MANUALY ROAD CLEANING MACHINE

DISSERTATION SUBMITTED
IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
OF THE DEGREE OF

POLYTECHNIC

IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BY

MD SAMAD AJU/211187
HIMANSHU YADAV AJU/211026
KOKIL MAHATO AJU/211073
ALOK MANDEL AJU/210964

Under the supervision of

Dr. Ashish Ranjan

School of Engineering & I.T,

ARKA JAIN University, Jharkhand
(2018-2022)
 CERTIFICATE

15th May 2024

This is to certify that project entitled “Manually road cleaning machine” has been
submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, ARKAJAIN University,
and Jharkhand for the fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of
“Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering” by following student of final
year polytechnic (Mechanical Engineering).

AJU/211187 MD Samad

AJU/211026 Himanshu Yadav

AJU/210964 Alok mandel

AJU/211073 Koil mahato

Dr.Ashish ranjan Dr .Ashwini Kumar

(Project Guide) (Asst. Dean)

i
 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that the project report entitled “manualy road cleaning machine

” submitted by us to ARKA JAIN University; Jharkhand in partial fulfilment of the

requirement for the award of the degree of Ashish ranjan in Mechanical
Engineering is a record of bonafide project work carried out by us under the
guidance I further declare that the work reported in this project has not been
submitted and will not be submitted, either in part or in full, for the award of any
other degree in this university or any other institute or university.
We will be solely responsible if any kind of plagiarism is found.

Date:-
ARKA JAIN University

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We like to share our sincere gratitude to all those who help us in

completion of this project. During the work we faced many challenges
due to our lack of knowledge and experience but these people help us to
get over from all the difficulties and in final completion of our idea to a
shaped sculpture.
We would like to thank Mr Ashwini Kumar sir for his governance and
guidance, becauseof which our whole team was able to learn the minute
aspects of a project work.
We would also like to thank our Project Coordinator Dr for hercontinuous
help and monitoring during the project work.
In the last we would like to thank the management of ARKA JAIN
University for providing us such an opportunity to learn from their
experiences.
All of our team is thankful to all the faculties and staff of Department of
Mechanical Engineering, AJU, Jharkhand, for their help and support
towards this project and our team.

ARKA JAIN University

iii
 CONTENT
PAGE NO.

Candidates declaration 01
Abstract 02
Acknowledgement 03
List of Figures 04
List of Tables 05
Nomenclature 06

Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION 09 – 12

1.1 Processes used in cleaning 09 - 10

1.1.1 Manual Process 10

1.1.2 Machinated Process 10

1.2 Background of present road cleaning 10

1.3 Objective of manually operated eco friendly road cleaner 10
1.4 Two dimensional views 11

Chapter 2 : LITRATURE REVIEW 13 - 20

2.1 Reviews 13 - 18
2.2 Impact of road dust on health 18 -19
2.3 Recent development 19
2.4 Problem Statement 19

Chapter 3 : DESIGN OF ROAD CLEANER 21 – 52

3.1 Three dimensional modeling of Road cleaner 21 - 23

3.1.1 Testing 23

3.2 Materials 23 - 24
3.3 Components 25 - 43
3.4 Fabrication techniques and Assembled mode 43 - 52

Chapter 4 : WORKING AND ANALYSIS OF 53 - 54

ROAD CLEANER
4.1 Working of Road cleaner 53 – 54
4.2 Analysis 54
 Page no.
Chapter 5 : CONCLUSION AND SCOPE OF PROJECT 55 – 56

5.1 Conclusion 55 -56

5.2 Scope of project 56

REFERENCES 57 - 58

APPENDIX 1

APPENDIX 2
 Chapter : 1 : INTRODUCTION
Effective cleaning and sanitizing helps and protect the health of the human beings directly and
indirectly. Also, cleaning and sanitizing prevents the pest infestations by reducing residues that
can attract and support bees, pests etc. It also improves the shelf life of the floor, walls etc. due
to regular cleaning and maintenance. In recent years, most of the people prefer to use trains or
buses for commuting and hence these places are littered with biscuits covers, cold drink bottles
etc. Hence, it is necessary to clean the bus stands and railways stations at regular interval. There
is no one single cleaning method that is suitable for all locations and occasions and effective
cleaning depends upon type of cleaning device, cleaning technique and also the equipment should
be user friendly.

Cleaning work can be physically demanding and a need has been identified to
developed methods for systematic ergonomic evaluation of new products. In recent years, floor
cleaning robots are getting more popular for busy and aging populations due to lack of workers.
However in India, unemployment is more and hence there is a need to develop less labor oriented
cleaning machine. Hence, the present work is aimed to design, development and evaluation of a
manually operated road cleaning machine.

Carried out a technical analysis of residential floor cleaning robots based on US

granted patents. They observed that the macroscopic analysis of patents and patent biblio metrics
or patent maps, is useful tools to make an overview for designated technical topics and they
observed that the Samsung is the top one patentee in cleaning robot after macroscopic of view.
Imaekhai Lawrence et al.

Evaluation has shown how the use of multiple assessment techniques can
provide a comprehensive appraisal of the design, usability and musculoskeletal loading upon the
operator. They suggested that the trials with a larger number of subjects would certainly
strengthen the conclusions.

1.1: PROCESSES USED IN ROAD CLEANING -

Abhishek Chakra borty et al reported that the most significant cause of road dust
to the total suspended particulate burden is vehicle traveling on paved and unpaved' surfaces.
Consequently data directly relating dust to road accidents are rare, but in a study if dust is the
cause of 10% of these accidents casualties then the cost could amount to as much as 0.02% of
GDP in some developing countries and total about $800 million annually. The present state of
the road cleaning process is described below. There are two ways for road cleaning-

1) Manual process

2) Machinated process
1.1.1: Manual Process- In manual process, the road cleaning is done with the help of and
shovel to clean off the debris, waste etc. hand to clean the road by spreading the dust all over in
the air. While in the Machinated process, a vehicle containing broom at bottom continuously
rotating, clean the road as well as sucks the dust spread by rotating broom. If one carefully
observes the first process, then he could find the following limitations which are given below:-

1. This process renders fatigue to the hand and even it cause damage to the shoulder.

2. As it is a continuous process, it produces

3. It is time consuming, and laborious process so, no one wants to do it.

1.1.2: Machinated Process- On the other side, in the second process following limitations have
been found out, which are discussed below:-

1. The requirement of petrol is prerequisite for this process and continuously.

2. The cost of machine is quite high cost and the rural people could not afford it to buy.

1.2: BACKGROUND OF PRESENT WORK :

The manual operated machines are time consuming and laborious, on other side of the flip, the
diesel operated machines are very costlier. These problems actually instigate to think an
alternative arrangement which would nullify the limitations of former said processes. Further its
initial cost is also less. The new evolved concept is a road cleaning machine is operated by human
power. To accomplish this new idea, the present work is well carried out which is as under.-

1. Firstly, the complete market review and literature survey based on the Road Cleaning
processes been done.

2. On the basis of the demand power the machine component are designed.

3. On the basis of obtained designed dimensions the fabrication work of the proposed
manually operated road cleaning machine is carried out.

4. At last, the testing and trails have been taken to ascertain the load capacity of the
machine.

1.3: OBJECTIVE OF MANUALLY OPERATED ROAD CLEANER :

• To provide the alternative method for road.
• To reduce human efforts.
• To save the time.
• To reduce the cost.
• To avoid noise pollution.
1.4: TWO DIMENSIONAL VIEWS :
A two dimensional (2D) object is an object that only has two dimensions, such
as a length and a width, but no thickness. They all share two dimensions. They all have a length
and a width. Certain shapes have specific defining measurement, such as them have thickness
to them.

Figure 1.1: Two dimensional Views of Road cleaner

Figure 1.2: Manually operated Eco friendly Road Cleaner

 Environment is a place where humans as well as plants and animals live. Keeping
it clean and neat is our responsibility. It is necessary to keep our environment clean because we
get fresh air, reduce pollution etc. An unclean environment leads to a bad condition of a society,
arrival of diseases and many more. In recent years cleanliness is becoming an important factor
for the betterment of the nation and so, to support the cause we have conducted a study, prepared
a design and working of a Semiautomatic Road Cleaning Machine. The cleaning machine is an
approach to deliver easy and time efficient cleaning of roads, by reducing human efforts. There
are in numerous functions of the road cleaning machine mainly.

1) Remove the dust from road by the use of scrubber which is operated by using engine.
2) Cleaning of dust and durt by use of brush. 3)
Collecting the dust into the collector tank.

This cleanliness can be achieved by utilizing all the functions of the road cleaner
to the optimum level. The basic idea is to generate a machine which works on basic principles of
physics, using mechanical, automobile components and devices. Making an assembly of the
components and ultimately creating a machine which can be the answer to various cleaning issues
in a single unit.

Road cleaning machines or floor cleaning machines are used in private as well as
commercial area such as hospitals, bus stand, malls, lawns, floors etc. Many of these devices
required high amount of electricity or fuel like petrol diesel for their operation. They produce
enough pollution to pollute environment. So in order to save energy and save nature, it is need to
develop low cost, user friendly road cleaning machine. Our focus is to develop a machine which
should be operated manually so that it can be alternative for conventional electric road cleaning
machine. In this work we have done modeling and analysis of the road cleaning machine. We
used such type of materials for manufacturing of road cleaning machine finally. We have
observed that all the components are with in safe limit in the manually operated road cleaning
machine.

Indian road transport has come up as a fast growing and profit making organization.
Connectivity between towns, cities and different areas is an essential component in the
development of a Nation. Dirty roads lead to uncomfortable for the passengers. India has a road
network of over 5,472,144 kilometers (3,400,233 mi) as on 31 March 2015, the second largest
road network in the world. However, qualitatively India's roads are a mix of modern highways
and narrow, unpaved roads, and are being improved. The pavement management system and the
systematic approach contained in this are not adequately implemented for repairs and
rehabilitation. Non compliance result into heavy losses, discomfort, Mechanical damages in
vehicles and loss of man hours. In many cases the high speed corridor pavements have failed
prematurely in the absence of adequate maintenance during the design life itself. This triggers
the need for an automated machine which can remove the wastes in an easier and efficient way.
Our project aims at developing a Modern road cleaning vehicle that can clean the waste particles
lying in the roads effectively which provides clean roads. The vehicle is operated with the help
of dual power i.e. solar power and battery. Thus Eco friendly environment can be obtained by
the Modern cleaning vehicle because of the harmless energy sources.
 Chapter 2 : LITERATURE REVIEWS

M. RANJITH KUMAR ET AL 2015-

“Design and Analysis of Manually Operated Floor Cleaning Machine”- The authors has been
designed and analyzed manually operated floor cleaning machine. From his research he
concluded the stress level in the manually operated machine is within the safe limit.

SANDEEP. J. MESHEAM ET AL 2016 –

“Design and Development of Tricycle Operated Street Cleaning Machine” – He has developed
the street cleaning machine by tricycle operated. In this research article he framed a model
especially for rural area. He concluded that the cleaning is less effective where the street seems
to be very rough and damaged.

1) It is found that the existing street cleaning machines uses petrol and diesel. It can cause
pollution and also the vibration produced in the machine causes noise pollution. While
manual cleaning may cause health problem as the person directly comes in contact with
dust. Also, the shoulder problem due to continuously sweeping occurs.

2) A tricycle operated street cleaning machine seems an alternative concept for avoiding
such problems enlisted in first point.

3) The tricycle operated machine can work very efficiently with respect to covering area,
time and cost of street cleaning process compared with the existing machineries. Also it
is economical.

4) It was seen while testing of machine, that the cleaning is less effective where the street
seems to be very rough and damaged.

LIU ET AL 2013 –

“A Technical Analysis of Autonomous Floor Cleaning Robots Based on US Granted Patents,”

– He carried out a technical analysis of residential floor cleaning robots based on US granted
patents. They observed that the macroscopic analysis of patents and patent bibliometrics or patent
maps, is useful tools to make an overview for designated technical topics and they observed that
the Samsung is the top one patentee in cleaning robot after macroscopic of view.

