— AP Chemistry —

Lab Final Report

(Set #25)
________________________________
Purpose: Use prior knowledge, class materials, credible sources, and close
observations in order to be able to perform various tests on twelve unknown
substances and accurately determine and confirm their identities.

Kyra Abbott

1st Hour
st
May 31 , 2023
25A = __ Pb(C2H3O2)2 __

Description of the substance from your observations:

This solid has a sea salt-like appearance. It has small crystal-like pieces with one
large chunk. It is white in color and smells like vinegar.

Test performed Result of Test

Tested pH pH = 6
Mixed with vial 25J Formed a milky white PPT
Mixed with vial 25G Formed a milky white PPT
Mixed with vial 25I Formed a milky white PPT
Mixed with vial 25H Formed a white PPT
Mixed with vial 25K Formed a white PPT

Net Ionic Equations:

1) Pb+2 (aq) + SO4-2 (aq) → PbSO4 (s)

2) Pb+2 (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) → PbCl2 (s)
3) Pb+2 (aq) + 2OH- (aq) → Pb(OH)2 (s)
4) Pb+2 (aq) + CO3-2 (aq) → PbCO3 (s)

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

1) It has a unique and distinctive smell. It is the only solid that smells like
vinegar, classifying it as lead (II) acetate.

2) When Pb(C2H3O2)2 is mixed with Na2SO4, a milky white precipitate is

formed. This is due to lead ions and sulfate ions combining to form a
precipitate of solid lead sulfate.

3) When Pb(C2H3O2)2 is mixed with BaCl2, a milky white precipitate is

formed. This is due to chloride ions and lead ions combining to form a
precipitate of solid lead chloride.

4) In the same way, when Pb(C2H3O2)2 is mixed with HCl, a milky white
precipitate is formed. This is due to chloride ions and lead ions combining
to form a precipitate of solid lead chloride.

5) When Pb(C2H3O2)2 is mixed with NaOH, a white precipitate forms. This is

due to lead ions and hydroxide ions combining to form a precipitate of
solid lead hydroxide.

6) When Pb(C2H3O2)2 is mixed with NaHCO3, a white precipitate forms. This

is due to lead ions and carbonate ions combining to form a precipitate of
solid lead carbonate.
25B = ___ CaCO3 ___

Description of the substance from your observations:

This solid is a clumpy white powder, almost like powdered sugar. When dissolved
in water to obtain the pH, the powder dissolves almost completely.

Test performed Result of Test

Tested pH pH = 8
Mixed with vial 25I Reacts very slowly and minimally
Mixed with vial 25H Forms a milky white PPT
Mixed with vial 25C Forms a milky white PPT

Net Ionic Equations:

1) 2H+ (aq) + CaCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + CO2 (g) + Ca+2 (aq)
2) Ca+2 (aq) + 2OH- (aq)→ Ca(OH)2 (s)
3) 2Ag+ (aq) + CO3 -2 (aq) → Ag2CO3 (s)

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

1) When CaCO3 is mixed with HCl, CaCO3 reacts very slowly. As it reacts,
the solution bubbles and fizzes. Only a minimal amount reacts with the
HCl, leaving behind a milky white solution. The products formed are liquid
water, carbon dioxide released as a gas, and calcium ions.

2) When CaCO3 is mixed with NaOH, a milky white precipitate forms. This is
due to calcium ions and hydroxide ions combining to form the precipitate
of solid calcium hydroxide.

3) When CaCO3 is mixed with AgNO3, a milky white precipitate forms. This is
due to silver ions and carbonate ions combining to form the precipitate of
solid silver carbonate.
25C = ___ AgNO3 ___

Description of the substance from your observations:

This liquid is clear, although it has a very faint yellow / peachy tint to it. It does not
have a distinct smell. Its cap has a purple tint to it.

Test performed Result of Test

Tested pH pH = 5
Mixed with vial 25I Formed a bright white PPT
Mixed with vial 25G Formed a milky white PPT
Mixed with vial 25D Formed a light brown PPT
Mixed with vial 25J Formed a slightly milky white PPT
Mixed with vial 25K Formed a white PPT

Net Ionic Equations:

1) Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) → AgCl (s)

2) 2Cl- (aq) + 2Ag+ (aq) → 2AgCl (s)
3) 2Ag+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) → 2Ag(OH)2 (s)
4) 2Ag+ (aq) + SO4-2 (aq) → Ag2SO4 (s)
5) 2Ag+ (aq) + CO3-2 (aq) → Ag2CO3 (s)

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

1) When AgNO3 is mixed with HCl, a bright white precipitate is formed. This
is due to silver ions combining with chloride ions to form a precipitate of
solid silver chloride.

