PRIME-15

WTO Resolution and TRIPS

OPEN AI and MAYA OS
New Start Treaty
Pokhran 02 25th Anniversary
Appointment of CEC and Involvement of CJI
DATA Protection Bill
Windsor Agreement CBAM
Women Reservation Bill
India Justice Report
SIPRI GNCTD
Cauvery Krishna Ken Betwa Kalapani Tessta Feni Disputes
New World Heritage Sites
Corridors in the World
Special Session of Parliament
 WTO and Resolution

• World Trade Organization (WTO) Panel has ruled against India in a dispute
over information technology (IT) tariffs with the European Union (EU) and
other countries.
• In 2019, the EU challenged India's introduction of import duties of between
7.5% and 20% for a wide range of IT products, such as mobile phones and
components, as well as integrated circuits, saying they exceeded the
maximum rate.
• The ITA is a global trade agreement that aims to eliminate tariffs on a wide
range of IT products. India is signatory to the 1996 ITA.
 Arguments
• The ITA is a global trade agreement that
aims to eliminate tariffs on a wide range of
IT products. India is signatory to the 1996
ITA.
• The panel found that India's tariffs on
certain IT products violated global trading
rules, as they were inconsistent with the
terms of the Information Technology
Agreement (ITA).
• India argued that at the time of signing the
ITA, products such as smartphones did not
exist and hence, it was not bound to
eliminate tariffs on such items.
World Trade Organization
• The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an
intergovernmental organization that
regulates and facilitates international trade.
• It officially commenced operations on 1
January 1995, pursuant to the 1994
Marrakesh Agreement, thus replacing the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) that had been established in 1948.
• The WTO is the world's largest international
economic organization, with 164 member
states representing over 98% of global trade
and global GDP.
 TRIPS and WTO
• With the recently added products in GI tag lists, has made the total number
of GI tags in India 2023 to over 430.
• These tags are issued according to the Geographical Indications of Goods
(Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.
• The first product to be assigned with a GI tag in India was Darjeeling tea in the year
2004-05.
• The WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
(TRIPS) is the most comprehensive multilateral agreement on intellectual property
(IP).
• It plays a central role in facilitating trade in knowledge and creativity, in resolving
trade disputes over IP, and in assuring WTO members the latitude to achieve their
domestic policy objectives.
• It frames the IP system in terms of innovation, technology transfer and public
welfare. The Agreement is a legal recognition of the significance of links between IP
and trade and the need for a balanced IP system.
GI Tags 2023
 Open AI
• OpenAI was founded in 2015 as a non-profit organisation by a group that
included the then 30-year-old Sam Altman, Elon Musk, and Infosys, among
others, with the vision that Artificial Intelligence research must be kept open,
safe and available to everyone.
• A note dated December 11, 2015 on OpenAI’s website reads: “Our goal is to
advance digital intelligence in the way that is most likely to benefit humanity as a
whole, unconstrained by a need to generate financial return.”
• Incidentally, this note was penned jointly by Greg Brockman, another co-founder
who was also fired from his post of Chairman of the board on Friday, and Illya
Sutskever, OpenAI’s chief scientist and board member, who was reportedly a
main organiser of the boardroom putsch.
• OpenAI may have spurned financial returns but AI research is a costly affair. The
Generative Pre-Trained Transformers or GPT models that sit at the heart of many
AI tools need to be trained on vast amounts of data, which require massive
amounts of ‘compute’ or computing power
 Paisa Khatam
• In 2018, OpenAI’s biggest source of funds dried up
when Mr. Musk left the board citing a conflict of
interest with Tesla.
• A year later, OpenAI under Mr. Altman’s supervision
started a for-profit wing that would go on to build
monetisable consumer AI technology such as
ChatGPT and Dall-E.
• Mr. Brockman and Mr. Sutskever put out another
note at that time saying that such a venture was
necessary so that the company could “invest billions
of dollars in upcoming years into large-scale cloud
compute, attracting and retaining talented people,
and building AI supercomputers”.
 I Am Back

