Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 s2.0 S0927796X21000395 Main
1 s2.0 S0927796X21000395 Main
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords: High-entropy ceramics with five or more cations have recently attracted significant attention due to their su
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) perior properties for various structural and functional applications. Although the multi-component ceramics have
Multi-principal element alloys been of interest for several decades, the concept of high-entropy ceramics was defined in 2004 by producing the
High-entropy ceramics
first high-entropy nitride films. Following the introduction of the entropy stabilization concept, significant efforts
Entropy stabilization
Functional properties
were started to increase the entropy, minimize the Gibbs free energy and achieve stable single-phase high-en
Synthesis methods tropy ceramics. High-entropy oxides, nitrides, carbides, borides and hydrides are currently the most popular
high-entropy ceramics due to their potential for various applications, while the study of other ceramics, such as
silicides, sulfides, fluorides, phosphides, phosphates, oxynitrides, carbonitrides and borocarbonitrides, is also
growing fast. In this paper, the progress regarding high-entropy ceramics is reviewed from both experimental and
theoretical points of view. Different aspects including the history, principles, compositions, crystal structure,
theoretical/empirical design (via density functional theory, molecular dynamics simulation, machine learning,
CALPHAD and descriptors), production methods and properties are thoroughly reviewed. The paper specifically
attempts to answer how these materials with remarkable structures and properties can be used in future
applications.
* Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: fuji@nitech.ac.jp (M. Fuji), kaveh.edalati@kyudai.jp (K. Edalati).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2021.100644
Received 17 March 2021; Received in revised form 18 August 2021; Accepted 19 September 2021
Available online 7 October 2021
0927-796X/© 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
(ii) a mixing entropy higher than 1.5R [35], and (iii) a mixing entropy
higher than 1.61R. It was suggested that when ΔSmix ≥ 1.5R, the high
amount of TΔSmix in Eq. (1) can overcome ΔHmix and make the Gibbs
free energy negative to produce a single phase. Although this concept is
totally correct at high temperatures, many multi-component alloys with
ΔSmix ≥ 1.5R are metastable or they have multiple phases at room
temperature due to the enthalpy effects [4,32,36,37].
Several issues should be considered regarding the terminology of
high-entropy ceramics [4,5,10,15,32,36,38]. First, high-entropy ce
ramics should be principally single phase, but dual phase high-entropy
ceramics are recently included in this family of materials. Second, the
term “high-entropy” is rather paradoxical for ceramics because most of
these materials have ordered structures (they still have a higher entropy
compared to conventional ordered ceramics). Third, in most research
studies of multi-component systems, the term high entropy is used to
Fig. 1. Relation between entropy of mixing and number of elements and remind the large number of principal elements. Fourth, entropy stabi
definition of medium-entropy ceramics and high-entropy ceramics. lization can occur not only in high-entropy ceramics (ΔSmix ≥ 1.5R, as
defined in Fig. 1), but also in medium-entropy ceramics (compositions of
3 or 4 cations with R ≤ ΔSmix < 1.5R, as defined in Fig. 1) and in some
other multi-component ceramics.
To address all these terminological inconsistencies, Wright et al. [39,
40] suggested that using the concept of compositionally-complex ce
ramics or multi-principal cation ceramics can more appropriately cover
all these ceramics. They suggested that compositionally-complex ce
ramics consist of high-entropy ceramics with equiatomic or near
equiatomic compositions, entropy-stabilized ceramics, medium-entropy
ceramics and non-equiatomic compositions (Fig. 2). The
entropy-stabilized ceramics refer to ceramics that their stability is
improved by enhancing the entropy through increasing the number of
principal elements, as described in section 2 [32,41]. The main focus of
the current review paper is on high-entropy ceramics with five or more
cations, but some other multi-principal cation ceramics are also
included.
2
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Fig. 3. Schematic illustration of engineering materials development within history, showing the continuous trend to increase entropy [43].
3
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table 1
Main crystal structures of the high-entropy ceramics.
Structure Crystallography Appearance Reference
4
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table 1 (continued )
Structure Crystallography Appearance Reference
methods, properties and crystal structure of HEOs were established. flash sintering [107], polymeric synthesis route [108], co-precipitation
Here, the main focus is on the compositional characteristics of each and hydrothermal synthesis [109], solution combustion [110,111] and
crystal structure, but the synthesis method and main properties of each pulsed-laser deposition [112]. The rock-salt Mg-Co-Ni-Cu-Zn-O ce
structure are briefly mentioned. Details of the synthesis method and ramics are of interest from different points of view such as Li conduc
properties are separately reviewed in this paper. tivity [92,96,97,101,104,113,114], structural features [58,89–91,93,
99,102,103,106,107,111,112,115], catalysis [94], magnetic properties
4.1.1. Rock-salt structure [77,98,110,116], electrical properties [88,95], thermal properties [109]
The cubic rock-salt structure can be observed in various oxides and mechanical properties [100]. The HEOs with the rock-salt structure
including HEOs. Most of the HEOs with the rock-salt structure are based demonstrate high dielectric constants [88] and superionic conductivity
on Mg-Co-Ni-Cu-Zn. These oxides can be fabricated by various synthesis [113] which make these materials attractive for future applications as
methods such as the solid-state reaction [58,86–100], nebulized spray large-k dielectric materials and solid-state electrolytes for batteries.
pyrolysis [101–105], flash-assisted synthesis [106], reaction-assisted In one of the earliest attempts to produce the rock-salt HEOs, Rost
5
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
6
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
7
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
types of A and B cations in the form of A2B2O7. Since the A cations are There are two main types of crystal structures for the HEFs: fluorite
usually rare-earth (RE) elements and the B cations are transition metals and perovskite. CeNdCaSrBaF12 is among the HEFs with the fluorite
(TM), the general formulation of the pyrochlores can be denoted as structure [70] and K(MgMnFeCoNi)F3, K(MgMnCoNiZn)F3, K(MnFeCo
(RE)2(TM)2O7. The A-type cations with a large atomic size are coordi NiZn)F3 and K(MgCoNiCuZn)F3 are among the HEFs with the perovskite
nated with two 8b oxygen ions and six 48ƒ oxygen ions. The B-type structure [71].
cations, which are smaller, are coordinated to six oxygen ions located on HEP (Co,Cr,Fe,Mn,Ni)-P [73], HEPO4 (La0.2Ce0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2)
48ƒ. An oxygen vacancy is located at 8a that is surrounded by four B PO4 [73], HEON (Co,Cr,Fe,Mn,Ni)-ON [74] and HEBCN
cations [174]. Another general formulation for pyrochlores is given as (Ta0.2Nb0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2W0.2)BCN [75] were reported to have the FCC,
(RE)2Zr2O7, which are known as rare-earth zirconates. Since rare-earth monoclinic, C40-type hexagonal and FCC structures, respectively.
zirconates with the pyrochlore structure have an ordered fluorite-type Details regarding the crystal structures of the different types of high-
structure with two cationic sublattices, they are considered as alterna entropy ceramics are given in Tables A2–A6 of the Appendix.
tives for the yttria-stabilized zirconia for thermal barrier coatings
[178–180] with a high elastic modulus [181–183] and low thermal 5. Theoretical/empirical design
conductivity [184–187]. A main research objectives of the pyrochlore
HEOs is reducing the heat conductivity using other rare-earth elements High-entropy materials including both alloys and non-metallic ce
on the A site [188–194] or B site [189,194]. ramics are interesting due to their enhanced properties resulting from
their unique crystal structures. Although various high-entropy materials
4.1.6. Other oxide structures have been introduced so far, there are rather limited publications about
Bixbyite [195], rutile [196], monoclinic [197–199], magneto the theoretical simulation and computation of the high-entropy mate
plumbite [200], amorphous [201–207], face-centered cubic (FCC) rials due to their complex chemistry [85]. For the prediction of the
[208–210] and CaF2-type crystals [111,211] are the other reported structure of a high-entropy material, empirical models based on a
structures for the HEOs. These structures are sometimes more distorted descriptor are also used, although the progress on this issue is still at its
than similar structures in binary or ternary oxides, but they can have a early stages [41]. These theoretical and empirical methods can be used
better phase stability. For example, the HEO lanthanide sesquioxide, to understand the stability of high-entropy materials with a given crystal
Gd0.4Tb0.4Dy0.4Ho0.4Er0.4O3, synthesized by Tseng et al. [195] has a structure for a desirable property [41]. In this section, the current
cubic-bixbyite structure within a wide range of temperatures up to 1923 progress on both computational methods and descriptors is reviewed
K. Such a phase stability is better than the monocationic sesquioxides, with the focus on the HEOs and HECs, as the two most frequently
such as Gd2O3 and Tb2O3, which suffer from undesirable investigated types of high-entropy ceramics.
temperature-induced phase transformations and deterioration of their
magnetic and dielectric properties. There are some other crystal struc 5.1. Theoretical computation
tures for HEOs which are summarized in Table A1 of the Appendix.
The Gibbs free energy calculations provide quantitative information
4.2. Crystal structure of other ceramics regarding the phase stability and phase diagram. The Gibbs free energy
is computed by either first-principles calculations using the density
HENs are formed either with the amorphous or crystalline structure. functional theory (DFT), molecular dynamics simulation or CALPHAD
When the nitrogen activity in the synthesis process is sufficient, a (Calculation of Phase Diagrams) [41]. The DFT-based methods are
crystalline structure can be stabilized [84]. Most of the HENs with the basically good selections to calculate the energy by considering the
solid-solution crystalline form have the FCC (NaCl-type) structure [84]. chemical complexity of high-entropy materials [228]. However, the
The general formulation for the HENs is (TM)(PE)N in which TM stands problem of the DFT-based methods is that they are computationally
for the transition metals with the ability to form a nitride (Y, Ti, Zr, V, limited in scale because of the computational time. Therefore,
Nb, Cr, Mo, Mn, Fe, Ru, Co, Ni and Cu) and PE stands for the elements high-entropy materials with randomly distributed states and many ele
with the p orbital which can undergo covalent bonding with the nitrogen ments cannot be precisely analyzed by DFT on a small scale. In contrast,
(Al, Si, C and B) [84]. the molecular dynamics simulation can be used at larger lengths within
Carbides and borides mostly form an FCC rock-salt structure or an a shorter computation time, so it is appropriate for covering materials
AlB2-type hexagonal structure containing layers of two-dimensional with many elements. However, the main limit of the molecular dy
carbide/borides and cations. Most of the carbides and borides follow namics simulation is ignoring the interatomic potentials to solve the
the formulations (TM)C and (TM)B2 (high-entropy diboride), although complex chemistry of multi-component ceramics [228]. Due to the
the HEBs with the formulation of (RE)B6 (high-entropy hexaboride) can recent development of artificial intelligence and machine learning, new
also be synthesized [212]. models have attracted attention in recent years [229–232]. In these new
There is a reversible process between the HEAs and their HEHs. The models, artificial intelligence and machine learning are used to analyze
alloys usually have the body center cubic (BCC) and C14-type Laves the DFT results for interatomic potentials, and thus the models can fill
phase structures [63,213–217]. HEHs can have different structures the gap between the DFT and molecular dynamics computations. The
including the FCC, base-centered tetragonal (BCT) and C14 Laves use of machine learning potentials leads to the energy calculations at a
structure. The Laves phase usually shows the lowest thermodynamic time similar to the molecular dynamics simulation with a precision
stability for hydrogen release and BCT shows a high stability [213–215, comparable to the DFT calculations [228]. In this section, some
217–227]. important studies on the use of computational methods to predict the
HESis usually have a hexagonal or cubic structure. It was reported stability and properties of high-entropy ceramics are reviewed. Some of
that (Mo0.2W0.2Cr0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2)Si2 and (Mo0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2W0.2)Si2 these computations were validated by experimental results, suggesting
[64] have a C40-type hexagonal structure [67], (TiZrNbMoW)Si2 [68] the potential of the computational methods for the future design of
and (Ti0.2Zr0.2Nb0.2Mo0.2W0.2)Si2 [65] have the hexagonal closed high-entropy ceramics [233–239].
