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الحساب التكاملي
الحساب التكاملي
� ،ﺮﻣﺰ ﺇﱃ n ﳖﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﻭﻝ Sn ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ] [a , b ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺭﳝﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ f ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ� :ﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ
ﺃﻱ: ﻭ�ﻜﺘﺐf ( z k ) ( x k x k 1 ) : ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻣﺰ
b k n b
f ( x ) d x lim S n lim
n n
k 1
f ( x )d x
a a
b
0 , ( ) 0 : ( d ) m ax ( x
1 k n
k x k 1 ) |S n f
a
( x )d x |
ﻓﺈﻥﹼ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﻠّﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺳﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺩﻭﻣﺎّ ] [a , b ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﲟﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺭﳝﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ f ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎ�ﺖ
ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ.
Sn
b a k n
f (a k
b a
) ﻓﺈﻥ: zk xk ﻭ h
b a
ﺧﻄﻮﺗﻪ ] [a , b ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻝ d ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ
n k 1 n n
b a b a
ﻳﺴﻤﹼﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺭﳝﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ
b k n
f
0
( x )dx f (x ) x f :[0,1]
ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ
1 k n
1 k
f ( x )dx lim n n
f
k 1
(
n
)
0
) 1 n (1 n
ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ:
1 k n k n
1 k 1
x d x lim
n n
k 1 n
lim n
n
k 1
k lim
n n 2
.
2
2
0
] [a , b ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺭﳝﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ f ﻓﺈﻥ ] [a , b ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﻭﳏﺪﻭﺩ f �ﻈﺮﻳﺔ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎ�ﺖ
fﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ. ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥﹼ
b
( x )dx lim S n
n
a
2020-04-03 13/2 ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ :ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ
ﻓﻬﻲ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﺪﺭﻙ ﺣﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﺃﻱ: ] [a , b ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﻭﳏﺪﻭﺩ f ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ :ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ
) m in f f ( x ) , M s u p f ( x
a xb
ﺣﻴﺚ m ,M , x [a , b ] : m f ( x ) M
a xb
] [x k 1 , x kﻭ 1 k n ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ zk ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺎﻝ ] ، [a ,b n ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻟﻴﻜﻦ d x 0 , x 1 ,..., x n
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :ﺗﻌﻤﹼﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﹼﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﹼﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻄّﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﻴﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ] . [a ,b
.IIﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ:
ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ f ، f ، f g ﻓﺈﻥﹼ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﻝ: ﻋﻠﻰ ] [a , bﻭ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﻘﺒﻼﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺭﳝﺎﻥ g ﻭ f ﻗﻀﻴﹼﺔ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎ�ﺖ
ﺣﺴﺐ ﺭﳝﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ] . [a ,bﻭ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ(1 :
b b b
(8(8
b b
| f (x )dx | f (x ) dx
a a
m , M , x [a , b ] : m f ( x ) M ﺣﻴﺚ: ﻋﻠﻰ ] [a , b ﺩﺍﻟﺘﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺗﲔ g ﻭ f �ﻈﺮﻳﺔ�):ﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ(:ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎ�ﺖ
ﳛﻘﻖ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ: ﻓﺈ�ﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ] [a , b ﻻ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﲥﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭ
b b
f
a
( x ) g ( x ) d x f (c ) g ( x ) d x
a
] c [a ,b g
f (x ) g (x ) dx
ﻭ ﺣﺴﺐ �ﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻓﺈ�ﻪ :ﻭ ﻭﻣﻨﻪ:
b b b
m a
b
M m g (x )dx f (x ) g (x ) dx M g (x ) dx
g (x ) dx a a
b
a
a
f ( x) g ( x) dx
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ:
b b
c [ a , b ]: f ( c )
f ( x ) g ( x ) d x f (c ) g ( x ) d x
a
b
)ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰ( g 2 dx (1 ﻓﺈﻥﹼ: ﻋﻠﻰ ] [a , b ﺩﺍﻟﺘﲔ ﺗﻘﺒﻼﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺭﳝﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎ�ﺖ
b b b
. [a ,b ] ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻦ x0ﻭ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ f :[a , b ] ﻟﺘﻜﻦ : �ﻈﺮﻳـــﺔ.2
:ﻭﲢﻘﻖ [a , b ] ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ F ﺃﻱ f ﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ F ( x)
x
x0
f ( t ) dt :ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ F :[a , b ] ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ.1
x [a , b ] F (x ) f ( x )
F (x )ba F (b ) F (a) : ﻭ�ﻜﺘﺐa f ( x )dx F (b ) F (a ) : ﻓﺈﻥf ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ �ﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃ�ﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ.2
b
F
x [a , b ] F ( x ) f ( x ) :ﻭﲢﻘﻖ [a , b ] ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺷﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ F : ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﺃﻥ �ﱪﻫﻦ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻥ.1 :ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ
F (x h ) F (x ) 1 x h
f (t )dt f (t )dt :ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ
x 1 x h
h
h 0x x 0
h x
f (t )dt
ﻻ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﲥﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ g ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻭ g :t 1 ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ [a , b ] ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ f ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﳌﺎ f (c ) 1.dt f (c ).h f (c ) : ﲝﻴﺚc [ x , x h ] ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺴﺐ �ﻈﺮﻳﺔ
1 x h 1 x h 1
h 0
h x
f (t )dt
h x h
[a , b ]
(a ) adx ax c
dx
x
ln x c
1 ax (m 1) x m dx 1 x m 1 c
(a 0) e dx a e c
ax
m 1
dx 1 ax dx 1 x
a 2 x 2 2a ln a x c a 2
x 2
arctan c
a a
2020-04-03 13/5 ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ :ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ
dx dx
x h 2
ln x x 2 h c 1 x 2
arcsin x c
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻌﻨﺎ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ Fﺃﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟـ fﻓﻌﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ f (x )dx F (b) F (a) :ﺃﻭ f (x )dx F (x ) c
b
a
fﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ: fﺃﻭ ﺃﻣﹼﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ �ﺴﺘﻄﻊ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈ�ّﻨﺎ �ﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ
b
(x )dx ( x )dx
a
ﺃ.ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ:
ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻒ C 1ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻝ ] : [ , ] g :[ , ] [a , b ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻭ f :[a , b ] �ﻈﺮﻳﺔ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎ�ﺖ
ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ] [ , ﻭ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ: ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ) t f ( g (t )) g (t ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ
) g (
f ( g (t )) g (t )dt ) g (
f ( x )dx
.
f ( x )dx f ( g (t )) g (t ) d t ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﶈﺪﺩ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ:
. dx g (t )dt ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ) x g (t ﺃﻱ ﺃ�ﻨﺎ ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ
(F g ) (F g ).g (f g ).g ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ fﺇﺫﺍ: F ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭ ﻟﺘﻜﻦ (f g ) g ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ :ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ
ﺇﺫﺍ: ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﻱ
) g (b
dx
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ: dt 1
ﺇﺫﺍ �ﻌﺘﱪ 1 2
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺐ
e
dt t ln x I ln x dx
x dx x 1 x
1 1
ﻭﻣﻨﻪ x 1 t ln1 0ﻭ x e t ln e 1 ﻛﺬﻟﻚ:
1
I t 2 d t t 3
1
:ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ.ﺏ
f g ( x ) a
b
f (b ) g (b ) f ( a ) g ( a ) :ﺣﻴﺚ
f ( x ) g ( x )d x f g ( x ) a :ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥﹼ
b b
f ( x ) g ( x )d x
b
a a
1
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ :�ﻀﻊ ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺐ:ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
1
g ( x) x , f ( x) g ( x ) 1 , f ( x ) arcsin x I arcsin xdx
1 x2 0
x 2 x 1
arcsin xd x x arcsin x 0 1 x2
1 1 1
I dx dx 1
1
