Building American public health urban

planning, architecture, and the quest

for better health in the United States
Lopez
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Building American Public Health
 Previous Publications

Urban Health: Readings in the Social, Built and Physical Environment of

U.S. Cities, 2009
H. Patricia Hynes and Russell Lopez

The Built Environment and Public Health, 2011

Russell Lopez
Building American Public Health
Urban Planning, Architecture,
and the Quest for Better Health
in the United States

Russell Lopez
building american public health
Copyright © Russell Lopez, 2012

All rights reserved.

First published in 2012 by

PALGRAVE MACMILLAN®
in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.

Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the World,
this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills,
Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS.

Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above

companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world.

Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United

States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.

ISBN: 978–1–137–00243–3

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Lopez, Russ.
Building American public health: urban planning, architecture,
and the quest for better health in the United States / Russell Lopez.
p. ; cm.
ISBN 978–1–137–00243–3 (hardback)
I. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Architecture as Topic—United States.
2. Public Health—United States. 3. Housing—United States.
4. Social Conditions—United States. 5. Social Planning—
United States. WA 795]
362.1—dc23 2011047570

A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library

Design by Integra Software Services

First edition: May 2012

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Printed in the United States of America.

To my brother, Steven Lopez
This page intentionally left blank
 Contents

List of Tables ix
List of Figures xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Author Biography xvii
1 Introduction 1
2 Urban Life and Health in the Nineteenth Century 9
3 Nineteenth-Century Reform Movements 25
4 Housing Laws, Zoning, and Building Codes 47
5 Building a Suburban Utopia 67
6 Modernism and the Scientific Construction of the Built
Environment 81
7 Public Housing 99
8 Urban Renewal and Highway Construction 119
9 Decline and Rise 139
10 A New Age of Cities and Health 161
11 Future Trends and Needs 181
Notes 191
Index 247
This page intentionally left blank
 List of Tables

1.1 Timeline of the built environment and health 7

2.1 Key dates in the beginning of the urban crisis 10
3.1 Key dates in the age of reform 26
4.1 Key dates of housing laws, zoning, and building codes 48
5.1 Key dates in the development of a suburban utopia 68
6.1 Key dates in the development of Modernism 82
7.1 Key dates in US public housing 100
8.1 Key dates in urban renewal and highway construction 120
9.1 Key dates in the mid-twentieth-century decline and rise
of US cities 140
10.1 Key dates in the new age of cities and health 162
This page intentionally left blank
 List of Figures

2.1 New York tenement on a hot summer night 14

3.1 Commonwealth Avenue Mall, Boston 35
3.2 The Columbian exposition 1893 40
4.1 New York tenement district 52
4.2 Traffic in Detroit 61
7.1 Public housing site plan 106
7.2 Villa Victoria, Boston 116
9.1 Orchard gardens, Boston 154
10.1 Community garden 169
This page intentionally left blank
 Preface

I was one of those little kids who always had to look at everything.
As I walked or was driven around, I had to know how things got to
be the way they were and I must have tested the patience of my par-
ents with my constantly asking, Why does such and such a place look the
way it does? As an adult teaching and researching the built environment,
it became clear that the buildings and neighborhoods around us reflect
a history and a set of sometimes lost ideas, concerns, and assumptions.
When I walk to work or run errands, I pass brutalist concrete buildings,
stately row houses, New Urbanist mixed housing, and old-style public
housing developments. In the course of the rhythm of the year, I might
visit modest postwar suburbs and opulent late twentieth-century postsub-
urbia shopping malls and corner stores. Again, it is clear that each of these
reflects a thoughtful set of values and ideologies, now perhaps unknown to
passersby. So this book began as research into the varied ways Americans
have sought to construct the environment around them and the impli-
cations these may have for health and the environment. It evolved into
a homage to the many men and women who strove to improve the lives
and health of humanity. May their important efforts not be forgotten.
My hope is that others, young and old, may someday gaze upon build-
ings and neighborhoods that reflect these peoples’ work and think, Wow!
So that’s why it looks like that.
This page intentionally left blank
 Acknowledgments