IMAEKHAI LAWRENCE ET AL 2012 –

“Evaluating Single Disc Floor Cleaners” - The evaluation has shown how the use of multiple
assessment techniques can provide a comprehensive appraisal of the design, usability and
musculoskeletal loading upon the operator. They suggested that the trials with a larger number
of subjects would certainly strengthen the conclusions.
G. PROF. DR. A. MUNIARAJ:-
“Design & Analysis of Manually Operated Eco-Friendly Road Cleaner”. He has developed the
manually operated eco-friendly road cleaner. In this he conclude that while testing of machine,
that the cleaning is less effective where the road seems to be very rough and damaged. It can
provide job to the uneducated person who is in need for such jobs as human energy is needed to
drive the machine. The manually operated eco-friendly road cleaner is successfully designed,
analyzed and fabricated. This project works implements the manually operated eco-friendly road
cleaner for road cleaning that reducing the cost, human efforts as well as time. It is the best
alternative for automated road cleaning machine during power crisis. It is found that the existing
road cleaning machines uses petrol and diesel. It can cause pollution and also the vibration
produced in the machine causes noise pollution. While manual cleaning may cause healthy
problem as the person directly comes in contact with dust. Also, the shoulder problem due to
continuously sweeping occurs. A manually operated eco-friendly road cleaner is an alternative
concept for avoiding such problems. The manually operated eco-friendly road cleaner can work
very efficiently with respect to covering area, time and cost of road cleaning process compared
with the existing machineries. Also it is economical.

H. ANUP MENDHE [2017]:-

“Multipurpose Floor Cleaning Machine”. He reported that the multiple applications provide a
wide range of functions in which we can clean the pipe, scrubbing of surface for proper cleaning
of the floor, remove dust and dirt from the road, provide a pick and place mechanism by which
obstacles can be removed. This project is very helpful for the society and play a vital role in
cleanliness of the country. The main motive of the project is to cover the aspects of cleanliness
in the society. The multiple applications provide a wide range of functions in which we can clean
the pipe, scrubbing of surface for proper cleaning of the floor. This project is very helpful for the
society and play a vital role in cleanliness of the country.

I. SAHIL BHARTI [2015]:-

“Design and Development of Cleaning System”. In project a mechanical setup is designed with
the synergies of pneumatics and electronics to provide efficient cleaning system both at ground
and as well as window levels. This contemporary design helps to overcome the limitations of the
existing technologies and surpass them in terms of robot capability, modularity and payload. By
integrating on the modular design the wall climbing robot are expected to attain superior
intelligence to other small robots in similar caliber.

I. SAHIL BHARTI [2015]:-

“Design and Development of Cleaning System”. In project a mechanical setup is designed with
the synergies of pneumatics and electronics to provide efficient cleaning system both at ground
and as well as window levels. This contemporary design helps to overcome the limitations of the
existing technologies and surpass them in terms of robot capability, modularity and payload. By
integrating on the modular design the wall climbing robot are expected to attain superior
intelligence to other small robots in similar caliber.

J. AJAY P JOHN [2017]:-

“Implementation of an Automated Smart Robotic Floor Cleaner”. In this project he introduced
an automatic floor cleaning robot capable of performing both vacuum and mopping .It follows
an ‘S’ path in order to assure complete and perfect cleaning. The use of passive IR sensors is
replaced with ultrasonic sensor and is the major feature of this machine. GSM module helps to
enhance its performance by proper communication between user and robot. Moreover in certain
scenario, it is necessary for the robot to run more than once through the floor to ensure complete
cleaning. Also future researches and updates can be ensured to keep the robot developed by more
efficient path routing method and research on using other sensors for detecting waste and
obstacles can be able to bring more improvising too. Also, automatic charging process using
wireless can be implemented as well as the advancement in speed change mechanism.

K. AISHWARYA PARDESHI [2017]:-

“Automatic Floor Cleaner”. In this project she conclude that the setup of hardware with a
combination of software gives better accuracy and reduces the work load. Man power is
minimized. It have Low cost. It is a Time Consuming Device Making a small machine brings a
flexibility to do work.

M. MANREET KAUR [2014]:-

“Design and Development of Floor Cleaner (Automatic and Manual)”. He reported that the
project research facilitates an efficient floor cleaning with sweeping and mopping operations.
This robot works in two modes automatic and manual for user convenience. This proposed work
provides the hurdle detection in case of any obstacle that comes in its way.

RF modules provide wireless communication between remote and robot and their
range is 50m. If there is hurdle in the way of machine. An automatic water sprayer is attached
which sprays water for mopping purpose for the convenience of user. User can also operate this
robot manually with the help of remote. It reduces the labor cost and saves time also and provides
efficient cleaning. In automatic mode, the machine operates autonomously. The operations such
as sweeping, mopping and changing the path in case of hurdle are performed automatically.
Nonetheless, there are still new ideas to improve the developed system and to add new
functionality to it. Instead of RF module, X bee pro series module can be used to improve the
range of wireless communication. GSM module can be used to send message that, the robot has
done the cleaning task. Camera can be used for navigation purposes. Cleaning can also be done
with sweeping and mopping. Further, the robot can be made to move randomly in any direction
and its speed can be controlled.

N. MANYA JAIN [2017]:-

“Automatic Floor Cleaner”. This research facilitates efficient floor cleaning. Since in project the
floor cleaner is incorporated with different devices like DC motor(s), ultrasonic sensors etc., so
it will be easy to handle it also saves time and will work automatically for cleaning purpose at
homes and offices.
 With simple algorithm and program, the cleaner will be able to cover large floor
areas as well as find its way into and out of small corners. As the cleaner traverses the room, the
sweeper installed in it will manage to pick up a significant amount of dirt. Manual Sweeping
might not be that effective as it will not be picking up everything in as it is not in sight but using
the automatic floor cleaner it can be done easily. This research facilitates efficient floor cleaning.
Since in project the floor cleaner is incorporated with different devices like DC motor(s),
ultrasonic sensors etc. so it will be easy to handle it also saves time and will work automatically
for cleaning purpose at homes and offices. With simple algorithm and program, the cleaner will
be able to cover large floor areas as well as find its way into and out of small corners. As the
cleaner traverses the room, the sweeper installed in it will manage to pick up a significant amount
of dirt. Manual Sweeping might not be that effective as it will not be picking up everything in as
it is not in sight but using the automatic floor cleaner it can be done easily.

N. MANYA JAIN [2017]:-

“Automatic Floor Cleaner”. This research facilitates efficient floor cleaning. Since in project the
floor cleaner is incorporated with different devices like DC motor(s), ultrasonic sensors etc., so
it will be easy to handle it also saves time and will work automatically for cleaning purpose at
homes and offices. With simple algorithm and program, the cleaner will be able to cover large
floor areas as well as find its way into and out of small corners. As the cleaner traverses the room,
the sweeper installed in it will manage to pick up a significant amount of dirt. Manual Sweeping
might not be that effective as it will not be picking up everything in as it is not in sight but using
the automatic floor cleaner it can be done easily. This research facilitates efficient floor cleaning.
Since in project the floor cleaner is incorporated with different devices like DC motor(s),
ultrasonic sensors etc. so it will be easy to handle it also saves time and will work automatically
for cleaning purpose at homes and offices. With simple algorithm and program, the cleaner will
be able to cover large floor areas as well as find its way into and out of small corners. As the
cleaner traverses the room, the sweeper installed in it will manage to pick up a significant amount
of dirt. Manual Sweeping might not be that effective as it will not be picking up everything in as
it is not in sight but using the automatic floor cleaner it can be done easily.

Roads sweeping, either manual or mechanical, has been a normal operation for most
municipalities for hundreds of years with aesthetics and sanitation purposes. Therefore
investigation on street sweepers efficiency have been focused on the minimization of transport
of pollutants (PAH, metals) to receiving waters. Currently, street sweeper types fall into three
main categories: mechanical broom, vacuum-assisted broom and regenerative-air units.
Schilling (2005) provides a list of sweeper manufacturers for US, available models and common
specifications for such equipment. Assisted and regenerative air sweepers are generally better
than mechanical sweepers at removing finer sediments, while mechanical sweepers are better at
removing larger debris (FHWA 2007). The cleaner was invented by Hubert of England in 1901.
As Booth after decades later, that year he attended "a demonstration of an American machine by
its inventor" at the Empire Music Hall in London.

The cleaner was invented by Hubert of England in 1901. As Booth after decades
later, that year he attended "a demonstration of an American machine by its inventor" at the
Empire Music Hall in London.
 The inventor is not named, but Booth's description of the machine conforms fairly
closely to Thurman's design, as modified in later. Booth watched a demonstration of the device,
which blew dust off the chairs, and thought that " if the system could be reversed, and a filter
inserted between the suction apparatus and the outside air, whereby the dust would be retained
in a receptacle, the real solution of the hygienic removal of dust would be obtained." He tested
the idea by laying a handkerchief on the seat of a restaurant chair, putting his mouth to the
handkerchief, and then trying to suck up as much dust as he could onto the handkerchief. Upon
seeing the dust and dirt collected on the downside of the handkerchief, he realized the idea could
work. A hand-powered pneumatic vacuum cleaner was designed in 1910. An early electric-
powered model is also shown.

The first cleaning device to be portable and marketed at the domestic market was
builtin 1905 by Walter Griffiths, a manufacturer in Birmingham, England. His Griffith's
Improved Vacuum Apparatus for Removing Dust from Carpets resembled modern-day cleaners;
– it was portable, easy to store, and powered by "any one, who would have the task of
compressing a bellows-like contraption to suck up dust through a removable, flexible pipe, to
which a variety of shaped nozzles could be attached. In 1906 James Kirby developed his first of
many vacuums called the "Domestic Cyclone" It used water for dirt separation. Electric cleaner
by Electric Suction Sweeper Company, circa 1908.

In 1907 department store janitor James Murray Spangler (1848-1915) canton

invented the first portable electric vacuum cleaner, obtaining a patent for the Electric Suction
Sweeper on June 2, 1908. Crucially, in addition to suction from an electric fan that blew the dirt
and dust into a soap box and one of his wife's pillow cases, Spangler's design utilized a rotating
brush to loosen debris. Unable to produce the design himself due to lack of funding, he sold the
patent in 1908 to local leather goods manufacturer Henry Hoover (1849-1932), who had
Spangler's machine redesigned with a steel casing, casters, and attachments, founding the
company that in 1922 was renamed the Hoover Company. Their first vacuum was the 1908
Model O, which sold for $60. Subsequent innovations included the Beater bar in disposal filter
bags in the 1920, and an upright vacuum cleaner in 1926. Minton et al., (1998) tested a high
efficiency sweeper equipped with a strong vacuum coupled with mechanical main and gutter
brooms using a dry system combined with an air filtration system (down to 2.9 μm). The pickup
performance for < 63 μm range was higher (70%) than regenerative air sweeper (32%). For the
> 63-70 μm particle size ranges instead very similar.

Moreover the residual sediments left by the ISS were constant, independently from
the initial load. With respect to the initial PM10 load, the emission, at the head of the venturi
scrubber was within 2-40%, with an average of 10%. No evaluations were made on air quality.
Captive Hydrology technique was developed to clean airport pavement surfaces
(http://buyersguide.dsvr.co.uk/ profiles/a/associated asphalt/ or http:// www. veegservice.nl/).
The pick-up heads may include a high-pressure washer system followed by intensive pressure.