0 0
1 x2 2 0
2 1 x2 4 0 4
: ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔI ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ( p, q) 2 :ﺣﻴﺚ I cos p x ,sinq dx : ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ.ﺟ
I cos p 1 x ,sinq x cos xdx t q (1 t 2 )n dt : ﳒﺪt sin x :�ﻀﻊ ( p 1 2 n ) ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺎ p ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ:ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ
I cos p x , sin q 1 x ( sin x )dx t p (1 t 2 ) m dt ﳒﺪ: t cos x �ﻀﻊ: ) (q 1 2m ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺎ q ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�ﻴﺔ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ
ﻭﲠﺬﺍ �ﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺣﻮﹼﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ Iﺇﱃ ﻣﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺜﲑ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﲑ . t
e ix e ix e ix e ix
sin x ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ، cos x ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ q , pﺯﻭﺟﻴﲔ ﻓﺈ�ّﻨﺎ �ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ : Euler
2i 2
ﺃﻭ .( sin ax cosax ﺍﳊﺪﹼ ﻟﺘﺘﺤﻮﹼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌُﺮﺍﺩ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺧﻄﻴﹼﺔ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ) ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
cos 2 x
1 ix 1
)(e e ix ) 2 (e 2 ix e 2 ix 2 �ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ: I cos 2 x sin 4 xdx ﳊﺴﺎﺏ
4 4
ﻓﻨﻀﻊ: ( p, q) 2 ﺩ -ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ch p x ,shq dx :ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ cos p x ,sinq xdxﺣﻴﺚ
ﻓﺮﺩﻱ. q ﺃﻭ p ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﻦ t ch x ﺃﻭ t sh x
ﻭ *. k ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ� - :ﺴﻤﻲ ﻛﺴﺮﹰﺍ �ﺎﻃﻘًﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ :
A
A ,
(x ) k
ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺟﺬﺭﻳﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﲔ x 1 , x 2ﻭ ﲢﻠﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ax 2 bx c ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘّﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ b 2 4ac 0 ﺃﻭﻻ :ﺇﺫﺍﻛﺎﻥ
ﺣﻴﺚ : A,B ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ �ﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﹼﻦ a x x 1 x x 2
2x 3
A
B
............() :ﺣﻴﺚ A,B ﻟﻨﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ
x 2 (x 1) x 2 (x 1)
x 2 ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﳖﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ : ﳒﺪ x 2 ﰲ �ﻀﺮﺏ ﻃﺮﰲx 2 ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ
2x 3 (x 2)B
A ()
(x 1) (x 1)
:ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ B
5
ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳒﺪ، A
1
ﻓﻨﺠﺪ
3 3
2x 3 1 5 1 5
I dx
dx ln x 2 ln x 1 c
x x 2 3 x 2 3 x 1
2
3 3
a x x 0
2
ﻭ ﲢﻠﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞx 0 ًﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺟﺬﺭﺍً ﻣﻀﻌﻔﺎ ax 2 bx c ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ 0 ﺇﺫﺍﻛﺎﻥ: ﺛﺎ�ﻴﺎ
: ﺣﻴﺚ A,B ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ �ﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﹼﻦ
: ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥﹼ px q
px q
A
B
ax bx c a (x x 0 )
2 2
(x x 0 ) (x x 0 ) 2
px q A B B
I dx 2
dx A .ln x x 0 c
ax bx c
2
( x x 0 ) ( x x 0 ) x x 0
x 1
ﺣﻴﺚ A,B ﳓﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﻦ x 2 2x 1 (x 1) 2 ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎI dx ﳊﺴﺎﺏ:ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
x 2x 1
2
x 1 A B
............()
(x 1) 2
x 1 (x 1)2
B 2 ﻭ ﻣﻨﻪx 1 ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﳖﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ x 1 A (x 1) B ﻓﻨﺠﺪ x 12 ﰲ () �ﻀﺮﺏ ﻃﺮﰲx 1 ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ
ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄA 1 ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥﹼ 3A 2 : ﳒﺪ () ﰲx 2 ﻭ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻗﻴﻤﺔB ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ
x 1 1 2 2
I dx 2
dx ln x 1 c
x 2x 1
2 2
( x 1) ( x 1) x 1
.2ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﹼﺔ:
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ� :ﺴﻤﻲ ﻛﺴﺮ �ﺎﻃﻖ �ﻈﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺴﺮ �ﺎﻃﻖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺑﺴﻄﻪ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﲤﺎﻣﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﻪ.
ﻛﺜﲑﻱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻓﺈ�ﻨﺎ �ﺘّﺒﻊ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ: ) g (x ﻭ ) f (x ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ f (x ) dxﺣﻴﺚ
) g (x
ﻓﻨﺠﺪ: ) f ( xﻋﻠﻰ ) g ( x ،ﳒﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﹼﺔ ﻟـ ) g (x ﺃﻛﱪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ) f (x ﺃﻭﻻ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎ�ﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ
ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺜﲑ ) f ( xﻋﻠﻰ ) g (xﻭ ) R (x ﻫﻮ ﻛﺜﲑ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﳝﺜّﻞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ) E (x ﺣﻴﺚ ) f (x
E (x )
) R (x
) g (x ) g (x
ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻛﺴﻮﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭ ) ﺃﻭ( ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�ﻲ. ) R (x
ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺡ ﻛﻴﻒ �ﻔﻜﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ
) g (x
ﻭ )ﺃﻭ( ﺟﺪﺍﺀ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�ﻴﺔ ﲟﻤﻴﹼﺰ (x )n ﺇﱃ ﺟﺪﺍﺀ ﻗﻮﻯ ﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) g (x ﺛﺎ�ﻴﺎ :ﳓﻠّﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ
ﻳﹸﻌﻄﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ nﻛﺴﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ: (x )n ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) g (x ﻛﻞ ﺣﺪﹼ ﰲ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ (ax 2 bx c )mﻳﹸﻌﻄﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ mﻛﺴﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�ﻲ : ) g (x ﻭﻛﻞ ﺣﺪﹼ ﰲ
ﺣﻴﺚ
p1x q1 p 2x q 2 pm x qm
q1 , q 2 ,............., q m p1 , p 2 ,............., p m
) (ax bx c ) (ax bx c
2 2 2
(ax 2 bx c )m
و ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ. ) E (x ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ f (x ) dxﻳﺆﻭﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻛﺜﲑ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ
) g (x
A
si n 1 I1 dx A ln x
(x )
si n 2 I n A (x ) n dx
A
(x ) n 1
n 1
m * Jm
px q
dx : ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�ﻲ
(ax bx c ) m
2
. m 2 ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ. ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ1 ﻋﹸﻮﳉﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓm 1 ﻷﻥﹼ ﺣﺎﻟﺔm 2 ﺳﻨﻬﺘﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﳊﺎﻟﺔ
m
ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ
ﻭ ﻭ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ
2
b
b
ax bx c
m
k 2
2
t x 2
a x 2
m
4a 2a 2a 4a
p pb
px q 2ax b q
Jm dx 2a 2a dx
(ax 2 bx c ) m (ax 2 bx c ) m
p 2ax b pb dx
2a (ax bx c )
2 m
dx q
2a (ax bx c ) m
2
I L
.�ﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﻴﹼﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺛﻢﹼ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ L ﻭ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ
dx dx 1 dt 1
L
(ax bx c ) m m
s (t 2 k 2 ) m dt
2
b
2
m
a (t k )
2 2 m
a
a x 2
m Im
2a 4a
t (2m 1)
I m 1 2mk 2 (t 2 k 2 ) m 2mk 2 I m m 1, 2,3,........
:ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭ ﺃﺧﲑﺍً ﳒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﺟﻌﻴﹼﺔ
dt 1 t
I1 2 arctan k
t k 2 k k 2a
2020-04-03 13/11 ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ :ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ
x2 x 3
A
B Cx D
2 ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻫﻮ: I
x2 x 3
ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺐ dx ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
) ( x 1) ( x 4
2 2
)x 1 ( x 1 2
x 4 )( x 2 1)( x 2 4
B 1 ﳒﺪ x 1 ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺛﻢﹼ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺑـ: ( x 1) 2 ﺑﻀﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﰲ
2C i D
2i 1 1
C ,D
1
ﳒﺪ: x 2i ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺛﻢﹼ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺑـ: x2 4 ﺑﻀﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﰲ
5 5 5
A C 0 A C
1
ﳒﺪ: ﺛﻢ ﳓﺴﺐ ﳖﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﻋﻨﺪ x ﺑﻀﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﰲ
5
dx
1 dx dx 1 x 1 1 1 1 2 x dx 1
I
5 ) x 1 ( x 1 2
5 x 4
2
d x ln | x 1 |
5
x 1 10 2
2
x 4 10 1 ( x )2
2
1 1 1 1 x
ln | x 1 | ln ( x 2 4 ) a rc ta n c o n st
5 x 1 10 10 2
ﻛﺴﺮﹰﺍ �ﺎﻃﻘًﺎ ﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ. R ﻭ.ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺣﺴﺎﲠﺎ ﻳﺆﻭﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ �ﺎﻃﻘﺔ :ﻟﻴﻜﻦ
.1ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) : R (cos x , sin xﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ R (cos x ,sin x )dxﻭ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ
ﻣﺜﺎﻟﲔ:
)1
2dt
dx dt x
sin x 2t 2 t ln | t | c ln tan 2 c
1t 2
1t
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ :ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﻴﹼﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻓﻌﹼﺎﻝ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﹼﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻘّﺪﺓ ,ﻟﺬﺍ �ﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ.