Writing this book was generally a joy, punctuated by occasional bouts of

frustration. That the book was completed is the result of the good wishes
and support of many. Among my former colleagues at Boston Univer-
sity, I must thank H. Patricia Hynes, David Ozonoff, Leslie Boden, Lew
Pepper, and Richard Clapp for encouraging me to take up a career of
research and writing. In addition, I owe a great deal of thanks to Greg
Howard, who cotaught the course on the Built Environment that served
as a launching point for this book. My colleagues at Northeastern Univer-
sity, especially Barry Bluestone, Stephanie Pollack, and Shan Mohammed,
were helpful, providing me space, time, and encouragement as I sought to
complete this book. The students in the Built Environment course were
also great in asking many probing questions that had to be answered in
this book. I also am grateful to Chris Chappell, Sarah Whalen, and the
rest of the staff at Palgrave Macmillan for their work to make this book
publishable.
Even in an age when many materials are online, much of this research
took place in libraries. The staff of the Boston University Medical Library
cheerfully hunted down obscure texts that have yet to be digitized. I am
also grateful to the research librarians at the Museum of Modern Art
Library and the Burnham Library at the Art Institute of Chicago for
allowing me access to their materials. A number of people read drafts
of the manuscript and I am thankful for their comments and enthusi-
asm. These include Robert Bruegmann, Audra Wolf, Barbara Goldoftas,
and Marc Maxwell. Four others also were most supportive of this project
at crucial times when my energy was low: James Jennings, George
Galster, Howard Frumkin, and David Dixon. In addition, the staff at
Robert Wood Johnson’s Active Living Research, including James Sallis
and Amanda Wilson, must be thanked for their grant support of some
of the research that eventually led to this book. Similarly, Allen Dearry,
xvi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Shobha Srinivasan, and an early grant from the National Institute of Envi-
ronmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) helped fund some of the work that
resulted in this project.
The Library of Congress was the source of many of the illustra-
tions in this book. Parts of this book were included in an article in
the American Journal of Public Health: Russ Lopez, “Public Health, the
APHA, and Urban Renewal,” September 2009, Volume 99, Issue 9, pages
1603–1611.
Finally, I wish to thank my family and friends who listened to me
research and write this book. Many members of both the Lopez and
Sherman families accompanied me to museums and exhibits, waited
patiently while I explored buildings and neighborhoods, and listened
sympathetically while I wrote this manuscript. In particular, thank you
to Bonnie Sherman, Andrew Sherman, and Steven Lopez.
 Author Biography

Russell Lopez has a Masters in City and Regional Planning from the
Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and a Doctorate
in Environmental Health from the Boston University School of Public
Health. With funding from the Active Living Research program of the
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the National Institute of Environ-
mental Health Science, he has conducted research and published papers
on the health impacts of the built environment, racial residential segre-
gation, and income inequality. He co-developed one of the first courses
on health and the built environment and has taught at Brown, Tufts,
and Boston University. Currently he is Senior Research Associate at the
Kitty and Michael Dukakis Center for Urban and Regional Policy at
Northeastern University.
This page intentionally left blank
C H A P T E R 1

Introduction

To a great extent, the design of houses, businesses, neighborhoods,

and metropolitan areas in the United States reflects efforts to reform the
built environment to protect and promote health. Nearly every house has
a kitchen and a bathroom, and each room has a window, while street
layouts, whether hierarchical with cul-de-sacs, collector streets, and arte-
rials, or based on the grid, document the health priorities of the eras in
which they were developed. Some neighborhoods are exclusively residen-
tial, while others include stores and offices, depending on whether mixed
use was seen to be a problem or a virtue. It is possible to examine a com-
munity and decipher its planners’ and architects’ conceptualization of a
healthy environment, much like an archeologist can sift through ruins to
understand an ancient culture.
Over the past 150 years, many urban planners and architects, but also
social reformers, public health advocates, and others, have attempted to
use the design of housing, neighborhoods, cities, and metropolitan areas
to promote health. US reformers borrowed extensively from Europe as
well as developed their own ideas on how best to meet the challenges
posed by urbanization and poor health. Along with the benefits provided
by rising incomes and advancing technologies, they succeeded in address-
ing many problems posed by the built environment. However, consensus
on both what constitutes a most healthful environment and health pri-
orities have changed and our understanding of the association between
the built environment and health continues to evolve. This book is a sur-
vey of the effort to modify the built environment for health. It is timely
because the past 15 years have seen a reconnection of public health and
urban planning, with the two disciplines energizing and informing the
work of each other. As the two go forward in partnership, it is important
to consider what they have jointly accomplished in the past.
2 B U I L D I N G A M E R I C A N P U B L I C H E A LT H

What Shapes the Built Environment?

