
solving
b Briefly comment on similarities and differences down if the constant is negative.
equation e – 3e = 1.
2x x
(1 mark)
between the curves. Î(2Î Adding
marks) a constant d Find theequation
into the point(s)of ofaintersection,
function, giving
y = f(x + c), has the all values
effect correct
of moving thetograph
one decimal place.
left or right. (3 marks)
18 The graph shows y = f(x) for x ≥ 0, where
f(x) = x4 – 4x2.
y
Example 1
4 The diagram shows the graph of y = x3.
y = f (x)
y
2 6
4 Find the equ

0
1 2 3 4 x y = x3 in the form y
2
–2
The second c
–4 –2 0 2 4x The equation
–4 –2
y = –(x – 6)3
a Copy and complete the graph for x < 0. (3 marks) –4 = –(x3 – 18
b On a separate diagram sketch
–6 = –x3 + 18
y = f(x – 3) + 1. (2 marks)
= –x3 + 17
Copy the diagram and sketch y = x3 + 2 and y = x3 – 3 on
the same diagram.
y
6
y = x3
4 Example
y = x3 – 3 The diagram
2
y = x3 + 2
–2 p, q and r.
–4
–6
4 CHAPTER
ADVANCED 23
ANSWERS
PRACTICE 5 p is y = |x|.
q is a translation of p, 2 units to the left and 3 units up.
1 Translations Ü pp. 5–6
q is y = |x + 2| + 3
1 r is a translation of p, 4 units to the right and 1 unit down.
y r is y = |x – 4| – 1.
8 So p is y = |x|, q is y = |x + 2| + 3 and r is y = |x – 4| – 1.
y = x2 + 2x + 4
2 Dilations Ü pp. 7–8
6
1 q passes through (1, –1) and (–1, 1) so it is y = –x3.
r passes through (1, –2) so it is y = –2x3.
4 x3
p is y =
2
y = x2 + 2x The curves all have a basic cubic shape and all pass through the
2 origin.
x3
y = –2x3 is narrower than y = –x3 and y = is wider.
2
2
0 x y
–4 –2 2
3
y = x2 + 2x – 2
–2 2 y = x 3 – x2
1
–4
0
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3x
2 The first curve is y = x3 – 9x2 + 11x + 21. –1
y = –x3 + x2
The second curve has moved 5 units to the right. –2
The equation is:
y = (x – 5)3 – 9(x – 5)2 + 11(x – 5) + 21 –3
y = x3 – 15x2 + 75x – 125 – 9x2 + 90x – 225 + 11x – 55 + 21
y = x3 – 24x2 + 176x – 384 3 a f(x) = x2 – x
f(3x) = (3x)2 – (3x)
3 y = e2x – 1
= 9x2 – 3x
When x = 0,
b The curves are y = x2 – x, y = 3x2 – 3x and y = 9x2 – 3x.
y = e2 × 0 – 1
Now both y = x2 – x and y = 3x2 – 3x have x-intercepts at 0 and 1.
= e–1
x-intercepts of y = 9x2 – 3x occur when
≈ 0.368
9x2 – 3x = 0
So q is the curve y = e2x – 1.
3x(3x – 1) = 0
p has moved 2 units to the left. 1
x = 0 or x =
p: y = e2(x + 2) – 1 3
y = e2x + 3 So p is y = 9x2 – 3x
r has moved 3 units to the right. 2
1 1 1 1
r: y = e2(x – 3) – 1 When x = , x2 – x = =
2 2 2 4
y = e2x – 7
1 3
So p is the curve y = e2x + 3, q is y = e2x – 1 and r is y = e2x – 7. 3x2 – 3x = 3 =–
4 4
ax +b 1 So r is y = x2 – x and q is y = 3x2 – 3x.

4 y= is a translation of y = moving 3 units to the right and
cx +d x Multiplying by 3 has the effect of narrowing the curve.
5 units up. y = f(3x) is a narrower version of y = f(x) without moving the
1 curve up or down. y = 3f(x) is also narrower but the vertex has
So y = +5
x 3 also moved down.
1+5( x 3)
=
x 3
5x 14
=
x 3
∴ a = 5, b = –14, c = 1 and d = –3.

e r 1
Ch apt g
i n
4 a 2 a
y
10
y = |12x – 8|
y = 4|3x – 8| h
G rap h n i q u es 3
y
y = f(3(x + 2))
Tec
8
y = f(x + 2)
6 2
y = |3x – 8| y = f(x)
4 1
2
0 x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
–1 0 2
1 2
2
2 3 4 5 6 x 1 Translations
3 3 –1 Example
b All curves are the V shape of absolute curves. Both y = Î |3xÎ –It8|is important to be familiar with the shape of the
b
Meg produc
1 31 23
and y = 4|3x – 8| meet the x-axis at the same pointx 2– x4x basic curves. You
, 0– ,4x need to be able to recognise straight y = –x3 – x2 +
3 33 lines, parabolas, absolute yvalues and cubic, hyperbolic, to label.
but y = 4|3x – 8| is narrower than y = |3x – 8|. y = |12x – 8| is a 3
exponential and logarithmic curves fromy their
= f(3x + 2)
equations.
translation of y = 4|3x – 8|, 2 units to the left.
Adding a constant to the equation of a function,y = f(3x)
ÎÎ
3 Mixed transformations Ü p. 9 y = f(x) + c, has the effect2 of moving the graph up, or
1 a y down if the constant is negative. y = f(x)
y = 2|x| + 6
12
Adding a constant into the
ÎÎ 1 equation of a function,
11
y = f(x + c), has the effect of moving the graph left or right.
10
y = |x| + 3
9
8 Example 1 0 x
–1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
7
y = |x| The diagram shows the graph of y = x . 3
6 –1
5 y
6
4 c The different order of applying the transformations gives
3 different results,
4 but all the graphs are translations of eachFind other.the equ
2 ln (3(x+ 2)) = ln 3y += xln3 (x + 2) so in the first case, y = ln x in
first
the form y
1 2
moves 2 units to the left and then up ln 3 units. In the second
2
–6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6x case it moves up ln 3 units first and then of a unit to theThe left. second c
–4 –2 0 2 4 x 3
b y
The equation
3* a f(x)–2= 5 + 4x – x2
y = 2|x| + 3 y = –(x – 6)3
8 1 1 = –(x3 – 18
f(x) – 1–4= (5 + 4x – x2) – 1
2 2
7
y = 2|x| –6= 2 1 + 2x – 1 x2 – 1 = –x3 + 18
6 2 2
= –x3 + 17
1 1 2
= 1 y +=2x3– x
Copy the diagram and sketch 2 x +22 and y = x – 3 on
5 3
y = |x| the same diagram.

4 y
y 8
3 6 y = f(x)
y =6x3
2 4 1
y = f(x) – 1 Example
4 2
1 y = x3 – 3 The diagram
2 2
y = x3 + 2
–6 –4 –2
0
2 4 6 x more informally as a slide. translations
0 0 x x
–4 –2 2–2 4 2 4 6 Determine t
c The final result in each case is two graphs that are translations –2
of each other. By first adding 3 and then multiplying by 2 the –2 p, q and r.
–4
curve moves up 2 × 3 or 6 units whereas when the function is
first multiplied by 2 and then 3 added it moves up 3 units. In –4 –6
both cases the multiplication by 2 means that the final curve is
narrower than the original. –6 –8
b No, here each y-value is halved and then moved down 1 unit
1
whereas y = f(x – 1) would have first moved right one unit and
2
≈
then each y-value would be halved.
4 CHAPTER
ADVANCED 25
4 Sketching graphs Ü p. 10 When x = 4,
y = 43 – 13 × 4 – 12
1 a y = x + 2x – 24x
3 2
=0
When y = 0,
∴ the curve cuts the x-axis at –3, –1 and 4.
x3 + 2x2 – 24x = 0
c When x = –2, y
x(x2 + 2x – 24) = 0 y = x3 – 13x – 12
y = (–2)3 – 13 × –2 – 12
x(x + 6)(x – 4) = 0 50
=6
x = 0 or x = –6 or x = 4
When x = 2,
b As x → ∞, y → ∞
6 x
y = 23 – 13 × 2 – 12 0
c –4 –2 2 4
y = –30
80 –50
y = x3 + 2x2 – 24x
60
40 5 Using symmetry Ü p. 12
20 1 a y = 9x2 + 30x + 29 y = 9x2 + 30x + 29 y

= 9x2 + 30x + 25 + 4
0 60
x = (3x + 5)2 + 4
–6 4
–20 b Axis: 3x + 5 = 0
2 40
x = –1
–40 3
2 20
c Vertex (–1 , 4)
3
2 y = (x + 3)(x – 1)(x – 4)(x – 7) y-intercept = 29
–6 –4 –2
0
2 x
x-intercepts are –3, 1, 4 and 7
y-intercept = 3 × –1 × –4 × –7
2 a f(x) = –9x4 + 37x2 – 4
= –84
f(–x) = –9(–x)4 + 37(–x)2 – 4
As x → ∞, y → ∞
y = –9x4 + 37x2 – 4
y = (x + 3)(x – 1)(x – 4)(x – 7)
= f(x)
∴ f(x) is an even function. y y = –9x4 + 37x2 – 4
b f(0) = –4
20
When f(x) = 0,
–3 0 1 4 7 x –9x4 + 37x2 – 4 = 0 0
–2 –4 2 x
–1 1
9x4 – 37x2 + 4 = 0 3 3
–20
(9x2 – 1)(x2 – 4) = 0
–84
9x2 = 1 or x2 = 4
1
x = ± or x = ±2
3
As x → ∞ , y → –∞
3
y 3 a f(x) = x3 – 9x
y = log2x + log3x
y = log2x f(–x) = (–x)3 – 9(–x)
= –x3 + 9x
2
= –(x3 – 9x)
y = log3x = –f(x)
0 x ∴ f(x) is an odd function.
2 4 6 b If f(x) = 0
0 = x3 – 9x y
–2
= x(x2 – 9)
x = 0 or x2 = 9 y = x3 – 9x
4 y = x3 – 13x – 12
x = 0 or x = ±3
a The curve cuts the y-axis at (0, –12). –3 0 3 x
f(1.5) = (1.5)3 – 9 × 1.5
b When x = –3,
= –10.125
y = (–3)3 – 13 × –3 – 12
As x → ∞ , y → ∞
=0
When x = –1,
y = (–1)3 – 13 × –1 – 12 = 0

e r 1
Ch apt g
i n
4 a 1
2
y
y = f(x)
3
h
G rap h n i q u es
a f(x) =
f(–x) =
1 x2
1
4
y
Tec
0 x 1 ( x)
2
–4 –2 2 4
–2 1 2
=
1 x2 1
–4 y=
= f(x) 1 x2
b ∴ the function is even.
y –1 0 1 x
6 b The function is not defined
when 1 – x2 ≤ 0.
4 1 Translations So when x ≤ –1 or x ≥ 1
y = f(x) Example
2 c f(0) = 1
ÎÎIt is important to be familiar with the shape of the Meg produc
As x → 1–, f(x) → ∞
basic curves. You need to be able to recognise straight y = –x3 – x2 +
0 x 5
–4 –2 2 4 lines, parabolas,
4 y = absolute values and cubic, hyperbolic, to label.
–2
2x 1
–4 Now 2x – 1 ≠ 0
ÎÎ
2x ≠ 1
6 Discontinuities and asymptotes Ü p. 13 1
x≠
2
2x 1 Adding a constant into the equation of a function,
ÎÎ
1 a y= 1
x y = f(x + c), hasThere is a vertical
the effect asymptote
of moving at x =left
the graph .
2 or right.
2x 1 1
= When x > , 2x – 1 > 0 and so y > 0.
x x 2
1 Example 1
=2– 1
x When x < , 2x – 1 < 0 and 3so y < 0.
The diagram shows the graph
2 of y = x .
So the asymptotes are x = 0 and y = 2.
b
y asymptote at y = 0.
There is a horizontal
y
When x = 0, 6y = –5.
6
4 y
Find the equ
5y=x in the form y
3
5
4 2 y=
2x 1
The second c
0 4x
2
–4 –2 02
y=
2x 1
x The equation
x –2
–5 5 y = –(x – 6)3
–4 –2 0 2 4 x = –(x3 – 18
–4
–5
–2
–6 = –x3 + 18
x 2
4x + 2 for x 2 = –x3 + 17
2 a f(x) = 2
7 Graphical
Copy the diagram solution
and sketch y = xof3 +
equations
2 and y =Üx3pp.
– 315–16
on
x + 4x 1 for x < 2
f(2) = 22 – 4 × 2 + 2 the same diagram. 80
1 a
m= =4
= –2 20
y
6 The
=4gradient is 4 and it represents the extra cost to make each
When x = 2, bag of 'sweetbeans'.
y = x3
–x2 + 4x – 1 = –22 + 4 × 2 – 1 4 b The y-intercept is 180. It represents the fixed costs. Example
= 3 (≠ f(2)) c
y = x3 – 3 income The diagram
∴ the function is not continuous. 2 800
A translationcost
is also known graph of y =
b y = x3 + 2
y
–4 –2 0 2
600 4 x Determine t
p, q and r.
Dollars
y = f(x)
5 –2
400
–4
–5 5 x
–6 200
–5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

–10 Number sold
≈
4 CHAPTER
ADVANCED 27
d The break-even point is when 120 bags of 'sweetbeans' are sold. 8 Regions Ü pp. 16–17
Both the cost and income are $660.
1 Consider (0, 2) in each equation: 2 > –1; 2 < 9 – 02; 2 < 3 – 2 × 0
e The profit when 150 bags are sold is $45.
f If 100 bags are sold there will be a loss of $30. y
10
2 a The area is equal to the length by the width.
y = 3 – 2x y = 9 – x2
So 65 = xy
65 5
y=
x
b Now the width is 8 cm shorter than the length. –4 –2 2 4
So y = x – 8 x
y = –1
y
30 –5
25 65
y=
x
20 2 Consider (0, 3) in each equation: 3 > 20; 3 < 16 02
y=x–8
15 So y ≥ 2x and y ≤ 16 x 2 .
3 Consider (2, 2) in each equation: 2 < 4; 2 < |2 + 3| – 2;
10
2 > |2 × 2 – 3| – 1
5 So y ≤ 4, y ≤ |x + 3| – 2 and y ≥ |2x – 3| – 1.
9 Solving inequalities Ü p. 17
0 x
5 10 15 20 25 30 1 a
From the graph the length is 13 cm and the width is 5 cm. y

8
y = |2x + 3|
3 x3 – 11x + 6 = 0
x3 = 11x – 6
6
y y = x3
40
y=5
y = 11x – 6 4
20
0 x 2
–4 –2 2 4
–20
–40 0 x
–6 –4 –2 2
–60 From the graph |2x + 3| ≥ 5 when x ≤ –4 and x ≥ 1.
From the graph there are three points of intersection. 2 x2 – 3x < 4
So there are three solutions to the equation x3 – 11x + 6 = 0. x2 – 3x – 4 < 0
4 a There are three solutions to the equation x3 – 4x = x2 – 4. Let y = x2 – 3x – 4
= (x + 1)(x – 4)
y
6 y
y = x2 – 3x – 4
4
y = x2 – 4
2
0
–4 –2 2 4 x
–2
y = x3 – 4x x
–4 –1 4
–6
b The line y = 4x – 4 will intersect the cubic curve y = x3 – x2

three times.
Rearranging the equation x3 – 4x = x2 – 4 gives x3 – x2 = 4x – 4 From the graph y < 0 when –1 < x < 4.
so there are the same number of solutions to both equations ∴ x2 – 3x < 4 when –1 < x < 4.
because they are in fact the same equation.

e r 1
Ch apt g
i n
3 6x2 ≥ 19x – 10 2 a
h
y
G rap h n i q u es
6x2 – 19x + 10 ≥ 0 y
6
Let y = 6x2 – 19x + 10
y = 6x2 – 19x + 10 y = e–x – 2 y = ex + 2
Tec
= (3x – 2)(2x – 5)
4
From the graph y ≥ 0 when
2 1 2
x ≤ or x ≥ 2 .
3 2
2
2
1 x
3 2
∴ 6x2 ≥ 19x – 10 when –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
2 1 –2
x≤ or x ≥ 2 .
3 2 1 Translations
b At the point of intersection: Example
4 8 + 2x – x2 ≥ 0 It is important to be familiar
y ÎÎ ex + 2 = e–xwith
– 2 the shape of the Meg produc
Let y = 8 + 2x – x2 basic curves. You eneed
y = 8 + 2x – x
2
x –xto be able to recognise straight
–e +4=0
5 y = –x3 – x2 +
= (2 + x)(4 – x) lines, parabolas, absolute
e2x – e0 + 4evalues
= 0 and cubic, hyperbolic, to label.
x
From the graph y ≥ 0 exponential and logarithmic

e + 4e – 1 = curves
2x x
0 from their equations.
–4 –2 2 4 6 x
when –2 ≤ x ≤ 4.
ÎÎ Adding a constant
c Let to u =the
e equation of a function,
x
∴ 8 + 2x – x2 ≥ 0 –5
y = f(x) + c, has the
∴ u2effect
+ 4u –of1 =moving
0 the graph up, or
when –2 ≤ x ≤ 4. down if the constant is4± negative.
2
–10 4 4 1 1
u=
ÎÎ Adding a constant into the equation 2 1 of a function,
y = f(x + c), has the effect4±of moving
20 the graph left or right.
10 Solving problems Ü pp. 19–20
=
2
1 Example 1 4± 2 5
1 a f(x) = x3 – 4x =
3 2
The diagram shows=the graph of y = x3.
–2 ± 5
1
f(–x) = (–x)3 – 4(–x)
3 But ex > 0 for yall values of x.
6
1 ∴ ex = –2 + 5
= – x3 + 4x
3 d ex = –2 + 4 5 Find the equ
1 y = x3 in the form y
= – x 3 – 4x x = ln (–22+ 5)
3 = –1.443 635 47…
= –f(x) = –1.44 (2 0 d.p.)
The second c
–4 –2 2 4x The equation
∴ f(x) is an odd function. ∴ the lines intersect when x ≈ –1.44.
–2
b f '(x) = x2 – 4
2
y = –(x – 6)3
f '(–x) = (–x)2 – 4 3 a y= r x 2 (i) = –(x3 – 18
–4
= x2 – 4 y = x – r (ii)
2
= f '(x) At the points

–6 of intersection: = –x3 + 18
∴ f '(x) is an even function. x2 – r = r 2 x 2 = –x3 + 17
c Copy the diagram and x –sketch
4
2rx2 + ry2 =
= rx23–+x22 and y = x3 – 3 on
y
the same diagram. x – (2r – 1)x = 0
4 2
y = f(x) 6
y = f '(x) x2(x2 – (2r – 1)) = 0
4 y
6 x = 0 or x2 = 2r – 1
2
Substituting
y = x3into (ii):
x
4 If x = 0, y = –r Example
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–2 But yy>=0x3at–A3 and B. The diagram
2
–4 ∴ x2 = 2r – 1 A translation is also known graph of y =
y = x3 + 2
y = 2r – 1 – r more informally as a slide. translations
–6
=r–1
d f '(x) > 0 when x < –2 and x > 2. –2 So the equation of AB is y = r – 1. p, q and r.
e When f '(x) > 0, f(x) is increasing. b If r = 5,
–4 On AB, y = 5 – 1
=4
–6
Now at A and B, x2 = y + r
=9
x = ±3
≈
4 CHAPTER
ADVANCED 29
So the length of AB = 2 × 3 5 A. x2 > 5x + 24 y
= 6 units x – 5x – 24 > 0
2
y = (x + 3)(x – 8)
CD is the diameter of the semicircle. (x + 3)(x – 8) > 0 –3 8 x
So the length of CD is 10 units. From the graph,

3 (x + 3)(x – 8) > 0 when
∴ the length of AB is of the length of CD.
5 x < –3 and x > 8.
1
c Area of semicircle = π r2
2
1
= × π × 52 6 C. There is only one point of intersection between y = 10 and
2 y = x3 – 9x2 + 14x.
= 39.269 908 1…
y
= 39.3 units2 (1 d.p.) y = x3 – 9x2 + 14x
3 40
So of the area is approximately 23.6 units2.
5
Area of shaded rectangle = 6 × 4 20 y = 10
= 24 units2
3 –2 0 2 4 6 8 x
So the shaded area is about of the area of the semicircle.
5 –20
4 a The equation |x| = 5 – x has one solution.
–40
y
8
7 B. When x = 4,
6
y=5–x x2 – 2x – 6 = 42 – 2 × 4 – 6
y = |x| =2
4
4=2
2 x 2 2x 6 for x 4
So f(x) = is continuous at x = 4.
x for x >4
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6 x
8 D. When x = 1.5 and y = 0,
x – y = 1.5 (< 2)
b If k > 0, the equation |x| = k – x will have one solution.
ln 1.5 = 0.405 465… (> 0)
If k < 0 the equation will have no solutions and if k = 0 there will
be infinite solutions. The line y = k – x will be parallel to one So y ≤ ln x, x – y ≤ 2
branch of y = |x|. When k is positive, the line y = k – x will cut 9 C. x+2≠0
the other branch in one place, but if k is negative the line will not
So x ≠ –2
intersect y = |x|. If k = 0 the line will coincide with one branch of 1
y = |x|. The asymptotes of y = are x = –2 and y = 0.
x+2
10 A. The graph has moved 4 units left and 2 units up.