Relatively small amounts of water are entrained leaving a nearly dry pavement
surface. Water is recycled within the machine. Mobility is a big advantage, as cleaning can be
done where and when needed. A captive hydrology machine is currently being used as the
pollutant control device for the controversial Cross Israel Highway. The initial application of this
technology was for airport runway resurfacing (rubber and paint removal) to increase skid
resistance and industrial applications where very clean surfaces are required. The City of
Olympia (Washington) has included it in its 2005 budget (Olympia, City of., 2005). However the
Captive Hydrology technique has yet to be reported extensively for routine worn surfaces with
cracks and uneven sections. The units have a high capital cost. In Nevada local protocols establish
to remove residual abrasive within four days following the drying out of the road surface; during
one of these intervals Gertler et al., (2006) could compare emission potential before and after
broom sweeping event. They found a slight increase of PM10 emissions after the road sweeping.
For PM2.5, there was a more dramatic increase after sweeping (from 133 to 211mg/km). These
results are consistent with the study conducted in Idaho by Kuhn‘s et al. (2003), where the
authors found by means of TRAKER (testing re-entrained aerosol kinetic emission from road)
an unexpected mean increase of 16% of emission potential after a road sweeping and even if
authors indicated a possible displacement of dust, from the curb to the active lane, induced by
the sweeper. They outlined the importance of considering, beside a negative effect on the short
term, a long term effect of sweeping. Indeed although the sweepers are ineffective for reducing
PM10 road dust emissions in the short term, it may be premature to conclude that street sweeping
has no effect on the urban scale PM10 emission inventory. If street sweeping can remove large
particles, that may evolve into PM10, then sweeping may have a beneficial effect on air quality
over the long term. This mechanism, not examined by the studies reviewed, should be studied
since it may have important implications for the effectiveness of street sweeping programs in
PM10 emission reduction.

2.2 IMPACT OF ROAD DUST EMMISSION ON HEALTH :

Brunekreef and Forsberg (2005) concluded in a review of a number of epidemiological studies
that ̳there is some evidence for effects of coarse PM on mortality, mostly in arid
regions‘.Transition metals embedded in road dust, such as Cu. Fe, Mn, Ni and Ti contribute to
the oxidative capacity of PM (Prahalad et al., 1999; Clarke et al., 2000). Valavanidis et al. (2005)
demonstrated that redox-active transition metals act synergistically with redox cycling quinines
and PAHs to produce reactive oxygen species, and that particularly ferrous ions in PM play an
important role in the generation of hydroxyl radicals.

Schlesinger et al. (2006) indicated that transition metals such as Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Cr
and Mn, which may act as redox compounds, are likely related to PM toxicity. Moreover coarse
particles can elicit inflammatory effects (Schins et al., 2004; Schwarze et al., 2007).

Association between high levels of coarse man-made particles and daily mortality in
Barcelona (Spain) has been shown by L. Perez et al. (2008) who also found a worsening during
outbreaks of Saharan dust. In a more recent work L. Perez et al. (2009) found that cardiovascular
and cerebrovascular mortality were associated with increased levels of both PM1 and PM2.5–10.

De Kok et al. (2006) found a positive correlation between the cytotoxicity of TSP
and the sum of transition metal concentrations. A recent study in Sweden, found that PM10
generated by erosion of road pavement by studded tires provoked an inflammatory responses in
cells as potent as the response caused by diesel particles (Gustafsson et al., 2008). Comparisons
of six European cities (Jalava et al., 2007, 2008; Happo et al., 2007) evaluated the cytotoxic and
inflammatory activities of atmospheric PM in contrasting air pollution scenarios. Coarse
particles showed higher inflammatory effect than the other PM size fractions, especially in
Southern Europe. This high activity for these samples was attributed to the lack of rain, which
may account for the poor washout of road dust and the consequent accumulation of coarse PM
(with high levels of brake pads metals) on the road pavement.

2.3 RECENT DEVELOPMENT :

A British company in 2004 released a rider, a hovering vacuum cleaner that floats on a cushion
of air. It has claimed to be light-weight and easier to move over (compared to using wheels),
although it is not the first vacuum cleaner to do this the Hoover Constellation predated it by at
least 35 years.

British inventor has developed a new cleaning technology known as Air Recycling
Technology, which, instead of using a vacuum, uses an air stream to collect dust from the carpet.
This technology was tested by the Market Transformation Programmer (MTP) and shown to be
more energy-efficient than the vacuum method. Although working prototypes exist, Air
Recycling Technology is not currently used in any production cleaner. In India, road is cleaned
by hand using different handmade instruments. Initially it was washed by different reed brushes.
According to Egyptian houses were built of sundried mud bricks at times white-washed and the
roads were stamped earth. The road of the outdoor kitchen too was simply the ground baked
stone hard by the sun. Unless it was raining, which happened only rarely, these roads were easy
to keep clean by sweeping. Nowadays, India is very fast developing country. The major profit of
making organization of India is Indian Road Transport. There is still a lot of efforts are
implemented to clean the road for its maintenance. Also, some people are irresponsible. They
through garbage, wrappers, plastic bottles, waste on roads. So, it is very necessary to remove
waste from road. When maintenance of road is to be done, some workers especially women are
allotted to sweep the road. They clean the road conventionally like sweeping. While sweeping,
there is more chance of spreading of air born diseases like cough, asthma, problem in respiration
etc.

2.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Now, workers are hired to do this stuff but it is impossible to work continuously for workers. So
this is time consuming and also costly process because of workers salary. The important factor
is eliminating traffic problem because of less manpower as well as accident.

The running cost of machine is low and initial cost of machine is covered by saving
of workers salary. It can be recovered within in one or one and half year. The divider side cleaner
requires only one worker for handling.
Figure 2.1 Working of more labours in dust cleaning

Figure 2.2 : Dust on side of Road

 Chapter 3 : DESIGN OF ROAD CLEANER

Cleaning is a necessary factor of daily routine process. Effective cleaning and sanitizing help and
protect the health of human beings directly and indirectly. The Road cleaner is used to keep our
surroundings clean. So that we feel fresh while walking on the streets. Generally, in the era of
modern technology, different devices such as electric motors, diesel engines, and robots are being
used to clean the floor, road. But such processes create abundant pollution, maintenance and are
very tough to carry out. So, in order to save energy and save nature, there is a need to develop,
user-friendly road and floor cleaning machine. A machine which should be operated manually
so that it can be as an alternative for conventional electric cleaning machine. The dust cleaning
machine system is fixed with a pair of wheels which are connected with the help of shaft. The
shaft makes the wheels connected to one and other. The wheels are moved to the desired position
with the help of manual force, which can handle is provided to move. The handle can be adjusted
for a required height and are provided three adjusting holes for it. A chain drive is connected to
the wheels and gear at each side. The chain is moved according to the wheel and gear. The brush
moving the alternative direction of the wheels move and the brush brooms the waste present on
the road also it dumps the waste into the waste-collecting box. The waste collection box is
removed to dump the waste into desired places.

First of all we decides to make a structure of manually operated eco-friendly road

cleaning machine. In the making of structure of machine we can use software work as the helping
in measurement and design. After that we decides the materials through which the parts will be
prepared.

3.1 THREE DIMENSIONAL MODELLING OF ROAD CLEANER:

In analysis of manually operated eco-friendly road cleaner was carried out by using
SOLIDWORKS software. Analysis was used to find the deflection and stress on frames, brushes
and wheels. The maximum deflection & stresses were checked and maintained with in the
allowable limits for the materials of construction.

3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any

surface of an object (either inanimate or living) in three dimensions via specialized software. The
product is called a 3D model. Someone who works with 3D models may be referred to as a 3D
artist. It can be displayed as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or
used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. The model can also be physically created
using 3D printing devices.

Models may be created automatically or manually. The manual modeling process of

preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting.
There are three popular ways to represent a model:
Polygonal modeling – Points in 3D space, called vertices, are connected by line segments to
form a polygon mesh. The vast majority of 3D models today are built as textured polygonal
models, because they are flexible and because computers can render them so quickly. However,
polygons are planar and can only approximate curved surfaces using many polygons.
Curve modeling – Surfaces are defined by curves, which are influenced by weighted control
points. The curve follows (but does not necessarily interpolate) the points. Increasing the weight
for a point will pull the curve closer to that point. Curve types include non-uniform rational B-
spline (NURBS), splines, patches, and geometric primitives.

Digital sculpting – Still a fairly new method of modeling, 3D sculpting has become very popular
in the few years it has been around.[citation needed] There are currently three types of digital
sculpting: Displacement, which is the most widely used among applications at this moment, uses
a dense model (often generated by subdivision surfaces of a polygon control mesh) and stores
new locations for the vertex positions through use of an image map that stores the adjusted
locations. Volumetric, loosely based on voxels, has similar capabilities as displacement but does
not suffer from polygon stretching when there are not enough polygons in a region to achieve a
deformation. Dynamic tessellation is similar to voxel but divides the surface using triangulation
to maintain a smooth surface and allow finer details. These methods allow for very artistic
exploration as the model will have a new topology created over it once the models form and
possibly details have been sculpted. The new mesh will usually have the original high resolution
mesh information transferred into displacement data or normal map data if for a game engine.

A 3D fantasy fish composed of organic surfaces generated using LAI4D. The

modeling stage consists of shaping individual objects that are later used in the scene. There are a
number of modeling techniques, including:

Constructive solid geometry-

• Implicit surfaces.
• Subdivision surfaces.
Modeling can be performed by means of a dedicated program (e.g., Cinema 4D, Maya,
3ds Max, Blender, LightWave, Modo) or an application component (Shaper, Lofter in 3ds Max)
or some scene description language (as in POV-Ray). In some cases, there is no strict distinction
between these phases; in such cases modeling is just part of the scene creation process (this is the
case, for example, with Caligari trueSpace and Realsoft 3D).

3D models can also be created using the technique of Photogrammetry with dedicated
programs such as Reality Capture, Metashape, 3DF Zephyr, and Meshroom, and cleanup
applications such as MeshLab, netfabb or MeshMixer. Photogrammetry creates models using
algorithms to interpret the shape and texture of real-world objects and environments based on
photographs taken from many angles of the subject.

Complex materials such as blowing sand, clouds, and liquid sprays are modeled with
particle systems, and are a mass of 3D coordinates which have either points, polygons, texture
splats, or sprites assigned to them. The three dimensional structure are required for the making
of design of manually operated eco friendly road cleaning machine. On this basis we can
decides the length and height of frame work. So we are properly maintains the design by this
modeling.
3.1.1 TESTING:
3D solid models can be tested in different ways depending on what is needed by
using simulation, mechanism design, and analysis. If a motor is designed and assembled correctly
(this can be done differently depending on what 3D modeling program is being used), using the
mechanism tool the user should be able to tell if the motor or machine is assembled correctly by
how it operates.
 Different design will need to be tested in different ways. For example; a pool pump
would need a simulation ran of the water running through the pump to see how the water flows
through the pump. These tests verify if a product is developed correctly or if it needs to be
modified to meet its requirements.
SOLIDWORKS focuses on quickly creating 3D solid models of your design,
rapidly creating both complex parts and assemblies on screen in 3D as oppose to flat 2D drawings
which in turn leads to:
• Faster design development and detailing.
• Improved visualisation and communication.
• Assess design functionality and performance prior to prototype production.
• Auto generated manufacturing data for 3D solid models which use programming
CNC machine tools and rapid prototyping equipment.
With all drawing views generated from the original 3D model SOLIDWORKS ensures any
amendments made to the model are automatically updated within the drawing. This automatic
associativity guarantees your solid model is always accurately reflected within in your drawings.
SOLIDWORKS 3D solid modeling features enable you to:

• Produce 3D solid models of any part and assembly, regardless of size and complexity.
• Synchronise all 3D models, 2D drawings and other design and manufacturing
documents thanks to inbuilt associativity which automatically tracks for any changes
and makes updates.
• Quickly amend designs by controlling key design parameters.
• Create surfacing for any 3D geometry regardless of complexity or stylisation.
• Produce in depth 3D model analysis instantly on an extensive range of properties:
mass, density, moments of inertia.

Figure 3.1 : 3D modeling of Road cleaner

3.2 MATERIALS:
Sprocket, Link Plates (C40, C50 alloy steel), Pin, Pushing and Rollers (C15, C20 Steels) , Rotary
Brooms are used to clean In this work components used as given below-

1) Wheels: Use two wheels each wheel having diameter of 609.6mm. As shown in the figure 3.2.
2) Shaft: The shaft length 500mm long and 25mm diameter. As shown in the figure3.3.

3) Chain: Total chain length used 1219mm of 75 numbers. As shown in the figure3.4.

4) Supporting wheels: Diameter of wheel 200mm. As shown in the figure3.5.

