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Student's Assessment N umber ... . . .... . .. . . .. . ... .. .

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL OF TANZANIA
FORM TWO NATIONAL ASSESSMENT

031 PHYSICS

Time: 2:30 Hours Year: 2022

Instructions

I. This paper consists of sections A, Band C with a total of ten (10) questions.
I 2. Answer all questions.
3. Sections A and C carry fifteen (15) marks each and section B carries seventy (70) marks.
4. All answers must be written in the spaces provided. ·
5. All writing must be in blue or black ink except drawings which must be in pencil.
6. All communication devices, calculators
. ' '
and any unauthorized materials are not allowed in the
. ·,

assessment room.
7. Write your Exami~ation Number at the top right comer of every page.
8. Where necessary the following constants may be, used:
(i) Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m/S2.
(ii) 1t = 3.14.

QUESTION FOR EXAMINERS' USE ONLY

NUMBER
SCORE EXAMINERS' INITIALS
1
2
3
4
5
6
(Jj
-:-I 7
0
0
0 8
-:-I
9
10
TOTAL
(sJ CHEC KER'S INITIALS
-
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Page 1 of 13
 Student's Assessment Number .... . ........ ........ . .
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SECTION A (15 Marks)

Answer all questions.
· ·
I. Fo r each of the items (1) - (x) , choose the correct answer f rom the ooiven alternatives and wri te
its letter in the box provided .

(i) Which one of the following arguments describes the mathem atical language used in
Physics?
A Matter occupies space

□
B Density is mass per volume
C Volume is the amount of space occupied by the body
D Physics is a branch of science

(ii) A student has got an electric shock and fell unconscious in the Physics laborato ry
•
Which decision would you take to help the victim immediately?
A Admini ster breath exercise.
B Call the physicist.

□
C Call other students.
D Contact a medical doctor.

(iii) An empty glass cup was placed on a digital balance and its mass was 43 .63 g. Water
was then added into the cup and the balance recorde d a new mass of 71.06 g. What
was the exact mass of the water added into the cup?
A 114.69 g B 27.43 g

□
C 71.06 g D 43.63 g

(iv) Why are machin e engines filled with lubrican t oil?

A To reduces friction between moving particle s.

□
B To increase the viscosit y between moving particle s.
C To balance the forces acting between moving particle s .
D To return the twisted solids to their former state.

(v) A ship sinks lower in fresh water than in sea water. What can you conclud e about
the
density ?
A Fresh water is denser than sea water .
B The density of the sea water is same as of the ship. □
C The sea water is den ser than fresh water.
D Sea water and fresh water have the same density .

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.... .... .. .
Stu den t 's Assessme nt Numb er .... .... ....

ume to diffuse in air than in wat er?

(, i ) Why does it take a shorter time for a perf
r.
Air mo lecu les are fresh com pa red to wate
A
d to thos e of water. □
B Air molecules are packed clos er com pare
d to those of ajr.
C Water' rn~i'ecules are less far apar t com pare
d com pare d to those of air.
D Water mol ecules mov e with high er spee
I

and area ?
(vii) What is the relationship between pres sure
A On decr easi ng area, pres sure decr ease s .

□
B On increasing area , pressure incr ease s.
C On decr easing area , pres sure incr ease s.
D On chan ging area, noth ing hap pen s.
t is
whi ch a parallel bea m of inci den t ligh
( viii) Wha t name is given to the proc ess in
n?
reflected as a para llel beam in one dire ctio

□
A Diff use refle ction. B Internal reflection.
C Reg ular defl ecti on. D Reg ular refle ctio n.

d of
kinetic ener gy whe n it is mov ing at spee
(ix) An object has a mas s of 5 kg. Wh at is its
10 mis?