2) Similarly, when AgNO3 is mixed with BaCl2, a milky white precipitate forms.
This is due to silver ions combining with chloride ions to form a precipitate
of solid silver chloride.

3) When AgNO3 is mixed with Ca(OH)2, a light brown precipitate is formed.

This is due to silver ions combining with hydroxide ions to form a
precipitate of solid silver hydroxide.

4) When AgNO3 is mixed with Na2SO4, it slightly precipitates, forming a faint

milky white solid. This is due to silver ions and sulfate ions combining to
form a precipitate of solid silver sulfate.

5) When AgNO3 is mixed with NaHCO3, a white precipitate forms. This is due
to silver ions and carbonate ions combining to form a precipitate of solid
silver carbonate.
25D = ___ Ca(OH)2 ___

Description of the substance from your observations:

This solid is a fine white powder with a flour-like consistency. When dissolved in
water to obtain the pH, the solution becomes a milky white because the powder
only slightly dissolves.

Test performed Result of Test

Tested pH pH = 11
Mixed with vial 25I Reacts semi-slowly, all reacts
Mixed with vial 25C Formed a light brown PPT

Net Ionic Equations:

1) 2Ag+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) → 2Ag(OH)2 (s)

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

1) When tested with a pH strip, Ca(OH)2 in its aqueous form has a pH of 11.
It is highly basic, signaling that it has hydroxide in it. Also, it has calcium
ions which come from group 2 on the periodic table. Both of these
elements help to form a strong base.

2) When Ca(OH)2 is mixed with HCl, it reacts semi-slowly, and eventually it

all reacts. It is an acid-base reaction that produces aqueous calcium
chloride and liquid H2O.

3) When AgNO3 is mixed with Ca(OH)2, a light brown precipitate is formed.

This is due to silver ions combining with hydroxide ions to form a
precipitate of solid silver hydroxide.
25E = ___ Hexane (C6H14) ___

Description of the substance from your observations:

This liquid is clear and has a pain / spray paint scent to it.

Test performed Result of Test

Tested pH pH = 6
Mixed with vial 25F in a test tube Formed a layer, immiscible
Mixed with vial 25H in a test tube Formed a layer, immiscible
Swipe test with vial 25F Liquid in 25E evaporates much faster

Net Ionic Equations:

N/A

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

1) The smell of this liquid is unique and distinct. It smells like spray paint /
paint and only this liquid has that smell out of all of the others, classifying it
as hexane.

2) When hexane and water are poured into a test tube, a layer is formed,
signaling their immiscibility. Hexane is a nonpolar substance, for it
contains a symmetrical layout of C’s and H’s. Water is a polar substance
due to there being two lone pairs on the oxygen. It is not possible for a
polar substance to dissolve in a nonpolar substance; therefore, the two
liquids are immiscible.

3) In the same way, when hexane and NaOH are poured into a test tube, a
layer is formed, signaling that they are immiscible. Hexane is a nonpolar
substance, for it is symmetrical. NaOH is a polar substance because it is
not symmetrical and it has a large electronegativity difference between the
sodium and oxygen. A polar substance will not dissolve in a nonpolar
substance, so these two liquids are immiscible.

4) When hexane and water were tested using the swipe test, hexane
evaporated much faster than water. This is due to the difference in their
intermolecular forces. Water has hydrogen bonds, dipoles, and LDFs, but
hexane only has LDFs. This causes hexane to evaporate much faster than
water because it can more easily overcome its IMFs.
25F = ___ H2O ___

Description of the substance from your observations:

This is a clear liquid with no distinct smell.

Test performed Result of Test

Tested pH
Mixed with vial 25E in a test tube
Swipe test with vial 25E
Swipe test with vial 25L
Swipe test with distilled water
pH = 7
Formed a layer, immiscible
Liquid in 25F evaporated much slower
Liquid in 25F evaporated slower
Evaporated at the same rate

Net Ionic Equations:

N/A

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

1) When water and hexane are poured into a test tube, a layer is formed,
signaling that they are immiscible. Water is a polar substance due to there
being two lone pairs on the oxygen. Hexane is a nonpolar substance, for it
contains a symmetrical layout of C’s and H’s. It is not possible for a polar
substance to dissolve in a nonpolar substance; therefore, the two liquids
are immiscible.

2) When water and hexane were tested using the swipe test, water
evaporated much slower than Hexane. This is due to the difference in their
intermolecular forces. Water has hydrogen bonds, dipoles, and LDFs, but
hexane only has LDFs. This causes hexane to evaporate much faster than
water because it can more easily overcome its IMFs.