5) Handle: For the handle we are using two rods they are usually in bending shape .One of the
rod length is 1092.2mm and another small rod of size is 685.8mm.For these two roads a vertical
shape of rod is connected of length 203.2mm for this vertical rod an horizontal rod is attached of
size of 457.2mm and the height adjustment is made with the rods.

6) Gears: Use two gears driver and driven the smaller gear has a diameter of 50mm, and the larger
gear has diameter of 130mm. As shown in the figure3.6.

7) Bearings: Bearings having an outer diameter of 60mm and inner having a 50 mm diameter.
As shown in the figure3.7.

8) Brush: Brush having a length of 480mm long and outer diameter of 250mm and inner diameter
of 20mm. As shown in the figure3.8.

9) Collecting box: The function of the collecting box is to collect the waste upto some quantity
after that remove box and dump the waste. The dimensions of the collecting box measures length
of 546 mm and width 233mm. As shown in the figure3.9.aring the dust by the motion of rotation.

Figure 3.2 : wheel Figure 3.3 : shaft

Figure 3.3 : Chain Figure 3.4 : Supporting wheel

 Figure 3.5 : Gear Figure 3.6 : Brush

3. 3 COMPONENTS :
1) Wheels: Use two wheels.
2) Shaft.
3) Chain.
4) Supporting wheels.
5) Handle: For the handle we are using two rods they are usually in bending shape.
6) Sprocket.
7) Bearings.
8) Brush.
9) Collecting box: The function of the collecting box is to collect the waste up to
some quantity after that remove box and dump the waste

3.3.1 WHEEL:

A circular object that revolves on an axle and is fixed below a vehicle or other object to enable
it to move easily over the ground. In its primitive form, a wheel is a circular block of a hard and
durable material at whose center has been bored a circular hole through which is placed an axle
bearing about which the wheel rotates when a moment is applied by gravity or torque to the wheel
about its axis, thereby making together one of the six simple machines.

When placed vertically under a load-bearing platform or case, the wheel turning
on the horizontal axle makes it possible to transport heavy loads; when placed horizontally, the
wheel turning on its vertical axle makes it possible to control the spinning motion used to shape
materials (e.g. a potter's wheel); when mounted on a column connected to a rudder or a chassis
mounted on other wheels, one can control the direction of a vessel or vehicle (e.g. a ship's wheel
or steering wheel); when connected to a crank or engine, a wheel can store, release, or transmit
energy (e.g. the flywheel).
3.3.1 MECHANICS AND FUCTION OF WHEEL :
The wheel was barely used, with the exception of the Horn of Africa, in sub-saharn
Africa well into the 19th century but this changed with the arrival of the Europeans.
The spoked wheel was in continued use without major modification
until1870s,when wire- spoked wheels and pneumatic tires were invented. . Some of mechanics
function are listed below:
 Figure 3.3.1 : Wheel

• The coefficient of friction at the interface is usually lower.

Bearings are used to help reduce friction at the interface. In the simplest and oldest case the
bearing is just a round hole through which the axle passes (a "plain bearing").
Example:

• If a 100 kg object is dragged for 10 m along a surface with the coefficient of friction μ = 0.5,
the normal force is 981 N and the work done (required energy) is (work=force x distance)
981 × 0.5 × 10 = 4905 joules.
Now give the object 4 wheels. The normal force between the 4 wheels and axles is the same (in
total) 981 N. Assume, for wood, μ = 0.25, and say the wheel diameter is 1000 mm and axle
diameter is 50 mm. So while the object still moves 10 m the sliding frictional surfaces only slide
over each other a distance of 0.5 m. The work done is 981 × 0.25 × 0.5 = 123 joules; the work
done has reduced to 1/40 of that of dragging.
Additional energy is lost from the wheel-to-road interface. This is termed rolling
resistance which is predominantly a deformation loss. This energy is also lowered by the use of
a wheel (in comparison to dragging) because the net force on the contact point between the road
and the wheel is almost perpendicular to the ground, and hence, generates an almost zero net
work. This depends on the nature of the ground, of the material of the wheel, its inflation in the
case of a tire, the net torque exerted by the eventual engine, and many other factors.
A wheel can also offer advantages in traversing irregular surfaces if the wheel radius
is sufficiently large compared to the irregularities.
The wheel alone is not a machine, but when attached to an axle in conjunction with
bearing, it forms the wheel and axle, one of the simple machines. A driven wheel is an example
of a wheel and axle.
Construction
This article is about structure of wheel. For making of wire-spoked wheels, see Wheel building.
For making of non-wire spoked wheels, see Wheel construction.

Rim- An aluminium alloy wheel. Which is the "outer edge of a wheel, holding the tire." It
makes up the outer circular design of the wheel on which the inside edge of the tire is mounted
on vehicles such as automobiles.

Hub- The hub is the center of the wheel, and typically houses a bearing, and is where the spokes
meet. A hubless wheel (also known as a rim-rider or centerless wheel) is a type of wheel with no
center hub. More specifically, the hub is actually almost as big as the wheel itself. The axle is
hollow, following the wheel at very close tolerances.

Spokes - A spoked wheel on display at The National Museum of Iran, in Tehran. The wheel is
dated to the late 2nd millennium BC and was excavated at Choqa Zanbil. A spoke is one of some
number of rods radiating from the center of a wheel (the hub where the axle connects),
connecting the hub with the round traction surface. The term originally referred to portions of a
log which had been split lengthwise into four or six section. The wheel is prepared using this
method. The wheel is the important for drive the road cleaner machine so we prepared the wheel
firstly.

Wire - The rims of wire wheels (or "wire spoked wheels") are connected to their hubs by
wire spokes. Although these wires are generally stiffer than a typical wire rope, they function
mechanically the same as tensioned flexible wires, keeping the rim true while supporting applied
loads.Wire wheels are used on most bicycles and still used on many motorcycles. They were
invented by aeronautical engineer George Cayley and first used in bicycles by James Starley. A
process of assembling wire wheels is described as wheel building.

Tire/Tyre -A tire (in American English and Canadian English) or tyre (insome Commonwealth
Nations such as UK, India, South Africa and Australia) is a ring-shaped covering that fits around
a wheel rim to protect it and enable better vehicle performance by providing a flexible cushion
that absorbs shock while keeping the wheel in close contact with the ground. The word itself may
be derived from the word "tie," which refers to the outer steel ring part of a wooden cart wheel
that ties the wood segments together (see Etymology below).-

The fundamental materials of modern tires are synthetic rubber, natural rubber,
fabric and wire, along with other compound chemicals. They consist of a tread and a body. The
tread provides traction while the body ensures support. Before rubber was invented, the first
versions of tires were simply bands of metal that fitted around wooden wheels to prevent wear
and tear. Today, the vast majority of tires are pneumatic inflatable structures, comprising a
doughnut-shaped body of cords and wires encased in rubber and generally filled with compressed
air to form an inflatable cushion. Pneumatic tires are used on many types of vehicles, such
as cars, bicycles, motorcycles, trucks, and aircraft.

Different Types of Wheels: The different types of wheels available include conventional steel
wheels, modern alloy wheels, forged and cast wheels and chrome coated wheels.
 Steel wheels have been around since the early cars were first made and are still in
common use today, although the quality and design have improved dramatically over the years.
Modern steel wheels are usually made from a pressed steel sheet that is forged into the shape
required for the rim. They are cheap to manufacture and purchase, but can cost more over the
lifetime of a vehicle as they are also relatively heavy and will use more fuel as a result.

Modern Alloy Wheels:

To reduce weight and improve strength, many modern wheels are made from alloys of
lightweight materials. Most of these are alloyed with aluminum due to its high strength-to-weight
ratio with materials such as magnesium, nickel, being added to increase strength. In addition to
being lighter and using less fuel, most of these alloy wheel rims also have the advantage of being
better heat conductors which lets them dissipate the heat from braking far more efficiently than
steel. Alloy wheels are more expensive than steel rims, but will usually pay for themselves in
reduced fuel costs over the life of the wheel due to their lower weight.

Forged versus Cast Wheels:

There are two main ways that wheel rims are made. They can be forged from pieces of hot
metal that are pressed into shape and often heat-welded together from multiple pieces.
They can also be cast from molten metal that is forced into a mold to form the shape of the rim.
Steel rims are usually made using the former method and alloy rims with the latter, though this
is not always the case. Cast wheel rims are easier to make and tend to be cheaper as a result.
Forged rims are often stronger relative to the material they are made of, as the process of casting
the rim can introduce flaws. Forged rims are made from metal pieces that can be manufactured
in ways that reduce the likelihood of flaws in the metal and the process of hot-pressing them into
shape can give a better internal structure to the metal compared to the turbulent flow of cast
metal.

Chrome Coated Wheels:

Most cheaper wheels are coated with paint to stop corrosion or are left with their natural
surface if the rim material is corrosion resistant. In more expensive wheels, chromium is often
used to add a layer of surface protection to the wheel. Chrome wheels also have the advantage of
looking shiny and fashionable, so they are often favored where the look of the vehicle is an
important factor.

3.3.2 SHAFT:
Shaft is a rotating machine element, usually circular in cross section, which is used to transmit
power from one part to another, or from a machine which produces power to a machine which
absorbs power.

Figure 3.3.2. Shaft

Types- They are mainly classified into two types.
• Transmission shaft
• Machine Shaft
Transmission shafts are used to transmit power between the source and the machine absorbing
power; e.g. counter shafts and line shafts.
Machine shafts are the integral part of the machine itself; e.g. crankshaft.

Materials - The material used for ordinary shafts is mild steel. When high strength is required,
an alloy steel such as nickel, nickel-chromium or chromium-vanadium steel is used.
Shafts are generally formed by hot rolling and finished to size by cold drawing or
turning and grinding.

Standard sizes
Machine shafts
Up to 25 mm steps of 0.5 m

Transmission shafts
25 mm to 60 mm with 5 mm steps
60 mm to 110 mm with 10 mm steps
110 mm to 140 mm with 15 mm steps
140 mm to 500 mm with 20 mm steps
The standard lengths of the shafts are 5 m, 6 m and 7 m.

Stresses - The following stresses are induced in the shafts.

o Shear stresses due to the transmission of torque (due to torsional load).

o Bending stresses (tensile or compressive) due to the forces acting upon the machine
elements like gears and pulleys as well as the self weight of the shaft.
Stresses due to combined torsional and bending loads.

3.3.3 CHAIN :

Chain is a serial assembly of connected pieces, called links, typically made of metal, with
an overall character similar to that of a rope in that it is flexible and curved in compression but
linear, rigid, and load-bearing in tension. A chain may consist of two or more links. Chains can
be classified by their design, which can be dictated by their use:
Those designed for lifting, such as when used with a hoist; for pulling; or for securing,
such as with a bicycle lock, have links that are torus shaped, which make the chain flexible in
two dimensions (the fixed third dimension being a chain's length). Small chains serving as
jewellery are a mostly decorative analogue of such types.

Those designed for transferring power in machines have links designed to mesh with the
teeth of the sprockets of the machine, and are flexible in only one dimension. They are known as
roller chains, though there are also non-roller chains such as block chain.

3.3.3 CHAIN :

Chain is a serial assembly of connected pieces, called links, typically made of metal, with
an overall character similar to that of a rope in that it is flexible and curved in compression but
linear, rigid, and load-bearing in tension. A chain may consist of two or more links. Chains can
be classified by their design, which can be dictated by their use:
 Those designed for lifting, such as when used with a hoist; for pulling; or for securing,
such as with a bicycle lock, have links that are torus shaped, which make the chain flexible in
two dimensions (the fixed third dimension being a chain's length). Small chains serving as
jewellery are a mostly decorative analogue of such types.

Those designed for transferring power in machines have links designed to mesh with
the teeth of the sprockets of the machine, and are flexible in only one dimension. They are known
as roller chains, though there are also non-roller chains such as block chain.
Two distinct chains can be connected using a quick link, carabiner, or clevis.

Figure 3.3.3 : Chain

Uses for chain:

Links of the American Revolutionary War-era Hudson River Chain as a memorial at West
Point.
Power transfer
Bicycle chain, transfers power from the pedals to the drive-wheel of a bicycle, thus propelling it.