• Mr. Sutskever ( The New CEO) has been

dropped from the board but reportedly
remains in his employee position.
• Sam Altman will return as CEO of OpenAI
along with former President Greg
Brockman days after their shock exit.
OpenAI confirmed the news in a
statement on X saying it has reached an
“agreement in principle” with Altman as
CEO and a new board with Bret Taylor as
chairman, Larry Summers and Adam
D’Angelo.
 Maya OS
• Maya has the interface and all functionality like
Windows and users will not feel much difference as
they transition to it.
• To begin with, the direction is to install Maya on all
computers connected to the Internet in South Block
before August 15,” one official involved in the
process said. In addition, an ‘end point detection and
protection system’, Chakravyuh, is also being
installed in these systems.
• Currently, Maya is being installed only in Defence
Ministry systems and not on computers connected to
the networks of the three Services.
 To Prevent Attack
• There have been a series of malware
and ransom attacks in the country,
including on critical infrastructure in
the recent past.
• There have been several efforts in
the past as well in the Defence
Ministry to replace Windows OS with
an Indian one.
Russia out of New Start Treaty
• Russia has announced to suspend its
participation in the New START, the last
remaining major military agreement with the
United States.
• The name START comes from the original
“Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty”, known as
START-I, which was signed between the US
and the erstwhile USSR in 1991, and came
into force in 1994.
• START-I, which capped the numbers of
nuclear warheads and intercontinental
ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that each side could
deploy at 6,000 and 1,600 respectively, lapsed
in 2009, and was replaced first by the SORT,
also known as the Treaty of Moscow), and
then by the New START treaty.
 NEW START TREATY
• The New START, the “Treaty between the United States of America
and the Russian Federation on Measures for the Further Reduction
and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms”, entered into force on 5th
February 2011, and placed new verifiable limits on intercontinental-
range nuclear weapons.
• The two countries had to meet the treaty’s central limits on strategic
offensive arms by February 2018, and to then stay within those limits
for the period the treaty remained in force. The US and Russia
Federation subsequently agreed to extend the treaty through
February 2026.
 Pokhran 02 – 25 years
• The Pokhran-II tests were a series of five nuclear bomb test
explosions conducted by India at the Indian Army's Pokhran
Test Range in May 1998.
• It was the second instance of nuclear testing conducted by
India; the first test, code-named Smiling Buddha, was
conducted in May 1974.
• The tests achieved their main objective of giving India the
capability to build fission and thermonuclear weapons with
yields up to 200 kilotons.
• The then-Chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission
described each one of the explosions of Pokhran-II to be
"equivalent to several tests carried out by other nuclear
weapon states over decades".
• Subsequently, India established computer simulation
capability to predict the yields of nuclear explosives whose
designs are related to the designs of explosives used in this
test
 Indian Atomic Power History
• Efforts towards building the nuclear bomb, infrastructure, and research on related
technologies have been undertaken by India since World War II. Origins of India's nuclear
program date back to 1944 when nuclear physicist Homi Bhabha began persuading the
Indian National Congress towards the harnessing of nuclear energy— a year later he
established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research.
• In 1950s, the preliminary studies were carried out at the BARC and plans were developed
to produce plutonium and other bomb components.
• In 1962, India and China engaged in the disputed northern front, and was further
intimidated with a Chinese nuclear test in 1964.
• Direction towards militarisation of the nuclear program slowed down when Vikram
Sarabhai became its head and Lal Bahadur Shastri showed little interest after becoming
the Prime Minister in that year
• After Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister in 1966, the nuclear program was
consolidated when physicist Raja Ramanna joined the efforts.
• Another nuclear test by China eventually led to India's decision to build nuclear weapons
in 1967 and conduct its first nuclear test, Smiling Buddha, in 1974
 Appointment of CEC and CJI

What SC Says in March 2023

• This diverges from a Supreme Court ruling in March, which stated
that the committee's composition should consist of the prime
minister, the leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha, and the Chief
Justice of India.
What Government Proposed in August 2023
Bill proposes a PM-led committee to appoint future chief election
commissioners and election commissioners, diverging from the
Supreme Court ruling. Opposition alleges the government undermining
the Constitution bench directive. Vacancy in Election Commission
expected as commissioner set to retire.
 Lok Sabha
• First Election of Lok Sabha was held in 1951-52.
• First session of Lok Sabha held on 13 th May 1952 (CLAT-
2018)
• The maximum strength of Lok Sabha is 550 (530 from
states+ 20 from UTs).
• Total number of seats at present in Lok Sabha are 545 (
543+2).
• 2 Members are nominated from Anglo Indian Community.
• 2 Anglo Indian seats are removed by 104 th constitution
amendment.
• 84 seats are reserved for SCs & 47 seats are reserved for
STs.
• Uttar Pradesh have the Maximum Number of seats ( 80).
• Mizoram, Nagaland & Sikkim have one seat each in Lok
Sabha.
PRIME AP
Selections
• Only Coaching with residential
Facility
• 2000+ NLU Selections in last 4
years
• 75 Percent Selection ratio
• 24*7 Doubt Session
Why Government is in hurry
• A vacancy is set to occur in
the Election Commission
(EC) in the coming year as
Election Commissioner
Anup Chandra Pandey is
due to retire on February
14 upon reaching the age of
65.
 Electoral Bonds
• The electoral bonds were introduced with the Finance
Bill (2017).
• Every party that is registered under section 29A of the
Representation of the Peoples Act, 1951 (43 of 1951) and
has secured at least one per cent of the votes polled in the
most recent Lok Sabha or State election will be allotted a
verified account by the Election Commission of India.
Electoral bond transactions can be made only via this
account.
• The bonds will be issued in multiples of ₹1,000, ₹10,000,
₹1 lakh, ₹10 lakh and ₹1 crore.
• The electoral bond will be valid only for 15 days.
 Electoral Bonds
• The bonds will be available for purchase for a period of
10 days each in the beginning of every quarter, i.e. in
January, April, July & October .
• An additional period of 30 days shall be specified by the
Central Government in the year of Lok Sabha elections.
• A firm could donate a maximum of 7.5 per cent of its
average three year net profit as political donations. –
Removed in 2023 by GOI
Important- cash donation that a political party can receive
anonymously be capped at ₹2,000.
Election Commission of India
• Founded on 25th January 1950.
• 25th Jan is also Celebrated as National Voters Day.
• Election Commission of India Administer the following
elections
1) Lok Sabha
2) Rajya Sabha
3) State Legislative Assembly
4) State Legislative Council
5) President
6) Vice President
 Election Commission of India
The Election Commission operates under the authority of
Constitution per Article 324.