The idea that the built environment has effects on health has been widely
accepted for over 150 years. Edwin Chadwick developed a case that the
built environment influenced health in his study of housing conditions
in England in 1842.1 He documented that poor housing conditions were
associated with sickness and death in urban slums. Since then, few have
questioned the existence of a built environment–health connection, rather
it is the characteristics of the connection, the magnitude of its effects,
and the appropriate role of government in manipulating the environment
that are debated. None of the various groups that are described in this
book—the sanitarians, settlement house workers, and City Beautiful pro-
ponents in the nineteenth century; the tenement law advocates, planning
activists, and housers of the first half of the twentieth century; or the
Modern architects, suburban housing developers, urban renewal propo-
nents, and New Urbanists of the past 50 years—have denied that there is
a link between the built environment and health. Even in today’s clashes
between those who promote neighborhoods of single-family homes that
are dependent on automobiles and those who advocate for density and
a return to traditionally designed neighborhoods, advocates on each side
of the low density vs. high density debate argues that their very opposing
ideal communities best promote health.2
Therefore, a critical question must be, what shapes the built environ-
ment? As Manuel Castells wrote, “A city (and each type of city) is what
a historical society decides the city (and each city) will be.”3 But how
do they decide? Some of the factors that influence design lie beyond the
scope of this narrative and are mentioned only when they loom large in
the discussion. These include economics, climate, geography, and war.
Some factors are global in scale: for example, turmoil in Europe in the
nineteenth century fostered the emigration of millions of Jewish, Irish,
and Italian people to the United States, transforming neighborhoods and
cities and creating political responses.4 Other effects are more local and
subtle: the need to import water resulted in Los Angeles having a pattern
of development very different from that of greater Atlanta, where plentiful
rain allowed larger suburban lots.5
Despite the great variety of issues that have dominated debates on
urban health over the past 150 years, three elements continually emerge
as underlying how building and urban design decisions have evolved:
assumptions, values, and ideology. These factors are consistent with Henri
Lefebvre’s theory that urban space is socially constructed.6
The role of assumptions is critical. For more than a century, most
city planners, public health advocates, the public, and policy mak-
ers assumed that overcrowding and congestion were bad for cities and
 INTRODUCTION 3

health.7 Therefore, they implemented policies—height restrictions, anti-

crowding ordinances, suburban new towns, highway construction, large-
lot zoning, superblocks, urban renewal, and other initiatives—to reduce
densities and alleviate congestion. It was only after Jane Jacobs pub-
lished her 1961 book, The Death and Life of Great American Cities,8 in
which she argued that the density, congestion, and chaos of overbuilt
cities should be celebrated, that a counterbalance to the de-densification
movement began to materialize. Drawing on Jacobs’ changed assump-
tions regarding city living and other evolving ideas on desirable urban
living, architects and urban planners proposed a wide spectrum of design
initiatives: New Urbanism, smart growth, transit-oriented development,
mixed-use buildings, and other similar new design forms. Her ideas even-
tually contributed to US urban renaissance at the end of the twentieth
century.9
Values are similarly important. Do people prize neighborhoods with
houses on large lots set back from streets? Or do they want apartments
with diversity and a wide variety of family and household types? Is the per-
sonal freedom of the automobile important? Or do we want to conserve
energy by using public transportation? Values and personal preferences
can guide both individual decision making and public policy initia-
tives and they can highly influence design initiatives.10 For example, one
movement of architects, the Modernists, adopted the goal of improving
humanity through architecture as one of its guiding principles.11
Values are closely related to ideology. The nineteenth and twenti-
eth centuries have seen a number of important theories regarding the
proper role of social policy and government action that have contributed
to development decisions. As will be discussed, these have included
diverse ideologies such as utilitarianism and neoliberalism. Other theo-
ries, including Fordism, post-Fordism, and the idea of a culture of poverty,
have also influenced public policy and the design of communities.12
There has been a shift in the priorities of those studying and working
to use the built environment to address health problems, moving from an
emphasis on addressing the infectious diseases in the nineteenth century
to a priority focused on mitigating the chronic diseases at the beginning of
the twenty-first century.13 This is an example of Michel Foucault’s theory
that social discourse can suddenly shift and that science then reorganizes
itself along dramatically different paradigms.14