HSC EXAM-TYPE QUESTIONS So y = 1 + 2(x + 4) – (x + 4)2 + 2
Part A y = 1 + 2x + 8 – x2 – 8x – 16 + 2
y = –5 – 6x – x2
1 D. y = ex + 2
y
When x = 0, 4
y = e0 + 2 y = 1 + 2x – x2
2
=1+2
=3 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 x
–2
2 A. The point of intersection of y = –2x – 3 and x + y = 6 is (–9, 15).
3 B. f(x) = ex – e–x is: –4
f(–x) = e–x – e–(–x) –6

= e–x – ex
= –(ex – e–x)
= –f(x) Part B
11 y = 4x2 – 12x + 5.
4 B. When x = 0, y = 3
a y-intercept = 5
When y = 0, x = – 1.5
The curve cuts the y-axis at (0, 5). Î

e r 1
b 4x – 12x + 5 = 0
2
Ch apt g
i n
14 From the graph, particle B is further from the origin than
4x2 – 2x – 10x + 5 = 0
2x(2x – 1) – 5(2x – 1) = 0
(2x – 1)(2x – 5) = 0
h
G rap h n i q u es
particle A after 5 seconds. Î
x
Tec
40
1 1
x = or x = 2 35
2 2
1 1 30
x-intercepts are and 2 . Î
2 2 25
x = 4t + 5
1 20
c Axis: x = 1 Î
2
15
d When x = 1.5,
1 Translations 10
y = 4(1.5)2 – 12(1.5) + 5 Example
= –4 It is important to5 be familiar with the shape of the
ÎÎ Meg produc
The vertex is (1.5, –4). Î basic curves. You need to be able to recognise straight y = –x3 – x2 +
0 5 6 thyperbolic,
e lines, parabolas,–1–5
absolute 1 values
2 3 and 4 cubic,
to label.
y exponential and logarithmic curves x = from
t3 – 4t2 their equations.
8
–10
y = 4x2 – 12x + 5 Adding a constant to the equation of a function,
ÎÎ
6 –15
4 
2 15 a xinto
Adding a constant
ÎÎ
4
– 25x
the+equation
2
144 = 0 of a function,
(x 2
– 9)(x 2
– 16) = 0 the graph left or right.
y = f(x + c), has the effect of moving
–2 –1 1 2 3 4 x so x2 = 9 or x2 = 16
–2 x = ±3 or x = ±4 Î
Example 1 b x2 + y2 = 25 (i)
–4

12 of y = x .
The diagram shows the graph 3
y= (ii)
12 a f(x) = 12x – x3 x y
f(–x) = 12(–x) – (–x)3 6
Substitute (ii) into (i).
= –12x + x3 2
4 12 Find the equ
= –(12x – x3) x2 + = 25
x y = x3 in the form y
= –f(x) 4 2
x + 144 = 25x2
∴ f(x) is odd. Î x – 25x2 + 144 = 0 Î
4
b The second c
y
–4 –2 0 2 4x 12 Thebyequation
The simultaneous
–2
solution of x + y = 25 and y = is given
2 2
(2, 16) x y = –(x – 6)3

y = 12x – x3
the equation x4 – 25x2 + 144 = 0 so the solutions to the equation
= –(x3 – 18
–4
give the x-values of the points of intersection of the circle
12
x2 + y2 =–6
25 and the hyperbola y = . Î = –x3 + 18
–2 3 0 2 3 x x
= –x3 + 17
c The graphs would intersect at (3, –4)3and (4, –3). 
Copy the diagram and sketch y = x + 2 and y = x – 3 on
3
the same diagram. x4

(–2, –16) 16 f(x) =
16
 y 4
6 (2x )
13 a, b f(2x) = = x4
16y = x3
y y = ex + 1 4 Example
2x 4 x 4
2f(x) = =
4 y=x y16= x3 –83 The diagram
2 x4
is alsorknown
so graph is y = f(x). graph of y =
2 y = x3 + 2 Now the widest curve will be Ay translation
= Î
more16
informally as a slide. translations
–2 The0 narrowest4curvex is y = x so graph p is y = f(2x). Î

4
–4 2 Determine t
0 x So graph q will be y = 2f(x). Î p, q and r.
–4 –2 2 4 –2
–2
–4
y = ln(x – 1)
–4
–6

c The reflected graph is the graph of y = ln x moved 1 unit to the
right. So it is y = ln (x – 1). Î
≈
4 CHAPTER
ADVANCED 31
17 a
b x = 2 and y = –3 Î
y c Yes. Î
d Second curve:
y = ln(x3)
4 1
y = ln(3x) y= – 3 Î
x 2
2
y = ln(x + 3) 1 3( x 2)
y = ln x =
x 2
–2 2 4 6 x 3x +7
= Î
–2 x 2
∴ a = –3, b = 7, c = 1 and d = –2 Î
–4
20 a
 y
b Three of the curves, y = ln x, y = ln (x + 3) and y = ln (3x), are the 5
same shape and size. y = ln(x + 3) is the curve y = ln x translated y = ex – 2
4
3 units to the left. ln (3x) = ln 3 + ln x so y = ln (3x) is the curve y
= ln x translated up ln 3 units. ln x3 = 3 ln x so the graph of 3
y = ln x3 has the same x-intercept as y = ln x but has been 2
stretched. Each y-value is three times the corresponding y-value y = e–x + 1
of y = ln x. Î 1
18 a f(x) = x4 – 4x2 x
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
f(–x) = (–x)4 – 4(–x)2 –1
= x4 – 4x2 –2

= f(x)
b There is one point of intersection. Î
∴ f(x) is an even function. Î
c At the point of intersection:
y ex – 2 = e–x + 1
4 ex – e–x – 3 = 0
y = f(x) ex(ex – e–x – 3) = 0
2 e2x – 1 – 3ex = 0
e2x – 3ex = 1
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 x So solving that equation will give the x-value at the point of
–2
intersection. 
d e2x – 3ex = 1
–4 Let u = ex
 So u2 – 3u – 1 = 0
b
b± b 2 4ac
y u=
2a
4
2
y = f(x – 3) + 1 ( 3)± ( 3) 4 1 1
=
2 2 1
3± 13
= Î
–1 1 2 3 4 5 x 2
–2 ∴ u = 3.302 775 63… or u = –0.302 775 63…
But ex > 0 for all real values of x.
–4
 ∴ ex = 3.302 775 63…
∴ x = 1.194 763 21…
19 a
x = 1.2 (1 d.p.) Î
y
1 Now y = ex – 2
3
y=
x
ax +b
= 1.302 775 63…
2 y=
cx +d = 1.3 (1 d.p.)
1
∴ the only point of intersection is (1.2, 1.3), each value to one
x decimal place. Î
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–1
–2
–3
–4


r 2
apt e
T -e t r i c
ple 2 Ch
- R
o InG oH m EaTpRhYs Amplitude
Example=3 2 Amplitude =
y = 2 tan x
NTOrNig N
d O
for –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π.
On gMr Period
2
= y = 2 tan x
Sketch for –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π. Period =
2
Ga
4 4
I
2 2
Rs
TOPIC:
y
LcEtDi oTn π
y = 2 tan(x – )
=π y π
y = 2 tan(x – ) TRIGONOMETRIC
=π
Gn
4 4
N
Af u
y = –3 sin 2x FUNCTIONS y = –3 sin 2
6
2
= –3 sin 2 x 2
= –3 sin 2
12
π –π 0 π π 3π 2π x So the–2π
curve3πmoves
–π units0 to
π the
π right. 3π 2π x So the curve
–π π – –π
12 π
2 21 Review
4 2 of trig 2functions 2 2 4 2 2
–2 When x = 0, Example 1 –2 When x = 0,
 A radian is a measure of angle size. An angle measures
y = –3 sin Express 75° in radians in terms of π. y = –3 sin
one radian if the arc it subtends on a unit circle measures 6
one unit in length. π radians = 180°. 1 75 1
= –3 × 75°curve
The = y = 3 sin 2x has been shifted 12
to the right
= –3 ×
 y = sin x, y = cos x andincluding
The curve, y = tan x are functions of x
asymptotes, 2 180This is sufficient
and inverted. It is
The information
important totobesketch
curve, includingable tothe
'think in radians'. There
asymptotes, 2
(measured in radians).
moves units to the right. = 1.5 curve; however,
5 finding other
shouldvalues helps
be no
movesandunits
needas to
a check. = 1.5
convert back and forth between
to the right.
4 = degrees 4 radians unless specifically instructed.
 The graphs of the trig functions are periodic, meaning y 12
3
that they repeat after a certain interval.
2
ple 3  y = sin x and y = cos x have period 2π. Example 3
y y = sin x
Example
1 2
are application showed this graph of1 2
A software application showed this graph of
Find cos , giving the answer correct to four decimal
s (ax + b), k > 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ π. y = k cos (ax + b), k
0
–π places.
> 0,
π
0
5 ≤ b ≤
2π
π. 3π x
–3π –2π –3π –2π
y –1 y
2 2 2 The calculator must be in
0
cos
–2 = 0.309 016 994… radians mode.
–3π – 5π –2π – 3π –π – π π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π x 5
1 = 0.3090 (4 d.p.)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 –3 π
y = –3 sin (2x – )
6
–1x x
–π π 2π –2π –π π 2π
Example 3
–1 y –1
1 a
Sketch y = sin x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
y = cos x  P R ACT I C E  P R ACT
b What is the range?
–2 –2
1 Sketch y = cos x . 1 Sketch y
a 2
e values of k, a and b.
–3π – 5π –2π – 3π –π – π 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π 4π x
Find the values of k, a y
and b.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Sketch2 y = 4 tan x + 1 for –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π. 2 Sketch y
y = k cos (ax + b) 4
y = sin x
s (ax + b)
ph has amplitude 2, so k = 2. (k > 0) The graph has amplitude 2, so k = 2. (k > 0)
–1 3 A software application showed this graph of 3 A softwa
ph completes 3 cycles from 0 to 2π. The graph completes 3 cycles from 0 to 2π.
sin x y = k cos (ax + b), k > 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ . y = k cos
.  y = tan x has period π. tan x = So a = 3.
so tan x is undefined 0 π π 3π 22 2π x
= 0, y = –2 whenever cos x = 0. cosx When x = 0, y = –2 2
y
2 cos b The phase shift is units to the
3
So –2 = 2 cos b 2
The phase shift is units to the
3
–1 y cos b = –1
left. 2 cos (3x + π) = 2 cos 3 x + . –1 left. 2 cos (3x + π) = 2 cos 3 x +sin x. and cos x always
Remember:
π (0 ≤ b ≤ π) 3
y = tan x
b = π (0 ≤ b 1≤ π)2 3
lie between (inclusively) –1 and 1.
b Range: –1 ≤ y ≤ 1
0 x
–2π –π π 2π –2π
ple 4 1 Example
x 4
–1
y = –3 sin 2x 0 y = –3 sin
 2x P R ACT. ICE
– 5π. – π –1 Sketch
–2π – 3π –π π π 3π 2π 5π
62 2 2 2 2 2 6
1 Express
–2 108° in radians in terms of π.
3
Find the values2of k,
Find sin b. , giving the answer correct to four
a and Find the
8
decimal places.
EXCEL YEAR 12 MATHEMATICS ADVANCED 36 2: TRIGONOMETRIC

CHAPTER EXCEL YEAR 12FUNCTIONS ANDADVANCED
MATHEMATICS GRAPHS 33
Example 3
3 a Sketch y = cos x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
b What is the range? Sketch y = 4 tan x.
y y = 4 tan x
4* a Sketch y = tan x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π. 6
b What is the range? 4
c What is the significance of y = 1 to the graph?
2
Answers Ü p. 46
0 x
–3π –2π –π π 2π 3π
–2
2 Amplitude and y = kf(x) –4
 If a trig function is multiplied by a constant the effect is –6
to stretch the curve vertically. If the constant is negative

the curve will be inverted.
y Because tan = 1 the curve will
 The amplitude is the distance 4
k pass through the point , 4 .
from the central position to the amplitude 4
maximum (or minimum) position.
 For y = k sin x and y = k cos x the
amplitude is |k|. 0 x
 y = k tan x will pass through the  P R ACT I C E
point ,k. 1 Sketch y = 4 sin x.

4
2 Sketch y = –cos x for –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π.
Example 1
3 Sketch y = 2 tan x.
Sketch y = 3 cos x.
y 1
3 4* Sketch y = sin x for 0 ≤ x ≤ π.
y = 3 cos x
2
Answers Ü p. 46
–2π –π 0 π 2π 3π x 3 Period and y = f(ax)

The amplitude
is 3. The range  All trigonometric functions are periodic, meaning they
is –3 ≤ y ≤ 3. repeat after a certain interval.
–3
 sin x and cos x have period 2π. tan x has period π.
 The value a in y = k sin ax, y = k cos ax or y = k tan ax
affects the period. y = sin ax and y = cos ax have period
Example 2 2
and y = tan ax has period .
Sketch y = –2 sin x for –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π. a a
2
y  a is the frequency. It is the number of times the curve
y = –2 sin x repeats in 2π for sin and cos and in π for tan.
The negative
has the effect of Example 1
0 3π x turning the curve x

–2π – 3π –π – π π π 2π upside down. What is the period of the curve y = –3 sin ?
2 2 2 2 The amplitude is 4
always positive. 2
It is 2. Period = The curve will just complete
1 1 of its pattern in 2π.
–2 4 4
= 8π

ple 2 Example 2 Amplitude
Example=3 2 Amplitude =
3 A computer application drew the graph of
2 2
y = 2 tan x Sketch
forthe
–2π ≤ x y≤=2π.
curve cos 2x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π. Period = y = 2 tan xy = tanfor
Sketch ax.–2π ≤ x ≤ 2π. Period =
4 2 4 2
y
y1 π
=π y is the valueπof a?
What =π
y = 2 tan(x – ) y = 2 tan(x – )
4 y = cos 2x 4
y = –3 sin 2x y y = –3 sin 2
6 6
2
= –3 sin 2 x 2
4 = –3 sin 2
0 12 2
π π 3π 2π x
π –π 0 π π 2 3π 2π x 2 So the–2π
curve3πmoves
–π units0 to
π the
–π π – –π
12 π
0 x
2 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 2
–2 When x = 0, –2
–3π –2π –π π 2π 3π When x = 0,
–2
–1 y = –3 sin –4 y = –3 sin
6
–6
1 The curve y = 3 sin 2x has been shifted
to the right 1
= –3
Work out the period first.× 12 = –3 ×
2
The curve, including asymptotes,
= π.
2
and inverted. This is sufficient
Theinformation to sketch
curve, including the
asymptotes, 2
moves units to the right. 2 = 1.5 curve; however, finding other values helps as a check.
moves units to the right. = 1.5
4 4* The graph of y = k sin4 ax is shown.
y
3 y
1.5
2
Example 3
ple 3 Example 3 1
1
A computer application drew the graph of y = tan ax.
are application showed this graph of A software application showed this graph 0.5 of
s (ax + b), k > 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ π. y y = k cos (ax
–π
+ b), 0k > 0,π0 ≤ b2π≤ π. 3π x
–3π –2π 0 x –3π –2π
y –1 y–3π –2π –π π 2π 3π
–0.5
2 2
–2 –1
1
1 –3 1 π
y = –3 sin (2x ––1.5)
0 6
2π –π π 2π x
–1
x x
–π π 2π –2π –π What are the values
π k and
of 2π a?
–1 –1 Answers Ü pp. 46–47
 P R ACT I C E  P R ACT
–2 –2
1 Sketch y = cos4xPhase . and y = f(x + b) 1 Sketch y
2
e values of k, a and b. Find the values of k, a and
 Adding b.
a constant, b, in a trigonometric function
What is the value of a?
2 Sketch y = 4 tan (so –2π+≤b),x y≤=2π.
for a(x
x +y = sin cos a(x + b) or y = tan a(x +2 b))Sketch y
s (ax + b) 4 y = k cos (ax + b) 4
will move the curve left or right.
Period =
ph has amplitude 2, so3 k = 2. (k > 0) The graph has amplitude
The phase so k =is2.
2,shift (kmuch
> 0) the curve has moved from
3 A software application
 showed thishow
graph of 3 A softwa
ph completes 3 cycles4from 0 to 2π. The graph completes 3 cycles
itskoriginal from
position 0 to 2π.
along the x-axis.
. ∴ = ySo= ka cos
= 3.(ax + b), > 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ . y = k cos
a 3 2
= 0, y = –2 When x = 0, y = –2
2 cos b 4a = 3 The phase shift is units to the So –2 = 2 cos bExample
The graph repeats
y
1 The phase shift is units to the
3 2 3
3 4 units.cos b = –1
–1 a= left. 2 cos (3x + π) = 2 cos 3 x + .
every
3 Sketch y = sin x + left.. 2 cos (3x + π) = 2 cos 3 x + .
π (0 ≤ b ≤ π) 4 3 b = π (0 ≤ b ≤ π)2 2 3
1
y π
y = sin(x + )
1 2
0 x
–2π –π π 2π –2π
ple 4 Example 4
 P R ACT I C E –1
y = –3 sin 2x . Sketch y = –3 sin 2x .
6 is the period of the curve y = –2 cos x ?
1 What 6 0
3 –2π
–2 –π π 2π 3π x y = sin x has moved to the
2
left. This is the same graph
2 Sketch the curve y = sin 4x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π. as y = cos x. y = sin x and
Find the values of k, a and b. y = cos x are identical Find the
curves except for a phase
–1 shift.

Example 2 Amplitude = 3
2
Sketch y = 2 tan x for –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π. Period =
4 2
y π
=π
y = 2 tan(x – )
4
y = –3 sin 2x
6
2
= –3 sin 2 x
12
–2π – 3π –π 0 π π 3π 2π x So the curve moves units to the right.
–π π
12
2 2 4 2 2
–2 When x = 0,
y = –3 sin
6
1 The curve y = 3 sin 2x has been shifted to the right
= –3 × 12
The curve, including asymptotes, 2 and inverted. This is sufficient information to sketch the
moves units to the right. = 1.5 curve; however, finding other values helps as a check.
4
y
3
2
Example 3
1
A software application showed this graph of
y = k cos (ax + b), k > 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ π. –π 0 π 2π 3π x
–3π –2π
y –1
2
–2
1 –3 π
y = –3 sin (2x – )
6
x
–2π –π π 2π
–1
 P R ACT I C E
–2
1 Sketch y = cos x .
2
Find the values of k, a and b.
2 Sketch y = 4 tan x + for –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π.
y = k cos (ax + b) 4
The graph has amplitude 2, so k = 2. (k > 0)
3 A software application showed this graph of
The graph completes 3 cycles from 0 to 2π.
So a = 3. y = k cos (ax + b), k > 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ .
2
When x = 0, y = –2
y
So –2 = 2 cos b The phase shift is units to the
3 2
cos b = –1 left. 2 cos (3x + π) = 2 cos 3 x + . 2
b = π (0 ≤ b ≤ π) 3
1
0 x
–2π –π π 2π
Example 4
–1
Sketch y = –3 sin 2x .
6
–2
Find the values of k, a and b.

ple 2 Amplitude
Example= 3 2 The vertical shift is π units to the left. Amplitude =
2 x+ 2
y = 2 tan x 4 Sketch y =≤–2x sin
for –2π 3x + .
≤ 2π. = y = 2 tan x
Sketch
Period for –2π ≤ x ≤5 2π.y y = 3 cos +2 Period =
4 6 2 4 2 2
y π x =π y π
4 =π
5* Sketch
y=2y = 4– cos
tan(x
4
) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π. y = 2 tan(x –
4
)
2 3 y = –3 sin 2x 3 y = –3 sin 2
Answers Ü p. 47 6
2
2
= –3 sin 2 x 2
= –3 sin 2
12 1
5 Vertical shift and y = f(x) + c
π –π 0 π π 3π 2π x So the–2πcurve3πmoves
–π – π units0 to π the
π right. 3π 0 2π x So the curve
–π π – 122 –6π –5π π
x
2  Adding
2 –2 2 c, to the equation creates a vertical
4 2 a constant, 2 4 –4π
2 –3π –2π –π 2 π 2π 3π 4π 5π 6π
When x = 0, –2
–1
When x = 0,
shift. The curve moves up, (or down if c is negative).
y = –3 sin y = –3 sin
 The value c will not necessarily be the y-intercept, 6
depending on the particular curve. 1 1
The curve y = 3 sin 2x has been shifted to the right
 For sine and cosine = –3 ×
curves the range of values will 12 = –3 ×
The curve, including asymptotes, 2 and inverted. This is sufficient
asymptotes, 2
change with the addition of a constant. = 1.5 curve; P R ACT
 however, I C Eother values helps as a check.
finding = 1.5
moves units to the right. moves units to the right.
4 4
13 Sketch
y y = 2 – cos x.
Example 1
2 x+
Sketch y = 1 – sin x. 2 Consider the curve y = 2 sin + 3.
ple 3 Example 3 4
y 1
are application showed this y = 1 – sin x a What is the amplitude?
2 graph of A software application showed this graph of
s (ax + b), k > 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ π. y = k cos (ax + b), b
k > 0,
What0 ≤ b
is the
≤ range?
π.
–3π –2π –π 0 π 2π 3π x –3π –2π
y –1 c yWhat is the period?
2
–2
d 2Sketch the curve.
1 1 –3 1 π
3* Sketch y =y =3 –3
sinsin(4x
(2x –+ 1)
6
) + 2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 6.
Think of the curve