Rajiv Kumar is presently serving as 25th Chief Election

Commissioner of India.

Sukumar Sen was the first Chief Election Commissioner

of India.

In the Election Commission of India there are two

Election Commissioners (Arun goel and Anup Chandra
Pandey) and one Chief Election Commissioner of India
(Rajiv Kumar)
Chief Election Commissioner of India can be removed
from his office by the Parliament with a two-thirds
majority in both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha on
the grounds of proved misbehavior or incapacity.
 The tenure Of Chief Election Commissioner of India is 6 years
or 65 years whichever is earlier.

Important:
Election Tirunellai Narayana (T.N.) Iyer Seshan

Commission 1) TN Sehsan died on November 2019 served as the 10th CEC

of India of India.

2) TN Sehsan contested the 1997 Indian presidential election

and lost to K.R. Narayanan.

3) He received Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1996.

Precise Prime 01 for CLAT 2023
 Special Session of Parliament
• A ‘special’ five-day session of Parliament began with a discussion on the
parliament’s journey of 75 years.
• Article 85 of the Constitution deals with prorogation and dissolution of
Parliament. While there is no fixed schedule, the provisions of the Article
specify that the President must summon the Houses to meet at least once
within six months.
• “The President shall from time to time summon each House of Parliament to
meet at such time and place as he thinks fit, but six months shall not
intervene between its last sitting in one session and the date appointed for
its first sitting in the next session”.
 Special Session of Parliament

• The Constitution doesn’t provide for a fixed number of sessions or days of

sitting.
• Three sessions are typically held each calendar year — the Budget,
Monsoon, and Winter sessions.
• The Central government has the authority to call for a session, and the
Cabinet Committee on Parliamentary Affairs (CCPA), determines the date
and number of sittings.
• After finalizing the session schedule, the President calls upon the Members
of Parliament to convene for the upcoming session. The MPs are informed
about the number of sittings and other details about the tentative business
of the House through the summons sent by the President.
 Data Protection Bill
• Recently, Lok Sabha passed the Data Protection
Bill, India’s 2nd attempt in framing a privacy
legislation.
• inn 2017, the central government constituted the
B.N.Srikrishna Committee to examine issues relating to data
protection in the country.
• Based on the recommendation of the Committee, the
Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019 was introduced in Lok
Sabha.
• It is formulated based on the data regulation of European
Union (General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)) which
empower citizens to have a greater say in how their online
data is used.
 Advantages of the Bill
• Multi-pronged approach - This framework encompasses various legislative measures such as the
• Digital India bill that would replace existing Information Technology Act, 2000,
• Draft Indian Telecommunication Bill, 2022, and
• Policy addressing the governance of non-personal data.
• Privacy - It will enhance the privacy cognizance of Indian citizens through transformative
accountability measures to be adopted by enterprises.
• Compliance- It is due to robust protection and security measures, combined with effective privacy
policies and grievance redressal mechanisms
• Data breach- Multiple exemptions were provided to prevent data breaches such as the
• privacy breach in CoWIN portal where the personal details of vaccinated users had been leaked
on Telegram.
• 12,000 confidential records of State Bank of India employees were reportedly made public on
Telegram.
Windsor Framework

• The Windsor Framework is a post-Brexit legal agreement

between the European Union and the United Kingdom
which adjusts the operation of the Northern Ireland
Protocol.
• The Framework was announced on 27 February 2023,
formally adopted by both parties on 24 March 2023 and
came into effect on 1 October 2023.
• Northern Ireland to UK
 • The Framework was negotiated to address
political concerns in the UK and especially
among Ulster Unionists about the Northern
Ireland Protocol.