Two Disciplines Dedicated to Change: Design

and Health
The health and design disciplines have been closely linked in the pur-
suit of healthier urban environments and it is the intersection of these
4 B U I L D I N G A M E R I C A N P U B L I C H E A LT H

two—“public health” and “urban planning”—that is the focus of this

book. Urban planning, as used here, also includes the professions of urban
design, architecture, and landscape architecture, while public health is
meant to encompass the fields of epidemiology, sanitarians, medicine, and
nursing. The history set out here demonstrates the benefits resulting from
the work of people who believed that improved health was possible and
that by changing the status quo, they could solve health problems and
relieve the physical suffering of millions. It may not be easy to change how
societies think about health, and to even suggest that there is a need to
change how they construct their cities may take optimism and vision. But
history suggests that many of the design and health professionals engaged
in improving cities, living conditions, and the built environment thought
they could make the world a better place.15
Therefore it is not surprising that the modern fields of public health
and urban planning, along with social work, simultaneously began in
the nineteenth century in response to conditions in US and European
cities.16 The problems associated with urbanization, industrialization, and
immigration, coming at a time when new technologies promised hope
that illness, poverty, and moral degradation could be alleviated, created a
“roll up our sleeves and get to work” mentality. Hence, these professions
developed as rational responses to extreme situations.17
While in 1900, public health had been closely involved in addressing
the health problems posed by tenement dwellings, contaminated water
supplies, and overcrowded slums, by 2000 most people paid scant atten-
tion to the connection between housing design, neighborhood form,
transportation systems, and morbidity and mortality.18 A 100 years had
brought about a remarkable decoupling of health from place. But more
recently, there has been a reconnection of public health with archi-
tecture and urban planning. The American Planning Association now
includes health professionals and the American Public Health Associa-
tion has reached out to architects and urban planners. There are now
interdisciplinary courses and joint areas of research.19

This Book
In 1900 a baby born in the United States had a life expectancy of 47
years, 30 years less than that of a baby born in 2000.20 Today, some
studies define premature death as death before the age of 65.21 How this
change came about and the roles played by urban planning and public
health have a long history. But much of this story is unknown; as the
architectural historian Sam Bass Warner once wrote, “Americans have no
urban history.”22 However, what we see when we walk or drive around
 INTRODUCTION 5

twenty-first-century America are the results of over 150 years of reforms.

The built environment that surrounds us today can be characterized, in
part, as a series of legacies left by those who identified problems and
invented solutions.
This book sets out to document the history of these past efforts so that
we might have a better understanding of why the built environment looks
the way it does. It highlights the history of the United States, though
it often travels abroad to trace the roots of ideas that were born else-
where. It is not that the experiences of urban development and health
in other countries are not important; rather, this book concentrates on
the United States because each country’s built environment arises from its
own unique set of experiences. Perhaps someday it may be possible to con-
struct a global history of the built environment, but that can happen only
after we have a better understanding of individual national histories. The
focus here is on the built environment: the sum of the human-made build-
ings, streets, neighborhoods, cities, and metropolitan areas in which we
exist. The book is more concerned about urban than rural environments,
because a majority of people in the United States live in metropolitan
areas and not in the countryside.
We will examine how designers, architects, social reformers, and oth-
ers have tried to manipulate the built environment to improve health.
However, they were not always successful. Each generation is limited by
its understanding of diseases, how it prioritized the diseases on which to
focus, and the social structure within which it operated. In addition, one
generation’s solutions to the problems of the built environment sometimes
posed challenges to the next.
It is not easy to evaluate efforts to modify the built environment.
A major problem in any assessment of a diverse set of historical initiatives
is the development of a metric for analyzing them. On the one hand, it
is problematic to use current standards to critique past policies. On the
other hand, it is also important to have absolute standards because much
of what we know today, in moral, political, and health terms, was known
in the past. Therefore, to evaluate past and current ideas and programs,
this book will use three sets of criteria derived from the environmental
sustainability literature: health, equity, and sustainability.23
Health has always been a simultaneously precise and vague construct.
As stated by the World Health Organization, health is not merely the
absence of disease; it reflects the totality of a person’s existence and must
be inclusive of physical, mental, and social dimensions.24 We can evaluate
health in absolute terms. What is the mortality rate? How long can people
reasonably expect to live? What is the incidence and prevalence of disease?
Health statistics enables us to make comparisons over time.
6 B U I L D I N G A M E R I C A N P U B L I C H E A LT H