Answers Ü p. 48
x x
–π π 2π as y = –sin x + 1. So–2π –π π 2π
invert sin x and move
–1 up one unit. –1
0  P R ACT I C E 6 Solving equations graphically  P R ACT
–3π –2π –π π 2π 3π x
–2 –2
1 Sketch y = cosxEquations . involving the trigonometric functions 1canSketch y
2
often be solved by sketching the graph of the function.
e values of k, a and b. Find the values of k, a and b.
Example 2 2 Sketch y = 4 tan  The x + number for –2πof ≤
points
x ≤ 2π. of intersection within the 2 Sketch y
s (ax + b) Consider the curve y = 3 cos x + + 2. y = k cos (ax + b) 4 domain will give the number of solutions to the
specified
ph has amplitude 2, so k = 2. (k > 0) 2 equation.2, so k = 2. (k > 0)
The graph has amplitude
a What is the amplitude? 3 A software application showed this graph of 3 A softwa
ph completes 3 cycles from 0 to 2π. The graph completes
 Solutions 3 cycles frombe0given
might to 2π.in terms of π or as decimal
. b What is the range? y = k cos
So a = 3. (ax + b), k > 0, 0 ≤
approximations. 2b ≤ . y = k cos
= 0, y = –2c What is the period? When x = 0, y = –2
y
2 cos b d Sketch the curve.
The phase shift is units to the So –2 = 2 cos b 2
–1
3
cos b = –1
Example 1 3
π (0 ≤ ba≤ π) x+left. 2 cos (3x + π) = 2 cos 3 x + .

b = π (0a≤ bOn 2
the
left. 2 cos (3x + π) = 2 cos 3 x + .
same diagram sketch y = –sin x3 and
1≤ π)
3
y = 3 cos +2
2 y = cos x – 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
The amplitude is 3. b For what values of x does sin x + cos x = 1,
The range of y = 3 cos x is –3 ≤ y ≤ 3. 0 x

b Range: –1 ≤ y ≤ 5
4 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π?
If that curve is moved up 2 units then
–2π –π π 2π –2π
ple 4 2 must be added to both –3 and Example
3.
2 –1
y = –3 sin 2xc Period
. = 1 Sketch y = –3 sin 2x .
6 6
2 –2
= 4π
x+ 1 Find the values of k, a and b. Find the
d 3 cos + 2 = 3 cos (x + π) + 2
2 2

a
y a When x = ,
1 6
y = –sin x 2
sin 2x = sin
6
0
π π 3π 2π x = sin
2 2 3
–1 3
=
y = cos x –1 2
–2
cos x = cos
6
3
b sin x + cos x = 1 =
2
∴ cos x – 1 = –sin x = sin 2x
From the graph this occurs when x = 0, and 2π. ∴ is a solution of cos 2x = sin x.
2 6
b
A quick substitution into the equation y
can show that these values are correct. y = cos x
1
Example 2 0 x
–2π – 3π –π –π π π 3π 2π
3x 2 2 2 2
On the same diagram sketch y = 2 sin x and y =
5 –1
and hence write down the approximate values of x for y = sin 2x
3x c From the diagram, sin 2x = cos x when:
which 2 sin x = .
5 11 3 7 5 3
x= , , , , , , and .
y
y=
3x 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2
2 5
Once it is established that
is a solution we can see
6
1
that π – , –π – and –2π + are also solutions.
6 6 6
0 x
–4 –3–2.3–2 –1 1 2 2.3 3 4
–1
 P R ACT I C E
y = 2 sin x
–2
1 a On the same diagram sketch y = cos x and
y = 1 – cos x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
3x
From the diagram 2 sin x = when x = 0 and x ≈ ±2.3 b For what values of x does 2 cos x = 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π?
5
3x
π is about 3.14 so both numbers and values in terms 2 On the same diagram sketch y = sin 2x and y =
of π can be shown on the x-axis at the same time. 4
and hence write down the approximate values
3x
of x for which sin 2x = .
4
Example 3
3 a Show that is a solution of the equation
a Show that is a solution of the equation 6
6 cos 2x = sin x.
sin 2x = cos x.
b On the same diagram sketch y = cos 2x and
b On the same diagram sketch y = sin 2x and
y = sin x for –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π.
y = cos x for –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π.
c Hence write down all solutions of cos 2x = sin x,
c Hence write down all solutions of
–2π ≤ x ≤ 2π.
sin 2x = cos x, –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π.

ple 2 Amplitude
Example= 3 2∴ x = 1.249 045 77…. or π + 1.249 045 77… Amplitude =
4* A software application was used to graph
2 xx= 1.249 2
y = 2 tan x for –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π. 3x Sketch
Period = y = 2 tan for045
–2π77… ≤x2π.
≤ xor = 4.390 638 42… Period =
4y = 2 cos x and y = tan on the same diagram. 2 4 or x = 4.39 (2 d.p.)
x = 1.25 2
4 = π =π
y π y π
y = 2 tan(x – ) y y = 2 tan(x – )
4 3 4 Because the required domain is between 0 and 2π
y = –3 sin 2x y = –3
we know that the answer must be in radians. sin 2
6
2
2 1
= –3 sin 2 x 2
= –3 sin 2
12
So the curve3πmovesExamplethe 2
π –π –π
0 π π π 3π 2π x 0 x –2π –π – π units0 to
π π right.
π 3π 2π x So the curve
4 –3π –2π 2 –π π 2π 3π – 122
2 2 –2 2
–1 When x = 0, 2 Solve 4
–2 cos42
θ2– 3 = 0 for2 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
When x = 0,
–2 y = –3 sin 4 cos2θ – 3 = 0 y = –3 sin
6
–3 4 cos θ = 3
2
1 The curve y = 3 sin 2x has been shifted to the right 1
= –3 × 3 12 = –3 ×
The curve, including asymptotes, 2 cosThis
and inverted.
2
θ =is sufficient
asymptotes, 2
a How many solutions are there of 4 other values helps as a check.
moves units to the right. = 1.5 curve; however, finding
3x
4 3 4
2 cos x = tan for 0 ≤ x ≤ π? y cos θ = ±
4 3
4 Because both the positive and negative
b How many solutions are there of square roots satisfy the equation the
3x
2 3
ple 3 2 cos x = tan for –π ≤ x ≤ 0? Example 3 =± solution can lie in any of the four quadrants.
4 1 2
are application showed this graph of A software application showed this graph of
c Lincoln said ῾Both y = cos x and y = tan x are
s (ax + b), k > 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ π. y = k cos (ax + b), 0k > 0,πθ0 = ≤ 6b2π,≤π– π.63π, πx+ 6 or 2π – 6 .
symmetrical curves so there should be the–3π same –2π –π –3π –2π
y number of solutions for –π ≤ x ≤ 0 as for –1 y 5 7 11
2 2 = , , or
0 ≤ x ≤ π.’ Briefly explain why Lincoln's –2 6 6 6 6
reasoning is wrong.
1 –3 1 π
d Show that is a solution of the equation y = –3 sin (2x – )
6
3
3x x
Example 3
x
–π 2 cos xπ = tan 2π. –2π –π π 2π x
4 Explain why any solution to the equation = 1 – 3 cos x
–1 2
3x must –1 lie between x = –4 and x = 8.
e Solve 2 cos x ≥ tan for –π ≤ x ≤ .  P R ACT I C E  P R ACT
4 2 x
–2 –2
Answers Ü1pp. Sketch
48–49 y = cos x . = 1 – 3 cos x 1 Sketch y
2 2
e values of k, a and b. k, a xand x
Find the values∴of 3 cos = 1b.–
7 Solving trigonometric equations 2 Sketch y = 4 tan x + for –2π2 ≤ x ≤ 2π. 2 Sketch y
s (ax + b) algebraically y = k cos (ax +Now 4
b) –1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1
ph has amplitude 2, so k = 2. (k > 0) ∴ –3 ≤ 3 2,
The graph has amplitude cossox k≤=32. (k > 0)
 Trig
ph completes equations
3 cycles from 0can to 2π.be solved algebraically as 3wellAThe assoftware application showed this graph of
graph completes 3 cycles x from 0 to 2π.
3 A softwa
graphically. y = k cos (ax + So k–3> ≤
b), 0, 10 –≤ b≤ ≤ 3 . y = k cos
. So a = 3. 2 2
= 0, y = –2
 The solution should be found over the required When x = 0, y = –2 x
2 cos b domain, whichThewill phasealso
shiftdetermine whether
is units to the the So
solution–2 = 2 cos b –4y ≤ – ≤ 2 The phase shift is units to the
3 2 2 3
The inequality signs are reversed because
–1 should be found in radians, in terms of π or as a decimal,
left. 2 cos (3x + π) = 2 cos 3 x + .
cos b = –1 left. 2 cos we+multiply
(3x π) = 2 by3a xnegative
cos + . number.
π (0 ≤ b ≤orπ) degrees. 3 b = π (0 ≤ b 18≤≥π)x2 ≥ –4 3
x
 The exact solutions should be given wherever possible. So any solution to = 1 – 3 cos x lies between
2
x = –40 and x = 8.
x
–2π –π π 2π –2π
ple 4 Example 1 Example 4
–1
y = –3 sin 2x . x = 3 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π, giving the answers toSketch y = –3 sin 2x
Solve tan .
6 Example 6 4
two decimal places. –2
Solve 2 sin 3x = 3 for 0 ≤ x ≤ π.
tan x = 3 6
Now tan–13 = 1.249 045 77… Find the values of k, a and b. Find the
0≤x≤π
tan is positive in the first and third quadrants. 0 ≤ 3x ≤ 3π

Example 1
17
≤ 3x ≤ Solve 2 cos2x + cos x = 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
6 6 6
2 cos2x + cos x = 1
2 sin 3x = 3
6 Let u = cos x
3 ∴ 2u2 + u – 1 = 0
sin 3x = (2u – 1)(u + 1) = 0
6 2
2u – 1 = 0 or u + 1 = 0
3
Now sin = 1
3 2 u= or u = –1
2
sin is positive in the first and second quadrants
1
So 3x – = or π – or 2π + or 3π – So cos x = or cos x = –1
6 3 3 3 3 2
2 7 8 x= or 2π – or x=π
3x – = or
or or 3 3
6 33 3 3 5 It is not necessary to use u (or
5 5 17 ∴ x = , π or another variable) but it is often
3x = or or or 3 3 less cumbersome to do so.
2 6 2 6 Take care to find all the
values over the domain.
5 5 17
x = or or or
6 18 6 18
Example 2
1 1
Solve = 2 3 for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
sec tan sec + tan
 P R ACT I C E
1 1
1 Solve tan x = 5 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π, giving the answers to sec tan sec + tan
three decimal places. sec + tan (sec tan )
=
2 Solve 2 sin2θ – 1 = 0 for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π. (sec tan )(sec + tan )
sec + tan sec + tan
3 Explain why any solution to the equation =
1 sec 2 tan 2
3x = 2 – 5 sin x must lie between x = –1 and x = 2 .
3 2tan
=
1
4 Solve 10 sin 2t + – 5 = 0 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π. = 2 tan θ
4 So 2 tan θ = 2 3
5* Solve 2 cos 3x + = 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ . tan θ = 3
2 2
Answers Ü p. 49 Now tan = 3
3
There is no need to remember all the
θ= or π + Pythagorean identities because as long as
3 3 you know that sin2x + cos2x = 1 the other two
8 Further trigonometric equations and 4 can be found by simply dividing each part
∴θ= or θ =
expressions 3 3
by either sin2x or cos2x.
 Trigonometric equations might involve the reciprocal

1 1 1
functions: cosec x = , sec x = and cot x = .
sin x cosx tan x Example 3
sinx cosx Find all values of θ (0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π) for which

 tan x = and cot x = .
cosx sinx cos2θ = sec θ.
 The Pythagorean identities: sin2x + cos2x = 1;
1 + cot2x = cosec2x and tan2x + 1 = sec2x can be used to
simplify expressions.
 Quadratic equations involving trigonometric functions
can be simplified by substituting u (or some other
variable) for the trig function.

ple 2 cos2θ = sec θ Amplitude
Example = 3 2 2 sin2x + 3 sin x – 2 = 0 Amplitude =
1 ≤ x ≤ 2π. 2 (2 sin x – 1)(sin x + 2) = 0 2
y = 2 tan x for –2π Sketch
Period = y = 2 tan x for –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π. Period =
4 = cos 2 So 2 sin 4 x = 1 or sin x = –2 2
cos
y 3θ = 1 =π 1 = π
π
y = 2 tan(x – ) Picturing a trig curve in your mind often
sin x =y = 2 tan(x – No
y π solution
) Remember –1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1
cos θ = 1 4
helps when solving simple y = –3 sin 2x
equations.
2 4 for all values of x.
y = –3 sin 2
θ = 0 or 2π 6
x = or π –
6 6
= –3 sin 2 x = –3 sin 2
2
12 2 5
∴ x = or
So the–2πcurve3πmoves 6 right. 6
π –π – π Example
0 π π π4 3π 2π x –π – π units0 to π the
π π 3π 2π x So the curve
2 2 –2 4 2 2 1 –
2
122 4 2 2
a Show that cot x cosec x + cosec x = 2
.When x = 0, –2 When x = 0,
1 cosx
y = –3 sin y = –3 sin
b Hence solve cot x cosec x + cosec2x – 2 = 0 6
 P R ACT I C E
for 0 ≤ x ≤ . 1 The curve y = 3 sin 2x has been shifted to the right 1
2 = –3 × 12 = –3 ×
The curve, including asymptotes, 2 1 inverted.
and Solve This2 sin 2
x – sin
is sufficientThe xcurve,
= 1 including
informationforto0sketch x the
≤ 2π.
≤asymptotes, 2
a cot x cosec xmoves + cosec unitsxto the right.
2 = 1.5 curve; however, finding other values helps as a check.
4 1 4 1
cosx 1 1 2 Solvey = 2 for
= + 2 3 cosec cot cosec +cot
sin x sin x sin x
2
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π.
cosx 1
ple 3 = 2 + 2 Example 3
sin x sin x 31 Find all values of θ (0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π) for which
are application showed this graph of A software application sin2θ = showed
cosec θ. this graph of
cosx +1
s (ax + b), k > 0,= 0≤b≤ π. y = k cos (ax
–π
+ b), 0k > 0,π
0 ≤ b 2π
≤ π. 3π x
1 cos 2 x –3π –2π
1 –3π –2π
y 4–1 a yShow that sec x tan x + sec2x = .
2 1+cosx 2 1 sinx
= –2
(1 cosx )(1+cosx ) 2
b Hence solve sec x tan x + sec2x = for
1 1 –3 1 π 2 1
= y = –3 sin (2x – )
6
1 cosx
0 ≤ x ≤ .
–π b cot x cosec π x + cosec 2π x – 2 = 0
2x
–2π –π 2π 2π
x
1
–1 –2=0 5 Solve –1 2 sin x = –3 cot x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
1 cosx  P R ACT I C E  P R ACT
–2 1 6* Solve
–2 2 cos 2
(3x) – 3 cos (3x) + 1 = 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ π.
=2 1 Sketch y = cos x . 1 Sketch y
1 cosx 2 Answers Ü p. 50
Because the question
e values of k, a and b. 1 Findto the values of k, a and b.
says 'hence' we know
1 – cos x = start by using the result
2 from part a. 2 Sketch y = 4 tan x + for –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π. 2 Sketch y
s (ax + b) 1 y = k cos (ax +9 b) Problem 4 solving
ph has amplitude 2, so k = 2. (k > 0) cos x = The graph has amplitude 2, so k = 2. (k > 0)
2  Trig functions
3 A software application showed this involving
graph expressions
of of the form 3 A softwa
ph completes 3Now cycles0 ≤
from
x≤ ,0 to 2π. The graph completes 3 cycles from 0 to 2π.
ySo
= ka cos k f(a(x + b)) + c can be used to model practical
. 2 = 3.(ax + b), k > 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ 2 . y = k cos
∴x= phenomena of a periodic nature.
= 0, y = –2 3 When x = 0, y = –2
So –2 = 2 cosb When
y a particle oscillates about a central position its
2 cos b The phase shift is units to the
3 2
3
–1 cos b = –1 displacement can be modelled by a function such
left. 2 cos (3x + π) = 2 cos 3 x + . left. 2 cos (3x + π) = 2 cos 3 x + .
π (0 ≤ b ≤ π) 3 as
b = π (0 ≤ b 1≤ π) y = k sin
2 (a(x + b)) + c or y = k cos (a(x3 + b)) + c. Some
Example 5 examples are the swinging of a pendulum or the bobbing
of a cork in water.
Solve 3 tan x = 2 cos x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
0 x
–2π  Equations
–π or πproblems 2π may arise from finding the –2π
ple 4 Example 4 2 2
3 tan x = 2 cos x –1 r r sin x
sin
1 x
y = –3 sin 2x . Sketch y = –3 sin length
2x of an . arc (l = rθ) or the area of a sector A =2 2 r θ
2
3sin x
6 = 2 cos x of a circle.6
cosx –2
3 sin x = 2 cos2x
3 sin x = 2(1 – sin2x)
Find the values of k, a and b. Find the
3 sin x = 2 – 2 sin2x

Example 1
x
The displacement from the origin, x cm at time c By graphing y = sin x and y = on the same
t seconds, of a particle is given by x = 4 sin 2t. 2
diagram, find an approximate value of x.
a What is the amplitude?
b What is the period? a OB = r units (radius of circle)
c Briefly describe the motion of the particle. ∠AOB + ∠BOC = π (angles in st. line)
∴ ∠AOB = (π – x) radians
a Amplitude = 4 cm
1
b Frequency = 2 Area = ab sin C B
2
2
Period = 1
2 = × r × r × sin (π – x) r
2
=π
1 2
c When t = 0, x = 0. = r sin(π – x) π–x
2 A
r O
So the particle is initially at the origin.
But sin (π – x) = sin x
When t = , x = 4.
4 r 2 sin x
So the area is units2
After seconds the particle will be 4 cm to the right 2
4
of the origin. It will then return, passing through the 1
b Area of sector = r2x units2
2
origin after seconds and reaching a position 4 cm 2
2 r sin x 1
3 So 2 = r2x
to the left of the origin after seconds. It will turn 2 2
4
again reaching the origin after π seconds, completing r 2x
r2 sin x =
its first oscillation and will continue on following the 2
same path over and over again. x
sin x =
Positive values of x are to the right of the origin and negative
2
values to the left. The particle is moving backwards and c From the graph x ≈ 1.9 radians.
forwards in a straight line. It is not tracing out a sine curve.
y
x
1.5 y=
2
Example 2 1
O is the centre of a circle of radius r units. AC is 0.5

a diameter of the circle and B is a point on the
circumference such that ∠BOC = x radians. 0 x
1 2 3π
B 1.9
–0.5
y = sin x
So an angle of about 109° will mean that the area

of the sector is twice that of the triangle.
A x C
r O r
Example 3
On a certain day the depth of water at high tide, which
is at 4:45 am, at the entrance to a particular bay is