Benefit of UK • Under the terms of the Protocol, Northern

Ireland, unlike the rest of the UK, remains in the
EU single market for goods.
• This puts in place a de facto Irish Sea trade
border for goods moving to Northern Ireland
from Great Britain.
• The Framework changes aspects of the
Protocol's operation, particularly to ease custom
checks on goods arriving from Great Britain.
• It gives UK government more control over VAT
rates applying in Northern Ireland and states
that medicines placed on the market Northern
Ireland will be regulated by the UK and not the
EU.
• It gives the Northern Ireland administration and
UK government a mechanism to object to,
pause, and potentially disapply updated and
amended EU laws, mainly concerning goods
Carbon Border Adjustment
The EU’s plan to collect a carbon
border tax with effect from January 1,
2026, could raise the cost of India’s
exports, according to experts seized
on the matter. Beginning October,
2023, Indian exporters are supposed
to submit documents on their
processes roughly every two months.
The EU will soon have 'verifiers' to
check submissions from Indian
exporters on their processes.
Currently, this applies to steel,
aluminum, cement, fertilizer,
hydrogen and electricity, but it will be
expanded to all imports into the EU in
the future.
Carbon Border
• The EU’s Carbon Border Tax (Carbon Border
Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)) is a policy
measure that aims to put a fair price on the
carbon emissions generated during the
production of certain goods imported into
the EU.
• It is part of the “Fit for 55 in 2030 package",
which is the EU’s plan to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55%
by 2030 compared to 1990 levels in line
with the European Climate Law.
 SIPRI Year Book

• Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) Yearbook 2023

revealed that China could potentially have as many Intercontinental Ballistic
Missiles (ICBMs) as U.S. or Russia by the end of the decade.
• Russia has the highest number of stored nuclear arsenals followed by US
and China while the US has deployed the highest number of nuclear
arsenals followed by Russia and France.
PRIME AP Selections
• Only Coaching with residential Facility
• 2000+ NLU Selections in last 4 years
• 75 Percent Selection ratio
• 24*7 Doubt Session
 SIPRI on India
• India's nuclear arsenal also expanded, increasing from 160 warheads in 2022
to 164 warheads in 2023 and that of Pakistan from 165 to 170 in the same
period.
• India's nuclear deterrent, while primarily focused on Pakistan, is placing
growing emphasis on longer-range weapons capable of reaching targets
across China.
• India is in the process of upgrading its ballistic missiles, with the
development of a submarine-launched intermediate-range ballistic missile
and the imminent induction of a new generation ballistic missile called 'Agni
Prime.’
IMEC Corridor

• IMEC is part of a broader

initiative called the Partnership
for Global Infrastructure
Investment (PGII).
• The PGII was initially
introduced during the G7
summit in the UK in June 2021.
• PGII aims to finance
infrastructure projects in
developing countries through a
combination of public and
private investments.
• IMEC is a significant
infrastructure project
connecting India, the
Middle East, and Europe.
• The project aims to
establish a network of
transport corridors,
including railways and sea
lanes.
• IMEC is seen as a response
to China's Belt and Road
Initiative (BRI), providing
an alternative
infrastructure network.
 Women Reservation Bill
• The Women's Reservation Bill that seeks to provide
33 per cent quota for women in Lok Sabha and
state assemblies was introduced in the Lok Sabha
today in the ongoing special session of Parliament.
• Calling September 19 a "historic day", Prime
Minister Narendra Modi urged the Opposition to
unanimously pass the Bill - 'Nari Shakti Vandan
Adhiniyam' - that has been hanging for nearly
three decades.
• Women account for almost half of the country's
950 million registered voters but make for only 15%
of parliament and about 10% of state legislatures.
• The bill, once approved, will see the number of
women MPs in Lok Sabha go up to 181 from the
current 82
Corridors
• BRI
• BBBW
• IMT
• BBIN
• BCIM
 Women Reservation Bill
• The reservation for women, however, will kick
in only after the completion of the delimitation
exercise ( Not before 2026) based on the first
Census conducted after the passage of the Bill,
which puts off its date to around 2029.
• The Bill mandates women’s reservation for 15
years from the commencement of the Act, with
Parliament empowered to extend it further.
Rotation of seats reserved for women will
happen only after subsequent delimitation
exercises, to be determined by Parliament by
law.
• People after knowing that it will happen in 2029
only in Lok sabha
How the Reservation will be given
The, Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty Eighth Amendment)
Bill, 2023, seeks to introduce three new articles and one new clause
in the Constitution.
• 1. New clause in 239AA: Seats shall be reserved for women in the
Delhi Legislative Assembly, 1/3rd of the seats reserved for SCs
shall be reserved for women, 1/3rd of total number of seats to be
filled by direct elections shall be reserved for women through law
determined by parliament
• 2. New Article - 330A: Reservation for women in Lok Sabha -
1/3rd of seats reserved for SCs and STs shall be reserved for
women, 1/3rd of total seats to be filled by direct elections to the
Lok Sabha shall be reserved for women.
• 3. New Article - 332A: Reserved seats for women in every state
Legislative Assembly, 1/3rd of seats reserved for SCs and STs shall
be reserved for women, 1/3rd of total seats to be filled by direct
elections to the LA shall be reserved for women
• 4. New article - 334A: Reservation shall come into effect after the
delimitation ( try to recall Assam and J&K Delimitation ) is
undertaken after the relevant figures for the first census have
been published. Rotation of seats for women shall take effect
after each subsequent exercise of delimitation
 History of the Bill
• A bill to provide reservation for women in Parliament and assemblies were first
introduced in the Lok Sabha in 1996 by the Deve Gowda-led United Front
government.
• It failed to get the approval of the House and was referred to a joint
parliamentary committee which submitted its report to the Lok Sabha in
December 1996. But the Bill lapsed with the dissolution of the Lok Sabha.
• In 1998, the Atal Bihari Vajpayee-led NDA government reintroduced the Bill
in Lok Sabha. This bill also failed to get support and lapsed again. The bill was
reintroduced in 1999, 2002 and 2003. Even though there was support for it
within the Congress, the BJP and the Left parties, the bill failed to receive
majority votes.
• In 2008, the Manmohan Singh-led UPA government tabled the Bill in the Rajya
Sabha, and it was passed in 2010. However, the Bill was never taken up for
consideration in the Lok Sabha and lapsed with the dissolution of the 15th Lok
Sabha in 2014.
 103rd Amendment introduced 10 percent reservation
103rd for Economically Weaker Section.
Amendment
ACT For state Governments it is not Mandatory to
introduce the 10 Percent reservation.