□
A 50J B 250 ]
C 150 J D lOOJ
ace a
adv ice you r friend to use in orde r to repl
(x) Whi ch valu e of a capa cito r wou ld you
nect ed in para llel?
set of 3 µF, 6 µF and 9 ftF capa cito rs con
□
A l.64 µF B 16.4 µF
C 18.0 µF D 1.80 µF

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'
St ud en ts As sessment Nuniber ... ... . ... ... .
··· ··· ···
2. Ma tch eac h of the de scr ipt
ion s of the terms use d 1·n• sim ple ma ch ine s in List A With
co rre sp on din g co nc ep t use ·
d in sim ple ma ch me · List B b Y wn•t·n
s m
o
1 0 a let ter of th
the
res po ns e be low the ite m in e corr
the table pro vid ed . ect

List A Li st B -
(i) Th e ratio of the dis tan ce mo
ve d by eff ort to the A A sim ple pu lle y
dis tan ce mo ve d by the loa d.
B Co mb ina tio n pulley
(ii) Th e rat io of the loa d rai sed C Ef fic ien cy
steadily by a ma ch ine
wh en an eff ort or force is ap
pli ed . D Le ve r
(iii) A fix ed wh ee l wi th E M ec ha nic al ad va nta ge
a rop e passing rou nd a
gro ov e in the wh ee l's circu F Sin gle fix ed pu lle y
mf ere nc e.
(iv ) Th e rat io of the wo G Th e blo ck an d tackle
rk ou tpu t to the wo rk input
tim es 100% . pu lle y sy ste m
H Ve loc ity rat io
(v) Co ns ist s of a rig id ba r tha t
mo ve s about a fix ed
po int .

An sw er s

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

(v)

SE CT IO N B (70 M ar ks )
An sw er all qu estion s .

3. (a) Diffe renti ate fer rom ag ne tic

materials fro m pa ram ag ne
typ ica l ex am ples and uses. tic ma ter ials by giv ing the
ir
... ... ... . ... ... ... ... .... .... (4 marks)
.. .. ... ... ... ... . ..... ..... ... .. ... ...
••••
.. .... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ··· ·· ···
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• • ■ •••••

.. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. ... ... . . . ...

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• •

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•• ••• ••
.. . . ····• •'
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• •• •• •• •••• •• • •• • • • • • • • •
■
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• •• • • ••••••
• •••• • • ••
■
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• ••• • • • • •• •• • •• • •• • ••• •••• •• • ••••••
•• •• • • • ••••••
• •• • •• • • • • •• • • • •••
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■ •• •• •••• •• • •• • • ••• •• ••• • •••• •• • • • • • • • •• ■ • •• • • •• ■ • •

■ ••• •• • • •• ••• • • • •• • • • ••••• ••

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Stude nt 's Assessment Numb er . . ....... ... .. ....... . .
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.

. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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.. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. ... .
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that they
(b) Adv ice a laboratory technic ian three appropriate ways of storing magne ts so
can last longer. (6 marks)
..... .... ....... .... ...... ....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ...... ........ .......
. . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. ... .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . ... .. . . . .. . .. .. . . . . .

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..

.. . .. .... .. . . . . ..... .. .. . .. .. . . . .. ... . ... .. . .. . ... . .. . ........ .. .. .. . . . . .. .. .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

.. . .
. . ..
.. . . . . ... .. .. .. . . .. ... .. ... .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . .......... .. . .. ..... .. ... . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . .. . .
... .. .. .. .... .. ..... .. ..... .......... .. ... . ... . .. .. .... .. . .. ...... .. . ... .. ... . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . .
.. . .

.. .. . . .. . ... .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . ... ... .... .... ... . ... .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

....

... . .. .. ..... .. .. ... .. . ..... ..... .. . ...... ... .... ........ .. ... . . .... .. . .. . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .
.. . .
.. ..... .. .. . . . .. .. ... .. . .. . .. .. .. ... . . ... ... ... . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. .... .. . .. . ... . ... . . . . .. ... . . . ... . . .
. . .... .
s and
4. (a) A Form Two student was arguing that temperature is the degree of hotnes
the kinetic
coldness of a body and it is impossible to explain this concept by using
theory of matter. How can you refute this argument? (4 marks)

...
........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ...
. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . ....