ﻭ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ R(cos x,sin x)dx w(x)dxﳕﻴﹼﺰ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ: )w( x) R(cos x,sin x ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ :ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﻮﺵ :Biocheﺑﻮﺿﻊ
t sin x �ﻀﻊ: ) w( x ) w( x ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ: t cos x �ﻀﻊ: ) w ( x ) w( x ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ:
I
dt
arctan t c arctan(sin x ) c : ) w( x ) w( x �ﻀﻊ t sin xﻷﻥ I
cos x dx
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﳊﺴﺎﺏ
1 t 2 1 sin 2 x
ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ R (e px , e qx ) dxﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ( p,q ) 2 ﺣﻴﺚ: ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) R (e px , e qx .2ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ
I
dt
1 1
c x c �ﻀﻊ t eﻳﻨﺘﺞ:
x
I
e x dx
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﳊﺴﺎﺏ
(1 t ) t 1
2
e 1 (1 e x )2
2020-04-03 13/12 ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ :ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ
.3ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻛﺴﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) : R (ch x , sh xﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ R (ch x ,sh x )dxﻭ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ
ch x
1 t 2
ﻭ sh x
2t
، dx
2dt
t th xﻟﻨﺠﺪ
1t 2 1t 2 1t 2 2
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ:
ﳊﺴﺎﺏ R (ch x ,sh x )dxﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ . t th x t ex ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ
2
: I R( x,ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ Iﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ: ax 2 bx c ) dx .4ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ:
ax 2
bx c �ﻀﻊ ) a (t x : a0 ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ :1ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ
ax 2
�ﻀﻊ ) bx c t ( x x 1 : ax 2
bx c 0 ﺟﺬﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ x1 ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ :2ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ
)(2 x )( x 1) t ( x 1 �ﻀﻊ: )x2 3x 2 (2 x)(x 1 ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥﹼ : I
dx
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﳊﺴﺎﺏ
x 3x 2
2
dx
) 2t (1 t 2 ) 2t (2 t 2
dt
2t
dt ﻛﺬﻟﻚ (2 x )( x 1) t ( x 1) x
2 2 t2
t ( x 1)
2 t
ﻭﻣﻨﻪ
) (1 t2 2
(1 t 2 )2 1 t 2
1 t2
ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ tﳒﺪ: t ( x 1) x2 3x 2 ﻭ dx ، x ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ
1 t 2 2t dt )(2 x)( x 1 2 x
I . dt 2 2arctan(t ) c 2arctan c 2arctan c
) t (1 t
2 2
1 t 2
x 1 x 1
ﺣﻴﺚ ، ، :ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ �ﺎﻃﻘﺔ ،ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ Iﳕﻴﺰ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ: .5ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ
I x ax b dx
ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺍﳌﺸﱰﻙ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﳌﻘﺎﻣﻲ ﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﻦ . , n ﺣﻴﺚ �ﻀﻊx t n : ( ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎ) ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ
. ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻃﻖ p ﺣﻴﺚ ax
b t p �ﻀﻊ: 1
ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�ﻴﺔ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ
. ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻃﻖ p ﺣﻴﺚ a bx t p �ﻀﻊ: 1
ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ
ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ:
ﻭﻣﻨﻪ x t6 ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ �ﻀﻊ: 6 ﻫﻮ 3 ﻭ 2 ﻭ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺍﳌﺸﱰﻙ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩﻳﻦ 2 ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ
1 1 13 2 11 1 9
I t 3 t 2 1 6 t 5 dt 6 t 12 2t 10 t 8 dt 6 t 13 t 11 t 9 c 6 x 6 x 6 x 6 c
2 2 1
13 11 9 13 11 9
2020-04-03 13/13 ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ:ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ
ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ( ﳊﺴﺎﺏ2
1 1 1
1 1 1
, , ,I x 1) d x I 3 x x 1 dx
3 3 2 3
(x
2 3 3
:ﺃﻱ ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﳒﺪ :ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ �ﻀﻊ ﻫﻮ ﻭ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ
1 1
x 3 t 2 1 x 3 1 t 2 p 2 1 1/31
4
1/3
d x 3(t 2
1) 2 2 t d t 6 t (t 2
1) 2 d t :ﻭﻣﻨﻪ x (t 2 1)3
1 1 13 2 11 1 9
I t 3 t 2 1 6 t 5 dt 6 t 12 2t 10 t 8 dt 6 t 13 t 11 t 9 c 6 x 6 x 6 x 6 c
2 2 1
13 11 9 13 11 9