packed (HCP) structure, and (Mo0.25Nb0.25Ta0.25V0.25)(Al0.5Si0.5)2
alumino-silicide has the CsCl-type B2 structure [66]. 5.1.1. Computation of high-entropy oxides
The investigation of the crystal structures of the HESs is quite The addition of each element to high-entropy ceramics can signifi
limited. It was reported that the HESs, Cu5SnMgGeZnS9 and Cu3SnM cantly influence their crystal structure. DFT calculations have been
gInZnS7, produced by ball milling and spark plasma sintering have the effectively used to clarify the contribution of individual elements to the
tetragonal structure [69]. crystal structure of the HEOs. Rak et al. [87] performed the DFT
8
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
calculations on (Mg0.1Co0.1Ni0.1Cu0.1Zn0.1)O0.5 with and without the 5.1.2. Computation of high-entropy carbides
addition of Li and Sc. They determined the effect of the electronic states First-principles calculations of HECs by the DFT method has shown
and charge distribution on the structure of these rock-salt oxides. Their good consistency with the experimental data, suggesting the capability
calculations showed that the addition of Sc oxidizes the majority of Cu, of the DFT method to predict the phase stability in HECs. Ye et al. [258]
leading to a large shift from the ideal atomic sites, while Co and Ni theoretically studied the formation of a single phase in
cations are less significantly influenced by the Sc addition. The addition (Zr0.25Nb0.25Ti0.25V0.25)C by first-principles calculations and reported a
of Li cations oxidizes some amounts of the Co, Ni and Cu and decreases good consistency with the experimental data. In another study, Zhang
the lattice constant, which is in good agreement with the experimental et al. [259] investigated the thermodynamics, electronic structure and
data. In another study, Rak et al. [240] studied the local atomic mechanical properties of a brittle (TiZrHfNbTa)C by DFT calculations
configuration and electronic structure of Cu2+ in (MgCoNiZn)1-xCuxO (x and reported a good consistency with the experimental data. Their
= 0.13, 0.2, 0,.26) by DFT calculations. They concluded that almost 10 calculations showed that the length of the metal-carbon bonds in the
% of the CuO6 octahedra is influenced by the Jahn-Teller compression. solution are slightly different at different sites which leads to a lattice
Zheng et al. [97] investigated the HEO of Ni, Mg, Cu, Zn and Co for distortion and a positive effect on the mechanical strength. Zhang et al.
chemical confinement of lithium polysulfides in Li-S batteries. They [260] experimentally fabricated B4(HfMo2TaTi)C-SiC and theoretically
utilized the DFT calculation to study the interfacial binding interactions examined its atomic structure by DFT calculations. The calculations
between HEO and polysulfide species. Their results indicated that the successfully predicted the creation of a single-phase HCP structure, in
simulated bond distance of Li-O in the HEO is less than that reported in which the atoms of Hf, Mo, Ta and Ti are distributed on the (0001) plane
Li2O [241], confirming a strong interaction between the Li and O atoms and the atoms of C and B are distributed on the (0002) plane.
in the HEO. However, the binding distance of S-Ni was very close to the Jiang et al. [85] investigated the electronic structure and thermo
corresponding bond length in the NiS crystal [242]. They concluded that dynamic features of two medium-entropy carbides, (HfTaZrTi)C and
the synergic contribution of Li-O and S-Ni binding interactions in the (HfTaZrNb)C, by DFT. Both carbides were thermodynamically stable
HEO should be responsible for the confinement of the polysulfide [97]. with negative formation enthalpies. The Debye-Grüneisen model
Bhaskar et al. [243] utilized molecular dynamics simulations along confirmed that the two carbides illustrate similar trends by increasing
with experiments to indicate the critical influence of the local cationic the temperature. These DFT calculations suggested that since (HfTaZrTi)
stress on the stability of (MgNiCoCuZn)O. Their results showed that the C has a higher thermal expansion coefficient, it can be more appropriate
local stress fields appear due to the Jahn-Teller lattice distortion around for coatings with a thermal stress mismatch, while (HfTaZrNb)C has a
the Cu2+ ions. Lack of minimization of the local stress fields around the higher strength and is more appropriate for structural applications.
Cu2+ ions results in the formation of a multi-phase material for this Yang et al. [212] studied the structural, mechanical and electronic
particular composition [243]. properties of (TaNbHfTiZr)C by DFT calculations at different pressures.
There are studies on the application of CALPHAD to predict the The thermodynamic and elastic stiffness criteria confirmed the stability
properties of slag melts [244,245]. Although these studies are not of the single-phase (TaNbHfTiZr)C. They found that the HEC has
directly related to the HEOs, they suggest that the CALPHAD method can covalent-ionic features, but the covalent component becomes weaker
be used for the simulation of HEOs in the liquid or solid states. Hack than the ionic component under pressure. They also reported that the
et al. [245] reported the modelling of slag viscosities by the CALPHAD HEC shows a brittle-to-ductile transition under 20 GPa. Jiang et al. [261]
approach for a fully-liquid SiO2-Al2O3-CaO-MgO-Na2O-K2O-FeO-Fe2O3. also studied the mechanical behavior of (HfTaZrTi)C and (HfTaZrNb)C
Their results showed a good consistency with the experimental data and under high pressure within the DFT framework. They showed that the
could predict the viscosity of a wide range of compositions [245]. A carbon-metal bonding becomes more covalent, the lattice constants
similar successful study was performed by Wu et al. [244] for SiO2-A decrease, the unit volume shrinks, the elastic modulus decreases, the
l2O3-CaO-MgO-Na2O-K2O-FeO-Fe2O3-P2O5. There are several other hardness reduces and the Debye temperature decreases with the
9
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Fig. 6. Utilizing machine learning and DFT methods to calculate the entropy-forming ability (EFA) in the Nb-Hf-Ti-Zr-V-Ta-Mo-W-C high-entropy carbide system. (a)
EFA calculated by machine learning using a random forest fit with 108 chemical attributes versus data from DFT, and (b) EFA calculated by machine learning using a
random forest fit with 108 chemical attributes plus 8 features from CALPHAD versus data from DFT [266].
Fig. 7. Examination of structure of (Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2 by (a–c) DFT calculations and (d) molecular dynamics simulation. Charge density distribution
calculated by DFT for (a) boron (100) layers, (b) metal (100) layers and (c) boron-metal (110) interlayer [269]; (d) general structure of boride constructed by
molecular dynamics simulation [270]. The small pink balls in (d) are boron atoms that are distributed similar to graphene layers and the big balls are Hf, Zr, Ta, Nb
and Ti.
increasing pressure. The Vickers hardness of (HfTaZrNb)C was more (Ti0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2W0.2)C from oxide powders and graphite via car
than (HfTaZrTi)C at all pressures, suggesting its potential application bothermal reactive spark plasma sintering. They conducted thermody
under high pressures. namic calculations by HSC Chemistry 6 software to clarify the
Zhao [262] examined the lattice distortion of a few HECs with the mechanism for the gradient microstructure formation in the HEC. Since
rock-salt structure using the DFT calculations. He showed that a signif CO and CO2 are also formed during carbothermal reduction, their
icant distortion occurs in (NbTiVZr)C and (MoNbTaVW)C, leading to the thermodynamic calculations confirmed that the formation of a gradient
reduction in the enthalpy of formation and stability of the HECs. He also gas pressure inside the sample leads to the formation of a gradient
found that the lattice distortion leads to the formation of soft and ductile microstructure. This finding can be practically used to fabricate HECs
HECs (due to the electronic charge delocalization), while a high con with a gradient structure by controlling the graphite particle size and
centration of carbon vacancies (resulting from high distortion) improves resultant gas pressure.
the strength of the HECs. Kaufmann et al. [266] utilized a machine learning method to predict
Backman et al. [263] examined the preferential oxidation in re the ability to synthesize 70 different carbides made from TiC, ZrC, HfC,
fractory high-entropy materials including carbides using analytical and VC, NbC, TaC, Mo2C, W2C, WC and Cr3C2 and compared their findings
computational thermodynamic methods. Their results showed that there with the results achieved by DFT calculation. For such predictions, they
is a high tendency for oxidation in the refractory HEAs and HECs con calculated the entropy-forming ability with and without including fea
sisting elements from groups IV, V and VI of the periodic table, but this tures from the CALPHAD method. The entropy-forming ability, which
oxidation effect in the carbides is still less compared to the alloys. They determines the tendency for a single-phase formation by assessing the
performed experimental verification in another study and confirmed energy distribution, is the inverse of the standard deviation (σ ) of the
that their thermodynamic predictions are in good agreement with the energy spectrum above the ground state at zero temperature [267].
experiments [264].
Wei et al. [265] synthesized a single-phase high-entropy ceramic EFA (N) = σ[spectrum(Hi (N) ) ]T=0 − 1
(5)
10
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
11
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
where δA and δB are the lattice size differences related to the A and B sites
in the pyrochlore structure, respectively. They suggested that the size
disorder factor as a descriptor is more effective than the ideal mixing
entropy to predict the thermal conductivity. As shown in Fig. 9, their
results showed that the thermal conductivity decreases by increasing the
size disorder factor due to the significant effect of severe lattice distor
tion on the reducing the thermal conductivity.
12
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
13
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
14
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Fig. 13. Synthesis of mesoporous high-entropy oxides using mechanochemical nonhydrolytic sol-gel method [349].
Fig. 14. Schematic illustration of (Co0.2Cu0.2Mg0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)O nanocrystalline powder production by solution combustion synthesis [110].
Tallarita et al. [347] to produce an HEB (Hf0.2Mo0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2 produce (CuNiFeCoMg)x-Al2O3 with the cubic phase and mesoporous
from pure metal and boron powder, based on the exothermic reaction structure for the catalytic oxidation of CO. They mixed the chloride of
shown below. metals with aluminum isopropoxide and polyethylene glycol, ball milled
the mixture for 1 h, washed it and calcined it at 673 K (Fig. 13).
Hf + Mo + Ta + Nb + Ti + 2B → (Zr0.2Mo0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2 (11)
6.6. Sol-gel method In this method, oxides are synthesized by combustion of a fuel, an
oxidizer and oxygen. Metal nitrates (M-NO3) are usually used as the
The sol-gel synthesis method is among the liquid-state or wet oxidizer and glycine (C2H5NO2) as the fuel. The mechanism of this
chemical synthesis methods. This method is a cheap route which can be method is shown by the following formula [110].
used to produce high-purity and high-quality nanoparticles at low
temperatures. The sol-gel process, which can be conducted in the pres M1NO3 + M2NO3 + M3NO3 + M4NO3 + M5NO3 + O2 + C2H5NO2 → HEO
ence of water (hydrolytic sol-gel) or under dry conditions (non + H2O + CO2 + N2 (15)
hydrolytic sol gel), is based on a reaction between the alkoxide M-OR As shown in Fig. 14, metal nitrates, fuel and water are first mixed to
(M: metal, O: oxygen, R: alkyl group) and the salt of metals (nitrates M- prepare a sol. Hydrated nitrates are preferred to other salts because of
NO3 or chlorides M-Cl) to produce an oxide (M-O-M) [348]. the excellent oxidizing power of NO−3 , their low decomposition tem
M – Cl + M – OR → M – O – M + RCl (12) perature and their fine solubility in water [350]. The mixture is then
dried to produce a gel and combustion of the dried mixture is conducted
The alkoxide can be directly used for the oxide production or it may under elevated temperatures in an electric furnace to produce the HEOs.
be produced by an in-situ reaction between the salt of metals and ether The combustion temperature is estimated by the following equation
(R-O-R) or alcohol (ROH) [348]. [350].
/
M – Cl + R – O – R → M – OR + RCl (13) Tc = T0 + (ΔH 0r + ΔH 0P ) CP (16)
M – Cl + ROH → M – OR + HCl (14)
where T0 , ΔH0r , ΔH0P and CP are room temperature, formation enthalpy of
This method was used to produce various high-entropy ceramics, reactants, formation enthalpy of products and the heat capacity of the
such as (Yb0.2Y0.2Lu0.2Sc0.2Gd0.2)2Si2O7 [197], 4.5SiO2-3Al2O3-1.5 products at a constant pressure, respectively.