3) When water and ethanol were tested using the swipe test, water
evaporated more slowly than ethanol. This is due to their IMFS. Water has
two hydrogen bonds, but ethanol only has one, allowing it to overcome its
IMFs sooner and evaporate quicker than water.

4) When water and distilled water were tested using the swipe test, water
evaporated at the same rate as the distilled water. This would make sense
since both have the same types of IMFs and would overcome the IMFs at
the same time, allowing them to evaporate in unison.
25G = __ BaCl2 __

Description of the substance from your observations:

This solid has a sea salt-like appearance. It has smaller crystal-like pieces than
the solid in 25A, and it is white in color.

Test performed Result of Test

Tested pH pH = 6
Mixed with vial 25J Formed a milky white PPT
Mixed with vial 25C Formed a milky white PPT
Mixed with vial 25A Formed a milky white PPT
Mixed with vial 25I No PPT was formed

Net Ionic Equations:

1) Ba+2 (aq) + SO4-2 (aq) → BaSO4 (s)

2) 2Cl- (aq) + 2Ag+ (aq) → 2AgCl (s)
3) 2Cl- (aq) + Pb+2 (aq) → PbCl2 (s)

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

1) When BaCl2 is mixed with Na2SO4, a milky white precipitate is formed.

This is due to barium ions and sulfate ions combining to form a precipitate
of solid barium sulfate.

2) When AgNO3 is mixed with BaCl2, a milky white precipitate forms. This is
due to silver ions combining with chloride ions to form a precipitate of solid
silver chloride.

3) When Pb(C2H3O2)2 is mixed with BaCl2, a milky white precipitate is

formed. This is due to chloride ions and lead ions combining to form a
precipitate of solid lead chloride.
25H = __ NaOH __

Description of the substance from your observations:

This liquid is clear and has no distinctive smell.

Test performed Result of Test

Tested pH pH = 12
Mixed with vial 25B Formed a milky white PPT
Mixed with vial 25A Formed a white PPT
Mixed with vial 25E in test tube Formed a layer, immiscible

Net Ionic Equations:

1) Ca+2 (aq) + 2OH- (aq)→ Ca(OH)2 (s)

2) Pb+2 (aq) + 2OH- (aq) → Pb(OH)2 (s)

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

1) When tested with a pH strip, the pH is 12, which is highly basic. This
substance has hydroxide and sodium (group 1 on periodic table), both
leading factors for a strong base.

2) When CaCO3 is mixed with NaOH, a milky white precipitate forms. This is
due to calcium ions and hydroxide ions combining to form the precipitate
of solid calcium hydroxide.

3) When Pb(C2H3O2)2 is mixed with NaOH, a white precipitate forms. This is

due to lead ions and hydroxide ions combining to form a precipitate of
solid lead hydroxide.

4) When NaOH and hexane are poured into a test tube, a layer is formed,
signaling that they are immiscible. Hexane is a nonpolar substance, for it
is symmetrical. NaOH is a polar substance because it is not symmetrical
and it has a large electronegativity difference between the sodium and
oxygen. A polar substance will not dissolve in a nonpolar substance, so
these two liquids are immiscible.
25I = __ HCl __

Description of the substance from your observations:

This liquid is clear with no distinctive smell.

Test performed Result of Test

Tested pH pH = 1
Mixed with vial 25J No PPT was formed
Mixed with vial 25G No PPT was formed
Mixed with vial 25A Formed a milky white PPT
Mixed with vial 25C Formed a bright white PPT
Mixed with vial 25B Reacted very slowly and incompletely
Mixed with vial 25D Reacted semi-slowly, yet completely
Mixed with vial 25K Reacted instantly and completely

Net Ionic Equations:

1) Pb+2 (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) → PbCl2 (s)

2) Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) → AgCl (s)
3) 2H+ (aq) + CaCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + CO2 (g) + Ca+2 (aq)
4) 2H+ (aq) + NaHCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + CO2 (g) + Na+ (aq)

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

1) When tested with a pH strip, the pH was 1. This means that it is very acidic and
has a high concentration of hydrogen ions, making it a strong acid.

2) When Pb(C2H3O2)2 is mixed with HCl, a milky white precipitate is formed. This is
due to chloride ions and lead ions combining to form a precipitate of solid lead
chloride.

3) When AgNO3 is mixed with HCl, a bright white precipitate is formed. This is due
to silver ions combining with chloride ions to form a precipitate of solid silver
chloride.

4) When CaCO3 is mixed with HCl, CaCO3 reacts very slowly. As it reacts, the
solution bubbles and fizzes. Only a minimal amount reacts with the HCl, leaving
behind a milky white solution. The products formed are liquid water, carbon
dioxide released as a gas, and calcium ions.