n
(b) (i) You wake up in the morning and find your classmate at the school kitche
What
shoutin g, "The mornin g porridg e is very hot! \ts temperature is 350 K" .
tem peratu re is thi s on the Ce lsiu s scale? (3 marks)
...... .. .... .... ........ .... ... ... ........ . .. ........ .... ...... ........ .. ........ ........ ....
... .. . . . . . . . .. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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 dent 's Assess111e11t N ,1111 /Jer ....... ...... ... .
Download more from jihudumieschool.com St1,
.. .. ... .. . .. . ... . .. . . ... . .. .... ....... ·· ····
. . . . . . . . . . . .... .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ... . ...... . . ... .
. . . . . .. .. . . .. .
. ... .. ... . . . . . . . .
. . .... . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ... .... .............. . . ...
. . ... . ..... .
. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ....... ... ... ...... .... .. .... .... ....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .. ........... .... .... ... .. .......... ..
. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. ··· ·· ····
... .. ... ....... ... ... .. .. ... ....... .... ............ ..... ... ..... ... ... ... ... .... .... . ····· ···
... ... .. .. .......... ..... ............... ... .. ..... .... ....... ..... .......... ...... .. ·········
... .... ..... ....... ..... ... ... .... ..... ... .... .. ...... .. ..... ........ .. ...... ... ... ... ······
(ii) Your aunt is preparing water for a newborn baby to bath· There are two pots of
water which are equal in mass . One is at 15 °C and the other is at 45 °C. If the
water from the two pots is mixed so as to get an equilibrium temperature
suitable for the baby to bath , what will be the equilibrium temperature in
Kelvin after mixing? (3 marks)
.. ............................. ... .. ............... ........ .... ..... ... .. .... .... ... .. . ····· ·
............... ........... .......... .. ........... ... ... ... .. .......... .... .... ... ..... ··· ·· ··
......... ................... ·· ··· ··· ..................... .. ... ... ..... ........ ...... ...... ...

. .. ... .. .. .. ... .. . ... ... . ... .. . .. .. .. .. . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ..

. . . .. ..... .. . . ... ... ... .. . . .. ..... .. .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....
. .. . . .. . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . .. . ... .. .. ... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ...
0 • • ♦ 0 • • 0 •• 0 0 0 0 Oo O 0 0 O ♦ O 0 0 0 •• 0 • I o o oa 00 o • 0 0 0 0 00 ♦ •a O • ♦ •• . a O • •. • 0 0 0 0 • 0 • 0 • ♦ •a a O O O O O • • • • 0 • 0 • 0 ♦ 0 0 0 0 00

5. (a) Consider a book placed on the table ' what are th

e forces acting on it? (2 marks)
.. .... .. ...... .. .. ........ ... ........ ....... ................. .....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . ... .
. . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. .. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .... ....
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. .. ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·····
(b ) ( i) An ath lete stand ing in a boat th .
. . ' rows an ob ·e .
tend s to move in the o1Jposit d ' . . ~ ct out of the boat and the boat
. .. . . . ' e 11ect1 011 to h· .
su1t.iblc lttw of moltor1 that c I· . . t dt of the obJ·ect Wh at is the
xp cltns, thi ,s pl1cno111cn•)11'>. ·
' · (2 marks)
0 o I O o
.... . ...... . . .. .
0 I O O o o o O O • f IO I f O O O O O f f O O • O O
0
... .... .. . . . . . . . . . ... . .
... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... •• '
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 Student 's Assessm ent Number .... . .. ..... . •••••••···
I .
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I

······ · · ..... .. ...... ... .. .. ...... ...... . . ..... ··· · · .. .

...... . ...... ...... . .... . . ...... .. .

· ·· ·· ·· .. ..... . ... . . . .. ...... .... . . .

······ ··· ·· ...... ... .. ...... ... .. ...... . . .. . .. ... . ..... ..
...... .. ... .... . . .. . ... . .... .. .
····· ... ' . ...... ...... ... . ... .. ..... ... ... .... ...... ......
· ······ ·· · ··· · ...... .... ...... ..... .
.. ···· ··· ...... ·· · · · .. . .. ...... ...... .. · · · · ···· · ·· ·· ··· ··
·· · · · ..... ...... . .. . ·· · · · ···· ...... .
··· ··· · ······ ...... ... . ..... .. .. . ...... . · · · ·· · ·· . . . ·· ····

. .. . ' ... . ...... . ··· ·· ... ·· · ·· ···· ·· · ·· ·· ·· ··· ······ ······

······ · · · · · · .. .. ...... . .. ...... . .
. ..