Chain drive, the main feature that differentiated the safety bicycle.
Chain gun, type of machine gun that is driven by an external power source, sometimes connected
by a chain, to actuate the mechanism rather than using recoil.
Chain pumps, type of water pump where an endless chain has positioned on it circular discs.
Chainsaw, portable mechanical, motorized saw using a cutting chain to saw wood.
Flat chain, form of chain used chiefly in agricultural machinery.
Ladder chain, a light wire chain used with sprockets for low torque power transmission.
O-ring chain, a specialized type of roller chain.
Roller chain, the type of chain most commonly used for transmission of mechanical power on
bicycles, motorcycles, and in industrial and agricultural machinery.
Timing chain, used to transfer rotational position from the crankshaft to the valve and ignition
system on an internal combustion engine, typically with a 2:1 speed reduction.

Traction and pulling

Anchor cable, as used by ships and boats, in British nautical usage it is a cable, not a chain.
Chain steam shipping. Chain-linked Lewis, lifting device made from two curved steel legs
Curb chain, used on curb bits when riding a horse.

High-tensile chain (or "Transport chain"), chain with a high tensile strength used for
towing or securing loads
 Jack chain, a toothed chain used to move logs. Lead shank (or "Stud chain"), used on
horses that are misbehaving. Pull switch, an electrical switch operated by a chain
Rigid chain actuator, a type of chain that only bends in one direction, allowing it to
operate under compression.

Snow chains, used to improve traction in snow. Lavatory chain, the chain attached to
the cistern of an old-fashioned W.C. in which the flushing power is obtained by a gravity feed
from above-head height. Although most cisterns no longer work like that, the phrase "pull the
chain" is still encountered to mean "flush the toilet".

Weapons :
o Chain gun, type of machine gun that is driven by an external power source,
sometimes connected by a chain, to actuate the mechanism rather than using
recoil.
o Chain-shot, a type of ammunition for a cannon, used to inflict damage to the
rigging of a sail vessel in naval warfare.
o Chain weapon, a medieval weapon made of one or more weights attached to a
handle with a chain.

Other uses:
Chains can also be used as a percussion instrument for special effects, such as in
Schonberg's Gurre-Lieder and Janáček's From the House of the Dead.
Keychain, a small chain that connects a small item to a keyring
Chain sinnet, a method of shortening a rope or other cable while in use or for storage
Chain stitch, a sewing and embroidery technique Invention
The metal link chain has been in use since at least 225 BC.
Chains are the measuring instrument used in surveying formed by the 100 links of 4mm
galvanized mild steel wire. These links are joined by 3 circular or oval wire rings. These rings
provide the flexibility to the chains.

Every aspect of the life requires some measuring units. Measurements are used to do
the work precisely and accurately. Let it be from kitchen to office, everywhere measurements are
used. So as in engineering calculation or measurements holds a very greater role in construction
or surveying or any other aspect.

There are various units of measurements such as meters, centimeters, feets, inches, acre,
yards and the list goes on. Same as units there are various instrument used in the measurements
of any entity. One of the instruments used in measurement are chains.

Types of Chains used in Surveying, Their Parts, Testing and Advantages

Parts of Chains used in Surveying

Depending upon the length of the chain, these are divide into following types,

• Metric chains
• Steel band or Band chain
• Gunter’s chain or surveyor’s chain
• Engineer’s chain
• Revenue chain

A. Metric chains:
Metric chains are the most commonly used chain in India. These types of chains comes in many
lengths such as 5, 10, 20 and 30 meters. Most commonly used is 20m chain. Tallies are provided
at every 2m of the chain for quick reading. Every link of this type of chain is 0.2m. The total
length of the chain is marked on the brass handle at the ends.

B. Steel band or Band chain:

These types of chain consist of a long narrow strip of steel of uniform width of 12 to 16 mm and
thickness of 0.3 to 0.6 mm. this chain is divides by brass studs at every 20cm or instead of brass
studs, band chain may have graduated engraving as centimeter.

C. Gunter’s chain or surveyor’s chain:

Gunter chain comes in standard 66ft. These chain consists of 100links, each link being 0.66ft or
7.92inches. The length 66ft is selected because it is convenient in land measurements.

10 square Gunter’s chains = 1 Acre

10 Gunter chains = 1 Furlong
80 Gunter chains = 1 mile

D. Engineer’s chain:
This chain comes in 100ft length. Its consist of 100 links each link being 1ft long. At every 10
links a brass ring or tags are provided for indication of 10 links. Readings are taken in feet and
decimal.

E. Revenue Chain:
The standard size of this type of chain is 33ft. The number of links are 16, each link being 2 ft.
This chain is commonly used in cadastral survey.

Testing and Adjustment of Chain

As the chain is a metal made, it may undergo many changes due to temperature effect or human
error and etc. So for all lengths of chain a tolerance is given,
5m chain = + or – 3mm
10m chain = + or – 3mm
20m chain = + or – 5mm
30m chain = + or – 8mm
Chain length shorten due to
• Bending of links.
• Sticking of mud in the rings.
Chain length increases due to
• Opening of small rings.
• Wearing of surfaces.
Chains may be tested with respect to Steel tape permanent test gauge pegs driven in the field at
required distances permanent test gauge made with dressed stones. If chain is found long, then
close the joins of the rings reshape the elongated rings remove one or two rings replace worn out
rings. If chain is found short, then straighten the links replace the small rings with big one insert
additional rings flattening the circular rings.

Errors in chain Surveying:

Errors in chaining may be classified as:

• Personal errors
 • Compensating errors, and
• Cumulating errors.
• Personal Errors.

Wrong reading, wrong recording, reading from wrong end of chain etc., are personal errors.
These errors are serious errors and cannot be detected easily. Care should be taken to avoid such
errors.

Compensating Errors:
These errors may be sometimes positive and sometimes negative. Hence, They are likely to get
compensated when large number of readings are taken. The magnitude of such errors can be
estimated by theory of probability. The following are the examples of such errors:

Incorrect marking of the end of a chain:

• Fractional part of chain may not be correct though total length is corrected.
• Graduations in tape may not be exactly same throughout.
• In the method of stepping while measuring sloping ground, plumbing may be crude.

Cumulative Errors
The errors that occur always in the same direction are called cumulative errors. In each reading
the error may be small, but when large number of measurements are made they may be
considerable, since the error is always on one side. Examples of such errors are:
• Bad ranging.
• Bad straightening.
• Erroneous length of chain.
• Temperature variation.
• Variation in applied pull.
• Non-horizontality.
Sag in the chain, if suspended for measuring horizontal distance on a sloping ground.
Errors (i), (ii), (vi) and (vii) are always +ve since they make measured length more than actual.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Chains in Surveying:

Advantages of Chains in Surveying:

• Chain survey is simplest and commonest method used in surveying exercises.
• The equipment used to conduct chain survey are simple to use,
• The equipment used in chain survey can easily be replaced. For example measuring rods
can be replaced with measuring tape.
• This method does not involve complicated mathematical calculation. I know this is the
relief to those who are afraid of mathematics
• In chain survey few people are needed to conduct the survey. Normally chain survey team
has three people Booker, leader and follower.

Disadvantages of Chains in Surveying:

• Simple chain survey cannot be conducted in built up areas and large areas.
• Simple chain survey is subject to several chances of errors of accumulation which may
cause by problem of chain. The chain linkage may fail to stretch up properly and result
in inaccurate data. Also clogging of chain may read to error in reading.
• It is time consuming.
 • It may not be conducted in areas with steep slopes or water logged areas. Chain survey is
usually conducted in dry areas with gentle slopes. It becomes more complicated when
survey is conducted in areas that are too wet.
• Chain survey becomes more complicated method when there are raised points (obstacles)
in between areas to be surveyed.

3.3.4 SUPPORTING WHEEL:

Training wheels are an additional wheel or wheels mounted parallel to the rear wheel of a
machine that assist learners until they have developed a usable sense of balance on the machine.

Figure 3.3.4 : Supporting Wheel

3.3.5 HANDLE OR FRAME:

It is defined as the engineering structure of different shapes like curved or straight. It contains
one multi-force member. The frame structure is the combination of beams, column, and slab. The
use of frame is to resist the moments which developed during the applied loading.

Figure 3.3.5 : Frame

 Frame or a machine is an engineering structure that that contains at least one member
that is not a two force member. This beam is connected to other members (where normal forces
would exist) at more than two locations. This beam is therefore not a two force member.
This beam has two connection points, but a force is acting on a third point. Therefore the beam
has forces acting on it at more than two locations and it is not a two force member.

A frame is a rigid structure, while a machine is not rigid. This means that no part can
move relative to the other parts in a frame, while parts can move relative to one another in a
machine. Though there is a difference in vocabulary in describing frames and machines, they are
grouped together here because we use the same process to analyze both of these structures.

When we talk about analyzing frames or machines, we are usually looking to identify
both the external forces acting on the structure and the internal forces acting between members
within the structure.

The method we use to analyze frames and machines (no special name here) centers
around the process of breaking the structure down into individual components and analyzing each
component as a rigid body. Where the components are connected, Newton's Third Law states
that each body will exert an equal and opposite force on the other body. Each component will be
analyzed as an independent rigid body leading to equilibrium equations for each component, but
because of Newton's Third Law, some unknowns may show up acting on two bodies.

3.3.6 SPROCKET:

Sprocket or sprocket-wheel is a profiled wheel with teeth, or cogs, that mesh with a chain, track
or other perforated or indented material. The name 'sprocket' applies generally to any wheel upon
which radial projections engage a chain passing over it. It is distinguished from a gear in that
sprockets are never meshed together directly, and differs from a pulley in that sprockets have
teeth and pulleys are smooth except for timing pulleys used with toothed belts.

Figure 3.3.6 Chains sprocket

Sprockets are used in bicycles, motorcycles, cars, tracked vehicles, and other machinery either
to transmit rotary motion between two shafts where gears are unsuitable or to impart linear
motion to a track, tape etc. Perhaps the most common form of sprocket may be found in the
bicycle, in which the pedal shaft carries a large sprocket-wheel, which drives a chain, which, in
turn, drives a small sprocket on the axle of the rear wheel.
Early automobiles were also largely driven by sprocket and chain mechanism, a practice largely
copied from bicycles.

Sprockets are of various designs, a maximum of efficiency being claimed for each
by its originator. Sprockets typically do not have a flange. Some sprockets used with timing belts
have flanges to keep the timing belt centered. Sprockets and chains are also used for power
transmission from one shaft to another where slippage is not admissible, sprocket chains being
used instead of belts or ropes and sprocket-wheels instead of pulleys. They can be run at high
speed and some forms of chain are so constructed as to be noiseless even at high speed.
In the case of bicycle chains, it is possible to modify the overall gear ratio of the chain drive by
varying the diameter (and therefore, the tooth count) of the sprockets on each side of the chain.
This is the basis of derailleur gears.

A multi-speed bicycle, by providing two or three different-sized driving sprockets

and up to 12 (as of 2018) different-sized driven sprockets, allows up to 36 different gear ratios.
The resulting lower gear ratios make the bike easier to pedal up hills while the higher gear ratios
make the bike more powerful to pedal on flats and downhills. In a similar way, manually
changing the sprockets on a motorcycle can change the characteristics of acceleration and top
speed by modifying the final drive gear ratio. The final drive gear ratio can be calculated by
dividing the number of teeth on the rear sprocket by the number of teeth on the counter-shaft
sprocket. With respect to the stock gearing on a motorcycle, installing a smaller counter-shaft
sprocket (fewer teeth), or a larger rear sprocket (more teeth), produces a lower gear ratio, which
increases the acceleration of the motorcycle but decreases its top speed. Installing a larger
counter-shaft sprocket, or a smaller rear sprocket, produces a higher gear ratio, which decreases
the acceleration of the motorcycle but increases its top speed.

Roller Chain Sprockets:

A sprocket is a wheel with teeth, cogs, or even sprockets that mesh with the holes in the links of
chain, track, or other perforated material. A sprocket is different from a gear because a sprocket
never meshes directly with another sprocket. Sprockets are designed to be used with a specific
chain. Choosing the right sprocket optimizes sprocket/chain interaction, ensures drive
performance, and decreases maintenance.