Equity, the distribution of good and poor health, must also be part of
any analysis of the built environment. Health risks cluster at the lower end
of social strata. Thus, it is vitally important that policies be assessed on
how they impact everyone, particularly if these policies result in increased
health disparities associated with race, income, or sex.
We live in a world that may be poised to finally reach the limits of its
resources; therefore, we must evaluate the sustainability and environmen-
tal impacts of public policies regarding the built environment. Equity and
sustainability must be carefully and closely linked, however, for as Peter
Marcuse has pointed out, it is very easy to promote sustainable societies
that perpetuate existing inequities.25
As in any history, this book has to be selective, leaving out many impor-
tant people and events that may be critical to our overall understanding
of the past, but are secondary to the story told here. Thus there are only
occasional mentions of the labor movement, which did so much to trans-
form the work environment. Hospital architecture, though fundamental
to the care of the sick, is not part of this narrative, nor does the book
include the work of geneticists or the developers of vaccines. Further-
more, it doesn’t cover the accomplishment of many great architects whose
legacy is their buildings, cityscapes, and theories, which still impact today.
For those looking for a comprehensive history of urban planning or pub-
lic health, it is suggested they consult the works of authors such as Peter
Hall or George Rosen, respectively.26 Their work, among that of many
others, helped inform this book.
As can be seen by the timeline in table 1.1, this book covers two cen-
turies of urban history. It begins with an overview of the environmental
and health conditions of US and Western European cities just before
the beginning of the industrial revolution. It then describes the impacts
of industrialization, urbanization, and immigration on newly expanding
cities. It is followed by a description of the efforts of late nineteenth-
century reformers to meet these challenges with a set of limited tools and
bold initiatives. There is a chapter on twentieth-century efforts to con-
tinue these reforms and another on the coming of the automobile and the
ways cities were seen to be moving toward a new crisis in the years before
and after World War II. There is a detailed analysis of Modernism, the
scientifically based architectural style that produced mixed results in mid-
twentieth-century cities. There are chapters on suburbanization, urban
renewal and highway building, the revival of cities and New Urbanism,
current health initiatives, and a final chapter discussing prospects for the
future.
The central tenet of this book is that conditions were terrible in pre-
industrial cities and large-scale growth caused by the industrial revolution
Table 1.1 Timeline of the built environment and health

Chapter 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040

The Urban Crisis Begins

Age of Reform
Codes and Zoning
Suburban Utopia
Modernism
Public Housing
Urban Renewal
Decline and Rise
A New Age
Future Trends

7
8 B U I L D I N G A M E R I C A N P U B L I C H E A LT H

made conditions worse, or at least vastly increased the magnitude of prob-

lems. Over time, a series of reform, health, and planning movements
used existing knowledge and theories available to them to meet the chal-
lenges of their particular eras. During the two centuries covered here,
conditions greatly improved, prompted by rising prosperity and new tech-
nologies, new ways of regulating the built environment, and changing
conceptualizations of the nature of urban problems. The challenges also
changed, shifting, for example, from infectious diseases to obesity or from
downtown congestion to center city abandonment.
This book uses a variety of sources. For the earliest decades these
include novels, artworks, historical accounts, and the many sanitary sur-
veys that documented living conditions. It draws heavily on works on
urban planning and public health, and on studies by European and
US historians. The statistics are mostly descriptive rather than a result of
modern epidemiological studies. The more recent actors profiled in this
book are more likely to have left behind books and journal articles. These
are used along with historical reviews. By the 1930s, there are increasing
numbers of journal articles and in the 1960s, modern epidemiological
studies begin to appear and predominate from that time forward, though
many architecture and planning articles are also used. The research for
this book took place at university libraries as well as through visits to the
collections located at the Museum of Modern Art and the Art Institute
of Chicago. It draws heavily on such sources as the American Journal of
Public Health, the Bulletin of the History of Medicine, the Journal of the
Society of Architectural Historians, and other similar journals.
There is a basic contradiction imbedded in any book on health and
the built environment. A thousand words cannot adequately describe the
tranquility of a neatly landscaped postwar suburb or the dynamism of a
downtown office district at 8:45 on a weekday morning. An even greater
challenge is to describe a past that no longer exists except in our col-
lective memories and prejudices. What were early reformers trying to
accomplish? What would we have done given their available tools and
technologies? Would we have produced any greater health improvements?
This book asks readers to understand other worlds, some long gone, some
contemporary but still unexamined. The only way to experience a book
on the built environment is also the only way to experience a city, suburb,
or rural area: be a part of one’s surroundings. In that way, one can recon-
sider one’s own values, ideas, and assumptions. It is hoped, therefore, that
this book will prompt people to rethink the environment around them.
C H A P T E R 2