P2O5-4CaO-1CaF2 [203] and 43SiO2-24.5CaO-24.5Na2O-6P2O5-2Fe2O3 This method has some advantages for future commercialization: (i)
[202]. time and energy efficiency, ii) easiness and low cost of equipment [351],
The mechanochemical nonhydrolytic sol-gel is a combination of the iii) applicable to various types of ceramics including oxides, carbides,
sol-gel and ball milling methods. Zhang et al. [349] used the method to borides, etc. [352], iv) synthesis of high-purity complex oxides [350],
15
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
16
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Fig. 18. Experimental setup for nebulized spray pyrolysis to produce particles of high-entropy oxides [376].
Fig. 19. Schematic illustration of droplet-to-particle aerosol spray synthesis equipped with a carbonized wood micro-channel heater to produce high-entropy oxides
from nitrate salts of individual elements [381].
6.12. Polymeric steric entrapment method method, the nitrate of metals is mixed with water, citric acid and
ethylene glycol to produce a chelate of metals. The reaction mixture is
Polymeric steric entrapment is an appropriate route to produce the then heated to remove the water and organic compounds and produce
homogeneous solid solutions [369,370]. The mechanism of this method ceramic compounds [108]. Yoon et al. [108] combined this method with
is based on entrapping cations in polyvinyl alcohol structure. In this reactive flash sintering and produced Mg0.2Ni0.2Co0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2O.
method, the initial materials in the form of nitrates are dissolved in
water and polyvinyl alcohol and stirred for a period of time and sub 6.15. Dealloying method
sequently heated. After heating, the cations entrapped in the polyvinyl
alcohol structure create a metal oxide with the inorganic part of the The dealloying concept originally comes from the corrosion field, but
polymer. A calcination treatment is used to decompose the nitrate and it is now used as a facile technique to produce nanoporous materials
organic polymer and form the pure HEO [195]. This technique was used with large surface areas for different applications such as catalysts,
by Tseng et al. [195] to synthesize Gd0.4Tb0.4Dy0.4Ho0.4Er0.4O3. sensors, actuators, electrolytes, capacitors, high-temperature scaffolds
and anodes of batteries [373]. In the case of high-entropy ceramics,
6.13. Two-step Soft urea method dealloying in a corrosive sodium hydroxide solution was used to fabri
cate the HEO of AlFeCoNiCr for application as a bifunctional oxygen
The soft urea strategy is a simple, nontoxic and flexible mechano electrocatalyst [374].
chemical method to produce nitride compounds for different applica
tions. As shown in Fig. 17, in this method, soft urea and the chlorides of 6.16. Liquid polymer precursor synthesis
elements are mixed and ball milled together for a specific time. A metal-
urea gel-like product is then formed which is pyrolyzed under a N2 at For the liquid polymer precursor method, the precursors in the
mosphere [371]. The method was used to successfully fabricate the HEN polymeric form are subjected to pyrolysis to form high-entropy ce
of VCrNbMoZr [372]. ramics. In a successful attempt to use the method for the synthesis of
rare-earth-based HECs, the rare-earth acetylacetonates and metal ace
6.14. Polymeric synthesis tylacetonate alkoxides were mixed together and the mixture underwent
controlled co-hydrolysis and a subsequent polycondensation reaction to
This method is based on the fabrication of a polymer structure. In this obtain a viscous solution. A carbon source was then added to the mixture
17
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
6.18. Flame spray pyrolysis Ceramics, which mainly contain ionic or covalent bonds, have
various applications as structural and functional materials. They have a
Flame spray pyrolysis is a synthesis method to produce nanopowders higher hardness, higher melting temperature and high oxidation and
of various oxides including simple and complex oxides [377]. The corrosion resistance than metallic materials which result in their
method was used to produce HEOs such as (Co0.2Cu0.2Mg0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)O application as coating or high-temperature materials. Unlike metallic
[104] and (Co,Cu,Mg,Ni,Zn)O [103]. In this method, liquid metals with materials, which are usually conductors, ceramics can have different
an oxidizing gas are sprayed into a flame zone where the metal oxide is electronic features as conductors, semi-conductors or insulators, leading
produced by combustion [377–380]. The facility for this method con to their application in the electrical and electronic industries. Compared
sists of i) reactant delivery section, ii) flame and reaction chamber, iii) to conventional ceramics, high-entropy ceramics usually exhibit a better
collection system and iv) vacuum unit [380]. Compared with other stability with interesting properties due to the cocktail effect, valence
liquid phase synthesis methods, this method has a short reaction time electron distribution, lattice distortion and sluggish diffusion [1–11,15,
and produces a more homogeneous product [380]. Furthermore, the 16,20,36,45–47,390–399]. In this section, the properties of
particle size in this method can be rather easily controlled by changing high-entropy ceramics including HEOs, HENs, HECs, HEBs, HEHs, etc.,
the processing conditions [377]. are reviewed and their potential applications are discussed.
The aerosol spray combined with pyrolysis is used to fabricate HEOs are the most investigated high-entropy ceramics in recent
nanostructured ceramics in large amounts from their salts. Wang et al. years [58,400–438]. They have been studied for various properties and
[381] downscaled this method to the form of droplet-to-particle aerosol applications including thermomechanical properties, catalytic proper
spray coupled with a carbonized wood microchannel reactor and used it ties, ionic conductivity for batteries, magnetic properties, electrical
at 2000 K to produce HEOs such as AuCoCuIrPtMnMoNiPdRuOx and properties and optical properties. These properties for different kinds of
ZnCoMnNiCuOx. In their study, as shown in Fig. 19, the nitrate of metals HEOs are discussed in this section and the most important findings are
is dissolved in ethanol, converted to droplets and sprayed to the explained in detail.
micro-channel heater by a gas carrier to pyrolyze and manufacture the
HEOs. 7.1.1. Thermomechanical properties
Thermal conductivity is defined as the ability of a material to
conduct heat which is determined by the transportation of phonons and
electrons [41]. Ceramics with a low thermal conductivity can be used for
thermal insulation or for thermal barrier coatings to protect the metallic
18
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table 8
Reported thermal and mechanical properties of high-entropy oxides.
High-Entropy Oxide Thermal Thermal Elastic Hardness Strength Thermal Expansion
Conductivity Stability (K) Modulus (GPa) (MPa) Coefficient (x10− 6
(Wm− 1 K− 1) (GPa) K-1)
19
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table 8 (continued )
High-Entropy Oxide Thermal Thermal Elastic Hardness Strength Thermal Expansion
Conductivity Stability (K) Modulus (GPa) (MPa) Coefficient (x10− 6
(Wm− 1 K− 1) (GPa) K-1)
surfaces of high-temperature systems such as turbines or jet engines 157,158,176,177,196,198,199,201,206,209,248,443–446]. The ther
[187,439]. Besides a low thermal conductivity, high thermal stability mal and mechanical properties of HEOs are summarized in Table 8 and
and appropriate thermal expansion matching with the substrate are some of the major findings are reviewed below.
other features of thermal barrier coating ceramics [131,440]. These Braun et al. [441] studied the thermal and mechanical features of
properties can be achieved in high-entropy ceramics by manipulating single-phase Mg0.2Ni0.2Cu0.2Co0.2Zn0.2O, Mg0.167Ni0.167Cu0.167
different kinds of cations and anions in the lattice [441]. HEOs are Co0.167Zn0.167Sc0.167O, Mg0.167Ni0.167Cu0.167Co0.167Zn0.167Sb0.167O,
known for their low thermal conductivity which is caused by phonon Mg0.167Ni0.167Cu0.167Co0.167Zn0.167Sn0.167O, Mg0.167Ni0.167Cu0.167
scattering by multi-components and distorted lattices [118]. Since the Co0.167Zn0.167Cr0.167O and Mg0.167Ni0.167Cu0.167Co0.167Zn0.167Ge0.167O
elastic modulus to thermal conductivity ratio indicates the rate of and illustrated that disordering of the localized ionic charge can
phonon scattering [441,442], the thermal properties of HEOs are usually decrease the thermal conductivity without reducing the mechanical
investigated along with their mechanical properties [56,57,78,100,147, stiffness. A detailed examination confirmed that these single-phase
HEOs show similar thermal conductivities to the corresponding amor
phous phases in good agreement with the minimum theoretical limits.
As shown in Fig. 21a and b, these materials show one of the highest
elastic modulus to thermal conductivity ratios reported so far for
isotropic crystals. Braun et al. [441] reported that the six-cation systems
show thermal conductivities two times lower than the five-cation sys
tems. This latter finding agrees well with the results reported by Liu et al.
[447], who reported that the thermal conductivity decreases when the
entropy increases and the minimum amount of thermal conductivity is
achieved only in the presence of five or six cations.
Chen et al. [448] introduced (Ce0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Sn0.2Ti0.2)O2 as a
thermally-stable fluorite oxide at 1773 K which shows a reversible
transition into multiple phases at low temperatures and into a single
phase at high temperatures. They reported a low thermal conductivity of
1.28 Wm− 1 K− 1 which is half the thermal conductivity of
yttria-stabilized zirconia (a commercial material used for thermal bar
rier coating).
Li et al. [83] investigated the rare-earth-based zirconate HEOs with
the single-phase pyrochlore structures as thermal barrier coatings. Their
studies showed that the materials have a good stability at 1773 K which
is a typical temperature for thermal barrier coatings [187,449,450].
Moreover, the thermal conductivity of these HEOs in the temperature
range of 573–1473 K was below 1 Wm− 1 K− 1 which is 50 % lower than
that of yttria-stabilized zirconia. They also suggested that the lattice
distortion and high phonon scattering are the main reasons for the low
thermal conductivity of the high-entropy pyrochlores [51].
Gild et al. [118] studied the thermal behavior and mechanical
properties of eight types of fluorites, which usually have a high hard
ness, low thermal conductivity, high oxygen vacancy concentration and
Fig. 21. Low thermal conductivity and high ratio of elastic modulus to thermal
high melting temperature. They found that (Hf0.25Zr0.25Ce0.25)
conductivity for high-entropy oxides compared to other materials at room
(Y0.125Ca0.125)O2-δ shows the lowest thermal conductivity of 1.10 ± 0.20
temperature. (a) Thermal conductivity (k) plotted versus elastic modulus (E)
and (b) E/k ratio for entropy-stabilized oxides (ESOs) compared to other ma
Wm− 1 K− 1 with the highest hardness of 13.3 ± 0.6 GPa.
terials. J14: MgxNixCuxCoxZnxO (x = 0.2), J30: MgxNixCuxCoxZnxScxO (x = Wright et al. [39] investigated nine fluorite oxides in terms of their
0.167), J31: MgxNixCuxCoxZnxSbxO (x = 0.167), J34: MgxNixCuxCoxZnxSnxO (x thermal conductivity and mechanical properties. In comparison to
= 0.167), J35: MgxNixCuxCoxZnxCrxO (x = 0.167) and J36: MgxNixCux yttria-stabilized zirconia, their materials showed low thermal conduc
CoxZnxGexO (x = 0.167) [441]. tivity by preserving the high elastic modulus of 210 GPa and high
20
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
higher temperatures due to radiative effects, as shown in Fig. 22. For the
materials with a non-equiatomic fraction of cations, an amorphous-like
tendency [442] between the thermal conductivity and temperature
appeared at which the thermal conductivity slowly increased by raising
the temperature or remained approximately temperature-independent.
The thermal conductivity of HEOs with an equiatomic fraction of cat
ions was higher than the thermal conductivity of the non-equiatomic
ones, despite the lower entropy of the equiatomic ones. The high ther
mal conductivity of the equiatomic systems was attributed to the va
cancy clustering effect on reducing the phonon scattering [451–455].
Wright et al. [39] also investigated the elastic modules to thermal
conductivity ratio for their materials and found that the ratio increases
by moving from the non-equiatomic to equiatomic fractions (i.e, phonon
scattering increases by increasing the vacancy concentration). Further
more, they showed that when the concentration of vacancies is higher
than 5 %, vacancy clustering occurs resulting in the thermal conduc
tivity enhancement and the Young’s modulus to thermal conductivity
Fig. 22. Lower thermal conductivity of high-entropy oxides compared to yttria- ratio reduction [39].
stabilized zirconia. Thermal conductivity (k) versus temperature measured for
Zhu et al. [456] reported a low thermal conductivity of 0.724 Wm− 1
several high-entropy oxides and yttria-stabilized zirconia and calculated values for
K− 1 at room temperature for a niobate (Dy0.2Ho0.2Er0.2Y0.2Yb0.2)3NbO7
(Hf0.284Zr0.284Ce0.284Y0.074Yb0.074)O2 (4M) and (Hf0.284Zr0.284Ce0.284Y0.074Ca0.074)O2
(5M) by using Cahill model for phonon limits [39].
with the fluorite structure. This thermal conductivity value is lower than
many HEOs and lower than yttria-stabilized zirconia which suggests the
high potential of this material for thermal barrier coating applications.