Sprockets are characterized by type, which indicates hub style:

Type A- Sprockets are flat and have no hub. They are usually mounted on flanges or hubs of the
device they are driving through a series of holes that are plain or tapered.

Type B- Sprockets have a hub on one side, allowing the sprocket to be fitted closely to the
machinery on which it is mounted. This eliminates a large overhung load on the bearings of the
equipment.

Type C- Sprockets are extended on both sides of the plate and usually used on the driven sprocket
where the pitch diameter is larger and where there is more weight to support on the shaft. Larger
loads should have larger hubs.

Type D- Sprockets use a type A sprocket mounted on a solid or split hub. The sprocket is split
and bolted to the hub for easy removal. Speed ratio can be changed by without having to remove
bearings and other equipment.

Sprocket types : Sprocket Selection Terminology

 • Sprocket Caliper Diameter: The measurement from sprocket tooth valley to sprocket
tooth valley on the opposite side. It measures the diameter of the sprocket plate without
the teeth.
• Sprocket Outside Diameter: The measurement from sprocket tooth peak to sprocket tooth
peak on the opposite side.
• Maximum Bore Diameter: Maximum bore size a sprocket can be machined without
compromising structural integrity. Associated with B and C style sprockets.
• Length Through Bore (LTB): The inside hub diameter and the length to which it was
machined. The length must be able to accommodate the proper sized keyway to withstand
shear and torque stress.
• Plain Bore: Associated with B and C style where inside diameter of the hub is machined
with a standard keyway and two set screws.
• Sprocket Hub Style: A, B, and C style hub configurations are offered by many U.S.
manufacturers.

Types of Sprockets:

Double Pitch Sprockets:

Similar to standard sprockets except there are half the number of teeth. They are used with small
roller double pitch chain to accommodate longer distances between rollers. Common chain sizes
are: 2040, 2050, 2060, 2080, and 2100 or 2042, 2052, 2062, 2082, and 2102 for larger diameters.

Multiple Strand Sprockets:

Multi-strand sprockets are used where higher torque and power are needed, or where two or more
items are being powered by a common drive shaft. Available in 40 through 160 chain pitch with
plain, finished, taper-lock, or QD style hubs.

QD (Quick Disconnect) Sprockets:

QD sprockets are used where higher working loads and high clamp loading on the shaft is
desirable. They are flanged and use anchor bolts around the circumference. Sprockets with
tapered bushings are easy to install and remove, provide clamp force, and align the sprocket.

Taper-Lock Sprockets:
Taper-lock sprockets utilize a split through the taper and flange to provide a true clamp on the
shaft. A Taper-Lock bushing is retained to the sprocket with set screws. They offer flexibility by
allowing multiple sized bores for a single bushing size.

Steel Split Sprockets:

Steel split sprockets are split through the entire radius for easy installation and removal. The
halves are held together by bolts. This style is available in pitch sizes 40 through 240, and bore
diameters of 3/4 through 6 in.

Double Single Sprockets:

Double single sprockets are used in applications where two or more items are powered by a
common drive shaft. The space between the plates is wider than a multi-strand sprocket and
allows two separate strands of chain to engage without contacting the other. One strand may
exit in a different direction than the other.

Idler sprockets are used where the chain may experience slack due to long lengths, where there
is a non-adjustable drive shaft, or where the chain has been guided around an obstruction. Using
idler sprockets prevents chain whipping and uneven load distribution.
Double Plus Sprockets:
Double plus sprockets are specifically designed to be used with Double Plus chain and is in
conveyor applications where product is moving at twice the speed of the drive system powering
the conveyor. Benefits include less noise and longer chain life.
Bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired motion, and
reduces friction between moving parts. The design of the bearing may, for example, provide for
free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation around a fixed axis; or, it may prevent
a motion by controlling the vectors of normal forces that bear on the moving parts. Most bearings
facilitate the desired motion by minimizing friction.

3.3.7 BEARING:

Bearings are classified broadly according to the type of operation, the motions
allowed, or to the directions of the loads (forces) applied to the parts.

Rotary bearings hold rotating components such as shafts or axles within mechanical
systems, and transfer axial and radial loads from the source of the load to the structure supporting
it. The simplest form of bearing, the plain bearing, consists of a shaft rotating in a hole.
Lubrication is used to reduce friction. In the ball bearing and roller bearing, to reduce sliding
friction, rolling elements such as rollers or balls with a circular cross-section are located between
the races or journals of the bearing assembly. A wide variety of bearing designs exists to allow
the demands of the application to be correctly met for maximum efficiency, reliability, durability
and performance.

A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired
motion, and reduces friction between moving parts. The design of the bearing may, for example,
provide for free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation around a fixed axis; or,
it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of normal forces that bear on the moving
parts.

Figure 3.3.7: Bearing

The term "bearing" is derived from the verb "to bear";a bearing being a machine element that
allows one part to bear (i.e., to support) another. The simplest bearings are bearing surfaces, cut
or formed into a part, with varying degrees of control over the form, size, roughness and location
of the surface. Other bearings are separate devices installed into a machine or machine part. The
most sophisticated bearings for the most demanding applications are very precise devices; their
manufacture requires some of the highest standards of current technology.

Tapered roller bearing:

Drawing of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Study of a ball bearing. The invention of the rolling
bearing, in the form of wooden rollers supporting, or bearing, an object being moved is of great
antiquity, and may predate the invention of the wheel.

Though it is often claimed that the Egyptians used roller bearings in the form of tree
trunks under sleds, this is modern speculation. They are depicted in their own drawings in the
tomb of Djehutihotep as moving massive stone blocks on sledges with liquid-lubricated runners
which would constitute a plain bearing.

There are also Egyptian drawings of bearings used with hand drills. The earliest
recovered example of a rolling element bearing is a wooden ball bearing supporting a rotating
table from the remains of the Roman Nemi ships in Lake Nemi, Italy. The wrecks were dated to
40 BC.

Leonardo da Vinci incorporated drawings of ball bearings in his design for a

helicopter around the year 1500. This is the first recorded use of bearings in an aerospace design.
However, Agostino Ramelli is the first to have published sketches of roller and thrust bearings.
An issue with ball and roller bearings is that the balls or rollers rub against each other causing
additional friction which can be reduced by enclosing the balls or rollers within a cage. The
captured, or caged, ball bearing was originally described by Galileo in the 17th century.[citation
needed]

The first practical caged-roller bearing was invented in the mid-1740s by horologist
John Harrison for his H3 marine timekeeper. This uses the bearing for a very limited oscillating
motion but Harrison also used a similar bearing in a truly rotary application in a contemporaneous
regulator clock.[citation needed.

Industrial Era:

The first modern recorded patent on ball bearings was awarded to Philip Vaughan, a British
inventor and ironmaster who created the first design for a ball bearing in Carmarthen in 1794.
His was the first modern ball-bearing design, with the ball running along a groove in the axle
assembly.

The term "bearing" is derived from the verb "to bear" a bearing being a machine element
that allows one part to bear (i.e., to support) another. The simplest bearings are bearing surfaces,
cut or formed into a part, with varying degrees of control over the form, size, roughness and
location of the surface. Other bearings are separate devices installed into a machine or machine
part. The most sophisticated bearings for the most demanding applications are very precise
devices; their manufacture requires some of the highest standards of current technology.

Maintenance and lubrication:

Many bearings require periodic maintenance to prevent premature failure, but many others
require little maintenance. The latter include various kinds of polymer, fluid and magnetic
bearings, as well as rolling-element bearings that are described with terms including sealed
bearing and sealed for life. These contain seals to keep the dirt out and the grease in. They work
successfully in many applications, providing maintenance-free operation. Some applications
cannot use them effectively.

Packing:
Some bearings use a thick grease for lubrication, which is pushed into the gaps
between the bearing surfaces, also known as packing. The grease is held in place by a plastic,
leather, or rubber gasket (also called a gland) that covers the inside and outside edges of the
bearing race to keep the grease from escaping.
Bearings may also be packed with other materials. Historically, the wheels on
railroad cars used sleeve bearings packed with waste or loose scraps of cotton or wool fiber
soaked in oil, then later used solid pads of cotton.

Ring oiler:
Bearings can be lubricated by a metal ring that rides loosely on the central rotating
shaft of the bearing. The ring hangs down into a chamber containing lubricating oil. As the
bearing rotates, viscous adhesion draws oil up the ring and onto the shaft, where the oil migrates
into the bearing to lubricate it. Excess oil is flung off and collects in the pool again.

Splash lubrication:
Some machines contain a pool of lubricant in the bottom, with gears partially immersed in the
liquid, or crank rods that can swing down into the pool as the device operates. The spinning
wheels fling oil into the air around them, while the crank rods slap at the surface of the oil,
splashing it randomly on the interior surfaces of the engine. Some small internal combustion
engines specifically contain special plastic flinger wheels which randomly scatter oil around the
interior of the mechanism.

Pressure lubrication:
For high speed and high power machines, a loss of lubricant can result in rapid bearing heating
and damage due to friction. Also in dirty environments the oil can become contaminated with
dust or debris that increases friction. In these applications, a fresh supply of lubricant can be
continuously supplied to the bearing and all other contact surfaces, and the excess can be
collected for filtration, cooling, and possibly reuse. Pressure oiling is commonly used in large
and complex internal combustion engines in parts of the engine where directly splashed oil cannot
reach, such as up into overhead valve assemblies. High speed turbochargers also typically require
a pressurized oil system to cool the bearings and keep them from burning up due to the heat from
the turbine.

Composite bearings:
Composite bearings are designed with a self-lubricating polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) liner with
a laminated metal backing. The PTFE liner offers consistent, controlled friction as well as
durability whilst the metal backing ensures the composite bearing is robust and capable of
withstanding high loads and stresses throughout its long life. Its design also makes it lightweight-
one tenth the weight of a traditional rolling element bearing.

3.3.8 BRUSH:

Brushes are tools composed of bristles that are fixed into a mounting board, and, like other types
of brushes, they are elastic, flexible, and conform to irregular or flat surfaces. Due to these
features, a gutter brush can reach difficult or specific areas without damaging the bristles or the
surfaces to be swept. The wafer ring brushes and spacers from Brushtec are designed to sweep
debris from the centre of roads and they are manufactured to meet the municipal cleaning
industry’s highest standards. For durability and high performance, the wafer ring brushes are
made from either polypropylene monofilament or crimped steel wire. The range of ring brushes
are supplied in boxed kits, which allows them to be easily assembled onto the cylinder shafts of
your street sweepers. Fitted together, side-by-side, the ring brushes produce the cylinder under
chassis sweeping brush.

Figure 3.3.8 : Brush

3.3.9 COLLECTING BOX:

The function of the collecting box is to collect the waste upto some quantity after that remove
box and dump the waste.

Figure 3.3.9 : Collecting Box

A street sweeper or street cleaner may refer to a person's occupation, or a machine that
cleans streets. A street sweeper cleans the streets, usually in an urban area.
Street sweepers have been employed in cities as "sanitation workers"
since sanitation and waste removal became a priority. A street-sweeping person would use a
broom and shovel to clean off litter, animal waste and filth that accumulated on streets. Later,
water hoses were used to wash the streets.

3.3.10 NUTS AND BOLTS:

A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always used in conjunction with
a mating bolt to fasten multiple parts together. The two partners are kept together by a
combination of their threads' friction (with slight elastic deformation), a slight stretching of the
bolt, and compression of the parts to be held together.
In applications where vibration or rotation may work a nut loose, various locking
mechanisms may be employed: lock washers, jam nuts, specialist adhesive thread-locking fluid
such as Loctite, safety pins (split pins) or lockwire in conjunction with castellated nuts, nylon
inserts (nyloc nut), or slightly oval-shaped threads.
Square nuts, as well as bolt heads, were the first shape made and used to be the most
common largely because they were much easier to manufacture, especially by hand. While rare
today due to the reasons stated below for the preference of hexagonal nuts, they are occasionally
used in some situations when a maximum amount of torque and grip is needed for a given size:
the greater length of each side allows a spanner to be applied with a larger surface area and more
leverage at the nut.
A bolt is a form of threaded fastener with an external male thread. Bolts are very closely
related to screws.
Bolts are often used to make a bolted joint. This is a combination of the nut applying
an axial clamping force and also the shank of the bolt acting as a dowel, pinning the joint against
sideways shear forces. For this reason, many bolts have a plain unthreaded shank (called the grip
length) as this makes for a better, stronger dowel. The presence of the unthreaded shank has often
been given as characteristic of bolts vs. screws, but this is incidental to its use, rather than
defining.