2.35 m while low tide is at 11 am and the depth is
r 2 sinx 0.65 m.
a Show that the area of triangle ABO is units2.
2 a Assuming that the action of the tide can be
b If the area of sector BOC is twice that of ∆ABO modelled by the equation x = k cos (at + b) + c,
x where x is the depth of water in metres and t the
show that sin x = . time in hours after 4:45 am, show that
2
4 t
x = 0.85 cos + 1.5.
25

ple 2 b A boat needs a depth of 2 m to cross the entrance Amplitude
Example =3 2 Amplitude =
 P R ACT I C E
to the bay. What is the latest time before 11 am that 2 2
y = 2 tan x for –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π. Period = y = 2 tan x
4the boat can safely enter the bay? 2 1 The4displacement from the origin, x cm at time 2
y π
= π t seconds,
y of a particle
π is given by x = 7 cos 4t. = π
y = 2 tan(x – ) y = 2 tan(x – )
a The tide oscillates 4 between 2.35 m and 0.65 m. 4
y = –3 sin 2x a What is the amplitude? y = –3 sin 2
0.65+ 2.35 6 b What is the period?
So c =
2 = –3 sin 2 x c 2Briefly describe the motion of the particle. = –3 sin 2
2
= 1.5 12
k0 =π 2.35 2 The diagram shows a semicircle of radius r units.
π –π – π π – π1.5 3π 2π x So the–2πcurve3πmoves –π – π units0 to π theπ right. π 3π 2π x So the curve
2 2 –2 =4 0.85 2 2
–
2
122B is a point4 2 on the circumference
2 such that
When x = 0, –2 When x = 0,
1 ∠AOB = x radians.
The time between high and low tides is 6 hours.
4 y = –3 sin B y = –3 sin
Period = 2 × 6.25 hours 6
= 12.5 hours 1 The curve y = 3 sin 2x has been shifted to the right 1
= –3 × 12 = –3 ×
2 The curve, including asymptotes, 2 and inverted. This is sufficient Theinformation to sketch
asymptotes, 2
So = 12.5 = 1.5 curve; however, finding other values helps as a check. = 1.5
a moves
4
units to the right. moves
4
units to the right.
2 y x
3
a= A r O r C
12.5 Tides can be quite accurately modelled
2
Example 3 a Show that the area of triangle OBC is
with trig functions.
ple 3 4
= 1 1 2
25 r sin x units2.
are application showed this graph of A software application 2 showed this graph of
Now x
s (ax + b), k > 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ π. = k cos (at + b) + c y = k cos (ax + b), 0k > 0,π0 ≤ b2π≤ π. 3π x
–3π –2π –π b If the area of sector AOB is three times that of –3π –2π
4 t
y = 0.85 cos +b + 1.5 –1 y
∆OBC show that 3 sin x = x.
2 25 2
–2 c By graphing y = 3 sin x and y = x on the same
When it is high tide at 4:45 am, t = 0.
1 –3 1
diagram, find an approximate value of x.
So when t = 0, x = 2.35 y = –3 sin (2x – )
π
6
2.35 = 0.85 cos b + 1.5 3 On a certain day the depth of water at high tide,
–π 0.85 = 0.85 π cos b 2π
x
–2π –π which is at 9:36 π am, at thexentrance to a particular
2π
river is 1.35 m while low tide is at 3:21 pm and the
–1 cos b = 1 –1
depth is 0.45 m.
b=0 0 b  P R ACT I C E  P R ACT
2 a Assuming that the action of the tide can be
–2 –2
4 t 1 Sketch y = cos x .modelled by the equation x = k cos (at + b) +1c, Sketch y
∴ x = 0.85 cos + 1.5 2 where x is the depth of water in metres and t the
e values of k, a and b. 25 Find the values of k, atime andin b. hours after 9:36 am, show that
b When x = 2, 2 Sketch y = 4 tan x + for –2π ≤ 4x ≤t 2π. 2 Sketch y
s (ax + b) y = k cos (ax + b) 4x = 0.45 cos + 0.9.
23
ph has amplitude 0.85 so k4= t2.+ 1.5
2, cos (k => 20) The graph has amplitude 2, so k = 2. (k > 0)
3 A software application b Ashowed boat needs this graph of 3 A softwa
ph completes 3 cycles from 25 0 to 2π. The graph completes 3 cycles from 0a to depth
2π. of 1.2 m to cross the
. 4 t y = k cos
So a = 3. (ax + b), k > entrance
0, 0 ≤ b ≤ to the
. river. What is the last time y = k cos
0.85 cos = 0.5 before 3 pm 2 that the boat can safely enter the
= 0, y = –2 25 When x = 0, y = –2
y bay?
2 cos b t 0.5 3
The4phase shift is units to the So –2 = 2 cos b 2
3
–1 cos = cos b = –1
left.25
2 cos (3x0.85
+ π) = 2 cos 3 x + . 4* A particle 2 is moving left. 2 along
cos (3x + the
π) = 2x-axis.
cos 3 x + It .moves
π (0 ≤ b ≤ π) 3 b = π (0 ≤ bbetween 1≤ π) positions x = –4 and x
3
= 4 in 12.5 seconds.
4 t 0.5
= cos 1 Assuming that the equation is of the form
25 0.85
0.5 4 x =0 k sin (atπ+ b) where 2π 0 ≤ b ≤ , find the equation –2π

x
ple 4 t = cos 1 ÷ –2π
Example
–π
4 2
0.85 25 –1 the displacement at time t seconds if x = 2 when
y = –3 sin 2x . Sketch y = –3 sin 2x of .
Time = 1.873 893 08… h
6 t = 0. 6
= 1 h 52 min (nearest min) –2
Now 1 h 52 min after 4:45 am is 6:37 am.
The latest time the boat can safely enter the bay Find the values of k, a and b. Find the
before 11 am is 6:37 am.

HSC EXAM-TYPE QUESTIONS
Total marks: 60 7 What could be the equation of this curve?
x y
A y = 2 tan
PART A (Suggested time: 15 minutes) 2 2
(1 mark each) x
1 B y = 3 tan
1 What is the amplitude of y = cos 3x + ? 2
2 6 C y = 4 tan (2x – π) 0 π π 3π 2π x
1 2 2
A B 1 C 2 D 3
2 D y = 5 tan (2x + π)
2 What is the period of the curve y = tan πx?
A 2π B π C 2 D 1
3 What could be the equation of this curve?

y
8 Which is NOT a solution to 2 cos x + 1 = 0?
1
3 5 9 11
A x= B x= C x= D x=
0.5 4 4 4 4
x
9 What is the range of y = 7 – 4 sin ?
–2π –π
0
π 2π 3π
x 2
A –4 ≤ x ≤ 4 B –1 ≤ x ≤ 9
–0.5
C 5≤x≤9 D 3 ≤ x ≤ 11
–1 10 The graph didn't get labelled but shows

y = sin x and y = cos x.
y
A y = sin x + B y = sin x
6 6
C y = cos x + D y = cos x
6 6 q
4 Which is the graph of y = 3 cos 2x (0 ≤ x ≤ 2π)? p 0 x
A 3
y
B 3
y
2 2
1 1
0 π π 3π 2π x 0 π π 3π 2π x
–1 2 2 –1 2 2
–2 –2 What are the values of p and q?

–3 –3
5 13 7 13
A p= and q = B p= and q =
C 2
y
D 2
y
4 4 4 4
5 21 7 21
C p= and q = D p= and q =
1
1
4 4 4 4
0 π π 3π 2π x
2 2
0 π π 3π 2π x –1
2 2
–1 –2
5 Which is NOT correct?

sin x
A tan x = B sin2x + cos2x = 1
cosx
C tan2x – sec2x = 1 D cosec2x – cot2x = 1
6 What is the period of y = 3 – 2 sin 4x ?

3
A B C 2π D 4π
4 2

PART B (Suggested time: 90 minutes) a What is the value of k? (1 mark)
ple 2 Show all working. Amplitude
Example =3 2 Amplitude =
2 b Given 0 ≤ b ≤ , find b in terms of π. (1 mark) 2
x Findfor
y = 2 tan 11 a –2π ≤ofxx≤for
value 2π.which tan 2x = 3. Period
(2 = y = 2 tan x
Sketch
marks) for –2π ≤ x2 ≤ 2π. Period =
4 6 2 4 2
c Find a in terms of π. (1 mark)
12 A y particle is moving
π about the origin, O. The =π y π
=π
y = 2 tan(x – ) y = 2 tan(x – )
4 18 Find all values of x 4(0 ≤ x ≤ π) for
displacement from O, x metres at time t seconds y = –3 sin 2x y = –3 sin 2
6
(t ≥ 0) is given by x = 4 cos 2t + . which 2 cos 2x = 1. (3 marks)
3 3
2
= –3 sin 2 x 2
= –3 sin 2
a What is the initial position of the particle? (1 mark) 12
19 a Show that tan x = 2 sin x when x = . (1 mark)
π –π – π b 0Whenπ π isπthe particle
3π 2π first
x at the origin? So the curve3πmoves
(2 –2π
marks) –π – π units0 to π the
π right.π 3π 2π x 3 So the curve
2 2 –2 4 2 2
–
2
122 4 2 2
13 Consider y = 3 sin 2x + + 1. When x = 0, b Sketch
–2 y = tan x and y = 2 sin x on the When x = 0,
4
y = –3 sin same diagram for – ≤ x ≤ . y marks)
(3 = –3 sin
a What is the amplitude? (1 mark) 6 2 2
b What is the period? (1 mark)
1 c Write down all solutions of 1
c What is the range? = –3 ×
(1 mark) 12 = –3 ×
tan x = 2 sin x for
Theinformation
–
curve, xto≤sketch
including
≤ . the
asymptotes, 2
d What is the phase shift? (2 marks) (1 mark)
moves units to the right. = 1.5 curve; however, finding other values helps as a check.
moves 2units to the2right. = 1.5
e Sketch the curve. 4 (2 marks) 4
y
3d When is tan x ≥ 2 sin x for – ≤ x ≤ ? (3 marks)
14 a On the same diagram sketch y = sin 2x and 2 2
y = 2 cos x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π. (3 marks) 2
ple 3 b Write down the solutions of Example203 The graph shows y = k sin ax for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
1
2 cos x –thissin graph
2x = 0of for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π? y
are application showed A(1 software
mark) application
k showed this graph of
c 0,How
s (ax + b), k > 0 ≤ bmany≤ π. solutions will 2 cos x – sin 2x = 0 y = k cos (ax –π
+ b), 0k > 0,π
0 ≤ b2π≤ π. 3π x
–3π –2π –3π –2π
y
have between x = –4π and x = 4π? –1 y
2 Justify your answer. (2 marks) 2
–2
15 a Determine the equation of the cosine curve shown 0
1 in the diagram. (3 marks) –3 1 π π π 3π 2π x
y = –3 sin (2x – )
2 6 2
y
3 x x
–π π 2π –2π –π π 2π
–k
–1 2 –1
 P R ACT I C E  P R ACT
Copy and show y = k sin ax on the same diagram,
–2 1
1 Sketch y = cos x
–2
. 2 1 Sketch y
2
clearly showing any intercepts on the x-axis. (3 marks)
e values of k, a and b. 0 x Find the values of k, a and b.
–π π 2π 3π x –2π
2 Sketch y = 4 tan 21 Solve
x + sin for2
≤ xx≤+2π.
+ 2 cos 2 = 0 for –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π. 2 marks)
(3 Sketch y
s (ax + b) –1 y = k cos (ax + b) 4
22 A weight is attached to the end of
ph has amplitude 2, so k = 2. (k > 0) The graph has amplitude 2, so k = 2. (k > 0)
3 A software application
a spring showed isthis
that from graphfrom
hanging of a 15 cm 3 A softwa
If the from
ph completesb3 cycles curve0was to 2π.a sine curve find The graph completes 3 cycles 0 to 2π.
. its equation. y(2So ka cos
=marks)
= 3.(ax + beam.
b), k > 0, At0 ≤rest,
b ≤ the . centre of the 12.5ycm
= k cos
weight is 15 cm 2
from the beam.
= 0, y = –2
16 Solve sin2 x = sin x cos x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
When x = 0, y = –2
So –2 = 2 cos b The2 weight is pulled down 12.5 cm
(3 marks) y
2 cos b The phase shift is units to the The phase shift is units to the
–1
3
cos b = –1 and released and oscillates about3 its rest position
17 The graph shows y = k sin (ax + b).
b = π (0 ≤withb 1≤period
left. 2 cos (3x + π) = 2 cos 3 x + . π. left. 2 cos (3x + π) = 2 cos 3 x + .
π (0 ≤ b ≤ π) y 3 π)2 3
5
Assume that the motion can be modelled by the
equation x = k cos (at + b) +xc, 0 ≤ b ≤ , where
0
2.5 –2π –π π 2π 2 –2π
ple 4 Example 4
6
x cm
–1 is the distance from the beam at time
y = –3 sin 2x . Sketch y = –3 sin 2x
t seconds. .
6 0 1.5 10.5 x 6 Find the values of k, a, b and c. (4 marks)
–2
Find the values of k, a and b. Find the

–5

ANSWERS
PRACTICE 2
y y = –cos x
1 Review of trig functions Ü pp. 33–34
1
108 3
1 108° = =
180 5 0.5
3
2 sin = 0.923 879 532…
8 0 x
= 0.9239 (4 d.p.) –2π –π π 2π
3 a –0.5
y
1 –1
y = cos x
0.5 3
y y = 2 tan x
0
π π 3π 2π x
2 2
–0.5
2
–1
0 π x
– 5π
–2π– 3π –π – π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 7π
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
b Range: –1 ≤ y ≤ 1 –2
4 a
y
2 y = tan x
4
1 y
0.5
0.4
0 π π 3π 2π x
2 2 0.3
–1
0.2
0.1
–2
0 x
b Range: all real y π π 3π π
4 2 4
c y = 1 is the value when x = . So it is the value of the curve for
4
each x-value halfway between each value when y = 0 and the 3 Period and y = f(ax) Ü p. 35
following asymptote. x
1 y = –2 cos
2 Amplitude and y = kf(x) Ü p. 34 3
1 2
Period = = 6π
y y = 4 sin x 1
4 3
2 y = sin 4x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
2
2 y
Period = =
4 2 1 y = sin 4x
0 x
–4π –2π 2π 4π
–2
0 π π 3π 2π x
–4 2 2
–1

3
y = tan ax
ple 2 Amplitude
Example= 3 4 2 y = –2 sin 3x + 6 Amplitude =
3
Period = 2 2
y = 2 tan x for –2π
2 ≤ x ≤ 2π. Sketch
Period x
= y = 2 tanAmplitude = 2 –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π.
for Period =
4 2 42 2
3 Period =
y∴ = =π y 3 =π
a y = 22 tan(x – π ) π
y = 2 tan(x – )
4 4
3a = 2 y = –3 sin 2x y = –2 sin 3x + y = –3 sin 2
6 6
2
a=
3 = –3 sin 2 x = –2 sin 3 x + = –3 sin 2
2
12 2 18
4 y = k sin ax
So the–2π
curve3πmoves So the curve moves units to the left.
π –π π 0 π π = 1.5
Amplitude π 3π 2π x –π – π units0 toπ the
π right.
18
π 3π 2π x So the curve
2
–
2 –2
– 122
So k =41.52 2
When x = 0, 2
When x
–2 = 4
0, 2 2
When x = 0,
The curve completes 1.5 oscillations in 2π. y = –2 sin
y = –3 sin 6 y = –3 sin
3 6
So a = 1.5 or . = –1
2 1 1
The curve y = 3 sin 2x has been
y shifted to the right
4 Phase and y = f(x + b) Ü pp. 36–37 = –3 × 12 y = –2 sin (3x + π ) = –3 ×
The curve, including asymptotes, 2 and inverted. This is sufficient information
The to sketch
curve, including the 6
asymptotes, 2
1 = 1.5 curve; however, finding other2 values helps as a check. = 1.5
moves units to the right. moves units to the right.
y
y = cos (x – π )
4 4
1 2 y
3 1
2
ple 3 Example 3 –π
0 x
1 –2π18
π –π 2π
are application showed this0 graph of x A software application showed this
–1 graph of
s (ax + b), k > 0, 0–2π
≤ b ≤ π. 2π 4π 6π y = k cos (ax
–π
+ b), 0k > 0,π0 ≤ b2π≤ π. 3π x
–3π –2π –3π –2π
y –1 y –2
2 2
–1 –2
x
1 5 –3 1
y = 4 cos , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.π
2 2 3y = –3 sin (2x – 6 )
Amplitude = 4
y y = 4x tan (x + π ) x
–π π 2π 4 –2π –π 2 π 2π
Period = = 4π
1
–1 –1
2
 P R ACT I C E x  P R ACT
– 7π – 3π 4
π 5π y = 4 cos
–2 4 4 4 4 –2 2 3
1 Sketch y = cos x . 1 Sketch y
x
–2π –π π 2π 2 = 4 cos 1 x 2
e values of k, a and b. Find the values of k, a and b. 2 3
2 Sketch y = 4 tan x + for –2π ≤2 x ≤ 2π. 2 Sketch y
So the curve moves units to the right.
s (ax + b) y = k cos (ax + b) 4 3
ph has amplitude 2, so k = 2. (k > 0) When x = 0,2, so k = 2. (k > 0)
The graph has amplitude
3 A software application showed this graph of 3 A softwa
ph completes 3 cycles from 0 to 2π. The graph completes 3 cycles from 0 to 2π.
y = 4 cos
. 3 y = k cos (ax + b) ySo
= ka cos
= 3.(ax + b), k > 0, 0 ≤3 b≤ . y = k cos
=2 2
= 0, y = –2 The graph has amplitude 2, so k = 2. (k > 0) When x = 0, y = –2
The graph completes 3 cycles from 0 to to
2π.the Wheny x = 2π,
2 cos b The phase shift is units
3
So –2 = 2 cos b 2
The phase shift is
3
units to the
–1 So a = 3. cos b = –1 y = 4 cos
left. 2 cos (3x + π) = 2 cos 3 x + . 3 left. 2 cos (3x + π) = 2 cos 3 x + .
π (0 ≤ b ≤ π) x = 0, y = 2
When 3 b = π (0 ≤ b 1≤ π)21 3
=4× y
So 2 = 2 cos b 2 y = 4 cos ( x – π )
4 2 3
2 = –2
cos b = 0 x
2 –2π –π π 2π –2π
ple 4 Example 4 2
1 –1
y = –3 sin 2x = . 2 Sketch y = –3 sin 2x .
6 6 0
b= 0 b –2 π 2π π 3π 5π 2π x
4 2 2 3 2 3
–2
So k = 2, a = 3 and b = . Find the values of k, a and b. Find the
4
–4

5 Vertical shift and y = f(x) + c Ü p. 37 6 Solving equations graphically Ü pp. 38–39
1 1 a
y y
3 2 y = 1 – cos x
y = cos x
1
2
0 x
1 π π 3π 2π
y = 2 – cos x 2 2
–1
0
–4π –2π 2π 4π x b 2 cos x = 1
∴ cos x = 1 – cos x
x+ 5
2 y = 2 sin +3 From the graph x = or .
4 3 3
a Amplitude = 2 3x
2 From the graph sin 2x = when x = 0 and when x ≈ ±1.1.
b Range: 1 ≤ y ≤ 5 4
2 y 3x
c Period = y=
1 1 4
4
= 8π 0.5
y = sin 2x
x+ 1
d 2 sin + 3 = 2 sin (x + π) + 3
4 4
0 x
So the phase shift is π units to the left. –2 –1 1 2 3
y –0.5
5
–1
4
1
3 a sin =
3 6 2
cos 2 = cos
2 6 3
1
=
1 x+ 2
y = 2 sin +3
4 = sin
6
0 x
–5π 5π 10π ∴ is a solution of cos 2x = sin x.
b 6
y
3 y = 3 sin (4x + 1) + 2 y = sin x y = cos 2x
y
1
1 y = 3 sin (4x + 1) + 2
= 3 sin 4 x + + 2 5
4
Amplitude = 3 4
Range: –1 ≤ x ≤ 5 3
2 0 π 2π x
Period =
2 –2π – 3π –π –π π 3π
4 2 2 2 2
1
=
2 –1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
x
–1
–1
≈ 1.57
1 c From the diagram, cos 2x = sin x when:
Phase shift unit to the left. 11 7 5 3
4 x= , , , , and .
6 6 2 6 6 2
3x
4 y = 2 cos x and y = tan
4
a 2
b No solutions