Wright et al. [446] investigated the thermal expansion and ablation
hardness of 18 GPa. For the materials with an equiatomic fraction of
of single-phase fluorite oxides [Hf(1− 2x)/3Zr(1− 2x)/3Ce(1− 2x)/3YxYbx]O2-δ
cations, the thermal conductivity decreased by increasing the temper
(x = 0.2, 0.074, and 0.029) as potential protective coating materials.
ature due to Umklapp scattering at low temperatures, but increased at
Fig. 23. High-entropy oxides as new photocatalysts with a high light absorbance and good activity for photocatalytic hydrogen production. (a, b) High-resolution
transmission electron microscopy images and corresponding fast Fourier transform diffractograms, (c) UV–vis light absorbance spectra compared to binary oxides,
and (d) photocatalytic hydrogen generation versus time for three cycles [297].
21
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
where * indicates the active sites for absorbing OH− and CAT refers to the
catalyst.
In one of the earlier attempts to use high-entropy ceramics as an
electrocatalyst, Wang et al. [82] synthesized (Co,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni)3O4 with
the spinel structure using the low-temperature solvothermal method and
employed it for the oxygen evolution reaction. In this study, hydrophilic
multi-walled carbon nanotubes were added to the HEO for electro
catalytic performance [82]. They observed that the Co2+, Fe2+, Mn2+
and Ni2+ ions on the surface of the catalyst are partially oxidized to
Co3+, Fe3+, Mn3+ and Ni3+, respectively. They confirmed that both HEO
and HEO mixed with carbon nanotubes show a perfect performance as
an electrocatalyst, although the charge transfer and overall performance
of the HEO mixed with carbon nanotubes are superior. They obtained
the high current density of 10 mAcm− 2 in 1 M KOH at 1.58 V.
In addition to the electrocatalyst itself, the support for electro
catalysts is of importance for water splitting. Ding et al. [207] synthe
sized a high-entropy bulk porous nanostructure by dealloying the
FeCoNiCrNb alloy so that the core was a nanosized intermetallic alloy
and the shell was a nanostructured HEO thin film. The designated ma
terial illustrated a high surface area, quick dynamics, good long-term
persistence and high electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution
reaction.
7.1.2. Catalytic properties 7.1.2.3. Catalytic CO oxidation. Due to the toxicity of CO gas, its fast
High-entropy ceramics have been considered as potential candidates conversion or oxidation using appropriate catalysts is a requirement. In
to fabricate cheap and high performance catalysts. They have been used an attempt to address this issue, BaSrBi(ZrHfTiFe)O3 and Ru/BaSrBi
not only as catalysts, electrocatalysts or photocatalysts but also as sup (ZrHfTiFe)O3 with single-phase perovskite structures were synthesized
ports for catalysts in various applications [457]. In this section, some of by the sonochemical-based method as catalysts for CO oxidation, and
the main findings regarding the catalytic properties of HEOs are their performances were compared to the conventional BaRuO3 catalyst
reviewed. [80]. It was found that Ru/BaSrBi(ZrHfTiFe)O3 shows a better activity
for the CO conversion compared to BaSrBi(ZrHfTiFe)O3 and BaRuO3 and
7.1.2.1. Electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction. The electrocatalytic can convert 100 % CO to CO2 at 383 K. The lower activity of BaSrBi
oxygen evolution reaction is a reaction that occurs during water splitting (ZrHfTiFe)O3 was attributed to the absence of Ru atoms as the active
and in metal-air-batteries [458–463]. Currently ruthenium oxide (ReO2) sites.
and iridium oxides (IrO2) are considered for this application, but their In another attempt, Xu et al. [466] fabricated a high-entropy fluorite
kinetics and electrochemical efficiency are still low [464]. Introducing oxide (CeZrHfTiLa)Ox by mechanical milling followed by calcination
active and stable electrocatalysts with a low cost for the oxygen evolu and utilized it is as a support to stabilize the Pd single-atom catalyst for
tion reaction is essential for the next generation of energy storage sys CO oxidation. They showed that Pd atoms are stabilized into the HEO by
tems [207]. The oxygen evolution reaction occurs in four main steps, as forming Pd-O-M bonds (M: Ce, Zr, La). They found that this composition
described below [465]. compared to the typical Pd catalyst on a CeO2 support can have a better
low-temperature CO oxidation activity and superior resistance to ther
CAT* + OH− → CATOH* + e− (17) mal and hydrothermal degradation.
Chen et al. [467] made a catalyst from (NiMgCuZnCo)O and CuCeOx.
−
CATOH* + OH → CATO* + H2O + e −
(18)
The CuCeOx–HEO catalysts showed a high catalytic activity for the CO
CATO* + OH− → CATOOH* + e− (19) oxidation at high temperatures as 1173 K.
22
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Fig. 25. Application of high-entropy oxides as catalysts and chemical immobilizer of polysulfide in Li-S batteries. (a) Schematic illustration of utilizing
(Co0.2Cu0.2Mg0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)O in cathode of Li-S battery, and (b) cyclic voltammetry (current versus voltage) curves of Li-S battery achieved under three conditions:
using a mixture of Ketjen Black (KB) carbon and high-entropy oxide (HEMO-1), using only Ketjen Black carbon, and without using any catalyst and Li2S6 [97].
Electrocatalysts play an important role in the performance of battery compared to using only carbon, as shown in Fig. 25b.
rechargeable metal-air batteries, but the electrocatalysts in these bat
teries are usually made from precious materials such as Pt and IrO2. In 7.1.2.6. Catalytic CO2 conversion. The conversion of CO2 to useful
an attempt to find cheaper electrocatalysts, The AlFeCoNiCr alloy and its components, such as CO or fuels, is one strategy to reduce the CO2
oxide were used as a bifunctional electrocatalyst with aluminide-oxide emission into the atmosphere. This process is usually conducted at high
coupling in Zn-air batteries [374]. They reported that utilizing this temperature in the presence of a catalyst and a reducing agent such as
bifunctional electrocatalyst in an aqueous Zn-air battery results in hydrogen. Chen et al. [94] synthesized Pt/Ru(NiMgCuZnCo)O by a
delivering a potential of 1.55 V and a high specific capacity of ~800 mechanochemical route under ambient conditions and used it as a
mAhg− 1, while its utilization in the solid-state Zn-air batteries results in catalyst for the CO2 to CO conversion. They achieved 45.4 % and 47.8 %
a small discharge/charge potential gap of 0.76 V with a good stability CO2 conversions at 773 K within 2 h for the HEOs containing 5 wt% of
during cycling. As shown in Fig. 24, the performance of this battery was Ru and Pt, respectively. They attributed the good performance of these
better than the typical Pt/C-IrO2-based batteries. The results showed catalysts, which also showed a good stability at high temperature, to the
that using the five-element high-entropy components is better than the fine dispersion of noble metal atoms in the (NiMgCuZnCo)O.
three-element components for electrocatalysis due to the effect of de
fects on enhancement of the electron conductivity. 7.1.2.7. Catalytic activity for electrochemical capacitors. Electrochemical
capacitors, including electric double-layer capacitors and pseudo-
7.1.2.5. Catalysis and immobilizing in lithium-sulfur batteries. Lithium- capacitors, have a higher power or energy density and longer lifetime
sulfur (Li-S) batteries are considered as potential candidates for the next compared with batteries and dielectric capacitors for energy storage
generation of rechargeable batteries due to advantages such as a high [162]. Metal oxides, such as MnO2, TiO2, RuO2, NiO and Fe3O4, are
nominal capacity of 1675 mAhg− 1, high energy storage density of 2500 usually used as electrodes for pseudo-capacitors, but carbon nanotubes
kW kg− 1, low price, high safety and abundance of sulfur resources [97, with a high electrical conductivity and high specific surface area are
468–472]. However, they have some disadvantages, such as compli used as electrodes for electric double-layer capacitors [497]. Lal et al.
cated multi-electron conversion and insulating property of sulfur and [162] used the HEO, Ni-Fe-Co-Cr-Al-O, as a catalyst for the growth of
insulating property and shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides, which lead carbon nanotubes during the chemical vapor deposition technique and
to the decreasing cyclic capacity and lowering the coulombic efficiency finally used the mixture of HEO and carbon nanotubes as an electrode in
[97,473–477]. To solve these problems, there have been some efforts to electrochemical capacitors. The mixture, which had a superior specific
include catalysts in the cathode [478–483]. Mesoporous carbon and surface area of ~151 m2 g− 1 with a uniform distribution of catalysts,
carbon nanotubes are common host materials in cathodes for encapsu showed a high electrochemical activity and good physicochemical sta
lating the sulfur and confining polysulfides by physical immobilization bility. They used the polyvinyl alcohol/sulfuric acid hydrogel as an
[484–488]. Recently, HEOs have been considered as catalysts to confine electrolyte and achieved a complete 100 % capacitance retention with
the polysulfides by chemical immobilization [489–492]. The HEOs the high specific capacitance of 286.0 Fg− 1 for up to 15,000 cycles.
exhibit a better performance than binary oxides due to the synergistic
immobilization effect between the different metal ions [493–496]. The 7.1.2.8. Catalytic combustion. Cerium oxide with a high oxygen storage
distribution of various cations in the HEOs provides active sites to capacity is used as a catalyst in catalytic combustion reactions such as
confine the polysulfides during the charging and discharging process. the water-gas shift reaction [498–501], dry reforming reaction
Moreover, these HEOs show a good thermodynamic and chemical sta [502–504] and volatile organic compound combustion [505]. Recently,
bility and fine uniformity without any agglomeration of elements, even Ce0.5Zn0.1Co0.1Mg0.1Ni0.1Cu0.1Ox was introduced as a catalyst for cata
after a thermal treatment at 1273 K [204]. lytic volatile organic compound combustion with a high active oxygen
Zheng et al. [97] successfully utilized (Co0.2Cu0.2Mg0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)O species [505]. It was shown that this HEO has multi-reactive sites and
together with carbon as a catalyst and immobilizer in the Li-S batteries, can perform the simultaneous combustion of carbon monoxide, pro
as shown in Fig. 25a. They showed that the active elements in this HEO pylene and toluene. The materials acted as a stable catalyst under
accelerate the redox reaction in the cathode. They also showed that the thermal and hydrothermal conditions, suggesting the potential of stable
synergistic contribution of Li–O and S–Ni bonds from the interaction HEOs as alternatives for the CeO2 catalyst.
between the HEO and lithium polysulfides decreases the shuttle of
polysulfides. They showed that the use of HEO as a catalyst produced a 7.1.3. Ionic conductivity
good reversible capacity, superior cyclic stability and the low-capacity Although solid-state ion conductivity has been a well-known phe
decay of 0.077 % per cycle after 600 cycles. They confirmed that a nomenon for at least two centuries [506], the phenomenon has become
combination of HEO and carbon improves the performance of the
23
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table 9 conductivities and developing electrodes with a long cycle life and high
Performance of high-entropy oxides for application in Li-ion batteries as anode reversible specific capacity are the main challenges in the advancement
materials. of Li-ion and Na-ion batteries [511]. In this section, the research activ
High-entropy Oxide Description ities on Li conductivity, Na conductivity and proton (H+) conductivity of
(Co0.2Cu0.2Mg0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)O [104] Initial specific discharge capacity:
the HEOs are reviewed.