Urban Life and

Health in the
Nineteenth Century

This chapter begins by describing how preexisting unhealthy condi-

tions were exacerbated by the industrial revolution in U.S. and European
cities at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The industrial revolution
prompted a growth in industrialization, immigration, and urbanization,1
and as a result, pollution increased, sanitation declined, and housing and
infrastructure were overwhelmed by rising population. Next is an account
of how this situation led to a decline in health for many segments of
the urban population and how many urban areas were also affected by
significant civil unrest and periodic devastating fires. Altogether, these
conditions set the stage for a complex crisis involving health, safety, and
the environment.
The modern history of using architecture and the design of cities to
promote and protect health in the United States may have started in
the early nineteenth century, when the industrial revolution began, but
the conditions in the cities at that time were very problematic.2 As the
urban historian Lewis Mumford pointed out, as the medieval era gave
way to modern times and even before the industrial revolution, the health
and environmental conditions of cities had begun to deteriorate (see
table 2.1).3

The Industrial Revolution

Beginning in the late eighteenth century in England and spreading to
the United States and Continental Europe in the nineteenth century,
the industrial revolution caused a rapid growth in urban population.
10 B U I L D I N G A M E R I C A N P U B L I C H E A LT H

Table 2.1 Key dates in the beginning of the urban crisis

Event Years

Industrial revolution begins Late 18th century

Steam railroad passenger service begins 1825
Cholera epidemics 1831, 1849, 1854, 1866
Major Fires
New York 1835
Chicago 1871
Boston 1872
Irish Famine 1845–1849
Year of Revolution 1848
Great Stink in London 1858
Draft riots in New York 1863
Paris commune 1871
Great stink in Paris 1880

Once-small cities expanded by hundreds of thousands or millions of new

residents, overwhelming physical and administrative infrastructures.4 The
processes promoting urban growth severely affected the health of the
people participating in that growth.5
New industries created pollution, depressed wages, and drew large
numbers of people, many of whom were desperately poor, into the cities.6
In the earlier stages of industrialization, the industries used water power,
concentrating workers and economic activity near the rivers where power
could be generated and thereby often polluting drinking water sources.
Later, the introduction of the steam engine created opportunities for cities
to grow at locations other than riversides, allowing the construction of
vast industrial works in and around the old medieval cities in the case
of Europe and around existing mercantile centers in the United States.
As a result, cities began to be afflicted by pollution given off by industry.7
Simultaneously, industrial growth created large neighborhoods of work-
ers and their families within walking distance of the factories. Charles
Dickens thus described a fictional industrial city, Coketown, in Hard
Times:

It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable

serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, and never got
uncoiled. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill-
smelling dye, and vast piles of buildings full of windows where there was
a rattling and a trembling all day long, and where the piston of the steam-
engine worked monotonously up and down, like the head of an elephant
in a state of melancholy madness.8
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Chums. By Maria Louise Pool.
Author of “Little Bermuda,” etc. Illustrated by L. J.
Bridgman.
“Chums” is a girls’ book, about girls and for girls. It
relates the adventures, in school, and during
vacation, of two friends.
Three Little Crackers. From Down in Dixie. By Will
Allen Dromgoole.
Author of “The Farrier’s Dog.” A fascinating story for
boys and girls, of the adventures of a family of
Alabama children who move to Florida and grow up
in the South.
Miss Gray’s Girls; or, Summer Days in the Scottish
Highlands. By Jeannette A. Grant.
A delightfully told story of a summer trip through
Scotland, somewhat out of the beaten track. A
teacher, starting at Glasgow, takes a lively party of
girls, her pupils, through the Trossachs to Oban,
through the Caledonian Canal to Inverness, and as
far north as Brora.
King Pippin: A Story for Children. By Mrs. Gerard
Ford.
Author of “Pixie.”
One of the most charming books for young folks
which has been issued for some time. The hero is a
lovable little fellow, whose frank and winning ways
disarm even the crustiest of grandmothers, and win
for him the affection of all manner of unlikely
people.
Feats on the Fiord: A Tale of Norwegian Life. By
Harriet Martineau.
This admirable book, read and enjoyed by so many
young people, deserves to be brought to the
attention of parents in search of wholesome
reading for their children to-day. It is something
more than a juvenile book, being really one of the
most instructive books about Norway and
Norwegian life and manners ever written.
Songs and Rhymes for the Little Ones. Compiled by
Mary Whitney Morrison (Jenny Wallis).
New edition, with an introduction by Mrs. A. D. T.
Whitney.
No better description of this admirable book can be
given than Mrs. Whitney’s happy introduction:
 “One might almost as well offer June roses with the
assurance of their sweetness, as to present this
lovely little gathering of verse, which announces
itself, like them, by its own deliciousness. Yet, as
Mrs. Morrison’s charming volume has long been a
delight to me, I am only too happy to declare that it
is to me—and to two families of my grandchildren—
the most bewitching book of songs for little people
that we have ever known.”
The Young Pearl Divers: A Story of Australian
Adventure by Land and by Sea. By Lieut. H. Phelps
Whitmarsh.
This is a splendid story for boys, by an author who
writes in vigorous and interesting language, of
scenes and adventures with which he is personally
acquainted.
The Woodranger. By G. Waldo Browne.
The first of a series of five volumes entitled “The
Woodranger Tales.”
Although based strictly on historical facts the book is
an interesting and exciting tale of adventure, which
will delight all boys, and be by no means
unwelcome to their elders.
Three Children of Galilee: A Life of Christ for the
Young. By John Gordon.
There has long been a need for a Life of Christ for the
young, and this book has been written in answer to
this demand. That it will meet with great favor is
beyond question, for parents have recognized that
their boys and girls want something more than a
Bible story, a dry statement of facts, and that, in
order to hold the attention of the youthful readers, a
book on this subject should have life and
 movement as well as scrupulous accuracy and
religious sentiment.
Little Bermuda. By Maria Louise Pool.
Author of “Dally,” “A Redbridge Neighborhood,” “In a
Dike Shanty,” “Friendship and Folly,” etc.
The adventures of “Little Bermuda” from her home in
the tropics to a fashionable American boarding-
school. The resulting conflict between the two
elements in her nature, the one inherited from her
New England ancestry, and the other developed by
her West Indian surroundings, gave Miss Pool
unusual opportunity for creating an original and
fascinating heroine.
The Wild Ruthvens: A Home Story. By Curtis York.
A story illustrating the mistakes, failures, and
successes of a family of unruly but warm-hearted
boys and girls. They are ultimately softened and
civilized by the influence of an invalid cousin, Dick
Trevanion, who comes to live with them.
The Adventures of a Siberian Cub. Translated from the
Russian of Slibitski by Leon Golschmann.
This is indeed a book which will be hailed with delight,
especially by children who love to read about
animals. The interesting and pathetic adventures of
the orphan-bear, Mishook, will appeal to old and
young in much the same way as have “Black
Beauty” and “Beautiful Joe.”
Timothy Dole. By Juniata Salsbury.
The youthful hero, and a genuine hero he proves to
be, starts from home, loses his way, meets with
startling adventures, finds friends, kind and many,
and grows to be a manly man. It is a wholesome
 and vigorous book, that boys and girls, and parents
as well, will read and enjoy.
The Young Gunbearer. By G. Waldo Browne.
This is the second volume of “The Woodranger
Tales.” The new story, while complete in itself,
continues the fortunes and adventures of “The
Woodranger’s” young companions.
A Bad Penny. By John T. Wheelright.
A dashing story of the New England of 1812. In the
climax of the story the scene is laid during the well-
known sea-fight between the Chesapeake and
Shannon, and the contest is vividly portrayed.
The Fairy Folk of Blue Hill: A Story of Folk-lore. By
Lily F. Wesselhoeft.
A new volume by Mrs. Wesselhoeft, well known as
one of our best writers for the young, and who has
made a host of friends among the young people
who have read her delightful books. This book
ought to interest and appeal to every child who has
read her earlier works.
 Selections from
L. C. Page & Company’s
Books for Young People