Figure 3.3.10 : Nuts and Bolts

Selection of nuts and bolt material:

Regarding the requirement of the strength and circumstance, there are several types of material
can be used for the Fastener Material Selection.

• Steel Fasteners (Grade 2,5,8) - the level of strength.

• Stainless Steel Fasteners (Martensitic Stainless Steel, Austenitic Stainless Steel),
• Bronze and Brass Fasteners - Water proof usage
• Nylon Fasteners - it is used for the light material and water proof usage.
• In general, Steel is the most commonly used material of all fasteners (90%) or more.

3.4 FABRICATION TECHNIQUES AND ASSEMBLED MODE:

Metal fabrication is the creation of metal structures by cutting, bending and assembling
processes. It is a value-added process involving the creation of machines, parts, and structures
from various raw materials.
Typically, a fabrication shop bids on a job, usually based on engineering drawings,
and if awarded the contract, builds the product. Large fab shops employ a multitude of value-
added processes, including welding, cutting, forming and machining.
As with other manufacturing processes, both human labor and automation are
commonly used. A fabricated product may be called a fabrication, and shops specializing in this
type of work are called fab shops. The end products of other common types of metalworking,
such as machining, metal stamping, forging, and casting, may be similar in shape and function,
but those processes are not classified as fabrication. Fabrication process is carried out by using
following operation as given below-

• WELDING.
• GRINDING.
• DRILLING.
• CUTTING.

3.4.1 WELDING PROCESS:

Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials,

usually metals or thermoplastics, by using high heat to melt the parts together and allowing them
to cool, causing fusion. Welding is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques
such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal.

In addition to melting the base metal, a filler material is typically added to the joint to
form a pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to form a joint that, based on weld
configuration (butt, full penetration, fillet, etc.), can be stronger than the base material (parent
metal). Pressure may also be used in conjunction with heat or by itself to produce a weld.
Welding also requires a form of shield to protect the filler metals or melted metals from being
contaminated or oxidized.

Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame
(chemical), an electric arc (electrical), a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound. While
often an industrial process, welding may be performed in many different environments, including
in open air, under water, and in outer space. Welding is a hazardous undertaking and precautions
are required to avoid burns, electric shock, vision damage, inhalation of poisonous gases and
fumes, and exposure to intense ultraviolet radiation.

Welding is a process of joining two metal pieces by the application of

heat. Welding is the least expensive process and widely used now a days in fabrication.
Welding joints different metals with the help of a number of processes in which heat is supplied
either electrically or by mean of a gas torch.

Figure 3.4.1 : Welding process

Processes:

1) Arc:
These processes use a welding power supply to create and maintain an electric arc
between an electrode and the base material to melt metals at the welding point. They can use
either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC), and consumable or non-
consumable electrodes. The welding region is sometimes protected by some type of inert or semi-
inert gas, known as a shielding gas, and filler material is sometimes used as well.
2) Power supplies:
To supply the electrical power necessary for arc welding processes, a variety of
different power supplies can be used. The most common welding power supplies are
constant current power supplies and constant voltage power supplies. In arc welding, the length
of the arc is directly related to the voltage, and the amount of heat input is related to the current.
Constant current power supplies are most often used for manual welding processes such as gas
tungsten arc welding and shielded metal arc welding, because they maintain a relatively constant
current even as the voltage varies. This is important because in manual welding, it can be difficult
to hold the electrode perfectly steady, and as a result, the arc length and thus voltage tend to
fluctuate. Constant voltage power supplies hold the voltage constant and vary the current, and as
a result, are most often used for automated welding processes such as gas metal arc welding, flux
cored arc welding, and submerged arc welding. In these processes, arc length is kept constant,
since any fluctuation in the distance between the wire and the base material is quickly rectified
by a large change in current. For example, if the wire and the base material get too close, the
current will rapidly increase, which in turn causes the heat to increase and the tip of the wire to
melt, returning it to its original separation distance.
 Figure 3.4.1 Welding
Types of Welding: Some of the most common current welding methods are:

• Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), also known as "stick welding."

• Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), also known as TIG (tungsten, inert gas).
• Gas metal arc welding (GMAW), also known as MIG (metal, inert gas).
• Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW), very similar to MIG.
• Submerged arc welding (SAW), usually called Sub Arc.
• Electro-slag welding (ESW), a highly productive process for thicker materials.

Working process of welding:

One of the most common types of arc welding is shielded metal arc welding (SMAW); it is also
known as manual metal arc welding (MMAW) or stick welding. Electric current is used to strike
an arc between the base material and consumable electrode rod, which is made of filler material
(typically steel) and is covered with a flux that protects the weld area from oxidation and
contamination by producing carbon dioxide (CO2) gas during the welding The process is
versatile and can be performed with relatively inexpensive equipment, making it well suited to
shop jobs and field work. An operator can become reasonably proficient with a modest amount
of training and can achieve mastery with experience. Weld times are rather slow, since the
consumable electrodes must be frequently replaced and because slag, the residue from the flux,
must be chipped away after welding. Furthermore, the process is generally limited to welding
ferrous materials, though special electrodes have made possible the welding of cast iron, nickel,
aluminum, copper, and other metals process. The electrode core itself acts as filler material,
making a separate filler unnecessary.

Figure 3.4.1 Welding process

Advantages of welding process:

• They are lighter.

• Cost of welded joint is lower.
• They are tight and leak proof.
• Their production time is less.
• There is no problem of stress concentration.
• It has good appearance.
• Their strength is high.
• It is easy to do in many parts which is difficult to riveting.

3.4.2 CUTTING PROCESS:

Cutting is the separation or opening of a physical object, into two or more portions, through the
application of an acutely directed force.
Implements commonly used for cutting are the knife and saw, or in medicine and
science the scalpel and microtome. However, any sufficiently sharp object is capable of cutting
if it has a hardness sufficiently larger than the object being cut, and if it is applied with sufficient
force. Even liquids can be used to cut things when applied with sufficient force (see water jet
cutter).
Cutting is a compressive and shearing phenomenon, and occurs only when the
total stress generated by the cutting implement exceeds the ultimate strength of the material of
the object being cut. The simplest applicable equation is:
STRESS= FORCE/ AREA
The stress generated by a cutting implement is directly proportional to the force with
which it is applied, and inversely proportional to the area of contact.[1] Hence, the smaller the
area (i.e., the sharper the cutting implement), the less force is needed to cut something. It is
generally seen that cutting edges are thinner for cutting soft materials and thicker for harder
materials. This progression is seen from kitchen knife, to cleaver, to axe, and is a balance between
the easy cutting action of a thin blade vs strength and edge durability of a thicker blade.

Figure 3.4.2 : Cutting process

Metal cutting
Cutting has been at the core of manufacturing throughout history. For metals many methods are
used and can be grouped by the physical phenomenon used. It is the process of producing a work
piece by removing unwanted material from a block of metal, in the form of chips.

• Chip forming (material removal processes) – sawing, drilling, milling, turning etc.
• Shearing – punching, stamping, scissoring, blanking.
• Abrasive material removal – grinding, lapping, polishing, water-jet.
• Heat – flame cutting, plasma cutting, laser cutting.
• Electrochemical – etching, electrical discharge machining (EDM), electrical chemical
machining (ECM).
Every method has its limitations in accuracy, cost, and effect on the material. For
example, heat may damage the quality of heat treated alloys, and laser cutting is less suitable for
highly reflective materials such as aluminum. Laser cutting sheet metal produces flat parts and
etches and engraves parts from complex or simple designs.
Surface Integrity (e.g., Roughness, Hardness, Residual Stress):

Cutting processes generate and affect different surface integrity attributes on the produced parts.
These can be categorized as follows:

(1) Topography characteristics like surface roughness and textures waviness,

(2) Mechanical properties affected like hardness and residual stress,

(3) Metallurgical phase like microstructure, grain size and shape, phase transformation,
inclusions, etc.

These variations of the surface fall into five categories, i.e., thermal, metallurgical,
mechanical, electrical, and chemical proper

Surface defects:

Different forms of surface defects are reported in Section, major forms are material pull-out or
cracking, surface drag, adhered material particles, feed marks, tearing surface, debris of
microchips, chip layer formation, surface cavities, surface plucking, laps (material folded onto
the surface), slip zones, deformed grains, and lay patterns. Displays the effect high speed milling
inputs on the surface roughness during machining of Ti–10V–2Fe–3Al. The effect of feed per
tooth (fz) on surface roughness is depicted in. The surface roughness increased from 0.51 to 0.96
µm with increasing of fz from 0.08 to 0.22 mm/z. This is mainly because of the growth in feed
per tooth,

(1) The scallop and height of machined surface escalates rapidly;

(2) Sudden shear deformation would increase in size with the growth in milling thickness
in order to extend the fracture zone;

(3) Friction and extrusion between workpiece and tool get more severe with an increase
in milling force.
 Figure 3.4.2 : Surface defect in cutting

Advantages of cutting process:

• Reliability.
• Requires Less Human Labor.
• High Production.
• Identical Products.
• Increase Profit and Reduce Efforts.
• Improved Efficiency.
• Increased Accuracy.

3.4.3 DRILLING PROCESS :

Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-section in
solid materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi-point. The bit
is pressed against the work-piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions
per minute. This forces the cutting edge against the work-piece, cutting off chips (swarf) from
the hole as it is drilled.
In rock drilling, the hole is usually not made through a circular cutting motion, though
the bit is usually rotated. Instead, the hole is usually made by hammering a drill bit into the hole
with quickly repeated short movements. The hammering action can be performed from outside
the hole (top-hammer drill) or within the hole (down-the-hole drill, DTH). Drills used for
horizontal drilling are called drifter drills.
In rare cases, specially-shaped bits are used to cut holes of non-circular cross-
section;a square cross-section is possible.
Drilling is easily the most common machining process. One estimate is that 75% of
all metal-cutting material removed comes from drilling operations. Drilling involves the creation
of holes that are right circular cylinders. This is accomplished most typically by using a twist
drill.
 Figure 3.4.3 : Drilling process

Working process of Drilling :

Drilled holes are characterized by their sharp edge on the entrance side and the presence
of burrs on the exit side (unless they have been removed). Also, the inside of the hole usually has
helical feed marks.
Drilling may affect the mechanical properties of the work piece by creating low residual
stresses around the hole opening and a very thin layer of highly stressed and disturbed material
on the newly formed surface. This causes the work piece to become more susceptible
to corrosion and crack propagation at the stressed surface. A finish operation may be done to
avoid these detrimental conditions.
For fluted drill bits, any chips are removed via the flutes. Chips may form long spirals or small
flakes, depending on the material, and process parameters. The type of chips formed can be an
indicator of the machiability of the material, with long chips suggesting good material
machinability.
When possible drilled holes should be located perpendicular to the workpiece surface. This
minimizes the drill bit's tendency to "walk", that is, to be deflected from the intended center-line
of the bore, causing the hole to be misplaced. The higher the length-to-diameter ratio of the drill
bit, the greater the tendency to walk. The tendency to walk is also preempted in various other
ways, which include:
• Establishing a centering mark or feature before drilling, such as by:
• Casting, molding, or forging a mark into the work piece.
• Center punching
• Spot drilling (i.e., center drilling). Spot facing, which is machining a certain area on a casting
or forging to establish an accurately located face on an otherwise rough surface.
• Constraining the position of the drill bit using a drill jig with drill bushings.
 Surface finish produced by drilling may range from 32 to 500 micro-inches. Finish
cuts will generate surfaces near 32 micro-inches, and roughing will be near 500 micro-inches.
Cutting fluid is commonly used to cool the drill bit, increase tool life, increase speeds
and feeds, increase the surface finish, and aid in ejecting chips. Application of these fluids is
usually done by flooding the work piece with coolant and lubricant or by applying a spray mist.
In deciding which drill(s) to use it is important to consider the task at hand and
evaluate which drill would best accomplish the task. There are a variety of drill styles that each
serve a different purpose. The subland drill is capable of drilling more than one diameter. The
spade drill is used to drill larger hole sizes. The indexable drill is useful in managing chips.