980mAhg− 1, cell reached a capacity of
~600 mAhg− 1 after third cycle and 650 7.1.3.1. Lithium conductivity for lithium-ion batteries. Graphite is a
mAhg− 1 after 70 cycles common anode material for Li-ion batteries [512], while some transition
(Co0.2Cu0.2Mg0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)O [210] Initial specific discharge capacity: 1585
mAhg− 1 with a reversible capacity of 920
metal oxides, such as Co3O4 [513], ZnO [513], CuO [514–517], Fe3O4,
mAhg− 1 at 100 mAg− 1 after 300 cycles [517–520] and Fe2O3 [521,522], are also attracting attention due to
Initial specific capacity: 161− 168 mAhg− 1 their high capacity and low price. Recently, HEOs were introduced as
(Lix(Co0.2Cu0.2Mg0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)OFx
Specific discharge capacity: 120 mAhg− 1 potential candidates for the anode of these batteries [156]. Table 9
[96]
Working potential: 3.4 V vs. Li+/Li
summarizes the recent attempts to use HEOs in Li-ion batteries [97,101,
Reversible capacity: 504 mA hg− 1 at 100
mAg− 1 after 300 cycles 114,523–526], indicating that most of the investigated oxides are
Exponential rate capacity: 272 mAhg− 1 at Mg-Co-Ni-Cu-Zn-based oxides with the rock-salt structure. The charging
(Mg0.2Ti0.2Zn0.2Cu0.2Fe0.2)3O4 [156]
2000 mAg− 1 mechanism of the Li-ion batteries using HEOs is complicated and occurs
Capacity retention: 96.2 % at 2000 mAg− 1 through the reduction of the transition-metal cations [114,526]. Since
after 800 cycles
the application of HEOs in Li-ion batteries have a high potential for
Initial discharge capacity (half-battery):
125.9 mA h g− 1 future commercialization, the relevant publications are reviewed below.
[(Bi,Na)1/5(La,Li)1/5(Ce,K)1/5Ca1/5Sr1/
Reversible capacity: 120.4 mA h g− 1 Berardan et al. [113] introduced the HEOs, (MgCoNiCuZn)1-x-y
5]TiO3 [153]
Delivering retention: 100 % at 1000 GayAxO (A refers to alkali metals such as Li, Na and K), for superionic Li
mAg− 1 after 300 cycle
conductivity and fast-ionic Na conductivity. They reported a Li+ con
Charge-discharge capacity of 1235
Cr,Mg,Fe,Co,Ni-O [533] mAhg− 1 with 90% capacity retention after ductivity of >10− 3 Scm− 1 at ambient temperature, which is higher than
200 cycles the reported conductivity in conventional lithium phosphorus oxy
(Mg0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2O) [114]
Specific capacity: 600 mAhg− 1 with a nitride by two orders of magnitude [527,528]. They attributed the high
Coulombic efficiency close to unit ionic conductivity to oxygen vacancies which are created by lattice
Initial specific discharge capacity: 890
distortion and charge compensation. They suggested that these HEOs are
mAhg− 1, which retained 479 mA hg− 1
Ni,Mg,Cu,Zn,Co oxide [97] excellent choices as the electrolytes of batteries.
after 600 cycles with a capacity decay of
0.077% per cycle Osenciat et al. [92] studied the charge compensation mechanisms by
Initial specific discharge capacity: 446 introducing Li+ ions in the superionic conductor (MgCoNiCuZn)1-xLixO.
mAhg− 1, which was maintained at 300
They demonstrated that for a low concentration of Li+, the charge
and 256 mAhg− 1 after 50 and 100 cycles,
(Co0.2Cu0.2Mg0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)O [101]
respectively compensation occurs by partial Co2+-to-Co3+ oxidation, and for a high
Specific energy: 240 Whkg− 1 concentration of Li+, the charge compensation occurs by a combination
Power density: 320 Wkg− 1 of Co oxidation and oxygen vacancy formation. Furthermore, they
Initial discharge capacity: 1930 mAhg− 1 at showed that a high concentration of oxygen vacancies in the HEO has a
1000 mAg− 1
(MgCoNiZn)0.65Li0.35O [523] negative effect on the Li+ mobility and concluded that reducing the
Stable discharge capacity: 610 mAhg− 1
after 130 cycles at 1000 mAg− 1 concentration of the oxygen vacancies by tuning the composition can
Discharge/charge capacity: 1034/680 mA lead to an improved Li ion conductivity.
(FeCoNiCrMn)3O4 [525] h g− 1 Sarkar et al. [104] commented that HEOs are promising materials for
Rate capability: 182 mA h g− 1 at 2 Ag− 1
energy storage in Li-ion batteries. They achieved an initial discharge
capacity of 980 mAhg− 1 for (Co0.2Cu0.2Mg0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)O with the
more important in recent decades due to the development of solid-state rock-salt structure. This capacity is better than those reported using
fuel cells and batteries. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, which work based transition metal oxides [508,529,530]. Furthermore, they investigated
on the solid-state Li ion conductivity, are considered as one of the most some relevant medium-entropy oxides and confirmed that the presence
effective rechargeable batteries for application in portable electronic of each metal cation influences the electrochemical behavior and cycling
devices and electric vehicles [507–510]. Sodium-ion (Na-ion) batteries stability. They attributed the good cyclic stability of materials to entropy
are principally similar to Li-ion batteries, but they work based on the Na stabilization which maintains the rock-salt phase.
ion conductivity. Finding electrolytes with high Li and Na ion Qiu et al. [210] declared that the reason for the remarkable
Fig. 26. Enhancement of capacity of Li-ion batteries by using high-entropy oxide anodes. (a) Current versus potential curves for three cycles at the potential sweep
rate of 0.1 mVs− 1, (b) initial three galvanostatic charge-discharge curves (potential versus specific capacity), and (c) capacity for Cr-Mg-Fe-Co-Ni-based high-entropy
oxide anode [533] compared to other anode materials such as silicon, carbon nanotubes, hard carbon and metal oxides [533–544].
24
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
long-term cyclability of (Co0.2Cu0.2Mg0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)O as an anode ma 500 cycles. The material exhibited a phase-transition behavior between
terial is due to a combination of four active elements and an inactive the O3 and P3 structures during the charge-discharge process. This
MgO matrix which are formed after the first discharge process. They phase transformation is analogous to the phase transformation from the
suggested that sluggish diffusion in the HEO is responsible for the cyclic spinel to rock-salt in (NiFeMnCrCo)xOy, (NiFeMnCrMg)xOy and
stability. (NiFeMnZnMg)xOy during the charge-discharge process of Li-ion batte
Wang et al. [96] introduced multi-anodic and multi-cationic high- ries [548].
entropy oxyhalides, Lix(Co0.2Cu0.2Mg0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)OFx and Nay(Co0.2
Cu0.2Mg0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)OCly with the rock-salt structure, for Li-ion battery 7.1.3.3. Proton conductivity for electrochemical cells. Proton conductivity
applications. They used a transition-metal-based HEO and some alkali defines the movement of H+ in an electrolyte which is normally a solid-state
metal ions and halides as the precursors to fabricate these oxyhalides. electrolyte. This phenomenon is of importance in electrochemical cells and
Since the metal halides have a higher electrochemical potential than it has become a key issue in recent years due to the development of fuel cells
oxides due to the strong ionic character of the metal-fluorine and for hydrogen utilization. Recently, Gazda et al. [549] examined the proton
metal-chlorine bonds [531,532], they incorporated fluorine and chlo conductivity of BaZr0.2Sn0.2Ti0.2Hf0.2Ce0.2O3-δ, BaZr0.2Sn0.2Ti0.2Hf0.2
rine into the HEO as a cathode material. The oxyhalides could enhance Y0.2O3-δ, BaZr1/7Sn1/7Ti1/7Hf1/7Ce1/7Nb1/7Y1/7O3-δ and BaZr0.15Sn0.15
the operating voltage to 3.4 V vs. Li+/Li. This working potential is higher Ti0.15Hf0.15Ce0.15Nb0.15Y0.10O3-δ with the perovskite structure. They showed
than 1.0 V which was reported for the metal-based HEOs [32,101,104, that the materials exhibit a proton conductivity in both dry and wet con
210]. ditions, while the conductivity improves in the presence of water vapor.
Chen et al. [156] investigated (Mg0.2Ti0.2Zn0.2Cu0.2Fe0.2)3O4 with These preliminary results suggest a new research route to employ HEOs for
the spinel structure for Li-ion battery application and achieved a fuel cells.
reversible capacity of 504 mA hg− 1. They attributed this good electro
chemical performance to the material structure, which can buffer the 7.1.4. Magnetic properties
volumetric changes due to the lithiation/delithiation processes. These The magnetic properties of oxides are influenced by their chemical
structural changes can provide large sites for the Li storage and accel composition, structure and spin-electronic states [389,550,551]. Eval
erate the reaction between the electrolyte and charges. uation of the magnetic properties of HEOs is quite complicated due to
Yan et al. [153] utilized [(Bi,Na)0.2(La,Li)0.2(Ce,K)0.2Ca0.2Sr0.2]TiO3 the lattice anisotropy, intrinsic disordered chemistry and structure and
as the anode for the Li-ion battery and reported an initial discharge random arrangement of magnetic atoms with diverse electronic/ionic
capacity of 125.9 mA hg− 1 with a high cyclic stability. They suggested configurations [152,553]. Diversity of the neighboring ionic
that the high cyclic stability and capacity can be due to the stabilization configurations in HEOs leads to a complicated magneto-electronic
of a mixed aliovalent cationic structure by entropy as well as due to the free-energy situation and accordingly stabilizes the unconventional
charge compensation mechanism. spin-electronic states [552]. The publications about the magnetic
Recently, Nguyen et al. [533] synthesized a spinel oxide from Cr, Mg, properties of HEOs are next reviewed.
Fe, Co and Ni using a hydrothermal technique and investigated its Meisenheimer et al. [389] used (Mg0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2)O and
lithiation-delithiation performance. In this spinel HEO, the inactive introduced on antiferromagnetic order in the heterostructured
MgO structural pillars, which are used in the rock-salt type HEOs to MgO-HEO composite. At the ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic interface,
enhance the cycling stability, were not utilized. They reported an exchange coupling was adjusted by tuning the disordering chemistry
excellent charge-discharge capacity of 1235 mAhg− 1 (Fig. 26a and b) and the number of magnetic ions. They reported that the chemical dis
along with retaining a 90 % capacity after 200 cycles. They showed that order was high for the equiatomic concentration of elements and it
the high-rate performance of the electrode is due to the distribution of further increased by increasing the Co concentration. They showed that
the metallic structure and oxygen vacancies leading to high electron and the exchange bias can be improved to values higher than that of con
ion conductivities, respectively. As shown in Fig. 26c, the ventional permalloy/CoO heterostructures [129] by adjusting the Co
charge-discharge capacity of 1235 mAhg− 1 is higher than the capacities concentration in the HEO.
reported using carbon-based or metal-oxide-based anodes [534–544]. Zhang et al. [77] examined the magnetic structure of the
The silicon anode has a higher capacity than the HEA anode, but the use (Mg0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2)O using direct- and alternating-current
of silicon is limited due to its severe swelling and poor stability during magnetic susceptibility tests and using elastic/inelastic neutron scat
lithiation. However, compared to silicon, a strong entropy-induced tering tests. Their results showed that the material has a slow magnetic
phase stabilization leads to the high cycling stability of the HEO anodes. transformation with a long-range ordered antiferromagnetic ground
In another study, Wang et al. [545] synthesized lithium-containing state below the Néel temperature of 113 K. Furthermore, they found that
layered delafossite-type HEOs with the general formulation of the magnetic structure includes the ferromagnetic (111) planes with
Lix(M1M2M3M4M5…Mn)O2 (M = Ni, Co, Mn, Al, Fe, Zn, Cr, Ti, Zr, Cu) electron spins antiparallel between two adjacent atomic planes [77].
by nebulized spray pyrolysis. They reported reversible Li+ inter Jimenez-Segura et al. [98] showed that the rock-salt Mg0.2Co0.2
calation/extraction into/from the HEOs, although the specific capacities Ni0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2O synthesized by a solid-state reaction route has a
were relatively low compared to the reference data in the literature. long-range magnetic ordering at temperatures lower than 120 K in spite
of disordering of the randomly distributed magnetic ions. Furthermore,
7.1.3.2. Sodium conductivity for sodium-ion batteries. Na-ion batteries they showed that the magnetic ground states are adjustable by compo
have attracted attention in both academics and industry because of their sitional substitutions.
low cost and remarkable sources of Na [546]. Oxides are promising for Mao et al. [110] illustrated that the rock-salt Mg0.2Co0.2Ni0.2
use as the cathode in Na-ion batteries due to their high structural Cu0.2Zn0.2O compound fabricated by solution combustion synthesis has
compatibility for reversible Na+-(de)intercalation [547]. Researchers antiferromagnetic long-range-ordered features below the Néel temper
have investigated various NaxTMO2-type oxides to tailor the Na con ature of 106 K and paramagnetic features at ambient temperature. These
ductivity. Inspired by reports about the high Li conductivity of HEOs, features were attributed to super-exchange interactions in the oxide.
researchers started to examine the Na conductivity of HEOs. Moreover, they showed that the Néel temperature for the HEO is lower
Zhao et al. [546] studied the electrochemical properties of a than that for binary oxides (CoO, NiO and CuO) because of disordered
nine-component HEO, NaNi0.12Cu0.12Mg0.12Fe0.15Co0.15Mn0.1Ti0.1Sn0.1 chemistry and large fractions of nonmagnetic atoms in the HEO.