The Bill was introduced by Thawar Chand Gehlot,

Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment

The 103rd Amendment act inserted Article 15 (6) and

Article 16 (6) in the Constitution to allow reservation
for the economically backward in the unreserved
category.
Non-Governmental Organization Youth For Equality filed a PIL
challenging the Bill in the Supreme Court. The NGO argues that
the Bill violates the basic structure of the Constitution which they
claim does not permit reservation based on economic factors.
 103rd Amendment Act

• Currently, the quota can be availed by persons with an

annual gross household income of up to ₹8 lakh.
Earlier provisions
Families that own over 5 acres of agricultural land, a house
over 1,000 square feet, a plot of over 100-yards in a
notified municipal area or over a 200-yards plot in a non-
notified municipal area cannot avail the reservation. (Does
not exists Anymore)
• Gujarat became the first state to introduce the
• EWS reservation.
 102nd Amendment – Constitutional Status to NCBC

103rd Amendment – 10 Percent Reservation

Amendments 104th Amendment – Increased SC ST Reservation in

related to Parliament for 10 more years and two seats of anglo
Indians removed
Reservation 105th Amendment – States can decide their own OBCs

Home work – 77th , 81st , 85th Constitutional Amendments

Governor

Governors are appointed by Central Government

while CMs are elected by people of the state.
The governors of the states The governor acts as the
Governors exist in the states,
of India have similar powers nominal head whereas the
while lieutenant governors
and functions at the state real power lies with the chief
exist in union territories
level as those of the ministers of the states and
including the National Capital
president of India at the his or her councils of
Territory (NCT) of Delhi.
central level. ministers.
Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Bill

• Delhi became Union Territory with a Legislative

Assembly is an outcome of the 69th Amendment
Act through which Articles 239AA and 239BB were
introduced in the Constitution.
• In its 2018 verdict, the five-judge Bench had held
that the LG’s concurrence is not required on issues
other than police, public order and land.
• The court also said that the status of the LG of Delhi
is not that of a Governor of a State, rather he
remains an Administrator, in a limited sense,
working with the designation of Lieutenant
Governor”.
• It had also pointed out that the elected government
must keep in mind that Delhi is not a state.
 • The expression 'Government'
referred to in any law to be
Amendment made by the Legislative
Assembly shall mean the
Lieutenant Governor (LG).
• It ensure that the LG is
“necessarily granted an
opportunity” to give her/his
opinion before any decision
taken by the Council of
Ministers is implemented.
• The amendment says that
“Legislative Assembly shall not
make any rule to enable itself
to consider the matters of day-
to-day administration of the
Capital or conduct inquiries in
relation to the administrative
decisions”.
 Amendment
• Motivated by the Supreme Court
verdict, the elected government had
stopped sending files on executive
matters to the LG before the
implementation of any decision.
• It has been keeping the LG informed of
all administrative developments, but
not necessarily before implementing or
executing any decision.
• Article 239AA introduced and Now
Government in Delhi means LG
Drainage system of India
Drainage System laws in India
Cauvery River Dispute
Krishna River dispute
Godavari River
Godavari Interlinking with Krishna
Ken Betwa
Mahadayi (Mandovi) River
Mahanadi Water Dispute
Mullaperiyar Dam
India Nepal Dispute
Indo- Bangladesh Water Dispute
India & Pakistan water dispute
 Drainage System laws in
India
• Water i.e. water supply, irrigation, canal, drainage,
embankments, water storage and water power are mentioned
in the State List
• Union List gives power to the Union Government for the
regulation and development of inter-state rivers and river
valleys (Article 262).
• Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, Parliament may,
by law provide that neither the Supreme Court nor any other
court shall exercise jurisdiction in respect of any such dispute
or complaint( Article 262).
 Drainage System laws in India

According article 262 of constitution India enacted two

laws
1) River Board Act, 1956- Till date, no river board as
per above Act has been created.
2) Inter-State Water Dispute Act, 1956-
• Central Government should try to resolve the matter
by consultation among the aggrieved states.
• In case, if it does not work, then it may constitute
the tribunal.
Supreme Court shall not question the Award or
formula given by tribunal but it can question the
working of the tribunal.
 Cauvery River Dispute

• Cauvery originates from Talakaveri, Kodagu.