They are both symmetrical curves but y = cos x is an even
c
3 3x = 2 – 5 sin x
ple 2 function symmetrical about the y-axis while y = tanAmplitude
x isExample
an =3 2 Amplitude =
odd function with point symmetry about the origin. ∴ 5 sin x = 2 – 3x
2 2
y = 2 tan x for –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π. Sketch
Period x –1 ≤ for
= y = 2 tanNow sin x–2π
≤ 1 ≤ x ≤ 2π. Period =
4
d 2 cos = 2 ×
1 2 4 2
∴ –5 ≤ 5 sin x ≤ 5
y
3 2
π
= π y = π
y = 2 tan(x
= 1 – 4) So –5 ≤ 2 y–=3x ≤ 5 – π)
2 tan(x
4
y = –3 sin 2x –7 ≤ –3x ≤ 3 y = –3 sin 2
When x = , 6 7
3 ≥ x ≥ –1
3 = –3 sin 2 x 3 = 1–3 sin 2
2 3x 3 2
tan = tan 12 So any solution to 3x = 2 – 5 sin x lies between x = –1 and x = 2 .
4 4 3
π –π 0 π π 3π 2π x So the–2π
curve3πmoves
–π units0 to
π the
–π π
= tan – –π
122sin 2t +4 2– 5 = 0π
2 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 10 2
–2 When x = 0, –2
4 When x = 0,
=1
y = –3 sin 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π y = –3 sin
= 2 cos
3 6 0 ≤ 2t ≤ 4π
3x 1 ≤ 2t y+= 3 sin 4πhas
≤ 2x + been shifted 1
∴x=is a solution of 2 cos x = tan . = –3 × The curve to the right
= –3 ×
3 4 4 4 4 12
asymptotes, 2
e y = tan x has period π and asymptotes at (among others)
= 1.5 curve; however,
10 sin 2t + finding
= 5 othermoves
values helps as a check. = 1.5
moves units to the right. 4 units to the right.
x=± . 4 4
2 y 1
3 sin 2t + =
3x 4 4 2
y = tan has period or .
4 3 3 2 1
ple 3 4 Example 3 Now sin 6 = 2
2 1
are applicationThe showed this include
asymptotes graph xof= ± . A software application
So 2t + = showed
π – orthis
2π +graph
or 3πof– or 4π +
3
s (ax + b), k > 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ π. y = k cos (ax + b), k > 40, 0 ≤ 6b ≤ π. 6 6 6
3x 2 –3π –2π –π 0 π 2π 3π x –3π –2π
So 2 cos x ≥ tan – x when <x≤ . 5 13 17 25
y 4 2 3 3 –1 y = or or or
2 2 6 6 6 6
y –2 7 23 31 47
3x 2t = or or or
1
y = tan –3 1 12 12 12 12
4 π
2 7 y = –3
23sin (2x 31
– )
47
6
t= or or or
24 24 24 24
x x
–π π 2π 0 –2π –π π 2π
–π 2 –π π 2 π x 5 2 cos 3x + =1
–1 3 2 2 3 –1 2
–2
y = 2 cos x  P R ACT I C E 0≤x≤  P R ACT
2
–2 –2
–4 1 Sketch y = cos x . 3 1 Sketch y
0 ≤23x ≤
2
e values of k, a and b. Find the values of k, a and b.
7 Solving trigonometric equations algebraically Ü2 p.Sketch
40 y = 4 tan ≤ 3x + for≤–2π2π ≤ x ≤ 2π. 2 Sketch y
2x + 2
s (ax + b)1 tan x = 5 y = k cos (ax + b) 4
ph has amplitude
Now tan 5 =k1.373
2,–1so = 2. 400(k 76…> 0) 2 cos 3x + 2, so
The graph has amplitude = 1k = 2. (k > 0)
3 A software application showed 2 this graph of 3 A softwa
ph completestan3 iscycles from 0 to 2π.
positive in the first and third quadrants. The graph completes 3 cycles 1from 0 to 2π.
. ySo
= ka cos
= 3.(ax + b), k > 0, 0
cos 3x + = ≤ b ≤ . y = k cos
∴ x = 1.373 400 76…. or π + 1.373 400 76… 2 2 2
= 0, y = –2 x = 1.373 400 76… or x = 4.514 993 42… When x = 0, y = –2 1
y
2 cos b x = 1.373 or x =The phase shift is units to the
4.515 (3 d.p.)
3
So –2 = 2 cos b Now 2
cos =
3 2
3
–1 cos b = –1
2 2 sin θ – 1 = 0
2 left. 2 cos (3x + π) = 2 cos 3 x + . cos is positive in the first and
left. 2 fourth
cos (3x + quadrants.
π) = 2 cos 3 x + .
π (0 ≤ b ≤ π) 2 3 b = π (0 ≤ b 1≤ π)2 3
2 sin θ = 1
1 But ≤ 3x + ≤ 2π
sin2θ = 2 2
2
0 x
–π π 2π
ple 4 sin θ = ±
1 –2π
Example 4 So 3x + 2 = 2π – 3 –2π
2 –1
y = –3 sin 2x . Sketch y = –3 sin 2x 5
1 =.
6 =± 6 3
2 7 –2
3x =
θ = , π – , π + or 2π – . 6
4 4 4 4 Find the values of k, a and7b. Find the
x=
3 5 7 18
= , , or
4 4 4 4

1
8 Further trigonometric equations and expressions Ü p. 41 sin x =
2
1 2 sin2x – sin x = 1
∴x= 0 x
Let u = sin x 4 2
∴ 2u2 – u – 1 = 0 5 2 sin x = –3 cot x
(2u + 1)(u – 1) = 0 3cosx
2u + 1 = 0 or u–1=0 2 sin x =
sin x
1 2 sin2x = –3 cos x
u=– or u=1
2 2(1 – cos2x) = –3 cos x
1 2 – 2 cos2x = –3 cos x
So sin x = – or sin x = 1
2 0 = 2 cos2x – 3 cos x – 2
x=π+ or 2π – or x = 0 = (2 cos x + 1)(cos x – 2)
6 6 2 2 cos x = –1 or cos x = 2
7 11 1
∴x= , or cos x = – No solution
2 6 6 2
1
1 1 Now cos =
2 =2 3 2
cosec cot cosec +cot
cos is negative in the second and third quadrants.
1 1 cosec +cot (cosec cot )
= x=π– or π +
cosec cot cosec +cot (cosec cot )(cosec +cot ) 3 3
cosec +cot cosec +cot 2 4
= ∴x= or
cosec 2 cot 2 3 3
2cot
= 6 2 cos2(3x) – 3 cos (3x) + 1 = 0
1
Let u = cos 3x
So 2 cot θ = 2
2u2 – 3u + 1 = 0
cot θ = 1
(2u – 1)(u – 1) = 0
∴ tan θ = 1
1
tan =1 u= or u=1
4 2
1
θ= or π + So cos 3x = or cos 3x = 1
4
4 2
5 Now 0 ≤ x ≤ π
∴ θ = or θ =
4 4 So 0 ≤ 3x ≤ 3π
3 sin2θ = cosec θ 5 7
3x = , or or 3x = 0 or 2π
1 3 3 3
= 5 7 2
sin x= , or or x = 0 or
sin3θ = 1 9 9 9 3
5 2 7
sin θ = 1 So x = 0, , , or .
9 9 3 9
∴θ= (0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π)
2 9 Problem solving Ü p. 43
1 sin x 1
4 a sec x tan x + sec x = 2
+ 1 a x = 7 cos 4t
cosx cosx cos 2 x
Amplitude = 7
sin x 1
= + 2
cos 2 x cos 2 x b Period =
4
sinx +1
=
1 sin 2 x =
2
1+ sin x
= c When t = 0, x = 7
(1 sin x )(1+ sin x )
So the particle is initially 7 cm to the right of the origin.
1
=
1 sinx After seconds the particle will be at the origin and will
8
2 continue through the origin reaching a position 7 cm to the
b sec x tan x + sec2x =
2 1
left of the origin after seconds. It will turn passing through
1 2 4
∴ =
1 sinx 2 1 the origin again after another seconds and after a total of
2 1 8
1 – sin x = seconds will return to its starting position. It will continue,
2 2
1 following the same path over and over again.
=1–
2

b When x = 1.2,
2 a OB = r units (radius of circle)
ple 2 Amplitude
Example=3 2 4 t Amplitude =
∠AOB + ∠BOC = π (angles in st. line) 0.45 cos + 0.9 = 1.2
2 23 2
y = 2 tan x ∴ for
∠BOC –2π ≤ –x x)
= (π 2π.
≤radians Period = y = 2 tan x
4 1 2 40.45 cos 4 t = 0.3 2
Area = ab sin C =π 23 π =π
y 2 π y
y = 2 tan(x – ) y = 2 tan(x
4 t – )
1 4 40.3
= × r × r × sin (π – x) y = –3 sin 2x cos =
23 0.45
y = –3 sin 2
2 6
1 4 t 0.3
= r2 sin(π – x) = cos 1
2 2 = –3 sin 2 x 2 23 0.45 = –3 sin 2
12
But sin (π – x) = sin x 0.3 4
0 π π So the–2π
curve3πmoves units0 to the t = cos 1
right. ÷ So the curve
π –π –π π 3π 2π x –π π π π π 3π 0.45
2π x 23
1
is r2 sin x units2.
– 12
–
2 2 –2 So 4the2 area of ∆OBC
2
When x = 0,2 2 –2 4 2
Time = 1.5392
392 71… h When x = 0,
2
1 = 1 h 32 min (nearest min)
b Area of sector AOB is r2x units2. y = –3 sin y = –3 sin
2 6 Now 1 h 32 min after 9:36 am is 11:08 am.
Now 3 times the area of ∆OBC equals the area of the sector. 1 The latest time the boat can safely enter the bay before 3 pm is 1
1 1 2 = –3 × 11:08 am. 12 = –3 ×
So 3 × r2 sinThe r xincluding asymptotes,
x =curve, 2 and inverted. This is sufficient
asymptotes, 2
2 2 = 1.5 4 curve;
x = khowever, + b) othermoves
sin (at finding values helps as a check. = 1.5
moves
3 sin x = x 4 units to the right. units to the right.
Amplitude = 4 units 4
c From the graph x ≈ 2.3 radians. y
3 ∴k=4
y
y = 3 sin x y=x Period = (2 × 12.5) seconds
3 2
ple 3 Example 3 = 25 seconds
1 2
2
are application showed this graph of A software application
∴ = 25showed this graph of
a
s (ax + b), k > 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ π. y = k cos (ax
–π
+ b), k
0 > 2π0 ≤ b2π≤ π. 3π x
0,
–3π –2π –3π –2π
1 a=
y –1 y 25
2 2
–2
2
x = 4 sin t +b
0 x 25
1 2 2.3 3π
1 –3
When t1 = 0, xy==2–3 sin (2x – π )
–1 6
2 = 4 sin b
x
1 x
–π 3 a π
The tide oscillates 2π
between 1.35 m and 0.45 m. –2π –π sin b = π 2π
2
–1 0.45+1.35 –1
So c = = 0.9 b= 0 b
2  P R ACT I C E 6 2  P R ACT
–2 k = 1.35 – 0.9 = 0.45 –2 2 t
3 1 Sketch y = cos x ∴ x =.4 sin + 1 Sketch y
The time between high and low tides is 5 hours. 2 25 6
4
e values of k, a Period
and b.= 2 × 5.75 hours Find the values of k, a and b.
= 11.5 hours HSCx +
2 Sketch y = 4 tan EXAM-TYPE
for –2π ≤ QUESTIONS
x ≤ 2π. 2 Sketch y
s (ax + b) 2 + b)A 4
y = k cos (axPart
So = 11.5
ph has amplitude 2,a so k = 2. (k > 0) The graph has amplitude 2, so k = 2. (k > 0)
3 A software application1 showed this graph of 3 A softwa
ph completes 3 cycles 2
a =from 0 to 2π. The graph completes
1 A. y = 3 cos
2
cycles from 0 to 2π.
3x +
6
. 11.5 ySo
= ka cos
= 3.(ax + b), k > 0, 0 ≤ b ≤ 2 . y = k cos
1
= 0, y = –2 =
4 When x = 0, y = –2Amplitude =
y 2
2 cos b 23 The phase shift is units to the So –2 = 2 cos b The phase shift is units to the
3 2 3
–1 Now x = k cos (at + b) + c cos b = –1 2 D. y = tan πx
left. 2 cos (3x + π) = 2 cos 3 x + . 2 left. 2 cos (3x + π) = 2 cos 3 x + .
π (0 ≤ b ≤ π) 4 t b = π (0 ≤ bPeriod = =1
1≤ π)
3 3
= 0.45 cos +b + 0.9
23
When it is high tide at 9:36 am, t = 0. 3 B. Sine curve with phase shift units to the right.
So when t = 0, x = 1.35 0 6 x
–2π –π π 2π –2π
ple 4 1.35 = 0.45 cos b + 0.9 Example 4 So y = sin x
–1 6
y = –3 sin 2x 0.45. = 0.45 cos b Sketch y = –34 sin 2x .
A. y = 3 cos 2x
6 b=1
cos 6
Amplitude
–2 =3
b=0 0 b 2
2 Period =
4 t 2
∴ x = 0.45 cos + 0.9 Find the values of k, a and b. Find the
=π
23
5 C. tan2x + 1 = sec2x
So tan2x – sec2x = –1

6 B. y = 3 – 2 sin 4x 12 a x = 4 cos 2t +
3 3
2 When t = 0,
Period =
4
x = 4 cos
= 3
2 =2
The initial position is 2 m right of the origin. 
7 A. Period = 2π y
b When x = 0,
Phase shift π units to the right.
So the equation is of the form 4 cos 2t + =0
3
1
y = k tan (x – π). 0 π π x
2 2
3π 2π cos 2t + =0
2 3
x
So y = 2 tan is a Now t = is the first value greater than 0 for which cos t = 0.
2 2 2
possible equation.
So 2t + = 
3 2
8 C. 2 cos x + 1 = 0
2t =
2 cos x = –1 6
1 t=
cos x = 12
2
∴ x = π – , π + , 3π – , 3π + , … The particle is first at the origin after seconds. 
4 4 4 4 12
3 5 11
= , , ,… 13 y = 3 sin 2x + +1
4 4 4 4
9 a Amplitude = 3 
x= is not a solution. 2
4 b Period =
2
x
9 D. The range of 4 sin is –4 ≤ x ≤ 4. =π 
2
c Range: –2 ≤ x ≤ 4 
x
So y = 7 – 4 sinranges between 7 – (–4) = 11 and 7 – 4 = 3.
2 d y = 3 sin 2x + +1
4
Range: 3 ≤ x ≤ 11
= 3 sin 2 x + +1
10 B. p = –2π + and q = 3π + 8
4 4
7 13 Phase shift is units to the left. 
So p = and q = 8
e
4 4
y y = 3 sin (2x + ) + 1
y 4
y = cos x 4
p
y = sin x
3
2
q
–3π– 5π–2π– 3π –π – π 0 π π 3π 2π 5π 3π x 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 x
–2π –π π 2π 3π 4π
–1
–2

Part B
14 a
11 tan 2x = 3 y
y = 2 cos x
6
2
Now tan = 3
3 y = sin 2x
1
So 2x – = 
6 3
2x = 0 π 2π x
2
x=  –1
4
(Other answers are possible.) –2


3
b x= and x = 
ple 2 2 2 Amplitude
Example=3 2 5 Amplitude =
∴ – ≤ 2x – ≤ 
8 solutions
c  2 3 3 3 2
y = 2 tan x for –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π. Period = y = 2 tan x
4y = 2 cos x has period 2π and there will be 2 solutions in every 2 cos 2x
4 = 1 2
y π
=
complete oscillation of y = 2 cos x. For –4π ≤ x ≤ 4π there will π y
3 2
π
=π
be 4ycomplete
= 2 tan(x –oscillations.
4
)  y = 2 tan(x – )
1 4
y = –3 sin 2x Now cos = y = –3 sin 2
15 a Equation is of the form y = k cos ax + c 6 4 2
Amplitude = 2 = – or 2x – 
2∴k=2
= –3 sin 2 x 32 4 4 = –3 sin 2
 12 7
Range is –1 ≤ y ≤ 3 2x = or
–π 0 x So the–2π
curve3πmoves units0 to
12 the
12 right. 2π x So the curve
π –π So πc =π1 π
 3π 2π – –π
12
– π π π π 3π
2 2 –2 4 2 2 2 2 –2 4 27 2
Period = 3π When x = 0, x= or  When x = 0,
24 24
So
2
= 3π y = –3 sin y = –3 sin
a 6 19 a tan = 3
2 1 3 1
a=  = –3 × The curve y = 3 sin 2x has been shifted
3
to the right
= –3 ×
3 12
The curve, including asymptotes, 2 2 sin This
and inverted. = 2is×sufficient
asymptotes, 2
2x 3 2
So the equation is y =units
moves 2 cos + 1.
to the right. = 1.5 curve; however, finding other values helps as a check.
4 3 = 3 4
2x y
b If the curve was a sine curve then y = 2 sin +b + 1.  3 ∴ tan x = 2 sin x when x = . 
3 3
When x = 0, y = 3
b2
3 = 2 sin b + 1 y
ple 3 Example 3 y = tan x
sin b = 1 1 4
are application showed this graph of A software application showed this graph of
b= y = 2 sin x
s (ax + b), k > 0, 0 ≤ b2 ≤ π. y = k cos (ax
–π
+ b), 0k > 0,π0 ≤ b2π≤ π.23π x
–3π –2π –3π –2π
y 2x –1 y
y = 2 sin + +1 
2 3 2 2 x
–2 –π π
16
sin2x = sin x cos x 2 –2 2
1 2x – sin x cos x = 0
sin –3 1 π
y = –3 sin (2x – )
6
sin x (sin x – cos x) = 0 –4
sin x = 0 or sin x = cos x 
x x 
–π π 2π –2π –π π 2π
If sin x = 0
x–1= 0, π or 2π.  c
–1
From the graph tan x = 2 sin x when x = – , 0 and . 
If sin x = cos x  P R ACT I C E 3 3  P R ACT
–2tan x = 1 d tan–2x ≥ 2 sin x for – ≤ x ≤ 0 and ≤x< . 
5 1 Sketch y = cos x . 3 3 2 1 Sketch y
x = or  2
e values of k, a and b. 44 20 yof
Find the values = kk,sin
a ax
andhasb.period π.
5 So a = 2
So x = 0, , π, or 2π. 2 Sketch y = 4 tan x + for –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π. 2 Sketch y
s (ax + b) 4 4 y = k cos (ax + b) 4 2x
y = k sin
2
ph has amplitude so k+ =
2, (ax
17 y = k sin b) 2. (k > 0) The graph has amplitude 2, so k = 2. (k > 0)
3 A software application showed this graph of 3 A softwa
ph completesa 3kcycles
= 5 from  0 to 2π. The graph completes 3 cycles
= k sin 2 x from 0 to 2π.
b y = 5 sin (ax + b) ySo
= ka cos (ax + b), k > 0, 0 ≤ 4≤ .
b y = k cos
. = 3. 2
= 0, y = –2 When x = 0, y = 2.5 When x = 0, y =Phase
–2 shift is 4 units to the right. 
y
2 cos b ∴ 2.5 = 5 sin bThe phase shift is units to the So –2 = 2 cos b The phase shift is units to the
1 3 y2 3
–1 sin b = left. 2 cos (3x + π) = 2 cos 3 x + .
cos b = –1 k y = k sin ax
left. 2 cos (3x + π) =
y = k sin (ax – )
2 cos 3 x + . 2
2
π (0 ≤ b ≤ π) 3 b = π (0 ≤ b 1≤ π)2 3
b= , 0≤b≤ 
6 2
c Period = 9
0 x
–2π –π π 2π –2π
ple 4 2 Example 4 0
So 9 = π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π x
a –1 4 2 4 4 2 4
y = –3 sin 2x . 2 Sketch y = –3 sin 2x .
6a =  6
9 –2
–k
18 2cos 2x =1 
3 Find the values of k, a and b. Find the
0≤x≤π
0 ≤ 2x ≤ 2π

21 sin2x + 2 cos x + 2 = 0
1 – cos2x + 2 cos x + 2 = 0
–cos2x + 2 cos x + 3 = 0
cos2x – 2 cos x – 3 = 0 
(cos x – 3)(cos x + 1) = 0
cos x = 3 or cos x = –1
No solution x = π or –π 
22 x cm is the distance from the beam.
The weight oscillates about x = 15.
So c = 15 
The amplitude is 12.5 cm.
So k = 12.5 
The period is π.
2
So =π
a
a=2 
Now x = k cos (at + b) + c
x = 12.5 cos (2t + b) + 15
15 cm
When t = 0, x = 27.5
27.5 = 12.5 cos b + 15 12.5 cm
12.5 = 12.5 cos b
cos b = 1
∴b=0 0 b 
2

Sample HSC Examination 1 QUESTIONS
Section II: 90 marks
Allow about 2 hours and 45 minutes for this section.
d One of the
of 39 cm. W
unusual? D
Question 11 (4 marks)
Try to complete these papers as if they are the real thing.makes
Thesepies
are to
thesell
instructions
Question 13
Yvonne at a stall you
eachneed to follow
weekend. The in the HSC Exam:
Differentiate w
graph shows the cost and income for different numbers of
General instructions Total marks: 100
pies. a x2ex
• Reading time: 10 minutes Section I: 10 marks
• Working time: 3 hours y b (1 – cos x)3
• Write using black pen. 1100
• NESA approved calculators may be used.
• A reference sheet is provided at the back of this book. 1000
Question 14
x
• For questions in Section II, show relevant mathematical 900 a Find
reasoning and/or calculations. x2 +
800
700 5 If f(x) = x3 – 7x2 + 2x – 5 then f "(3) = ? b Evaluate

Section I: 10 Marks 0
600 A 4 B 2 C –3 D –11
Allow about 15 minutes for this section.
c Find the va
500 6 Which scatterplot shows weak negative correlation?
1 Mary’s z-score in a test was 1.4. If the mean was 69% 400 A B
and the standard deviation 5%, what was Mary’s raw Question 15
score?
300 A teacher gave
200 had to be answ
A 77% B 76% C 75% D 74%
100
answers and d
2 log48 – log42 = C D
A 0 B 1 C 2 D 4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 x
Question tru
Cost Income
3 Patrick wants to save some money for a special Question fal
project. What is the minimum amount, to thea How many pies must Yvonne sell to break even? (1 mark)
a If 18 studen
nearest dollar, he could invest each quarter at
How much7profitThewill
firstYvonne
term ofmake on a weekend
a geometric series iswhen
3 and the answered e
7.6% p.a. interest, compounded quarterly, to bhave
she sells 200 pies?
common ratio is –2. What is the 10th term?
(1 mark) were on the
$8000 at the end of 3 years?
A –1536 B 1536 C –3072 D 3072
b What perce
A $500 B $550 C $600 D $650
c What is the y-intercept of the cost line? What does that
represent? 8 Which expression will give the value of x?
(1 mark) correctly?
Future values of an annuity of $1
Interest rate d What is the gradient of the income line? What does that c What is the
Period 8
1.9% 3.8% 7.6% represent? (1 mark) was answer
3 3.0574 3.1154 3.2338 70° 30° d What is the
Question 12 (4 marks) x
4 4.1155 4.2338 4.4795 answer whe
Tim made a study of the8 sinarm
30° length (from elbow to
sinwrist)
70°
12 13.337 14.855 18.533 as true?
A knee to ankle) of some students.
and leg length (from B
51.006 74.452 170.68 sin 70° 8 sin 30°
36 He found that the arm lengths had mean x = 26 cm and
Question 16
48 77.268 131.33 standard deviation 4.25
429.61 8 sin
cm. 8 sin 80°
70°The leg lengths had mean
C D Solve 12x – 3x2
y = 45 cm and standard sindeviation
30° 5 cm and the correlation
sin 70°
4 Which diagram could show the graph of y = 3(2coefficient
x
)? was90.935.
Consider this set of scores: Question 17
A y B y 4, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 24,
a Briefly describe the correlation between the 24, 27, 30, 44. The gradient fu
measurements.Using the method involving the interquartile (1 mark) dy
range,
by = ex – e–x
which of the scores are outliers? dx
b Tim found the equation of the least squares line