Sb0.04O2, as a cathode material for Na-ion batteries. The material Witte et al. [79] investigated the magnetic properties of several perov
showed a good cycling stability with an 83 % capacity retention after skites, such as Y(Co0.2Cr0.2Fe0.2Mn0.2Ni0.2)O3, La(Co0.2Cr0.2Fe0.2Mn0.2Ni0.2)
25
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Fig. 27. Comparison between magnetic properties of high-entropy oxides and ferromagnetic iron and iron oxide. Magnetic hysteresis loops for (a) BaFe5.83Al1.19
Ti1.08Cr1.12Cu0.78Ga1.03In0.97O19 achieved at 50 and 300 K [200], (b) (Al1/6Co1/6Cr1/6Fe1/6Mn1/6Ni1/6)3O4 achieved at 50, 100, 150 and 300 K [160], (c)
(Cr0.2Fe0.2Mn0.2Co0.2Ni0.2)3O4 (Cr0.2Fe0.2Mn0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)3O4 and (Cr0.2Fe0.2Mn0.2Co0.2Zn0.2)3O4 achieved at room temperature [161], and (d) Fe, Fe3O4 and
Fe/Fe3O4 achieved at room temperature [553].
O3, Nd(Co0.2Cr0.2Fe0.2Mn0.2Ni0.2)O3, Sm(Co0.2Cr0.2Fe0.2Mn0.2Ni0.2)O3, Gd with the spinel structure and investigated its magnetic properties. They
(Co0.2Cr0.2Fe0.2Mn0.2Ni0.2)O3 and (Gd0.2La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Y0.2)(Co0.2Cr0.2 found a long-range ferromagnetic behavior below the Curie temperature
Fe0.2Mn0.2Ni0.2)O3, by magnetometry and Mössbauer spectroscopy. They of 248 K due to high super-exchange interactions resulting from the
reported a prevailing antiferromagnetic behavior with a small ferromag chemical disordering (Fig. 27b). Mao et al. [161] also investigated the
netic participation due to the presence of ferromagnetic clusters within an magnetic properties of (Cr0.2Fe0.2Mn0.2Co0.2Ni0.2)3O4, (Cr0.2Fe0.2Mn0.2
antiferromagnetic matrix. Ni0.2Zn0.2)3O4 and (Cr0.2Fe0.2Mn0.2Co0.2Zn0.2)3O4 with the spinel
Witte et al. [137] investigated the magnetic properties of the structure. Their results showed that the replacement of Zn2+ as a
(Gd0.2La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Y0.2)CoO3, (Gd0.2La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Y0.2)FeO3 and nonmagnetic ion instead of Co2+ or Ni2+ attenuates the ferromagnetic
(Gd0.2La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Y0.2)CrO3 perovskites by X-ray absorption near ordering (Fig. 27c) and magnetic moments, suggesting a simple
edge spectroscopy, magnetometry and Mössbauer spectroscopy. They approach to control the magnetic properties of spinel HEOs. A com
found that despite the chemical disordering in the rare-earth sites, there parison between the magnetic behavior of these HEOs and typical
is a similarity between the magnetic properties of the HEOs and the ferromagnetic materials, such as iron and iron oxides (Fig. 27d),
magnetic properties of their corresponding binary oxides. However, confirmed that the magnetization and Curie temperature in these HEOs
they reported some particular magnetic features for the HEOs such as are quite low.
noncollinearity, spin reorientation transitions as well as large coercive The magnetic materials are used in biomedical applications like cell
fields of up to 2 T at ambient temperature. separation, contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging, targeted drug
Vinnik et al. [200] investigated the magnetic properties of delivery and thermo-seeds in the hyperthermia treatment of cancer
BaFe5.83Al1.19Ti1.08Cr1.12Cu0.78Ga1.03In0.97O19 with the magneto [202]. Singh et al. [554,555] showed that the ferromagnetic bioactive
plumbite structure. Their results showed that the sample is ferromag 41CaO(52-x)SiO24P2O5xFe2O33Na2O can be utilized as thermos-seeds.
netic at low temperatures, such as 50 K, and paramagnetic at room They attributed the magnetic properties of these HEOs to the presence
temperature (Fig. 27a). The Curie temperature of the material was as of magnetite (Fe3O4) which is randomly distributed in a matrix.
low as 180.4 K because of dilution of the high magnetic moment cations Shankhwar et al. [202] also synthesized (45-x)SiO2-24.5CaO-24.5
by the zero magnetic moment cations. They reported that the high Na2O-6P2O5xFe2O3 (in wt.%) by the sol-gel method and used it as a
concentration of high spin cations can improve the paramagnetic magnetic biomaterial with enhanced magnetic properties.
properties of the HEO.
Mao et al. [160] fabricated (Al1/6Co1/6Cr1/6Fe1/6Mn1/6Ni1/6)3O4
26
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
27
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Fig. 28. Comparison between dielectric properties of high-entropy oxides and commercial BaTiO3. Relative permittivity (right axis) and dielectric loss (left axis)
versus frequency for (a) Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.2Sn0.2Hf0.2Ta0.2)O3 at room temperature [151], (b) Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.2Sn0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2)O3 at room temperature [151], (c) (Zn,Mg,Ni,Fe,
Cd)Fe2O4 at different temperatures [205] and (d) commercial BaTiO3 at room temperature (processed without, N = 0, and with high-pressure torsion for N = 1 and 5
turns) [561].
HEOs are promising for applications in capacitance-based energy stor quantum mechanical tunneling of electrons and movement of charge
age tools [88]. Examination of the dielectric properties of HEOs is not carriers between the Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions. Furthermore, they mentioned
limited to the rock-salt structure as there are attempts to develop that the highest microwave absorption (reflection loss of < − 25 dB and
high-entropy dielectric perovskites, as summarized below. shielding effectiveness of < − 50 dB) is achieved at frequencies of
Zhou et al. [151] synthesized several BaTiO3-type perovskites with 1.9–2.1 GHz for a layer of material with a thickness of 0.8− 1 cm.
the general composition of Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.2Sn0.2Hf0.2Me0.2)O3 (Me = Y, V, Vinnik et al. [141] introduced Na0.30K0.07Ca0.24La0.18Ce0.21TiO3 as a
Nb, Ta, Mo, W) using the solid-state reaction. Their results regarding the single-phase perovskite. Their results showed that the loss angle tangent
dielectric properties demonstrated the high stability of the permittivity of BaTiO3 is remarkably less than that of HEO. They reported that the
at temperatures from 298 K to 473 K and low dielectric loss of < 0.002 in thermal behavior of the loss angle tangent is different for HEO and
the frequency range of 20 Hz to 2 MHz. They mentioned that since a high BaTiO3; it continuously increases by raising the temperature for the
entropy can enhance the thermal and electrochemical stability, it can HEO, but it shows maximum points for BaTiO3. They also reported that
stabilize the permittivity-loss tangent [104,562]. Despite the superior the permittivity continuously increases with the increasing temperature.
permittivity stability, the permittivity of the material was very low
(Fig. 28a and b) which is related to the small grain size and low con 7.1.6. Optical properties
centration of Ti in the B sites (the B-site sublattice significantly in Oxides have a wide range of applications for their optical properties.
fluences the electric and dielectric permittivity properties [140]). The optical properties of the HEOs are of significance not only for future
Furthermore, the materials showed high electrical resistivities and me applications, but also for understanding their electronic structure.
dium breakdown strengths (290− 370 kV/cm) due to the effective Compared to the other properties already discussed, there have been
contribution of configurational entropy in enhancement of the charge rather limited studies about the optical properties of the HEOs. The main
carrier scattering [151]. findings about the light absorbance and wavelength conversion of the
Pu et al. [149] used the thermodynamic calculations to design and HEOs are discussed.
synthesize the HEO, (Na0.2Bi0.2Ba0.2Sr0.2Ca0.2)TiO3, with the perovskite
structure. Investigation of the dielectric properties showed a diffused 7.1.6.1. Light absorbance. Light absorbance and bandgap are important
phase transmission and frequency dispersion with an energy density of features of insulator and semiconductor oxides which significantly in
1.02 Jcm− 3 at 145 kVcm− 1. fluence their functional properties. Light absorbance not only depends
Radoń et al. [205] synthesized a high-entropy (Zn,Mg,Ni,Fe,Cd) on the position of the valence and conduction bands, but also on the
Fe2O4 ferrite by the co-precipitation method. They demonstrated that lattice distortion and lattice defects (particularly vacancies). Due to the
the high-frequency complex dielectric permittivity is influenced by the particular distorted structure of the HEOs, there have been several at
temperature and frequency (Fig. 28c) and its value is comparable to the tempts to examine their light absorbance and bandgap.
one for commercial BaTiO3 (Fig. 28d). They found that the electrical Chen et al. [56] investigated the optical bandgap of the AlxCoCr
conductivity of this HEO under an alternating current is related to the CuFeNi (x = 0.5, 1, 2) oxide synthesized by sputtering using different
28
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
29
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table 11
Reported mechanical properties of high-entropy nitrides.
High-Entropy Nitride Hardness (GPa) Indentation Modulus (GPa) Elastic Modulus (GPa) Fracture Toughness (MPam1/2)
Fe-Co-Ni-Cr-Cu-Al-Mn [48] 11
Fe-Co-Ni-Cr-Cu-Al0.5 [48] 11
Al0.5CoCrCuFeNi-N [54] 4.4− 10.4 135− 148
Al2CoCrCuFeNi-N [54] 8.3− 12.4 122.7− 131.3
AlCrNiSiTi-N [54] 12.9− 15.1 141.2− 156.5
(Al29.1Cr30.8Nb11.2Si7.7Ti21.2)Nx [609] 36.7
(AlCrNbSiTiV)N [610] 41 360
(Hf,Ta,Ti,V,Zr)N [268] 30− 34 ~460
(AlCrTiZrHf)N [611] 33.1 347.3
(Cr0.35Al0.25Nb0.12Si0.08V0.20)N [612] 35
(Al0.34Cr0.22Nb0.11Si0.11Ti0.22)50N50 [613] 36
(Ti-Hf-Zr-V-Nb)N [615] 44.3
(TiVZrNbHf)N [617] 60− 65 648
(Al0.5CrFeNiTi0.25)Nx [382] 21.45 253.8
(Zr–Ti-Cr–Nb–Si)N [618] 27 273
(TiZrHfVNbTa)N [619] 42.2
(TiZrNbHfTa)N/MoN [620] 33 315
(Al1.5CrNb0.5Si0.5Ti)Nx [621] 36
AlCoCrNi-N [598] 16.8 243
(FeCoNiCuAlCrV)N [622] 38
(AlMoNbSiTaTiVZr)Nx [623] 37
(AlCrNbSiTiV)N [624] 2493 Hv
(TiZrNbHfTa)N/WN [637] 34 325
(TiVCrZrNbMoHfTaWAlSi)N [625] 34.8
(Al,Ta,Ti,V,Zr)N [638] 30 433 2.4
(AlCrNbSiTiV)N [614] >40
(NbTiAlSiZr)Nx [626] 14.067
(AlCrSiNbZr)Nx [627] 12.3
(AlCrTaTiZr)N [628] 35 350
AlCrTaTiZr-N [629] 32 368
Hf-Nb-Ti-V-Zr-N [630] 18.8 418
(AlCrNbSiTiV)N [631] 37− 41 300− 360
(VAlTiCrMo)Nx [384] 5.731 133.697
(AlCrSiTiZr)100− xNx [639] 16.9 231.5
Al-Cr-Nb-Y-Zr-N [383] 29.6 343
(Al,Cr,Nb,Y,Zr)Nx [632] 27 230− 370
(TiZrHfVNb)N [636] 45
(TiHfZrNbVTa)N [596] 23
CoCrFeMnNi-N [633] >1300 Hv
(Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)N [616] up to 33 up to 5.2
HfNbTaTiZr-N [634] 27.8 502.6
CrNbTaTiV-N [634] 24.4 476.7
CrHfNbTaTi-N [634] 26.2 488.9
CrHfNbTiZr-N [634] 27.3 488.4
CrHfTaTiZr-N [634] 26.5 465.5
AlCoCrCu0.5FeNi-N [635] 9.8
density are essential to achieve such a high hardness in these HENs, has a high hardness of 36 GPa, superior oxidation resistance, good
particularly at high biases. thermal stability and good adhesion to Ti as an interlayer. Inserts with
Kirnbauer et al. [268] showed that the (Hf,Ta,Ti,V,Zr)N film syn this HEN coating and Ti interlayer showed a fine milling behavior in
thesized by reactive magnetron sputtering using the N2 / (Ar + N2) flow comparison to conventional inserts coated with TiN and TiAlN, sug
rates of 0.3 and 0.4 have the FCC structure with the high hardness value gesting the high potential of HEN-Ti for protective coating applications.