• Cauvery is an inter‐State basin having its origin Karnataka and
flowing through Tamil Nadu and Puducherry before out falling
in the Bay of Bengal.
• The states concerned are Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and
Puducherry (UT).
• Cauvery is also considered as most disputed river of India.
• Famous dams- Mettur Dam (Tamilnadu), Krishnarajsagar
Dam( Karnatka)
• In 2016, a petition was filed in Supreme Court to seeking the
release of water by Karnataka as per the guidelines of the
tribunal. When Supreme Court ordered Karnataka to release
water, Kannada people protested the decision saying they do
not have enough water.
 Krishna River dispute
• Krishna river originates near Mahabaleshwar ( Satara).
• The river passes through Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
• Major Dams- Koyna Hydroelectric Project, Srisailam
Dam, Nagarjuna Sagar Dam
• Tributraies- Koyna,Malaprabha,Musi,Tungbhadra &
Ghataprabha
Trick- Koyna Mala Musi Tung na ho Ghata ho Jata hai
• After 2014 Telangana is saying that they need more
water as they have more people & Andhra wants more
as they said they need more water because they have
more land to irrigate.
 Godavari River
• The river is also known Vridha
Ganga & South Ganga (Longest river
of South India).
• The river originate from Brahmagiri
Mountain, Tryambakeshwar
(Nashik).
• The river passes through
Maharashtra, Chattisgarh, Odisha,
Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.
• Tributaries- Wardha, Wainganga,
Purna , Pranhita, Manjra, Indravati,
sabri & Kadam.
Trick- Wah Wah Indira Prime Minister
Indira Sabr Karo
 Godavari Interlinking with Krishna

As each State was free to use the flow in

Godavari and its tributaries up to a certain level
this lead to
1) Andhra Pradesh, the downstream state,
decided to divert Godavari water from
Polavaram ( Andhra Pradesh) to Krishna
river, so that it could be shared with
Karnataka and Maharashtra.
2) Since Telangana came into the Polavaram
project became the bone of contention
between Andhra & Telangana.
 Godavari Interlinking with Krishna
Concerns on Polavaram-
1)Telangana feared it would submerge many villages in its Khammam district.
2) Odisha too has expressed its reservations over the dam's design.
3)Funding of the project-
UPA government at the Centre claimed Polavaram to be was a "national project"
but the current NDA government is pushing for a partial-funding mechanism.
Inchampalli Project
The Inchampalli Project was started as a joint venture between Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh.
When Chhattisgarh was carved out, it took over the project from Madhya
Pradesh.
 Ken Betwa
Interlinking
• MP and UP Signed a tripartite
agreement with the Centre on
World Water Day (22nd March)
to finally implement this
ambitious project.
• The Ken-Betwa Link Project
(KBLP) is the River interlinking
project that aims to transfer
surplus water from the Ken
river in MP to Betwa in UP to
irrigate the drought-prone
Bundelkhand region.
 Ken Betwa Interlinking Project
• The Ken-Betwa Link Project (KBLP) is the River interlinking project that aims to transfer
surplus water from the Ken river in MP to Betwa in UP to irrigate the drought-prone
Bundelkhand region.
• The region spread across the districts of two states mainly Jhansi, Banda, Lalitpur and
Mahoba districts of UP and Tikamgarh, Panna and Chhatarpur districts of MP.
• The project involves building a 77-metre tall and a 2-km wide Dhaudhan dam and a 230-
km canal.
• Ken-Betwa is one of the 30 river interlinking projects conceived across the country.
• The project has been delayed due to political and environmental issues.
 Mahadayi (Mandovi) River
• The river originates from Bhimgad Karanatka
• The river runs through Karanatka,
Maharashtra(1km) & Goa
• People of Goa call it Mandovi
Dispute
• Karantaka want to link Mahadayi with Malaprabha
river, a tributary of Krishna.
• In 2002, Karnataka gave the idea a shape in the
form of the Kalasa-Bhanduri project, whose goal
was to divert the excess waters of the Mahadayi
into the Malaprabha basin, in the process
benefiting northern Karnataka. Goa strongly
opposed it as Mahadayi is one of the two rivers the
State is dependent on.
 Mahanadi Water Dispute
• Mahanadi too is a combination of many
mountain streams and thus its precise source is
impossible to pinpoint but the mainstream is
near Pharsiya village in Chattisgarh.
• River is also known as Sorrow of Odisha.
• Longest Dam of India i.e. Hirakud Dam is on
river Mahanadi
• The river flows through Chattisgarh & Odisha.
• Odisha has repeatedly claimed that
Chhattisgarh either blocks or excessively
releases water from its Kalma barrage without
prior intimation. Odisha approached the
Supreme Court in 2016 as Chhattisgarh decided
to construct weirs in upstream of Mahanadi.
 Mullaperiyar Dam
• The dam is around 126year old.
• It is in the state of kerala on river Periyar at
the confluence of Mullayar and Periyar
• The Dam isoperated and maintained by the
neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu.
Concern of Kerala-
The biggest Hydroelectric power Project (
eriyar Hydroelectric) is in the state of Kerala
on the downstream of Mullaperiyar Dam &
the Mulla Periyar dam is too old to be filled
upto the brim.
Dispute • India planning about this road since 2008 and working on this from last 2 years.
• Out of total road 22km is in the Lipulekh pass region.
1)Lipulekh • Lipulekh is tri-Junction between India, Nepal & China.