Figure 3.4.3. : Drilling

Advantages of Drilling process :

(i) Deep hole drilling process is much faster than other conventional processes hence less
cycle period.

(ii) Due to high accuracy very less rejection.

(iii) Bigger Diameter Holes can be made.

3.4.4 GRINDING PROCESS :

Grinding is an abrasive machining process that uses a grinding wheel as the cutting tool. A wide
variety of machines are used for grinding:

• Hand-cranked knife-sharpening stones (grindstones).

• Handheld power tools such as angle grinders and die grinders.
• Various kinds of expensive industrial machine tools called grinding machines.
• Bench grinders.
Grinding practice is a large and diverse area of manufacturing and tool
making. It can produce very fine finishes and very accurate dimensions; yet in mass production
contexts it can also rough out large volumes of metal quite rapidly. It is usually better suited to
the machining of very hard materials than is "regular" machining (that is, cutting larger chips
with cutting tools such as tool bits or milling cutters), and until recent decades it was the only
practical way to machine such materials as hardened steels.

Compared to "regular" machining, it is usually better suited to taking very shallow

cuts, such as reducing a shaft's diameter by half a thousandth of an inch or 12.7 μm.
 Grinding is a subset of cutting, as grinding is a true metal-cutting process. Each grain
of abrasive functions as a microscopic single-point cutting edge (although of high negative rake
angle), and shears a tiny chip that is analogous to what would conventionally be called a "cut"
chip (turning, milling, drilling, tapping, etc.). However, among people who work in the
machining fields, the term cutting is often understood to refer to the macroscopic cutting
operations, and grinding is often mentally categorized as a "separate" process. This is why the
terms are usually used separately in shop-floor practice.
Lapping and sanding are subsets of grinding.

Figure 3.4.4 : Grinding process

Types of Grinding process :

• Creep feed grinding.
• Cylindrical grinding.
• Surface grinding.
• Center feed grinding.

Lubrication used in Grinding process :

The use of fluids in a grinding process is often necessary to cool and lubricate the wheel and
work piece as well as remove the chips produced in the grinding process. The most common
grinding fluids are water-soluble chemical fluids, water-soluble oils, synthetic oils, and
petroleum-based oils. It is imperative that the fluid be applied directly to the cutting area to
prevent the fluid being blown away from the piece due to rapid rotation of the wheel.

Advantages of Grinding process :

•Investment is less.
•Working principle and operation is simple.
•It does not require additional skills.
•Surface finishing will be approximate 10 times better as compared to milling and
turning process of machining.
Dimensional accuracy will be quite good.

Table 3.4.1:
 Work Material Cutting Fluid Application

Aluminum Light-duty oil or wax Flood

Brass Light-duty oil Flood

Cast Iron Heavy-duty emulsifiable oil, light-duty chemical oil, synthetic oil Flood

Mild Steel Heavy-duty water-soluble oil Flood

Stainless Heavy-duty emulsifiable oil, heavy-duty chemical oil, synthetic

Flood
Steel oil

Water-soluble oil, heavy-duty emulsifiable oil, dry, light-duty

Plastics Flood
chemical oil, synthetic oil

ASSEMBLY PROCESS OF MACHINE WILL BE AFTER DESIGN THE PARTS:

Chapter 4 : WORKING AND ANALYSIS OF ROAD CLEANER

Road cleaning machines or floor cleaning machines are used in private as well as commercial
area such as hospitals, bus stand, malls, lawns, floors etc. Many of these devices required high
amount of electricity or fuel like petrol diesel for their operation. They produce enough pollution
to pollute environment. So in order to save energy and save nature, it is need to develop low cost,
user friendly road cleaning machine. Our focus is to develop a machine which should be operated
manually so that it can be alternative for conventional electric road cleaning machine. In this
work we have done modeling and analysis of the road cleaning machine. We used such type of
materials for manufacturing of road cleaning machine finally. We have observed that all the
components are with in safe limit in the manually operated road cleaning machine.

4.1 WORKING OF ROAD CLEANER:

Eco friendly road cleaning machine is an advanced type of machine used for the roads or streets.
The detail working of the Eco friendly road cleaning machine is explained below Eco friendly
road cleaning machine we are making without using any power supply, fuels and engines.
The machine is run by a human effort or a man power. The system is fixed with pair
of wheels which are connected with the help of shaft .The shaft makes the wheels connected to
one and other. The wheels are moved for a desired position with a help of manual force which
can handle is provided to move. The handle can be adjusted for a required height and provided
three adjusting holes for it. A chain drive is connected to the wheels and gear at both sides. The
chain is moved according to the wheel and gear .the brush moving opposite direction of the
wheels move and the brush brooms the waste present on the road also it dumps the waste into the
waste collecting box. The waste collecting box is removed to dump the waste into desired places.
Eco friendly road cleaning machine is an advanced type of machine used for the
roads or streets .The detail working of the Eco-friendly road cleaning machine is explained below
Eco friendly road cleaning machine we are making without using any power supply, fuels and
engines .The machine is run by a human effort or a man power. The system is fixed with pair of
wheels which are connected with the help of shaft .The shaft makes the wheels connected to one
and other .The wheels are moved for a desired position with a help of manual force which can
handle is provided to move .The handle can be adjusted for a required height and provided three
adjusting holes for it. A chain drive is connected to the wheels and gear at both sides .The chain
is moved according to the wheel and gear .the brush moving opposite direction of the wheels
move and the brush brooms the waste present on the road also it dumps the waste into the waste
collecting box.
The waste collecting box is removed to dump the waste into desired places. The
manual operating floor cleaning machine uses two separate rods, in this one is connected at the
front of the machine and another one is connected at the back of the machine as shown in the
figure, the rod connected which is below having one dry mat cloth which having a function to
clean the dust, and sweeps dust.
Another one back congaing a wet cloth which function a to clean floor at a
maximum extent length, here we cover about 5 foot length having maximum area of cleaning.

When coming to the function of a floor cleaning, when manually move the machine
with the help of hand, machine starts moving. When moving starts front and back having a
cleaning rods it starts moving in forward direction first rod work in sweeping a dust on a floor
and back rod work to clean the floor with wet cloth it covers a maximum area of cleaning.

Figure 4.1 : Road cleaner machine in working condition

4.2 : ANALYSIS : DATA REQUIRED

In analysis of manually operated eco-friendly road cleaner was carried out by using SolidWorks
software. Analysis was used to find the deflection and stress on frames, brushes and wheels. The
maximum deflection & stresses were checked and maintained with in the allowable limits for the
materials of construction.

Table 4.2.2-
Name Type Minimum Maximum
Stress1 VON:
von
Mises Node Node
Stress

Table 4.2.3-
Name Type Minimum Maximum
Strain 1 ESTRN:
Equivalent strain Element: Element:
 Chapter 5 : CONCLUSION AND SCOPE OF PROJECT

5.1 CONCLUSION:
• The manually operated eco-friendly road and floor cleaner is successfully designed, and
fabricated. This project works implements the manually operated eco friendly road
cleaner for road cleaning that reducing the cost, human efforts as well as time.
• It is the best alternative for automated road cleaning machine during power crisis. It is
found that the existing road cleaning machines works with a human simple effort.
Manual cleaning may causes shoulder problem due to continuous sweeping.
• The manually operated road cleaning machine is alternative concept for avoiding such
problems. It works very efficiently with respect to covering area.
• It is very economical to use. The manually operated eco-friendly road and floor cleaner
can work very efficiently with respect to covering area, time and cost of road cleaning
process compared with the existing machineries.
• Also it is economical. It was seen while testing of machine, that the cleaning is less
effective where the road seems to be very rough and damaged. It can provide job to
the uneducated person who is in need for such jobs as human energy is needed to drive
the machine.
• Maintenance of machine is less and it is easy to control and clean it having health
benefits and it mainly protects environment pollution.
• This design of eco-friendly road cleaning system can be used to clean any kind of
remote places. As the chain mechanism selected can consume much less power so it
will be the power saving and cost saving as well.
• Also, there is a need of a brush which operates automatically. As well as provides new
add on of sanitization of road.
• Thus, with the help of MODERN ROAD CLEANING VEHICLE we will be able to
clean the wastes dumped in the Road tracks in a very easy and efficient way. The
simple mechanisms employed in the system makes the vehicle easier for operation. This
machine will overcome the human effort and saves time.
• Various modern Road cleaning machines are already being used in the foreign
countries, but in India it is not possible to use those machines because of the economic
background and lack of sophistications. So, we can use this machine for road cleaning,
since it is cheaper than that of modern machines.
• Using this Simplified Road Cleaning Machine with Modified Technology, Suitable for
Indian conditions, because of its reliability and expendability. Due to total cost of the
system is very low and only one time investment has to be made for reducing labor
charges.
• It will reduce human efforts drastically and very helpful to clean roads even in traffic.
Due to these benefits, usage of this system helps in cleaning roads. I think there may be
chance of using this machine in future of India.
• After studying the various research papers of floor cleaning machines we have
concluded that there are certain limitations in floor cleaning machines which can be
worked upon.
 • For example cleaning machines are made with an aim to clean only dry surface of the
floor. This means that they are only sufficient in the summer and winter season but not
in rainy season this is the major issue for cleaning the floor surface but during the rainy
season floor cleaning machines are required which can perform the tasks when the
surface contain moisture or little amount of water on the surface of floor.
• So we are developing the machine which can work in both dry and wet conditions. This
machine called as dry and wet floor cleaning machine. This machine can remove the
dust in summer season and also it can remove and clean the dirt, water from floor in
rainy season.

5.2 SCOPE OF PROJECT :

The product thus developed is fully operational and gives desired motion. It is being tested in a
room which results in successful outcome. The scrubber design should be modified in future
because the current design has few problems. If these features will be modified, this will work
well. Overall the concept is very much helpful and there is scope of a lot of development in
mechanical parts. The optimization will continue till achieving the best one. Overall the project
is successful to its intent and will definitely change the era floor cleaning. This product has the
move in the direction of dust and thus resulting in better cleaning of floors. This is a successful
product developed that can be used in current Indian house-hold.

Existing road clean methods are two types-

i) Electrical operated.

ii) Manually operated.

Manual cleaning may causes shoulder problem due to continuous sweeping.

Electrically operated road cleaner’s uses electrical energy to run the motor.

In our project manually operated road cleaning machine is alternative concept for
avoiding such problems. It works very efficiently with respect to covering area. It is very
economical to use.
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 APPENDIX 1
TECHNICAL NOTES ON THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF
MANUALLY OPERATED ECO- FRIENDLY ROAD CLEANER

Our survey of federal “Social R&D” obligation was not meant to duplicate the surveys
conducted y the Indian research of Journal Engineering and Technology and faculties of B.IET
LUCKNOW. We instead sought to amplify and build upon the existing data in order to
describe more comprehensively the activities we define as social knowledge production and
application and application. Our budget figures differ in three major ways from the NSF and
OMG data and these differences should be kept I mind when comparing other data with our.

First: we did not use the traditional definition of research and development. Instead,
we used the seven categories of knowledge production and knowledge application activities
describe in chapter 1. Some of these categories are not included in the traditional definition of
research and development, as discussed below.

Moreover, the concept of “development” is a particularly trouble- someone for the

classification of R&D applied to social problems; this has long been recognized by those
interested in federal support of the social and behavioral sciences. The bass report of Indian
research journal engineering and Technology and the Social Science Research council (1969)
did not confront this question directly, but instead estimated that one percent.