of 32.5 ± 0.8 GPa. This hardness was only slightly reduced by annealing The good mechanical stability of this HEN was attributed to (i)
at 1573 K and reached 28.1 ± 1.4 GPa, while the crystal structure high-entropy effect, (ii) severe lattice distortion and (iii) low
remained stable. grain-boundary energy and low driving force for grain growth [614].
Cui et al. [611] studied the effect of the nitrogen content on the Pogrebnjak et al. [615] studied (TiHfZrVNb)N and found that raising
microstructures and mechanical properties of (AlCrTiZrHf)N. They the bias voltage results in increasing the microhardness due to the
demonstrated that the structure of the HEN changes from amorphous to bombardment effect, densification and enhancement of the compressive
FCC by increasing the nitrogen gas flow rate, leading to a high hardness stress. They reported a maximum hardness of 44.3 GPa for
and high elastic modulus of 33.1 GPa and 347.3 GPa, respectively. They Ti0.17Hf0.11Zr0.8V0.6Nb0.9N0.49. They also reported that the tribological
attributed this high hardness to the formation of a saturated nitride properties of the steel disc effectively improves after deposition of this
phase with high solid-solution strengthening. superhard nitride.
Lin et al. [612] studied the influence of substrate temperature and Moskovskikh et al. [616] showed that the hardness and toughness of
bias in the magnetron sputtering system on the hardness of HENs with the FCC structure has close correlation with the valence
(Cr0.35Al0.25Nb0.12Si0.08V0.20)N for anti-wear applications. They tuned electron concentration. They found that the hardness increases to a
the hardness by controlling these two parameters and achieved a high maximum value with the increasing valence electron concentration to
hardness value of 35 GPa by sputtering at 573 K using a bias of -150 V. 8.4 eV and the toughness decreases to a minimum value by raising the
The high hardness was attributed to improved densification and valence electron concentration to 10 [616].
compressive residual stress. There are some other publications reporting the mechanical prop
Shen et al. [613] showed that (Al0.34Cr0.22Nb0.11Si0.11Ti0.22)50N50 erties of HENs [54,383,384,596,598,614,616–638] which are
30
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table 12
Mechanical and thermal properties of high-entropy carbides.
High-Entropy Carbide Hardness Elastic Modulus Fracture Toughness Strength (MPa) Thermal Conductivity Thermal Diffusivity
(GPa) (GPa) (MPam1/2) (Wm− 1 K− 1) (mm2s− 1)
summarized in Table 11. As can be seen, even a hardness value of 65 GPa environments such as sea water, acidic rainwater or acidic solutions
was reported for (TiVZrNbHf)N [617], which suggests that this new [639,641–644]. TiN coatings have fine anti-corrosion properties due to
class of materials have high potential to be used as superhard materials. the creation of a nitrogen-rich layer on the surface [643,645]. The
corrosion resistance of HENs was evaluated in a few studies, which
7.2.2. Oxidation resistance suggested the reasonable resistance of these materials.
Oxidation resistance, as an important property for developing a Hsueh et al. [639] studied the influence of the nitrogen fraction and
protective coating, was investigated for several HENs. Shen et al. [640] bias on the corrosion resistance of (AlCrSiTiZr)100− xNx films. They
studied the oxidation behavior of (Al0.34Cr0.22Nb0.11Si0.11Ti0.22)50N50 investigated the corrosion behavior by anodic polarization analysis in a
and reported a high oxidation resistance up to 1573 K. The weight gain 0.1 M H2SO4 aqueous solution under ambient conditions. They illus
was only 0.015 mgcm− 2 after a 50-h oxidation at 1573 K. They showed trated that the corrosion resistance can be significantly improved by
that there are eight oxide layers on the surface with various composi tuning the nitrogen content and increasing the substrate bias due to
tions. The high oxidation resistance of this HEN was attributed to a thick changes in the film composition, film structure, film density and
Al2O3 surface layer and an internal Si-rich amorphous-like network. coat-substrate bonding.
Pogrebnjak et al. [615] studied the oxidation behavior and tribo Fieandt et al. [632] also investigated the corrosion behavior of (Al,
logical features of (TiHfZrVNb)N films synthesized by Cr,Nb,Y,Zr)N and demonstrated its better corrosion resistance in com
cathodic-arc-vapor deposition. The oxidation of HEN started at the parison to a commercially hyper-duplex stainless steel and a ternary
relatively low temperature of 873 K by formation of rutile TiO2 and (Nb,Zr)N thin film.
other MTiO4-type oxides.
Hsieh et al. [609] studied the oxidation resistance of two HEN 7.2.4. Diffusion resistance for barriers
coatings (Al29.1Cr30.8Nb11.2Si7.7Ti21.2)N50 and Al23.1Cr30.8Nb7.7 The need for circuit density and resistance-capacitance delay is
Si7.7Ti30.7)N50 by oxidation at 1173 K for 2 h in air. The thickness of the growing by the fast improvement of integrated circuits in microelec
oxide layer was as thin as 100 ± 12 nm for (Al23.1Cr30.8Nb7.7Si7.7Ti30.7) tronics [646,647]. Cu on a Si substrate is usually used to decrease the
N50 and 80 ± 7 nm for (Al29.1Cr30.8Nb11.2Si7.7Ti21.2)N50. The reason for resistance-capacitance delay problem [648–651]. However, due to the
the better oxidation resistance of (Al29.1Cr30.8Nb11.2Si7.7Ti21.2)N50 was high diffusivity of Cu in Si, this interconnection can produce copper
attributed to its higher Al/Ti ratio (Al2O3 layer is more protective than silicides and damage the microelectronic devices [652–654]. To avoid
TiO2). the penetration of Cu in Si, an appropriate diffusion barrier with high
thermal stability, high electrical resistivity and strong interface bonding
7.2.3. Corrosion resistance is required [655]. HENs were evaluated as a diffusion barrier in a few
Corrosion resistance in another important requirement for protective studies.
nitride coatings particularly when they are utilized in severe Chang et al. [656] investigated AlCrTaTiZrN as a diffusion barrier in
31
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
32
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table 14
Mechanical and thermal properties of high-entropy borides.
High-Entropy Boride Sintering Sintering Hardness Elastic Strength Fracture Thermal
1
Temperature (K) Time (min) (GPa) Modulus (MPa) Toughness Conductivity (Wm−
(GPa) (MPam1/2) K− 1)
improves the structure and oxidation resistivity of the material at ball milling and reported a good combination of properties as an
elevated temperatures. The reason for the remarkable oxidation resis ultrahigh-temperature ceramic such as a thermal conductivity of 0.39
tance of this HEC + SiC was attributed to the formation of SiO2 on the Wm− 1 K− 1, a thermal diffusivity of 0.74 mm2s− 1 and a high compressive
sample surface as a protection layer [721]. strength of 3.45 MPa with a good thermal stability.
Moskovskikh et al. [283] studied the mechanical properties and Rost et al. [723,724] showed that the thermal conductivity of the
thermal conductivity of two HECs, Hf0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Mo0.2C and HECs decreased by enhancing the carbon stoichiometry in the compo
Hf0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Zr0.2C, synthesized by ball milling and spark plasma nent. They reported that when the carbon content increases, the struc
sintering. They achieved the hardness, elastic modulus and thermal ture of the HECs changes from a metal-like state with metallic bonds to a
conductivity of 25.7 ± 3.5 GPa, 473 ± 37 GPa and 5.6 ± 0.1 Wm− 1 K− 1 ceramic-like state with covalent bonds. They found that the role of the
for Hf0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Zr0.2C and 23.8 ± 2.7 GPa, 544 ± 48 GPa and 5.9 electronic contribution on the thermal conductivity is reduced and the
± 0.2 Wm− 1 K− 1 for Hf0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Mo0.2C, respectively. These role of phonon scattering on the thermal conductivity is enhanced by the
values are superior compared to many other reported results [3,45,70, formation of such a ceramic-like structure.
313]. They suggested that the presence of particles of oxides, such as
HfO2, is one of the main reasons for the hardening of these HECs [682]. 7.3.2. Oxidation resistance
Chen et al. [722] synthesized porous (Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C by As summarized in Table 13, the oxidation resistance of the HECs
33
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Fig. 30. Reversible room-temperature hydrogen storage in TiZrMnCrFeNi-TiZrMnCrFeNiH6 system with major C14 Laves phase structure. (a) Crystal orientation
mapping achieved by electron backscatter diffraction, (b) crystal phase mapping and (c) cyclic pressure-composition-temperature isotherms for hydrogen absorption/
desorption at room temperature [271].
Fig. 31. High electrocatalytic activity and low overpotential of high-entropy phosphides for water splitting. (a) Electrocatalytic polarization curves (current density
versus potential) for water splitting on high-entropy phosphide Co-Cr-Fe-Mn-Ni-P compared to binary phosphides and Pt/C‖IrO2 electrocatalyst (dotted line) for
hydrogen evolution (left) and oxygen evolution (right), and (b) overpotential for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) compared
to binary phosphides and Pt/C and IrO2 electrocatalysts at the current density of 10 mAcm− 2 [72].
based on the Ti-Zr-Hf-Nb-Ta system was investigated in several studies. In these equations, A is the surface area, ΔW is the weight change, t is
The oxidation behavior of metal carbides usually follows two behaviors: the time and kl and kp are the slope of the linear and parabolic re
(i) linear behavior and fast oxidation as in Eq. (22), and (ii) parabolic lationships, respectively [304]. Ye et al. [303] evaluated the oxidation
behavior and slower oxidation as in Eq. (23) [304]. behavior of (Ti,Zr,Hf,Nb,Ta)C, because this HEC was reported to have a
( ) good oxidation resistance [725,726]. They demonstrated that the
ΔW
= k1 t (22) oxidation behavior of this HEC at 1073− 1473 K follows a parabolic rate
A
law. They also found that the oxidation rate first increases by raising the
ΔW 2 temperature from 1073 to 1273 K, but it decreases by increasing the
( ) = kp t (23) temperature from 1273 to 1473 K. In another study [304], they
A
increased the oxidation temperature to 1573–1673 K and confirmed that
34
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
35
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
controlled by the kinetic issues. These HEBs, with a high relative density under high pressure requires special and expensive storage tanks due to
and with almost no native oxides in their structure, showed a high the safety requirements. The metal-to-hydride conversion systems are
hardness and the highest value of 27.5 ± 1.1 GPa was achieved for the most compact and safest technology for hydrogen storage [770,771].