1 2 A none B 4 only C 44 only D 4 and
Find44the equat
of best fit to be y = 1.1x + 16.4. Using this equation,
0 x 0 x what would be the leg length of someone
10 The exact value of 3
sec 2 xwhose
dx = ?
C y D y arm length is 20 cm? 0 (1 mark)
1 1 3
c Tim’s leg length A was 56 cm. WhatB would you C D 3
2 3 2
predict his arm length to be? (1 mark)
3 6
0 x 0 x
248 EXCEL YEARSAMPLE HSC ExAMINATION

12 MATHEMATICS 1
ADVANCED 247
Section II: 90 marks d One of the students, Melanie, has an arm length
Allow about 2 hours and 45 minutes for this section. of 39 cm. Would you describe this as being
unusual? Discuss. (1 mark)
Yvonne makes pies to sell at a stall each weekend. The
Differentiate with respect to x:
pies. a x2ex (2 marks)
y b (1 – cos x)3 (2 marks)

1100
1000 Question 14 (5 marks)

x
900 a Find dx (1 mark)
x 2 +1
800
700 b Evaluate 3
sinx dx (2 marks)
0
600 b
500 c Find the value of b (b > 1), if x dx = 12. (2 marks)

1
400
300 A teacher gave a test to her class where all the questions
200 had to be answered as either true or false. She checked the
100
answers and drew up the following table.
Answered true Answered false
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 x
Question true 104 78
Cost Income
Question false 75 193
a How many pies must Yvonne sell to break even? (1 mark)
a If 18 students did the test and each one
b How much profit will Yvonne make on a weekend when answered every question, how many questions
she sells 200 pies? (1 mark) were on the test? (1 mark)
c What is the y-intercept of the cost line? What does that b What percentage of questions were answered
represent? (1 mark) correctly? (1 mark)
d What is the gradient of the income line? What does that c What is the probability that a true question
represent? (1 mark) was answered true? (1 mark)
d What is the probability of having a correct

answer when the question was answered
Tim made a study of the arm length (from elbow to wrist)
as true? (1 mark)
and leg length (from knee to ankle) of some students.
He found that the arm lengths had mean x = 26 cm and
standard deviation 4.25 cm. The leg lengths had mean
Solve 12x – 3x2 ≥ 0. (2 marks)
y = 45 cm and standard deviation 5 cm and the correlation
coefficient was 0.935. Question 17 (2 marks)
a Briefly describe the correlation between the The gradient function of a curve is given
measurements. (1 mark) dy
by = ex – e–x. The curve passes through the origin.
dx

Find the equation of the curve. (2 marks)
what would be the leg length of someone whose
arm length is 20 cm? (1 mark)
c Tim’s leg length was 56 cm. What would you


Question 18 (5 marks) Section II: 90d marks
The manufacturer of the toothpicks claims thatdtheOne of the
The diagram shows the parabola x2 = 4y and the tangent to contents
Allow about 2 hours and of 45
each packet is
minutes for150.
thisAssuming
section. that the of 39 cm. W
the parabola at the point P(6, 9). contents of the packets are normally distributed, with unusual? D
mean and standard deviation as calculated above,
y x2 = 4y Question 11 (4 approximately
marks)
Question
what percentage of packets will have less 13
Yvonne makes pies to sell
than 150attoothpicks?
a stall each weekend. The
Differentiate
(2 marks) w
P(6, 9) pies. a x2ex
y A random variable, X, has probability density functionb (1 – cos x)3
1100 9 x
x 1 x 9
1000 given by f(x) = 32 Question 14
x
900 0 elsewhere a Find
x2 +
a Find the equation of the tangent to the parabola 800 a Verify that the properties of a probability density
at the point P. (2 marks)
700
function are satisfied. b (2Evaluate
marks)
0
b Find the shaded area. 600

(3 marks) b Find P(X > 5). (2 marks)
500 c Find the va

c Briefly explain the significance, if any, of the
Question 19 (3 marks) 400 answer to part b. Question
(1 mark)
15
The graphs of y = f(x), y = 2f(x) and y = f(2x) where
f(x) = ln x are shown below. Identify each curve
300 A teacher gave
Question 22 (2 marks) had to be answ
and briefly comment on the similarities and 200
If sin x ≠ ±1 show that answers and d
differences between the curves. (3 marks)
100
1 + sin2 x + sin4 x + sin6x + … = sec2 x. (2 marks)
y
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 x
p
5 Question 23 (6 marks) Question tru
Cost
q The velocity v ms–1 Income
of a moving particle is given Question fal
r
a
by v = t 2
+ t – 12 (t
How many pies must Yvonne sell ≥ 0).
to break even? (1 mark)
a If 18 studen
When is the particle at rest?
a (1 mark)
answered e
b How much profit will Yvonne make on a weekend when
0 x were on the
5 10 15 she sells 200
b pies?
If the particle was initially 2 metres (1
tomark)
the left
of the origin, find its position after 6 seconds. b
(2 marks)
What perce
c What is the y-intercept of the cost line? What does that
represent? c Find the initial acceleration. (1 mark) correctly?
(1 mark)
–5
What is thedgradient
d Brieflyof the income
describe line? What does that
the motion. c (2What
marks)
is the
represent? (1 mark) was answer
Question 24 (4 marks) d What is the
Question 20 (5 marks) Question 12 (4 marks)
A sample of 150 packets of toothpicks were examined a Differentiate loge(cos x). (2answer
marks) whe
Timandmade a study of the arm length (from elbow to wrist)
as true?
the number in each packet was recorded. and leg lengthb(from knee
Hence to ankle)
find of some
the exact students.
area shaded in
He found that thethe lengths had mean x = 26 cm and
armdiagram.
Number
147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 Question
(2 marks) 16
in packet standard deviation 4.25 cm. The leg lengths had mean
y Solve 12x – 3x2
Number y = 45 cm and standard deviation 5 cm and the correlation
y = tan x
2 5 10 16 23 37 22 18 12 coefficient
4 1 was 0.935.
of packets
Question 17
aBriefly describe the correlation between the The gradient fu
a Find the mean number of toothpicks per packet. (1 mark)
by = ex – e–x
b Find the sample standard deviation. (Give the answer to 1 dx

two decimal places.) (1 mark) –π + 16.4. –1
0 x Find the equat
of best fit to be y = 1.1x – π Using this
2
π π equation,
6 3 2
π π
c What percentage of packets held more than what would be the leg length of someone whose
155 toothpicks? (1arm
mark)length is 20 cm? (1 mark)


12 MATHEMATICS 1
ADVANCED 249
Question 25 (5 marks) b Write down a similar expression
Consider y = 2 sin π(x – 0.25) + 1. for An and hence show that
1.006n 1
a What is the period? (1 mark) An = 370 000(1.006)n – M . (2 marks)
0.006
b What is the range? (2 marks)
c If the loan is to be repaid over 25 years find
c Sketch y = 2 sin π(x – 0.25) + 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 4. (2 marks)
the amount of each monthly instalment. (2 marks)
d Find the total amount of interest that

Question 26 (4 marks) Lachlan pays. (1 mark)
An orchard is trapezoidal in shape. There are 20 trees in
the first row and 95 trees in the last row. The difference Question 29 (8 marks)
between the number of trees in successive rows is constant. Consider the curve y = 4 + 9x – 3x2 – x3.
There are a total of 1495 trees in the orchard.
a Where does the curve cut the y-axis? (1 mark)
a Find the number of rows of trees. (2 marks)
b Find the stationary points and determine
b In any row, how many more trees are there their nature. (3 marks)
than in the previous row? (2 marks)
c Sketch the curve showing all essential
Question 27 (6 marks) features. (4 marks)
A software application was used to graph y = 2 sin x
3x Question 30 (5 marks)
and y = tan on the same diagram.
2
y
y = tan 3x
3 2 r
2 O θ
y = 2 sin x
r
1
0 x
π 2π The diagram shows a sector of a circle, radius r and the
–1 angle subtended at the centre θ. The area of the sector is
36 cm2.
–2 72
a Show that θ = 2 . (1 mark)
–3
r
b Hence show that the minimum perimeter of the sector
will occur when the arc length of the sector is equal to
a How many solutions are there of the diameter of the circle. (4 marks)
3x
2 sin x = tan for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π? (1 mark)
2
b Show that is a solution of the equation
6
3x
2 sin x = tan . (2 marks)
2
3x
c Solve 2 sin x ≥ tan for 0 ≤ x ≤ . (3 marks)
2 2
Lachlan borrows $370 000 and agrees to repay the

principal plus interest over 25 years. The rate of reducible
interest charged is 0.6% per month. Let $An be the amount
owing after n months and $M be the amount of each
monthly repayment.
a Show that
A3 = 370 000(1.006)3 – M(1 + 1.006 + 1.0062). (2 marks)

Sample HSC Examination 2 QUESTIONS
questions
d One of the
of 39 cm. W
unusual? D
Section I: 10 Marks Question 11 (4 marks)
1 Question 13
Allow about 15 minutes for this section. Yvonne makes6pies to sellisatana anti-derivative
Which stall each weekend.
of 2The
? Differentiate w
graph shows the cost and income for different numbers
x of
What is the equation of the line? pies. x a1 x e
2 x
1 3 1 1
y A B C D
y x3 3x 3 x xb (1 – cos x)3
6
1100
5 sinx cosx + sin2 x
1000 7 = Question 14
4 sinx cosx +cos2 x x
900
A cosec2x B sec2x a Find
3 x2 +
800 C cot x D tan x
2
700 b Evaluate
1
8 f(x) = (x + 1)2 and g(x) = x2 + 1. Which function is even? 0
600
A f(x) only
0 c Find the va
1 2 3 4 5 6 x 500 B g(x) only
3 3 C both f(x) and g(x)
A y = x+2 B y = 2x + 400
2 2 D neither f(x) nor g(x) Question 15
2 2
300 A teacher gave
C y = x+2 D y = 2x + 200
9 The probability density function of a random variablehad to be answ
3 3
100 x answers and d
0 x 4
2 A two-way table has been drawn up showing the results is given by f(x) = 8
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 x
of a lie-detector test. 0 elsewhere Question tru
Detected true Detected false What Cost
is the median
Income(correct to one decimal place)?
Question fal
True statement 84 16a How many pies 2.2 Yvonne sell to breakBeven?
A must 2.4 (1 mark)
C 2.6 D 2.8 a If 18 studen
False statement 36 124 answered e
b How much profit will Yvonne make on a weekend when
10 The graph shows y = |3x| and another function. What were on the
What is the probability that a statement was correctlyshe sells 200 pies? (1 mark)
detected? could be the equation of the second function?
c What is the y-intercept ofythe cost line? What does that b What perce
21 31 4 6 correctly?
A B C D represent? (1 mark)
65 65 5 13
What is the gradient of the income line? What does that c What is the
3 A certain amount is to be invested at the end dof each
was answer
month into an account earning 9% p.a. interest, represent? (1 mark)
compounded monthly. At the end of 5 years the y = |3x|

d What is the
Question
future value will be $60 339. What is the present 12 (4 marks)
answer whe
value (to the nearest dollar)? Tim made a study of the arm length (from elbow to wrist)
as true?
A $38 539 B $39 216
and leg length (from knee to ankle) 0 of some students.
x
C $27 153 D $33 186
y = cm.
A 4.25 |3x +The
2| leg lengths had y = |3x – 2|
B mean Question 16
standard deviation
4 C y = deviation
In a normal distribution, the mean is 64 and they = 45 cm and standard |3x| + 2 5 cm and the y = |3x| – 2
D correlation Solve 12x – 3x2
standard deviation 12. Approximately what percentage
coefficient was 0.935. Question 17
of scores lie between 40 and 76?
a Briefly describe the correlation between the The gradient fu
A 68% B 81.5%
C 87.5% D 95% by = ex – e–x
dx

5 Which is closest to the Find the equat
area of the triangle? of best fit to be y = 1.1x + 16.4. Using this equation,
8.7 m
5m what would be the leg length of someone whose
A 21.1 m 2
B 7.7 m 2 arm length is 20 cm? (1 mark)
70°
C 20.4 m2 D 36.8 m2 9m c Tim’s leg length was 56 cm. What would you

12 MATHEMATICS 2
ADVANCED 251
Section II: 90 marks c At what time are the two costs the same? (1 mark)
Allow about 2 hours and 45 minutes for this section. d If you wanted to spend about $500, who would
be the most economical person to hire? (1 mark)
e What is the gradient of Barry’s line and what
Class scores does it represent? (2 marks)
X Y
f Write an equation for the amount, $C, that
93 4 6
Carrie charges per hour, h. (2 marks)
7720 5 148
98541 6 0356
86532 7 12478
Differentiate:
9653 8 244799
41 9 035 a loge(x2 + 4) (1 mark)
A back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot has been drawn b ex sin x (2 marks)

showing the scores by students in two different classes,
X and Y. Question 15 (6 marks)
a What is the range of scores in class X? (1 mark) Lily wants to travel overseas in two years time and
estimates that she will need $30 000.
b What is the median score in class Y? (1 mark)
a How much, to the nearest dollar, will Lily need to invest
c Compare the results, referring to the shape and each month into an account earning 6% p.a. interest,
patterns of the display. (2 marks) compounded monthly? (2 marks)
P 75 km Q Future values of an annuity of $1

Period 0.5% 1.5% 3% 5% 6%
In the diagram, P is 75 km due
125 km 2 2.0050 2.0150 2.0300 2.0500 2.0600
west of Q. R is 125 km from 175 km
P and 175 km from Q. 4 4.0301 4.0909 4.1836 4.3101 4.3746
a Use the cosine rule to find 8 8.1414 8.4328 8.8923 9.5491 9.8975
R
the size of ∠QPR. (2 marks) 12 12.336 13.041 14.192 15.917 16.870
18 18.786 20.489 23.414 28.132 30.906
b Find the true bearing of R from P. (1 mark)
24 25.432 28.634 34.426 44.502 50.816
Two different tradespeople charge different rates for b Lily believes that this investment will mean she will
their work. Each price is made up of a fixed charge and have exactly half of $30 000 in one year. Briefly explain
an hourly rate. The graph shows the cost for getting work why Lily is wrong and find the amount that she will
done by each of the tradespeople for different hours. have at the end of one year if she invests the amount
found in part a. (2 marks)
C
$600 Carrie
c Lily’s dad invests $750 at the end of each quarter at
Barry 6% p.a. interest, compounded quarterly. How much
$500 will he have at the end of 2 years? (1 mark)
$400 d Lily’s dad presents this extra amount to Lily as she is

about to leave on her trip. How much extra would Lily
$300 have needed to save each month to have the amount
that she now has for her trip? (1 mark)
$200
$100 Question 16 (4 marks)

Evaluate:
0 4 dx
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 h a (2 marks)
1 x
a How much does Barry charge as a fixed rate? (1 mark)
b 6
sin2x dx (2 marks)
b How much will it cost for Carrie to work 0
for 10 hours? (1 mark)

Question 17 (2 marks) Section II: 90b marks
On the same set of axes sketch y = x. d (1Onemark)of the
Of 48 students enrolled in a particular course at Allow about 2 hours and 45 minutes for this section. of 39 cm. W
c How many solutions has the equation
university, all but 6 also study either physics or chemistry unusual? D
or both. 26 study physics and 30 study chemistry. 3 sin 2x = x? (1 mark)
Question 13
a Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate this Yvonne makesQuestion 21a(4
pies to sell at stall each weekend. The
marks) Differentiate w
information. graph shows the
(1 mark) Thecost
lifeand income
in hours of for different
a certain numbers
organism hasofthe probability
pies. a x2ex
b What is the probability that a student who studies 1 50x
y e x 0
chemistry, chosen at random from that group, density function f(x) = 50 b (1 – cos x)3
also studies physics? 1100
(1 mark) 0 otherwise
1000 Giving each answer correct to three decimal places,Question
find the 14
Question 18 (2 marks) x
900 probability that such an organism has a life-span of:a Find
The sum of the infinite geometric series x2 +
1 + 3x + 32x + 33x + … is 1.5. Find the value of x. 800
(2 marks) a at most 24 hours (2 marks)
700 b Evaluate
b anywhere from 48 to 60 hours (1 mark)
0
600
Corey collected some data on the value, in dollars, of c at least 36 hours c (1Find
mark)the va
500
vehicles of different ages, in years.
400
a Corey used an online calculator and found Question 15
Pearson’s correlation coefficient to be –0.8168 300 The diagram shows the curves y = x3 and y = 3x2 – 2x.
A teacher gave
for his data. What information can be found 200 y had to be answ
from the correlation coefficient? (1 mark)
100
answers and d
y = 3x2 – 2x
b Corey produced a scatterplot from his data 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 x
and drew a line of fit on it. How many vehicles Question tru
Cost Income
did Corey have data for? (1 mark) Question fal
y a How many pies must Yvonne sell to break even? (1 mark)
Value of vehicles at different ages a If 18 studen
40 000
b How much profit will Yvonne make on a weekend when answered e
35 000 she sells 200 pies? (1 mark) were on the
0 x
a b
30 000
c What is the y-intercept
y=x of the cost line? What does that
3 b What perce
25 000 represent? (1 mark) correctly?
20 000 a The two curves intersect at the origin and at
What is the gradient of the income c What is the
d the points where x = aline?
andWhat does
x = b (0 < athat
< b).
15 000 represent? (1 mark) was answer
Find the value of a. (2 marks)
10 000
d What is the
Question 12b(4Show marks)that the area shaded in the diagram can
5000 answer whe
Tim made a studybe offound
the armbylength
evaluating
(from theelbow to wrist)
a as true?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 and
10 x leg length (from knee to ankle)
3 of
integral ( x 3x + 2x )dx 2 some students.
. (2 marks)
He found that the arm lengths 0 had mean x = 26 cm and
c What is the equation of Corey’s line of fit?
Question 16
standard c Find
(2 marks) deviation 4.25the shaded
cm. area.
The leg lengths had mean (1 mark)
Solve 12x – 3x2
y = 45 cm and standard deviation 5 cm and the correlation
d What value does the line of fit suggest for a
coefficient wasQuestion
0.935. 23 (5 marks) Question 17
1
vehicle that is 6 years old? (1 mark) The acceleration (in ms–2) of a moving particle
2 a Briefly describe the correlation between the The gradient fu
measurements. d 2x dx dy
e What is the suggested age of a vehicle valued is 2 = –2. When t = 0, = 6 and x = (1
7.mark)
dt dt by = ex – e–x
at $22 000? (1 mark) dx

a Find an expression for the velocity of Find the equat
f What restrictions must be placed on the equation of best fit to be y = 1.1x + 16.4. Using this equation,
ofthe
the particle. (1 mark)
line of fit? Give reasons for your answer. (2what
marks) would be the leg length of someone whose
arm lengthbis 20 Findcm?an expression for the displacement. (1 mark) (1 mark)
c Tim’s leg lengthc Find wasthe
56time
cm. What
when would you is at rest.
the particle (1 mark)
a Without the use of calculus sketch the graph predict his arm length to be? (1 mark)
of y = 3 sin 2x. (2 marks) d Find the distance travelled in the first
5 seconds. (2 marks)