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. . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

s onto a trolley of mass 90

(ii) A boy in a stationary boat with a mass of 55 kg jump
initial speed will the trolley
kg. If the initial spee d of a boy is 5 mis, at what
(6 marks)
move?
00 oO O Oo ♦ I 000 0 0 o O o
0 00 0000000
oooooooOo00
oo oooo o ooooooooooo
ooooo
00000000ooo
0000100 0 0 0 0000000o000

· ··· ······ ···· · ······ .... ... ... .

···· ·· ······ ······ ······ ······ ·· ······ ······ ·· ··· · ····· ······
··· ····· ·· ··· ·· ····· ·· ·
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······ ··· ······ · ···· ····· ······ ·· ···· ····· ·· ····· ·· ······ · · ······

students argu ing that acce lerat ion is

6. (a) On your way back hom e, you hear two Form Two
change of spee d of an objec t. How
a scala r quantity because it describes the rate of
(4 marks)
wi ll you correct their argument?

······ ······ ······ ····· ........ .

···· ····· ······· ······ ····· ··· ··· ······· ······ ······ ······ ······ ······
······ ······ ······ ······ ······ ····· ··· ··· ······ ·· · ·· ··· · ... ..
.
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·· ····· .... ····· ···· ···· ...... ...... ..... ······ ······ ······ ······ ······

Page 7 of 13
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t 's Assess,,le
nt N uniber . . . .. .... .. .
· · · •...
-
Studen . . . . . . . . . ······ ···· ······ ···· ···· · . ... . ....
. . .. .
. . .. . . . .. ..
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .
. . ht above the ground and a boy at
ce1tam he1g rest
(b) Suppose a bird is on uhe tree at a h bird falls and strikes the ground ~/th
1 a
· d on th e tree · If t e
threw a stone to hit the bir
velocity of 80 m/s: . the around? (3 marks)
0
(i) What will be the height of the bird from
...... ..... ..................... .. ····· ··
..... ... .. ....... ... .. ..... .. ............... .....
.. .. .. . . . ... .. . . .. . ··· ·· ·· ....... .. ... .. .... ......... .... ........ ... .. ... ............ ·· ······
...... ......... ... .... .................... .. ........................ .. .. ... ........ .. . ·· ·····
..... ........... .................. ····· ............ ... ..... ........ ... ...... .. .. .... ······ ···
................... ········· ............................... ...... ...... .. ... ..... ... .. . ······
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........... .................. ······· .................. ......... .... .... .... .. ...... . ·········
............................... ............................... ........ ...... .... ... .. ····· ···
(ii) Calculate the time taken by the bird to hit the ground. (3 marks)

............................... ............................... ...............................

.. .. .. .. . . .. . .. ...... ....... ..... ... .... .. .. .. . .. ..... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... .
. .. .... .. . . . . .. ...... ········ .... ··· ······ .............................. ... ...... ... ...... ...
.. . .. . ....... .. . ... .. ····· .................... .............................. .... ........ ···· ·
............. ....... ......... .. ..... ·· ··· .............................. .............. ······· ·
....................... ····· .. ............................... ............ .............. ·······
.. ............. ............. ... .. ......... .......................... ............ .... ..........

7. (a) (i)
;f ;~~ ·;~:, t -t~ ·; i;: -~. ~~~;y. ;~-~~- ~~~;: . ~-................................... . . . .
wi ll be used? tea ly to th e roof, which simple machir.e
.... ... .... ........... .. ... ...... .... .... .. .. (1 mark)
. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ··· ···
.... ... ..... ... ....... ..... .. ...... .... .... ..... .....
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...... ........ ....... ... ... ....... ..... .... ....
.. ... .. ... . . .
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,

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. ..... . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ' .. ....... ' .... ... . ' ....... ' . . ... . . . ............. ......... .. .. .
······· ····· ···· ··
········ ·· ···· ···························

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Pu gc X or I J
 S11ute11l 's Assessment Num ber ...... . . ...... ...... .. .
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HtJ\.t ts the mech anica l advan tage and veloc ity ratio of an incli ne plane related
(ii )
(3 mark s)
to the angle of incl in ati on?
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.. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . ... ... .. . . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . ... ... . . . . . . . .

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tyre of the car ran over

(b) A Physics teacher was driving on a rough road. The right front
-jack with a handl e which
a sharp objec t and got a puncture. The teacher used a screw
whos e mass is 350 kg. If
has a lengt h of 40 cm long and a pitch of 0.5 cm to lift a car
nt of force appli ed at the
the efficiency of the screw-jack is 45%, calcu late the amou
(6 mark s)
end of the handle when lifting the car.