Old Father Gander; or, The Better-Half of Mother

Goose. Rhymes, Chimes, and Jingles scratched from
his own goose-quill for American Goslings. Illustrated with
impossible Geese, hatched and raised by Walter Scott
Howard.
1 vol., oblong quarto, cloth decorative $2.00
The illustrations are so striking and fascinating that
the book will appeal to the young people aside from
the fact even of the charm and humor of the songs
and rhymes. There are thirty-two full-page plates, of
which many are in color. The color illustrations are
a distinct and successful departure from the old-
fashioned lithographic work hitherto invariably used
for children’s books.
The Crock of Gold: A New Book of Fairy Tales. By S.
Baring Gould.
Author of “Mehalah,” “Old Country Life,” “Old English
Fairy Tales,” etc. With twenty-five full-page
illustrations by F. D. Bedford.
1 vol., tall 12mo, cloth decorative, gilt top $1.50
This volume will prove a source of delight to the
children of two continents, answering their always
increasing demand for “more fairy stories.”
Shireen and Her Friends: The Autobiography of a
Persian Cat. By Gordon Stables.
Illustrated by Harrison Weir.
 1 vol., large 12mo, cloth decorative $1.25
A more charming book about animals Dr. Stables
himself has not written. It is similar in character to
“Black Beauty,” “Beautiful Joe,” and other books
which teach us to love and protect the dumb
animals.
The Voyage of the Avenger: In the Days of the Dashing
Drake. By Henry St. John.
Author of “A Middy of Nelson’s Day,” etc. With twenty-
five full-page illustrations by Paul Hardy.
1 vol., tall 12mo, cloth decorative, gilt top, 400 pages
$1.50
A book of adventure, the scene of which is laid
in that stirring period of colonial extension when
England’s famous naval heroes encountered the
ships of Spain, both at home and in the West
Indies. Mr. St. John has given his boy readers a
rattling good story of the sea. There is plenty of
adventure, sufficient in fact to keep a boy fixed near
the fireside until the last page is reached.
A Child’s History of Spain. By Leonard Williams.
Author of “Ballads and Songs of Spain,” etc.
1 vol., small 12mo, with frontispiece, cloth, gilt top
$0.75
Although the recent war with Spain has aroused
general interest and caused a great demand for
literature relating to the subject, there has not as
yet been published a condensed history of Spain
for young people. Mr. Williams’s little book will
prove a desirable addition to the children’s historical
library.
Fairy Folk from Far and Near. By A. C. Woolf, M. A.
With numerous full-page color illustrations by Hans
Reitz.
 1 vol., large 12mo, cloth decorative $1.50
It is long since there has appeared such a thoroughly
delightful volume of fairy tales as that of Annie C.
Woolf. An added attraction to the book is found in
the exquisite colored illustrations, the work of Hans
Reitz. As a Christmas gift-book to children, these
tales will be hard to excel.
The Magnet Stories. By Lynde Palmer.
A new edition; new binding and larger size volume, 5
vols., 12mo. Reduced price.
Drifting and Steering $1.00
One Day’s Weaving 1.00
Archie’s Shadow 1.00
John-Jack 1.00
Jeannette’s Cisterns 1.00
Bully, Fag, and Hero. By Charles J. Mansford.
With six full-page illustrations by S. H. Vedder.
1 vol., large 12mo, cloth decorative, gilt top $1.50
An interesting story of schoolboy life and adventure in
school and during the holidays.
The Adventures of a Boy Reporter in the Philippines. By
Harry Steele Morrison.
Author of “A Yankee Boy’s Success.”
1 vol., large 12mo, cloth, illustrated $1.25
A true story of the courage and enterprise of an
American lad. It is a splendid boys’ book, filled with
healthy interest, and will tend to stimulate and
encourage the proper ambition of the young reader.
Tales Told in the Zoo. By F. C. Gould.
 With many illustrations from original drawings.
1 vol., large quarto $2.00
A new book for young people on entirely original
lines. The tales are supposed to be told by an old
adjutant stork in the Zoological Gardens to the
assembled birds located there, and they deal with
legendary and folk-lore stories of the origins of
various creatures, mostly birds, and their
characteristics.
Philip: The Story of a Boy Violinist. By T. W. O.
1 vol., 12mo, cloth $1.00
The life-story of a boy, reared among surroundings
singular enough to awaken interest at the start, is
described by the present author as it could be
described only by one thoroughly familiar with the
scene. The reader is carried from the cottages of
the humblest coal-miners into the realms of music
and art; and the finale of this charming tale is a
masterpiece of pathetic interest.
Black Beauty: The Autobiography of a Horse. By Anna
Sewell. New Illustrated Edition.
With twenty-five full-page drawings by Winifred
Austin.
1 vol., large 12mo, cloth decorative, gilt top $1.25
There have been many editions of this classic, but we
confidently offer this one as the most appropriate
and handsome yet produced. The illustrations are
of special value and beauty, and should make this
the standard edition wherever illustrations worthy of
the story are desired.
 L. C. Page & Company’s
Cosy Corner Series
FOR

Older Readers

Memories of the Manse. By Anne Breadalbane.

Illustrated.
Christmas at Thompson Hall. By Anthony Trollope.
A Provence Rose. By Louise de la Ramée (Ouida).
In Distance and in Dream. By M. F. Sweetser.
A story of immortality, treating with profound insight of
the connection between the life which now is and
the life which is to come.
Will o’ the Mill. By Robert Louis Stevenson.
An allegorical story by this inimitable and versatile
writer. Its rare poetic quality, its graceful and
delicate fancy, its strange power and fascination,
justify its separate publication.
 TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES:
Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been
standardized.
Archaic or variant spelling has been retained.
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