12 MATHEMATICS 2
ADVANCED 253
Question 24 (6 marks) Question 28 (5 marks)
In a national examination testing 58 000 students the
a Find the exact area shown in the diagram. (2 marks)
results were found to be normally distributed. The exam
y
was marked out of 80 and the mean was 52.5 and the
1
standard deviation 8.2.
y = sin x
a Micky scored 73. Show that the z-score corresponding
to his mark is 2.5. (1 mark)
b Micky found this diagram showing that the area

beneath the bell curve, to the left of a z-score of 2.5, 0 x
π π π
was 0.9938. About how many students did better than 6 3
Micky in the exam? (2 marks)
0.9938 –1
b Use one application of the trapezoidal rule to find an

z = 2.5
approximation for the area shown in the diagram.
c What is the probability, as a percentage, that a student (Give the answer in terms of π and 3.) (2 marks)
chosen at random from those who did the exam scored

c Use the answers to parts a and b to show
more than 40%? (3 marks)
that π ≈ 12(2 – 3). (1 mark)
Sketch the graph of y = log2 x and hence find any solutions
Consider the curve y = 2xe–x.
of the equation 1 + log2 x = 2x. (3 marks)
a Where does the curve cross the y-axis? (1 mark)
Question 26 (3 marks) dy
Kylie invests $10 000 on 1 June each year into a b Show that = 2e–x(1 – x). (1 mark)
dx
superannuation fund, beginning in June 2005.
What will be the value of her investment d2 y
c Show that = –2e–x(2 – x). (1 mark)
on 31 May 2035 if the fund pays 6.5% per annum dx 2
interest? (3 marks) d Find the turning point and determine
its nature. (2 marks)
A cylinder is to be placed in a e Find the point where the curve changes
cone of height 15 cm and radius concavity. (2 marks)
9 cm as shown in the diagram. 15 cm

f Determine the behaviour of y as x → ∞ and
If the radius of the cylinder is as x → –∞. (1 mark)
r cm and the height is h cm:
g Sketch the graph of y = 2xe–x. (1 mark)
9 cm
5
a show that h = 15 – r (2 marks)
3
b show that the volume V cm3 of the cylinder is
5 r3
given by V = 15πr2 – (1 mark)

3
c show that the maximum volume of the cylinder
occurs when r = 6 (2 marks)
4
d show that the largest possible cylinder has of the
volume of the cone 9 (1 mark)

ANSWERS Section II: 90 marks
d One of the
of 39 cm. W
unusual? D
Question 119 (4A.marks)
SAMPLE HSC EXAMINATION 1 4, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 24, 24, 27, 30, 44 Question 13
Yvonne makes pies to sell at
Median a stall each weekend. The
= 20
Section I Differentiate w
graph shows the costQ and
= 15 and Q3 =for
income 27 different numbers of
1
1 B. z = 1.4, µ = 69, σ=5 pies. IQR = 27 – 15 a x2ex
x μ
z= y = 12 b (1 – cos x)3
x 69 1100 So Q1 – 1.5 × IQR = 15 – 1.5 × 12
1.4 = = –3
5 1000 Question 14
7 = x – 69 Q3 + 1.5 × IQR = 27 + 1.5 × 12 x
900 = 45 a Find
x = 76 x2 +
Mary’s score is 76%. 800 There are no scores less than –3 or greater than 45, so there are
no outliers. b Evaluate
8 700
2 B. log48 – log42 = log 4 0
2 600
10 D.
3
sec x dx = [ tan x ]
2 3
= log44 500
0
0
c Find the va
=1 = tan – tan 0
400 3
3 C. FV = $8000, r = 1.9%, n = 12 Question 15
= 3
$8000 = a 3 13.337
300 A teacher gave
a = $8000 4 13.337
200 Section II had to be answ
= $599.835 04…
answers and d
100 11 a From the graph, Yvonne must sell 75 pies to break even. 
= $600 (nearest dollar) b If Yvonne sells 200 pies the cost is $750 and the income is $1000.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 x
4 C. y = 3(2x) Profit = $1000 – $750
Question tru
y = $250 Income
Cost
When x = 0,
Question fal
y = 3(20) y
=3×1 a If 18 studen
3 1100
=3 Howx much profit will Yvonne make on a weekend when answered e
0 b 1000
C is the correct graph. she sells 200 pies? (1 mark) were on the
5 A. f(x) = x3 – 7x2 + 2x – 5 900
800 of the cost line? What does that b What perce
f '(x) = 3x2 – 14x + 2
represent? (1 mark) correctly?
f "(x) = 6x – 14 700
f "(3) = 6 × 3 – 14 d What is the gradient
600 of the income line? What does that c What is the
=4 represent? (1 mark) was answer
500
6 C. C shows weak negative correlation.
d What is the
Question 12 (4 marks)400
answer whe
Tim made a study of300 the arm length (from elbow to wrist)
as true?
and leg length (from200knee to ankle) of some students.
100 Question 16
standard deviation 4.25 cm. The leg lengths had mean
7 A. a = 3, r = –2, n = 10 Solve 12x – 3x2
y = 45 cm and standard 0 deviation
20 40 605 cm
80 and
100 the
120 correlation
140 160 180 200 220 x
Tn = arn – 1 coefficient was 0.935.
T10 = 3 × (–2)10 – 1 Cost Income Question 17
= –1536 a Briefly describe c the
The correlation between
y-intercept of the the
cost line is 150. That represents theThe gradient fu
measurements. amount of fixed costs that Yvonne must pay. 
(1 mark) dy
8 D. Third angle = 180° – (70 + 30)° 100 by = ex – e–x
d The gradient of the income line is = 5. It represents thedx
= 80° b Tim found the equation of the least squares line 20

By the sine rule: 80° Find
piesthe
for equat
8 of best fit to be yamount
= 1.1x that Yvonne
+ 16.4. receives
Using thisfor each pie. So she sells the
equation,
a b $5 leg
each.length
 of someone whose
= what would be the
sin A sin B
x 8 70° 30°arm length is 20 cm? (1 mark)
= x
sin 80° sin 70° c Tim’s leg length was 56 cm. What would you
8 sin 80° predict his arm length to be? (1 mark)
x=
sin 70°
248 SAMPLE
EXCEL YEARHSC ExAMINATION ADVANCED
12 MATHEMATICS ANSwERS 255
12 aThere is a strong positive correlation between the 15 Answered true Answered false
measurements. 
b y = 1.1x + 16.4
Question true 104 78
When x = 20, Question false 75 193

y = 1.1 × 20 + 16.4 a Total questions = 104 + 78 + 75 + 193
= 38.4 = 450
So, using the equation, a person whose arm length is 20 cm Questions per test = 450 ÷ 18
would have a leg length of 38.4 cm. 
= 25 
c y = 1.1x + 16.4
b Questions answered correctly = 104 + 193
When y = 56,
= 297
1.1x + 16.4 = 56
297
1.1x = 39.6 Percentage answered correctly = × 100%
450
x = 36
= 66% 
So a prediction for Tim’s arm length is 36 cm.  c True questions = 104 + 78
d The arm lengths have mean 26 cm and standard deviation
= 182
4.25 cm.
104
Now 26 + 3 × 4.25 = 38.75. P(answered true) =
182
So Melanie’s arm length is more than three standard deviations
above the mean so it is unusual.  4
= 
7
13 ay = x2ex d True answers = 104 + 75
u = x2 v = ex = 179
du dv 104
= 2x = ex P(correct answer) = 
dx dx 179
dy dv du
=u +v 16 12x – 3x2 ≥ 0
dx dx dx
= x2 × ex + ex × 2x  Let y = 12x – 3x2
= x2ex + 2xex = 3x(4 – x) 
y
= xex(x + 2) 
b y = (1 – cos x)3
dy d
= 3(1 – cos x)2 × (1 cosx ) 
dx dx
= 3(1 – cos x)2 × sin x
= 3 sin x (1 – cos x)2  0 x
4
x 1 2x
14 a dx = dx
x 2 +1 2 x 2 +1
1
= loge(x2 + 1) + c 
2
b
3
sinx dx = [ cosx ]03 
0
= – cos – (– cos 0)
3 From the graph, y ≥ 0 when 0 ≤ x ≤ 4.
1 ∴ 12x – 3x2 ≥ 0 when 0 ≤ x ≤ 4. 
=– +1
2
17
dy = ex – e–x
1
=  dx
2
e x
b y = ex – +C
c x dx = 12 1
1
2 b y=e +e +C 
x –x
x dx = x
b
Now The curve passes through the origin.

1 2 1
∴ when x = 0, y = 0
2
b 1 0 = e0 + e–0 + C
= 
2 2 0=1+1+C
b2 1 C = –2
So = 12
2 2 The equation of the curve is y = ex + e–x – 2. 
b2 – 1 = 24
b2 = 25
b = 5 (b > 0) 

18 a x2 = 4y Section II: 90 marksy y = 2 ln x
d One of the
x2 Allow about 2 hours
5 and 45 minutes for this section. of 39 cm. W
y= y = ln 2x unusual? D
4
dy 2x Question 11 (4 marks) y = ln x
dx 4
= Question 13
x Differentiate w
= graph shows the cost and
0 income for different numbers of x
2 5 10 15
dy 6 pies. a x2ex
When x = 6, =
dx 2 y b (1 – cos x)3
So the gradient of the tangent is 3. 
1100 –5
(6, 9), m = 3
1000 Question 14
y – y1 = m(x – x1) x
y – 9 = 3(x – 6) 900 a Find
x2 +
y – 9 = 3x – 18 800 x = 152 (by calculator) 
20 a
y = 3x – 9  700 b
σn – 1 = 2.003 3528 … b Evaluate
b The tangent cuts the x-axis when y = 0, = 2.00 (2 d.p.)  0
600
i.e. 3x – 9 = 0 c From the table five packets hold more than 155 toothpicks.
c Find the va
3x = 9 500 5
Percentage of packets = × 100%
x=3 400 150
y x2 = 4y 1 Question 15
300 =3 %  A teacher gave
3
200 d 150 is one standard deviation below the mean.  had to be answ
P(6, 9) 100 68% are within one standard deviation of the mean. answers and d
Percentage outside one standard deviation
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 x
= 100% – 68%
Question tru
x = 32% Cost Income
3 6 Half of these are below 150. Question fal
So about 16% of packets will have fewer than 150 toothpicks.
a If 18studen
Area of triangle: b How much profit will Yvonne
9 x make on a weekend when answered e
1 1 x 9 were on the
A = bh she sells 200
21pies?
a f(x) = 32 (1 mark)
2
0 elsewhere
What is the y-intercept of the cost line? What b What perce
1
= ×3×9
c 9 x does that
2 represent? If x ≤ 9 then 9 – x ≥ 0 and so ≥ 0. (1 mark) correctly?
32
= 13.5  ∴ x ≥ 0 for all values of x. 
d What is the gradient of the income line? What does that c What is the
Area under parabola: 99 x
6 x2 represent? f ( x )dx = dx (1 mark) was answer
A= dx 1 32
0 4
2 9 d What is the
6 Question 12 (4 marks) = 9x x
=
x3 32 64 1 answer whe
 Tim made a study of the arm length (from elbow to wrist)
12 as true?
and leg length (from knee to ankle)
9 9 of9some 9 students.
2
0
1 12
63 03 =
= He found that the arm lengths had 32 mean
64 x 32= 26 64cm and
12 12 = 1 leg Question 16
standard deviation 4.25 cm. The lengths had mean
= 18 So thedeviation
properties5ofcm
a probability Solve 12x – 3x2
density function are
y = 45 cm and standard and the correlation
Required area = (18 – 13.5) units2 satisfied.
coefficient was 0.935.
= 4.5 units2  9 9 x Question 17
b P(X > 5) = dx The gradient fu
a Briefly describe the correlation
5 32 between the
19 The curves are y = ln x, y = 2 ln x and y = ln 2x.
measurements. 2 9 (1 mark) dy
Now y = ln x passes through (1, 0) and (e, 1). =
9x x

by = ex – e–x
dx
So r is the graph of y = ln x. b Tim found the equation of32 the64

least
5 squares line
Find the equat
ln 2x = ln 2 + ln x of best fit to be y = 1.1x + 916.4.
9 Using
92 9 this
5 equation,
52
=
Now ln 2 is a positive constant. what would be the leg length 32 of 64
someone32 whose
64
So y = ln 2x is the curve y = ln x translated up. arm length is 20 cm? 1 (1 mark)
= 
So q is the graph of y = ln 2x.  4
p is the graph of y = 2 ln x.  c Tim’s leg length c 5was 56upper
is the cm. What
quartile.would
 you
Curves q and r are the same shape just in different positions. predict his arm length to be? (1 mark)
Curve p is a similar logarithmic shape to the others but has been

stretched and pulled into a slightly different shape. 
248 SAMPLE
22 1 + sin2x + sin4x + sin6x + … b A= 3
tan x dx
6
Infinite geometric series:
a = 1, r = sin2x = [ log e (cosx )] 3 
6
Now –1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 for all values of x.
But sin x ≠ ± 1 = –loge cos log e cos
3 6
∴ –1 < r < 1
1 3
So a limiting sum exists.  = –loge + loge
a 2 2
S=
1 r 3
1 = loge 2
= 1
1 sin 2 x
2
1
= = loge 3
cos 2 x
= sec2x 1
= loge3 
∴ 1 + sin2x + sin4x + sin6x + … = sec2x  2
y
23 v = t2 + t – 12 (t ≥ 0) y = tan x
a The particle is at rest when v = 0,
i.e. t2 + t – 12 = 0
(t + 4)(t – 3) = 0
t = – 4 or t = 3
1
But t ≥ 0 ∴ t = 3
0 x
The particle is at rest after 3 seconds.  –π –1
–π π π π π
2 6 3 2
b v = t2 + t – 12
t3 t2
x = + – 12t + C
3 2
When t = 0, x = –2
03 0 2
–2 = + – 12 × 0 + C
3 2
25 a y = 2 sin π(x – 0.25) + 1
C = –2
t3 t2 = 2 sin x +1
∴ x = + – 12t – 2  4
3 2 2
When t = 6, Period =
63 6 2 =2 
x = + – 12 × 6 – 2
3 2 b Amplitude = 2 
= 16 Range: –1 ≤ y ≤ 3 
After 6 seconds the particle is 16 m to the right of O.  c Phase shift = 0.25 units to the right (at the centre of the
c a = 2t + 1 range) 
When t = 0, y
y = 2 sin π(x – 0.25) + 1
a=2×0+1 3
=1
The initial acceleration is 1 ms–2. 
d The particle is initially 2 m to the left of the origin moving left 2
(the velocity is negative) and slowing down (the acceleration is
positive, opposite the velocity). 
It comes to rest after 3 seconds and then moves right at 1
increasing speed reaching a position 16 m to the right of the
origin after 6 seconds. 
24 a y = loge(cos x)
0 x
dy 1 d 1 2 3 4
= (cosx ) 
dx cosx dx
1 –1
= × –sin x
cosx 
sinx
= 26 a The difference between successive rows is constant. So it is an
cosx
arithmetic sequence.
= –tan x 
a = 20, l = 95, Sn = 1495

Section II: 9028marks
a P = 370 000,
r = 0.6 d One of the
n of 39 cm. W
Sn = (a + l) Allow about 2 hours
A1 = and 45 minutes
370 000(1.006) – M for this section.
2 unusual? D
A2 = A1(1.006) – M
n
1495 = (20 + 95) 
Question 11 (4 marks) = [370 000(1.006) – M](1.006) – M
2
= 370at000(1.006) 2
– M(1.006) – MThe Question 13
2990 = n × 115 Yvonne makes pies to sell a stall each weekend.
= 370 000(1.006) 2
– M(1 + 1.006)  of Differentiate w
n = 26 graph shows the cost and income for different numbers
pies. A = A (1.006) – M a x2ex
∴ there are 26 rows of trees.  3 2
b Tn = a + (n – 1)d
= [370 000(1.006)2 – M(1 + 1.006)](1.006) – M
y b (1 – cos x)3
95 = 20 + (26 – 1) × d  = 370 000(1.006)3 – M(1.006 + 1.0062) – M
1100 = 370 000(1.006)3 – M(1 + 1.006 + 1.0062) 
75 = 25d
1000 b A = 370 000(1.006)n – M(1 + 1.006 + … + 1.006n–1) Question 14
d=3 n
Geometric series: a = 1, r = 1.006, n = n x
There are three more trees in every row.  900 a Find
a(r n 1) x2 +
27 a There are six points of intersection so there are six 800 Sn
=
r 1
solutions.  700 b Evaluate
1(1.006n 1) 0
b When x = , =
6 600 1.006 1
2 sin x = 2 sin 500 1.006n 1 c Find the va
6 =
0.006
400 1.006n 1
=2×
1 ∴ An = 370 000(1.006)n – M  Question 15
2 0.006
300 A teacher gave
=1  c 25 years = 300 months
200 had to be answ
1.006300 1
3x
3
100
A300 = 370 000(1.006)300 – M answers and d
tan = tan 6 0.006
2 2 If the loan is repaid after 25 years A300 = 0.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 x
1.006300 1 Question tru
= tan 0 = 370
Cost
000(1.006) 300
Income
–M 
4 0.006
Question fal
=1  1.006300 1
3x a How many pies mustM Yvonne=sell 370to break even?
000(1.006) 300
(1 mark)
So 2 sin x = tan when x = . 0.006 a If 18 studen
2 6 300
answered e
b How much profit Mwill
= Yvonne 300
370 000(1.006 make
) (0.006on )a weekend when
3x were on the
c From the graph 2 sin x ≥ tan when 0 ≤ x ≤ .  she sells 200 pies? 1.006 1 (1 mark)
2 6 = 2662.478 15…
3x 3x c What is the y-intercept of the(2cost
= 2662.48 d.p.)line? What does that b What perce
Now, y = tan has an asymptote when =
2 2 2 represent? The amount of each monthly instalment(1would mark) be correctly?
i.e x = $2662.48. 
 d What is the gradient c What is the
3 d Totalofrepaid
the income
= $2662.48 line? What does that
× 300
y represent? (1 mark) was answer
y = tan 3x = $798 744
3 2
Total interest = $798 744 – $370 000 d What is the
Question 12 (4 marks) = $428 744 
2 answer whe
Tim made a study of the arm length (from elbow to wrist)
as true?
1 y = 2 sin x and leg length29 a y = 4 + 9x – 3x2 – x3
(from knee to ankle) of some students.
When
He found that the arm x = 0, had mean x = 26 cm and
lengths
y = 4 + 9 ×The
0 – 3leg
× 0lengths
2
– 03 had mean Question 16
standard deviation 4.25 cm.
0 x
= 4 deviation 5 cm and the correlation Solve 12x – 3x2
π π π 2π y = 45 cm and standard
3 2
–1 coefficient was 0.935. curve cuts the y-axis at (0, 4). 
The
Question 17
dy
b = 9 – 6x – 3x2 The gradient fu
–2 a Briefly describe the
dx correlation between the
measurements. Stationary points occur when dy = 0 (1 mark) dy
–3 dx by = ex – e–x
i.e. 9 – 6x – 3x2 = 0 dx

3 – 2x – x = 0
2
Find the equat
3x (3 + x)(1 – x) = 0
So, for 0 ≤ x ≤ , 2 sin x ≥ tan when 0 ≤ x ≤ what would be the leg length of someone whose
2 2 6 x = –3 or x = 1 
and <x≤ .  d2 y
3 2 = –6 – 6x
c Tim’s leg length dxwas 56 cm. What would you
2
d2 y
When xto
predict his arm length be?dx 2 = –6 – 6 × (–3)
= –3, (1 mark)
= 12 (> 0)
∴ there is a minimum when x = –3.
248 SAMPLE
d2 y d 2P
When x = 1, = –6 – 6 × 1 = 144r–3
dx 2 dr 2
= –12 (< 0)
d 2P
∴ there is a maximum when x = 1.  So > 0 when r = 6.
dr 2
When x = –3, y = 4 + 9(–3) – 3(–3)2 – (–3)3
∴ the minimum perimeter occurs when r = 6. 
= –23
The diameter of the circle will be 12 cm.
When x = 1, y = 4 + 9 × 1 – 3 × 12 – 13
Arc length = rθ
=9
72
There is a minimum at (–3, –23) and a maximum at (1, 9).  =
r
d2 y
c If =0 = 12 when r = 6
dx 2
∴ the minimum perimeter will occur when both the diameter
–6 – 6x = 0
of the circle and the arc length of the sector are 12 cm. 
–6x = 6
x = –1 
d2 y SAMPLE HSC EXAMINATION 2
If x < –1, 2 > 0.
dx Section I
d2 y
If x > –1, 2 < 0. 2 y
dx 1 C. Gradient =
3 6
When x = –1, y = 4 + 9(–1) – 3(–1)2 – (–1)3 Vertical intercept = 2 5
= –7 2
Equation is y = x + 2 4
There is a point of inflection at (–1, –7).  3
3
When x → ∞, y → –∞
2
When x → –∞, y → ∞ 
y 1
y = 4 + 9x – 3x2 – x3 10 (1, 9)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 x
5
2 C.
Detected true Detected false
0 x
–4 –2 2 4 True statement 84 16
–5
(–1, –7)
False statement 36 124
–10
–15 Number correctly detected = 84 + 124
= 208
–20 Total statements = 208 + 16 + 36
(–3, 23) –25 = 260
208
–30 P(correctly detected) =
260
 4
=
1 5
30 a A = r2θ
2 3 A. FV = $60 339, r = 0.0075, n = 60
1 2 FV
r θ = 36 PV =
2 r (1 1 r) n
r θ = 72
2
$60339
O θ =
72 (1.0075) 60
θ= 2 
r r = $38 539 (nearest dollar)
b P = r + r + rθ
4 B.
40 is two standard deviations below the mean.
= 2r + rθ
72 76 is one standard deviation above the mean.
= 2r + r × 2
r 68% of scores lie within one standard deviation of the mean.
72 95% of scores lie within two standard deviations.
= 2r + 
r 95% – 68% = 27% lie between one and two standard deviations.
= 2r + 72r–1 1
Percentage = 68% + of 27%
dP 2
Now = 2 – 72r–2  = 81.5%
dr
dP 1
A maximum or minimum will occur when = 0, 5 A. A = absinC
dr 2 5m
8.7 m
72 1
i.e. 2 – 2 = 0 = × 5 × 9 × sin 70°
r 2 70°
9m
2r2 = 72 = 21.143 0839 ...
r2 = 36 = 21.1 (1 d.p.)
r = 6 (r > 0) The area is 21.1 m2.