2)Limpiyadhura • India & China Signed a treaty in 2015 for trading through Lipulekh Pass
Kalapani Dispute
• Sugauli treaty was ratified by Nepal and East India Company in
1816
• Nepali forces helped Britons in 1857 to suppress the first war of
Independence of India.
• Britons gifted the Kapilvastu & Janakpur to Nepal.
• India claims Kalapani as part of Pithoragarh district of
Uttarakhand’s and Nepal claims it as a part of its Dharchula
district. Kali Mahakali or sarda river was the basis of separation
of boundary of India and Nepal in the Sugauli treaty.
• The river is formed by various fountains in the valley and Nepal
claims that the boundary of Nepal is not the starting of the river
but the staring of first fountain.
• This will lead to the 32 km Square area and major portion of
Lipulekh pass will go to Nepal.
 Indo- Bangladesh Water Dispute

Teesta Water dispute-

The river flows through Sikkim ,West
Bengal and Bangladesh.
Bangladesh has sought an “equitable”
distribution of Teesta waters from
India, on the lines of the Ganga Water
Treaty of 1996.
Teesta is lifeline of 6 districts of West
Bengal.
 • Bangladesh has sought an “equitable” distribution of Teesta waters from India,
on the lines of the Ganga Water Treaty of 1996 (an agreement to share surface
Water disputes waters at the Farakka Barrage near their mutual border), but to no avail.

with Bangladesh • India also requested for early finalization of the draft of the interim agreement
for sharing of water of Feni River, pending with the Bangladesh side which had
been agreed upon by both sides in 2011.
 India & Pakistan water
dispute
Indus Waters Treaty was signed in 1960 with the help of World
Bank
According to the treaty Pakistan will have control over Chenab,
Jhelum & Indus.
Pakistan will use 80 percent of water and India will use 20 percent
of the water.
India can use more than 20 percent if they want it for irrigation and
domestic purpose.

According to Indus water treaty India will take control of Ravi, Beas
& Satluj.
India will use 80 percent of water and India will use 20 percent of
the water will be used by Pakistan.
India can use more than 80 percent if they want it for irrigation and
domestic purpose.
 New Water Disputes with Pakistan

• The Pakal Dul Hydro Electric Project (1000 MW) is proposed on river
Marusudar, a tributary of Chenab river in the Union Territory of Jammu &
Kashmir.
• Kiru Hydro Electric Project (624 MW) is proposed on River Chenab,
located in Kishtwar district of Jammu & Kashmir.
• Lower Kalnai project is a hydroelectric power project in the Doda and
Kishtwar districts of Jammu and Kashmir. Fazilka drain is one of 22 drains
and water bodies, where untreated water of Malwa district (Punjab, India)
is discharged
Disputed
Projects
• In 2005, Pakistan challenged India’s Baglihar dam project on the
Chenab river before in front of the World Bank and lost the case.
• In 2011, both countries to the International Court of Arbitration
(ICA) over India’s 330 MW project in Kishanganga project in
Jammu and Kashmir.
• Baglihar Project on river Chenab is also a concern for India
 India & China
• China is not providing details of
its hydro-power projects on river
Brahmputra.
• India, for its part, has built dams on
the Teesta River, a tributary of the
Brahmaputra, to utilise the flow of
the Teesta during the dry season.
• India and Bangladesh are worried
about aggressive Construction of
dams by China.
facts

Sorrow of Bihar- Kosi.