...... ..... ... ..... .

....... ..... ....... ....... ....... .. ....... ....... ....... .... ....... .. ....... ......
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,
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ' ....... ... . .... . ... ... .. .... .. .. .. .. .......

....... ... ...... ... ... .. .. ... ... . ... . ....

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 t N 11111ber •. ... ... .. ...
, A 5se ss l,1e11
St uden ts
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ium .
E xp lain the fol l ow ing te
r d in for ce s I •····
(a) rm s as apP ie
(2 rnarks)
(i) Ce ntr e of mass
. .. ..
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. ... ... ... . .... ... . ... ...
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. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... ... -· . . .. . . .... . . . . . . . . .
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. ······· ........ .......... ··· ·· ·· .. ·· ··· ···· ····· ·········· ··
.
(ii) M om en t of force (2 marks)
.... .. ····· ... .......... ....... ...
··· ·· ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
... . ... ... ... ... . . ···· ··
... .... ····· ..... ······ · ... ·· ···· ...
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·································· ···· ····
(b) A light be am AB rests on ·························
su
pports at CD . A loa d of
30 cm , CO is 70 cm as sh 9 N is pl ac ed at 0 , wh ere
own in Fig ure 1. Fi nd the DO is
rea cti on s P an d Q at the
support s.
(6 marks)

p
0

30 cm ---,11~li.-1111- - -
70 cm
A
B
0

9N

Figure I
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. ... ... ... ...... ... ... ..

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 ... .... .
Studen t 's Ass essm ent Num ber ... .... .... ....
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.....
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\

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • ,• -. •.• . .. ... . . . ... . .. .. . . . ....
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a min pow er plan t project from either water

9. (a) Sup pose you r scho ol has a plan to develop
ent is seeking for a scientific advice from
or win d sources. _and the school man agem
ter? Use two points. (5 marks)
you . Wh at will you advise them on this mat
. ... .. .. ... .. .... ..... .... ... .. ..... ..... ..
..... .... .... ... .... .... ..... .. ... .... ...... ... ... .... .....
• .• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • •
• • •••• ••• • • • • ••••• •• •••• •.
• • •••• •• • •. ••••• ••• • • •••• •••••
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • t · t· • • •· • ••

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..
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..
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bu ild hou ses near geothermal pow er plants.

(b) People are warned by Geo phy sicis ts not to
(5 marks)
G ive two reasons for th is warnin g.
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 Download more from jihudumieschool.com St,,den t 's Assessm ent Numbe r ... •········· ···
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• • • • • • •• • ■ •••• •• •• •• •••• • ••• ••••••••••• ■ • • • •• • ••••• •• •••••• •••••• •• • • • • • • • • ••••••••••••••••••• • •• •••• •

SECTION C (15 Marks)

Answer question ten (10).

10. Suppose you are asked by your teacher to prepare electrical compone nts and instrume nts for
an experiment to determine the relationship between voltage and current;

(a) Give five electrical components that can be used in this experime nt. (5 marks)
...... .................. ··· ············· .... ... ........... . .... ........... .. ..... .... ...... .......... .

. ······· ·· ·· .. ........... ........... ........... ........... ... ......... .......... .......... .......... . .
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.
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... . . . . ... . . . . . . .. ··········· ······· ... .. ··········· .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ...

···········································································································································
.............. ......... .. .. .................................................................................... ............................

····························· ····················································································· ·························

:: ::: :: :::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::·························"

..·· ···· ······ ··············· ···························
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····· ···· ··· ··· ·············
······················

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p
.... . .
Download more from jihudumieschool.com Studen t 's Ass essm ellt Nu mb er .. .... ... .... ....

suita ble fo r that expe riment. (5 marks)

tb) Drnw a sim ple- electric circ uit whi ch wi ll be

10 (b), how will you connect the electrical

(c) Fro m the sim ple electrical circuit drawn in (5 marks)
the potential difference?
dev ices used for measuring the current and

····· ····· ····· · ····· ····· ····· ····· ····· ·· · .. .

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··· ..... ..... ... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... ····· ····
. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . ... .····· ···· ····· ····· ·····

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