1
6 D. f(x) =
x2 Section II: 90Section
marksII d One of the
= x–2 Allow about 2 hours and 45 minutes
Classfor this section.
scores of 39 cm. W
x 1 unusual? D
F(x) = +c X Y
1 Question 11 (4 marks) 93 4 6
1 Question 13
= +c Yvonne makes pies to sell at a stall7each
7 2 0 weekend.
5 1 4 8The
x Differentiate w
graph shows the cost and income9for 8 5 4different
1 6 0numbers
356 of
x 1 1 pies. 86532 7 12478 a x2ex
Now =1– . 9653 8 244799
x x
y 41 9 035 b (1 – cos x)3
x 1 1
So is an anti-derivative of 2 .
x x 1100
11 a X: range = 94 – 43
1000 Question 14
2
sinx cosx + sin x sin x (cosx + sinx ) = 51 
7 D. = x
sinx cosx +cos 2 x cosx (sin x +cosx ) 900 74+77 a Find 2
b Y: median = x +
sin x 800 2
=
cosx = 75.5 
700 b Evaluate
= tan x c Class Y did better than class X with more higher scores and a 0
600 higher median (75.5 compared to 70.5). 
8 B. f(x) = (x + 1)2 = x2 + 2x + 1
500 c YFind
The results in class X are symmetrical but those in class are the va
f(–x) = ((–x) + 1)2 negatively skewed. 
= x2 – 2x + 1 400
q2 + r 2 − p2 Question 15
≠ f(x) 12 a cos P = P 75 km Q
300
2qr A teacher gave
So f(x) is not even.
200
1252 + 752 − 1752 125 km
had to be answ
g(x) = x2 + 1 =
100 2 × 125 × 75  answers and d
175 km
g(–x) = (–x)2 + 1
= –0.5
= x2 + 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 x R
P = 120° 
= g(x) N Question tru
b Let XCost due north of P.
be a point Income
So g(x) is even. X
Question
75 km fal
P is due west of Q. ∠XPQ = 90° P Q
120°
x a How many pies must
Reflex Yvonne
angle XPRsell to+break
= 90° 120° even? (1125
mark)
0 x 4 km a If 18 studen
9 D. f(x) = 8 = 210°
b How much profit will Yvonne make on a weekend when answered
175 km e
0 elsewhere The bearing of R from P is 210°. 
she sells 200 pies? (1 mark) were on the
M x R
Now dx = 0.5
0 8 c What is the13y-intercept of the$200
a Barry charges costasline?
a fixedWhat
rate. does
 that b What perce
M x x 2 M represent? b It will cost $575 for Carrie to work for 10(1hours.
mark)  correctly?
dx = c The two costs are the same for 5 hours work. 
0 8 16 What is the
c Barry
0
d What is the gradient
d Barryof the work
would income line?
slightly What
longer does
than that
Carrie for $500 so
M2
–0 = represent? would be the most economical.  (1 mark) was answer
16 375 200
M2 e Gradient = d What is the
So
16
= 0.5 Question 12 (4 marks) 5
= 35  (from elbow to wrist) answer whe
M2 = 8 Tim made a study of the arm length
This represents Barry’s hourlystudents.
rate ($35/h).  as true?
and leg length (from knee to ankle) of some
M = 2.828 427 12… (M > 0) f y-intercept = 175
375 175 Question 16
= 2.8 (1 d.p.) standard deviation 4.25 cm.=The leg lengths had mean
Gradient
5 Solve 12x – 3x2
y = 45 cm and standard deviation
= 40 
5 cm and the correlation
10 B. The graph has moved to the right so the equation must be of the
form y = |3x – k|.
coefficient was 0.935.
So C = 40h + 175.  Question 17
y a Briefly describe
14 a the correlation
y = log (x2 + 4) between the The gradient fu
e
measurements. dy 1 d 2 (1 mark) dy
= ( x + 4) by = ex – e–x
dx x 2 + 4 dx dx

2x Find the equat
of best fit to be y = 1.1x
= 2 + 16.4.  Using this equation,
y = |3x| x +4
what would be the legxlength of someone whose
b y = e sin x
dy d d
= ex × (sin x) + sin x × (ex) 
0 x
c Tim’s leg length dxwas 56 dx What would you
cm. dx
= ex
×
predict his arm length to be? cos x + sin x × ex
(1 mark)
= ex(cos x + sin x) 
248 SAMPLE
15 a FV = $30 000 r = 6% ÷ 12 n = 2 × 12 18 1 + 3x + 32x + 33x + …
= 0.5% = 24 Infinite geometric series:
Factor = 25.432  a = 1, r = 3x, S = 1.5
$30 000 = a × 25.432 a
S=
a = $30 000 ÷ 25.432 1 r
= $1179.616 23… 1
1.5 = 
= $1180 (nearest dollar)  1 3x
b Because the interest is compound interest, the amount of interest 1
earned each month increases as the amount of the investment 1 – 3x =
1.5
increases. It is not the same over the whole term of the loan.  2
In 12 months the future value is given by: =
3
FV = $1180 × 12.336 1
= $14 556.48  3x =
3
c Interest rate = 6% ÷ 4
= 3–1
= 1.5%
∴ x = –1 
Period = 2 × 4
=8 19 a A correlation coefficient of –0.8168 means there is strong
Interest rate factor = 8.4328 negative correlation. Generally as the age increases, the value of
FV = $750 × 8.4328 vehicles decrease. 
= $6324.60  b 20 
d Extra amount = $6324.60 ÷ 25.432 c y-intercept = 36 000
= $248.686 693… 36 000
Gradient =
= $249 (nearest dollar) 9
Lily would need to have saved an extra $249 each month.  = –4000 
Equation is y = –4000x + 36 000 
4 dx 4 1
16 a = x 2 dx d $10 000 
1 x 1
1
1
4 e 3 years 
2
x2
=  f x ≥ 0 because a vehicle cannot have a negative age. 
1
2 1 x ≤ 9 because a vehicle cannot have a negative value. 
4
= 2 x 1 20 a y = 3 sin 2x
=2 4–2 1 Amplitude = 3
2
=2  Period =
2
1 6 =π 
b 6
sin2x dx = 2 cos2x 
0 0 a and b
1 1 y
= cos 2 cos(2 0) 3 y=x
2 6 2
1 1 1
= + 1
2 2 2
1 x
= 
4 0
3π
–2π – 3π –π –π π π 2π
17 a Number studying physics or chemistry or both = 48 – 6 = 42. 2 2 2 2
Now 26 + 30 = 56.
So number studying both = 56 – 42 = 14. –3
y = 3 sin 2x
6 
P C c From the graph y = x and y = 3 sin 2x have three points of
intersection.
12 14 16 ∴ 3 sin 2x = x has three solutions. 
1 50x
21 a f(x) = e x 0
50
 0 otherwise
14
b P(chemistry student also studies physics) = x
30 P(X ≤ 24) =
24 1
e 50
dx
7 0 50
= 
15

x 24
∴ 6 = –2 × 0 + C1 d One of the
= e 50

0 Allow about 2 hours C1 =and
6 45 minutes for this section. of 39 cm. W
24 dx unusual? D
= e 50
– (–e0) ∴ = –2t + 6 
dt
Question 11 (4b marks)
= 1 – e 50
24
x = –t2 + 6t + C2 Question 13
When t = 0, x = 7 Differentiate w
= 0.381 216 608… graph shows the cost and income for different numbers of
∴ 7 = –02 + 6 × 0 + C2
= 0.381 (3 d.p.)  pies. a x2ex
60 1 x C2 = 7
b P(48 < X < 60) = e 50 dx y ∴ x = –t2 + 6t + 7 
48 50 b (1 – cos x)3
1100 dx
60 48
c Particle is at rest when =0
= e e dt Question 14
50 50
1000
i.e. –2t + 6 = 0 x
= 0.081 698 6740… a Find
900 2t = 6
= 0.082 (3 d.p.)  x2 +
800 t=3
c P(X ≥ 36) = 1 – P(X < 36)
36 700 The particle is at rest after 3 seconds.  b Evaluate
=1– 1 e 50 d When t = 0, x = 7 0
600
= 0.486 752 25… 500 d 2cx Find the va
The particle is at rest at t = 3 so the maximum since 2 < 0
= 0.487 (3 d.p.)  dt
400 displacement occurs at t = 3.
22 aAt points of intersection: y When t = 3, x = –3 + 6 × 3 + 7
2 Question 15
x3 = 3x2 – 2x
300
= 16 
A teacher gave
had to be answ
y = 3x – 2x 2
200
x3 – 3x2 + 2x = 0 When t = 5, x = –5 + 6 × 5 + 7
2
x(x – 3x + 2) = 0
2 100 = 12
answers and d
x(x – 1)(x – 2) = 0  Total distance = (16 – 7) + (16 – 12) m
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 x
x = 0 or x = 1 or x = 2 = 13 m  Question tru
Now 0 < a < b 0 x Cost Income
a b 24 a x = 73, µ = 52.5, σ = 8.2 Question fal
∴a=1  y=x 3
a How many pies must z = Yvonne sell to break even? (1 mark)

x μ
b Let x = c be the point where the curve cuts x-axis (0 < c < a). a If 18 studen
Area =
a
x 3 dx
a
(3x 2 2x )dx +
c
(3x 2 2x ) dx b How much profit = will
73 Yvonne
52.5 make on a weekend when answered e
0 c 0
she sells 200 pies? 8.2 (1 mark) were on the
c
But (3x 2 2x )dx < 0. = 2.5 
0
b Mickey didof the cost
better thanline? What
99.38% does that
of students. b What perce
So
c
(3x 2
2x )dx =
c
(3x 2
2x )dx . represent? Now 0.9938 × 58 000 = 57 640.4. (1 mark) correctly?
0 0
a a c So Micky did better than about 57 640 students.  c What is the
Area = x 3 dx (3x 2 2x )dx (3x 2 2x ) dx d What is the gradient of the income line? What does that
0 c 0 Number who did better than Micky was answer
a
represent? (1 mark)
≈ 58 000 – 57 640
= (x (3x
3 2
2x ))dx
0
= 360 d What is the
a Question 12 (4 marks)
= ( x 3 3x 2 + 2x )dx  So about 360 students did better than Micky.  answer whe
0 Tim made a study of the arm length (from elbow to wrist)
as true?
c A=
1
(x 3
3x + 2x )dx
2 and leg length (from knee to ankle) of some students.
0
x4
1 Question 16
= x3 + x2 standard deviation 4.25 cm. The leg lengths had mean
0.9938
4 Solve 12x – 3x2
0 y = 45 cm and standard deviation 5 cm and the correlation
14 04 coefficient was 0.935. Question 17
= – 13 + 12 – – 03 + 0 2 z = 2.5
4 4
a Briefly describe
c the
40%correlation
of 80 = 32 between the The gradient fu
1
= measurements. So a score of 32 in the test is a score of 40%.
(1 mark)
 dy
4 by = ex – e–x
x = 32, µ = 52.5, σ = 8.2 dx
1 b Tim found the equation of the least squares line

The area is units2. 
4 x μ+ 16.4. Using this equation, Find the equat
of best fit to be yz== 1.1x
d 2x what would be the leg length of someone whose
23 a = –2
dt 2 arm length is 20 cm? 32 52.5 (1 mark)
=
dx 8.2
= –2t + C1
dt c Tim’s leg length was 56 cm.
= –2.5  What would you
dx predict his arm length tosymmetry
Using the be? of the curve, the area(1to the right of
mark)
When t = 0, =6 z = – 2.5 is 0.9938.
dt
P(student did better than 40%) = 99.38% 
248 SAMPLE
dV
25 1 + log2x = 2x c = 30πr – 5πr2
dr
∴ log2x = 2x – 1
dV
y When =0
y = 2x – 1 dr
4 30πr – 5πr2 = 0
y = log2x 5πr(6 – r) = 0
2 r = 0 or r = 6 
2
0 dV
= 30π – 10πr
–5 5 10 15 x dr 2
–2 d 2V
< 0 when r = 6
dr 2
–4 ∴ the maximum volume occurs when r = 6. 
5 r3
 d V = 15πr2 –
3
From the graph there are no points of intersection.
When r = 6,
So, there are no solutions of the equation 1 + log2x = 2x.  5 63
V = 15 × π × 62 –
26 Last amount invested earns interest for 1 year. A1 = $10 000(1.065) 3
First investment earns interest for 30 years: A30 = $10 000(1.065)30 = 180π
Total investment The maximum possible volume of the cylinder is 180π cm3.
= $[10 000(1.065) + 10 000(1.065)2 + … + 10 000(1.065)30]  1
Volume of cone: V = πr2h
This is a geometric series: 3
a = 10 000(1.065), r = 1.065, n = 30 1
= × π × 92 × 15
a(r n 1) 3
Sn = = 405π
r 1
The volume of the cone is 405π cm3.
10 000(1.065)(1.06530 1) 180
=  Ratio of volumes =
1.065 1 405
= 919 892.302… 4
= 
The total investment will be worth $919 892 to the nearest 9
dollar. 
28 a A= 3
sin x dx
27 a
6
A A
= [ cosx ] 3 
6
C C
15 cm 15 cm = – cos – cos
3 6
h cm h cm
1 3
= +
O D B O B D B 2 2
9 cm (9 – r) cm
r cm 3 1
The exact area is units2. 
9 cm 2
In ∆AOB, ∆CDB y
∠AOB = ∠CDB (both 90°) 1
∠ABO = ∠CBD (common angle) y = sin x
∴ Triangles AOB and CDB are similar. 
h 9 r
∴ = (corresponding sides, similar triangles)
15 9
h r
=1–
15 9 0 π π π x
5 6 3
h = 15 – r 
3
b V = πr2h
5
= πr2 15 – r
3 –1
5 r3
= 15πr –
2

3

b b a Section II: 90 marks
When x = 1, d One of the
b f ( x )dx ≈ f (a)+ f (b)
a 2 d2 y
Allow about 2 hours2 =and–2e–145
(2 –minutes
1) (< 0) for this section.
of 39 cm. W
dx unusual? D
3
sinx dx ≈ 3 6 sin + sin  ∴ there is a maximum when x = 1.
2 6 3 Question 11 (4 marks)
6 When x = 1, y = 2 × 1 × e–1 Question 13
1 3 Yvonne makes pies to sell at a stall= 2eeach weekend. The
= +
–1
Differentiate w
12 2 2 graph shows the costThe
and income for different numbers of
turning point is a maximum at (1, 2e–1). 
pies. a x2ex
= (1+ 3 ) 
2
d y
24 e If the curve changes concavity =0
y dx 2 b (1 – cos x)3
Using one application of the trapezoidal rule the area is
1100
i.e. 2e–x(2 – x) = 0
approximately (1+ 3) units . 2
2e–x = 0 or 2 – x = 0
24 1000 Question 14
no solution x=2 x
1 3 a Find
c
24
( 1+ 3 ) ≈ +
2 2
900
If x < 2,
d2 y
<0 x2 +
800 dx 2
(1+ 3 ) ≈ 12(1 3 ) 700 d2 y b Evaluate
If x > 2, >0
12(1 3)
0
dx 2
600
π≈ ∴ the curve changes concavity when x = 2. 
1+ 3 c Find the va
500 When x = 2, y = 2 × 2 × e–2
12(1 3) 1 3
= 400 = 4e–2
1+ 3 1 3 Question 15
The curve changes concavity at (2, 4e–2). 
300 A teacher gave
12(1 2 3 +3) f As x → ∞ y → 0
= 200 had to be answ
1 3 As x → –∞ y → –∞ 
100 g answers and d
= 6(4 – 2 3)
y
∴ π ≈ 12(2 – 3)  0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 x
1 (1, 2e–1) Question tru
(2, 4e–2)
29 ay = 2xe–x Cost Income
y = 2x e–x Question fal
Curve crosses y-axis when x = 0
a How many pies must Yvonne
0 sell to break even? (1 mark) xa
y = 2 × 0 × e–0 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 If 18 studen
=0 b How much profit will Yvonne
–1 make on a weekend when answered e
The curve cuts the y-axis at the origin.  she sells 200 pies? (1 mark) were on the
dy d d
b = 2x × (e–x) + e–x × (2x)
dx dx dx c What is the y-intercept –2
of the cost line? What does that b What perce
= 2x × –e–x + e–x × 2 represent? (1 mark) correctly?
= 2e–x(–x + 1) –3
d What is the gradient of the income line? What does that c What is the
= 2e–x(1 – x) 
2 represent? (1 mark) was answer
d y d d
c = 2e–x × (1 – x) + (1 – x) × (2e–x) –4
dx 2 dx dx d What is the
= 2e–x × –1 + (1 – x) × –2e–x Question 12 (4 marks) 
answer whe
= –2e–x(1 + 1 – x) Tim made a study of the arm length (from elbow to wrist)
as true?
= –2e–x(2 – x)  and leg length (from knee to ankle) of some students.
d At turning point
dy
=0 Question 16
dx standard deviation 4.25 cm. The leg lengths had mean
Solve 12x – 3x2
i.e. 2e–x(1 – x) = 0 y = 45 cm and standard deviation 5 cm and the correlation
2e–x = 0 or 1 – x = 0 coefficient was 0.935. Question 17
no solution x=1  a Briefly describe the correlation between the The gradient fu
by = ex – e–x
dx

Find the equat
what would be the leg length of someone whose

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4 Find the equation of the second curve. Give the answer

The second curve is a translation 6 units to the right.

–4 –2 0 2 4 x Determine the equations of

4 EXCEL YEAR 12 MATHEMATICS ADVANCED

y= and subtract fractions to change

Dilations are transformations where size is not

6 EXCEL YEAR 12 MATHEMATICS

x-intercepts at –1 and 0. –4 –2 0 2 4 x –1 Determine t

4* Consider f(x) = |3x – 8|.

8 EXCEL YEAR 12 MATHEMATICS

–4 and negative) values of x can also be used.

same diagram. the same diagram.

–40 To sketch y = ex + e–x we use the graphs of

1 Consider y = x3 + 2x2 – 24x.

–200 An odd function has point symmetry about the origin.

10 EXCEL YEAR 12 MATHEMATICS

Example 1 f(–x) = 16(–x) – (–x)

∴ the function is not continuous.

12 EXCEL YEAR 12 MATHEMATICS

a Is the function odd or even? x 4x + 2 for x 2

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 d The break-even point is when 30 'babybugs' are sold.

Find the dimensions of the rectangle.

14 EXCEL YEAR 12 MATHEMATICS

Example 1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Example 3 a What isythe gradient and what does it represent?

0 x the same diagram. 2 It is known that a particular rectangle has area of

y = 1 forms the boundary of, but is not part of

3 Use a pair of graphs, drawn on the same diagram,

allows us to determine the required region.

Example 1 2 The graph shows the region bounded by the curves

16 EXCEL YEAR 12 MATHEMATICS

e What conclusions can be made about f(x) when 2

∴ f(x) is an odd function. e – 4e – 1 = 0

intersect at A and B and the semicircle meets the x-axis

18 EXCEL YEAR 12 MATHEMATICS

On AB, y = –1 + 1+ 4 2 the same diagram.

a Show that the equation of AB is given by

Example 2 2 The future value of an annuity is $47 000 when the

20 EXCEL YEAR 12 MATHEMATICS

15 The diagram shows the graph1 of y = x3.

–15 the same diagram.

C (2, 4) D (3.5, 2.5) 0 x

D f(x) = e for x < 4

8 The shaded region is where: 13 a Sketch the graph of y = ex + 1. (1 mark)

–4 When is particle B further from the origin than

15 a Solve x – 25x + 144 = 0.

22 EXCEL YEAR 12 MATHEMATICS ADVANCED

0 ÎÎIt is importantdtoFind the values

4 Find the equ

ax +b 1 So r is y = x2 – x and q is y = 3x2 – 3x.

24 EXCEL YEAR 12 MATHEMATICS ADVANCED

y = |x| the same diagram.

20 1 a y = 9x2 + 30x + 29 y = 9x2 + 30x + 29 y

26 EXCEL YEAR 12 MATHEMATICS ADVANCED

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

From the graph the length is 13 cm and the width is 5 cm. y

b The line y = 4x – 4 will intersect the cubic curve y = x3 – x2

28 EXCEL YEAR 12 MATHEMATICS ADVANCED

From the graph y ≥ 0 exponential and logarithmic

= f '(x) At the points

CD is the diameter of the semicircle. (x + 3)(x – 8) > 0 –3 8 x