5) When Ca(OH)2 is mixed with HCl, it reacts semi-slowly, and eventually it all
reacts. It is an acid-base reaction that produces aqueous calcium chloride and
liquid H2O.

6) When HCl is mixed with NaHCO3, it reacts instantly and completely. As it reacts,
the solution bubbles and fizzes. The products formed are liquid water, carbon
dioxide released as a gas, and sodium ions.
25J = __ Na2SO4 __

Description of the substance from your observations:

This solid is a very fine, white powder. It has a baking soda-like consistency.

Test performed Result of Test

Tested pH pH = 8
Mixed with vial 25A Formed a milky white PPT
Mixed with vial 25G Formed a milky white PPT
Mixed with vial 25I No PPT was formed
Mixed with vial 25C Formed a slightly milky white PPT
Mixed with ethanol Practically nothing dissolved
(insoluble)

Net Ionic Equations:

1) Pb+2 (aq) + SO4-2 (aq) → PbSO4 (s)

2) Ba+2 (aq) + SO4-2 (aq) → BaSO4 (s)
3) 2Ag+ (aq) + SO4-2 (aq) → Ag2SO4 (s)

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

1) When Pb(C2H3O2)2 is mixed with Na2SO4, a milky white precipitate is

formed. This is due to lead ions and sulfate ions combining to form a
precipitate of solid lead sulfate.

2) When BaCl2 is mixed with Na2SO4, a milky white precipitate is formed.

This is due to barium ions and sulfate ions combining to form a precipitate
of solid barium sulfate.

3) When AgNO3 is mixed with Na2SO4, it slightly precipitates, forming a faint

milky white solid. This is due to silver ions and sulfate ions combining to
form a precipitate of solid silver sulfate.

4) When Na2SO4 is mixed with ethanol, the fine white powder does not
dissolve at all. This means that the two substances are insoluble with each
other. This is due to the differences in their intermolecular forces. Na2SO4
is an ionic solid, so its particles are held together in a fixed lattice. Ethanol
has LDFs, dipoles, and hydrogen bonding. Ethanol is an organic
compound and doesn’t dissolve ionic compounds very well because it isn’t
as polar as water is.
25K = __ NaHCO3 __

Description of the substance from your observations:

This solid is a very fine, white powder. It has the appearance of baking soda or
flour because it is slightly clumpy.

Test performed Result of Test

Tested pH pH = 8
Mixed with vial 25I Reacts instantly and completely
Mixed with vial 25A Formed a milky white PPT
Mixed with vial 25C Formed a milky white PPT

Net Ionic Equations:

1) 2H+ (aq) + NaHCO3 (s) → H2O (l) + CO2 (g) + Na+ (aq)
2) Pb+2 (aq) + CO3-2 (aq) → PbCO3 (s)
3) 2Ag+ (aq) + CO3-2 (aq) → Ag2CO3 (s)

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

1) When HCl is mixed with NaHCO3, it reacts instantly and completely. As it

reacts, the solution bubbles and fizzes. The products formed are liquid
water, carbon dioxide released as a gas, and sodium ions.

2) When Pb(C2H3O2)2 is mixed with NaHCO3, a white precipitate forms. This

is due to lead ions and carbonate ions combining to form a precipitate of
solid lead carbonate.

3) When AgNO3 is mixed with NaHCO3, a white precipitate forms. This is

due to silver ions and carbonate ions combining to form a precipitate of
solid silver carbonate.
25L = __ Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) __

Description of the substance from your observations:

This liquid is clear. It has a distinctive fruity scent.

Test performed Result of Test

Tested pH pH = 6
Mixed with vial 25J Nothing dissolves (insoluble)
Swipe test with vial 25F Vial 25L evaporates much faster

Net Ionic Equations:

N/A

Reasons for Verification: list and explain (minimum of 3)

1) This liquid has a unique and distinctive smell. It smells like a weird fruit /
fruity and only this liquid out of all of the other liquids has this smell,
classifying it as ethanol.

2) When ethanol is mixed with Na2SO4, the fine white powder does not
dissolve at all. This means that the two substances are insoluble with each
other. This is due to the differences in their intermolecular forces. Na2SO4
is an ionic solid, so its particles are held together in a fixed lattice. Ethanol
has LDFs, dipoles, and hydrogen bonding. Ethanol is an organic
compound and doesn’t dissolve ionic compounds very well because it isn’t
as polar as water is.

3) When the swipe test is performed with ethanol and water, ethanol
evaporates much faster than water. This is because of the difference in
their intermolecular forces. Water has two hydrogen bonds, but ethanol
only has one, allowing it to overcome its IMFs sooner and evaporate
quicker than water.