Sorrow of West Bengal- Damodar.
Sorrow of Odisha- Mahanadi.
Luni and Banas are major Inland rivers.
Narmada & Tapi are collectively called as
twin rivers.
 River Disputes
River/ Rivers States or Countries

Cauvery Karnataka , Tamil Nadu & Kerala

Krishna Andhra Pradesh & Telangana

Godawari & Krishna Interlinking Odisha,Andhra Pradesh & Telangana

Mahadayi (Mandovi) Karnataka & Goa

Mahanadi Odisha & Chattisgarh

Satluj- Yamuna Canal Haryana & Punjab

Indus Water System India & Pakistan

Teesta India & Bangladesh

Brahmaputra India & China

 ECO -01

NPA – Non Performing Assets

When loan ( Int + Princi) is not paid for more than 90 days --- NPA.
Wilful defaulter _ SARFESAI ACT
Securitisation and Reconstruction of financial assets and enforcement of sec
interest
Assets will be sold to Bad Bank – ARC – Asset Reconstruction Company _ RBI
15 percent payment to bank – Direct police action
 ECO-01

IIP – Index of industrial Production - Industry growth

40 Percent Industry – 8 Core Sectors – LPG Cement Electricity Coal
6 weeks after – NSO (CSO+NSSO).
Dec Report – Oct.
PMI – Purchasing Managers Index
Pvt Sector growth – PMI – HIS MARKItT
 Bitcoin earlier and Now

• With the creation of Bitcoin in 2008 till present date, cryptocurrencies

have gained much significance all around the world. The gains made
by this sector since the onset of Covid-19 pandemic in January 2020
are astounding; the “cryptomarket” grew by over 500%.
• in the 2018-19 budget speech, the Finance Minister announced that
the government does not consider cryptocurrencies as legal tender.
What is
cryptocurrencies
What is crypto currency
A cryptocurrency, crypto-currency, or crypto is
a digital asset designed to work as a medium
of exchange wherein individual coin
ownership records are stored in a ledger
existing in a form of a computerized database
using strong cryptography to secure
transaction records, to control the creation of
additional coins, and to verify the transfer of
coin ownership.
Crypto Currencies work on Blockchain
Network
 What is Blockchain
• A blockchain is a continuously growing list of records, called
blocks, which are linked and secured using cryptography.
• Each block typically contains a hash pointer as a link to a
previous block, a timestamp and transaction data. By design,
blockchains are inherently resistant to modification of the data.
• It is "an open, distributed ledger that can record transactions
between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and
permanent way".
• For use as a distributed ledger, a blockchain is typically managed
by a peer-to-peer network collectively adhering to a protocol for
validating new blocks.
• Once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be altered
retroactively without the alteration of all subsequent blocks,
which requires collusion of the network majority.
 Benefits of Crypto
• Corruption Check: As blocks run on a peer-to-peer
network, it helps keep corruption in check by tracking
the flow of funds and transactions.
• Time Effective: Cryptocurrencies can help save money
and substantial time for the remitter and the receiver, as
it is conducted entirely on the Internet, runs on a
mechanism that involves very less transaction fees and
is almost instantaneous.
• Cost Effective: Intermediaries such as banks, credit card
and payment gateways draw almost 3% from the total
global economic output of over $100 trillion, as fees for
their services.
• Integrating blockchain into these sectors could result in
hundreds of billions of dollars in savings.
 RBI & Cryptocurrencies
• Cryptocurrencies in India: In 2018, The RBI issued a
circular preventing all banks from dealing in
cryptocurrencies. This circular was declared
unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in May 2020.
• Recently, the government has announced to introduce
a bill; Cryptocurrency and Regulation of Official Digital
Currency Bill, 2021, to create a sovereign digital
currency and simultaneously ban all private
cryptocurrencies.
• In India, the funds that have gone into the Indian
blockchain start-ups account for less than 0.2% of the
amount raised by the sector globally.
• The current approach towards cryptocurrencies makes
it near-impossible for blockchain entrepreneurs and
investors to acquire much economic benefit.
When you took loan to invest in crypto
 Why there are less chances of Banning it
Q1)which of the following can be the reason that government is not going to ban
Crypto in India?
a) Banning as opposed to regulating will only create a parallel economy, encouraging
illegitimate use, defeating the very purpose of the ban.
b) Banning cryptocurrency is inconsistent with the Draft National Strategy on
Blockchain, 2021 of the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY), which hailed blockchain
technology as transparent, secure and efficient technology that puts a layer of trust
over the internet.
c) A ban will deprive India, its entrepreneurs and citizens of a transformative
technology that is being rapidly adopted across the world, including by some of the
largest enterprises such as Tesla and MasterCard.
d)Even the orgainzations like UNICEF are accepting the Cryptocurrenies
e) All of the above
 Situation Right Now
• Crypto market around the world is fluctuating largely
staying Bearish
• El-Salvador made Bitcoin as their official currency (World
Bank said they can not assist in Implementing).
• Bitcoin mining is energy draining that is why some of
countries like China and Iran banned the mining of
Cryptocurrencies.
• Iran is all set to regulate crypto market
• Recently Tesla stopped taking payments in Bitcoins
• Japan was the first country to regulate the
Cryptocurrency
• Market is highly volatile and going up and down with the
tweets of Elon Musk
• Some Meme Coins are making fool of new investors like
Doge,Shiba and Safemoon
• Fundamentally strong coins like Ethereum, Bitcoin,
Cordano & Matic are also suffering.
• All coins except Bitcoin are Known as Altcoins
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