(Zr0.225Hf0.225Ta0.225Mo0.225W0.1)B2. Although WB2 and MoB2 are softer However, most of the metal hydrides suffer from a high thermodynamic
than other binary borides in the investigated systems, their addition stability and thus they release hydrogen only after heating to high
even with larger grain sizes could result in a high hardness, suggesting temperatures [770,771]. Over the past decades, only limited hydrides
that the hardness of the HEBs do not follow the rule of mixtures. that can reversibly store hydrogen at room temperature were discov
Feng et al. [764] worked on (Hf,Zr,Ti,Ta,Nb)B2 and investigated the ered, such as the AB5-type LaNi5, AB2-type TiMn2 and AB-type TiFe and
influence of the Nb content (ranging from 0 to 20 at%) on the phase BCC-based Ti-V-Cr alloys (A: elements with high chemical affinity for
transformation, densification, microstructure and mechanical proper hydrogen, B: elements with low chemical affinity for hydrogen)
ties. They showed that the samples have a single-phase hexagonal [772–774]. However, these materials suffer either from a high cost, low
structure without Nb addition and a dual-phase hexagonal structure storage capacity or difficult activation (activation is usually conducted
with different lattice parameters with Nb addition. They reported that by heating or severe mechanical treatment) [775,776]. Therefore, there
the relative density and grain size decrease and elastic modulus and are still significant attempts to find new groups of materials for
Vickers hardness increase to maximum values of 25.3 ± 0.6 GPa and 544 hydrogen storage. HEAs and their HEHs are the most recent materials
± 8 GPa, respectivel, by addition of Nb. that were examined for such hydrogen storage applications [777–787].
HfNbTiVZr [214], TiVZrNbHf [219], MgZrTiFe0.5Co0.5Ni0.5 [215],
7.4.2. Oxidation resistance as ultrahigh-temperature ceramics Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.4 [217], Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Mo0.1Nb0.3 [217],
One of the first attempts to use HEBs as ultrahigh-temperature ceramics Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Mo0.2Nb0.2 [217], Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Mo0.3Nb0.1 [217],
was conducted by Gild et al. [61]. They synthesized six HEBs, Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Mo0.4 [217], TiZrNbHfTa [222,788] and MgVTiCrFe
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2, (Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Mo0.2Ti0.2)B2, (Hf0.2Zr0.2Mo0.2 [299] are some of the materials introduced for hydrogen absorption in
Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2, (Hf0.2Mo0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2, (Mo0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2 the form of HEHs. These materials usually need high temperatures over
and (Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Cr0.2Ti0.2)B2, with the AlB2-type structure using ball 573 K for hydrogen absorption and they produce stable HEHs which
milling and spark plasma sintering and investigated their oxidation be cannot desorb hydrogen at room temperature. TiZrNbMoV [218],
haviors. Their results showed that all these HEBs have a better oxidation TiVCrNb [223], TiVZrNb [224], TiZrHfScMo [225],
resistance and higher hardness compared to the relevant binary borides Ti0.30V0.25Zr0.10Nb0.25Ta0.10 [226] and AlCrFeMnNiW [227] are some
(except HfB2). They found that the oxidation behavior depends on not only other HEAs which can produce HEHs, but reversible
the compositions, but also the microstructure and synthesis route. hydriding-dehydriding of these alloys were not investigated by
Tallarita et al. [324] synthesized (Hf0.2Mo0.2Zr0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2 by pressure-composition-temperature isotherms.
reactive spark plasma sintering and studied the oxidation behavior by Kao et al. [63] worked on CoFeMnTixVZr, CoFeMnTiVyZr and
dynamic and isothermal thermogravimetry analysis in an air atmo CoFeMnTiVZrz (0.5 ≤ x ≤ 2.5, 0.4 ≤ y ≤ 3.0, and 0.4 ≤ z ≤ 3.0) with the
sphere. The material showed a high oxidation resistance for tempera C14 Laves phase structure. The materials absorbed up to 1.6 wt.% of
tures up to 1473 K within 6 h. The oxidation behavior of this HEB is hydrogen in the form of HEHs at room temperature, but the
similar to the oxidation-resistant HfB2, but it is better than other binary pressure-composition-temperature isotherms showed that the revers
borides, such as TiB2, and TaB2, which are oxidation-resistant up to ibility of these materials is poor at room temperature. Reversible
723− 873 K. hydriding-dehydriding was studied at room temperature by
pressure-composition-temperature isotherms for several other HEAs
7.4.3. Thermal conductivity for insulator coating such as CoFeMnTiVZr (absorption = 1.4 wt%, desorption = 0.7 wt%)
For ultrahigh-temperature applications, insulator coatings are [63], ZrTiVrCrFeNi (absorption = 1.8 wt%, desorption = 0.6 wt%)
frequently used to protect various tools from thermal damage. Transi [213], (VFe)60(TiCrCo)40-xZrx (absorption = 3.5 wt%, desorption = 2 wt
tion metal diborides have a high thermal conductivity due to the co- %) [220], LaNiFeVMn (absorption = 0.82 wt%, desorption = 0.2 wt%)
contribution of electrons and protons, and thus, they are not consid [221], TiZrNbTa (absorption = 1 wt%, desorption = 0.4 wt%) [789] and
ered as good thermal insulating materials [315,765–768]. Recent TiZrNbFeNi (absorption = 1.64 wt%, desorption = 0.72 wt%) [278].
studies demonstrated that the co-contribution of electrons and protons Significant amounts of hydrogen are trapped in all these HEHs and they
to the thermal conductivity is weak in high-entropy materials, which do not show a complete hydriding-dehydriding reversibility for
results in reducing their thermal conductivity [441,768]. Moreover, hydrogen storage.
lattice distortion and a fine grain size can more significantly reduce the Nygard et al. [223] suggested that the valence electron concentration
thermal conductivity of high-entropy ceramics. can be used as a descriptor to design materials that can reversibly store
The idea of a low thermal conductivity of high-entropy ceramics was hydrogen at room temperature. They extrapolated some experimental
used by Chen et al. [341] to design a porous (Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)B2 data and suggested that a valence electron concentration of 6.4 is
for a thermal insulating application. Since the thermal conductivity needed to design room-temperature hydrogen storage materials. Edalati
reduction is proportional to the fraction of pores (based on Kingery’s et al. [271] and Floriana et al. [278] used this descriptor to design HEHs
model [769]) the key issue is uniformly increasing the fraction of pores. for room-temperature hydrogen storage, but they added two more
They utilized borocarbothermal reduction and achieved a high fraction criteria for such a design. (i) The C14 Laves phase is the most suitable
of porosity of 75.67 % and small pore sizes of 0.3–1.2 μm. The thermal form of HEAs and HEHs for room-temperature hydrogen storage. (ii) The
diffusivity and thermal conductivity for this material were 0.74 mm2s− 1 AB2-type and AB-type alloys and their corresponding AB2H3-type and
and 0.51 Wm− 1 K− 1, respectively, which are low enough for ABH2-type hydrides are the best candidates for room-temperature
ultrahigh-temperature insulator coatings. hydrogen storage. TiZrCrMnFeNi and Ti20Zr20Nb5Fe40Ni15 are two al
loys designed based on these criteria which reversibly store up to 1.7 wt
7.5. Properties of high-entropy hydrides % of hydrogen at room temperature with fast kinetics and without any
need for extra activation process. Fig. 30 shows the microstructure of
High-entropy hydrides are considered as a new family of materials TiZrCrMnFeNi with the main C14 Laves phase structure and its
for hydrogen storage applications. Due to excessive consumption of pressure-composition-temperature isotherms at room temperature for
fossil fuel and global warming, hydrogen is considered as a future fuel cyclic TiZrCrMnFeNi-TiZrCrMnFeNiH6 conversion.
with zero-CO2 emissions. However, the storage of hydrogen is still a big
challenge because hydrogen gas occupies a large space and its storage
36
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
7.6. Properties of high-entropy silicides near-infrared photoluminescence emission band at 1057 nm and a vis
ible-light emission band at 440 nm. These results suggest that HEFs can
Metal silicides are interesting materials for coatings, integrated cir be further developed to be used as a new class of transparent ceramics.
cuit electrode films and other applications which require a high- Wang et al. [71] fabricated several HEFs with the perovskite struc
temperature oxidation resistivity, high electrical conductivity and ture and used them for oxygen evolution electrocatalysis in alkaline
relatively high hardness [65]. Molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) is the media. The HEFs, which were based on Na-K-Mg-Mn-Fe-Co-Ni-F
most popular metal silicide which is used on an industrial scale for such composition, were synthesized by merging a hydrothermal method
applications [790–792]. HESis were recently considered as new candi and mechanochemistry. Among all the studied HEFs, K0.8Na0.2(MgMn
dates for such applications. FeCoNi)F3 showed superior electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen
In 2019, Qin et al. [65] synthesized (Ti0.2Zr0.2Nb0.2Mo0.2W0.2)Si2 evolution reaction with a low overpotential of 314 mV at a current
with the HCP structure by reactive spark plasma sintering at 1573 K. density of 10 mAcm− 2. This overpotential is less than the one reported
They reported the elastic modulus and Vickers microhardness values of for the commercial and precious IrO2, suggesting the high potential of
352 GPa and 12.09 GPa, respectively. This hardness is higher than the HEFs for electrocatalysis, Sukkurji et al. also investigated the electro
hardness of MoSi2 and is comparable to the hardness of some other catalytic activity of HEFs [825].
disilicides; i.e., 10.5 GPa for MoSi2 [793], 8.76 GPa for NbSi2 [794],
13.75 GPa for WSi2 [795] and 8− 10 GPa for TiSi2 [796]. Such a high 7.9. Properties of high-entropy phosphides
hardness level of HESi was attributed to the electronic structure,
solid-solution hardening and the Hall-Petch strengthening mechanism Metal phosphides are used as catalysts for hydrodesulfurization,
[65]. They later added Al as a dopant to this HESi and could achieve the hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, Li-ion batteries
higher hardness of 13.58 [68]. The Al dopant not only produces harder and Na-ion batteries [826]. It was shown that ternary phosphides show a
particles but also influences the intergranular fracture and lattice slips better catalytic performance in comparison to binary phosphides [827,
[797]. 828]. In an attempt to produce highly-active catalysts, Zhao et al. [72]
Gild et al. [64] introduced (Mo0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2W0.2)Si2 with the synthesized nanosheets of an HEP containing Co, Cr, Fe, Mn and Ni using
C40-type hexagonal crystal structure and synthesized it by mechanical an eutectic solvent method and examined its electrocatalytic activity for
milling and spark plasma sintering. They commented that new crystal cathodic and anodic water splitting. The HEP showed a good electro
structures with a lower symmetry compared to binary disilicides are catalytic activity for both the oxygen and hydrogen generation with the
achievable in HESis. They reported a Vickers hardness of 11.6 ± 0.5 GPa low cell potential of 1.78 V at the current density of 100 mAcm− 2. This
which is higher than the average hardness of the corresponding binary overpotential is lower than the overpotential of 1.87 V for the com
disilicides. Furthermore, they achieved a thermal conductivity of 6.9 ± mercial Pt/C‖IrO2 electrocatalyst at 100 mAcm− 2. The overpotential for
1.1 Wm− 1 K− 1, which is less than the average thermal conductivity of this HEP is lower than all binary phosphides, as shown in Fig. 31. The
the corresponding metal silicides [798,799]. Liu et al. [67] also syn higher electrocatalytic activity of this material and its lower over
thesized (Mo0.2W0.2Cr0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2)Si2 by spark plasma sintering and potential compared to the commercial electrocatalyst was attributed to
investigated its mechanical properties. The elastic modulus, Vickers its structure with numerous active sites for water splitting as well as to
micohardness and fracture toughness for this HESi were 343.8 GPa, its high surface area in the form of nanosheets.
12.62 GPa and 2.9 MPam1/2, respectively. The hardness of this HESi is
also higher than the hardness of MoSi2.
7.10. Properties of high-entropy phosphates
7.7. Properties of high-entropy sulfides
Rare-earth phosphates, such as LaPO4, with a high melting point, low
Sulfides, such as Cu2SnS3, [800,801], Cu3SbS4, [802,803] and thermal conductivity and good corrosion resistance, are considered as
Cu2CoSnS4 [804], are of interest because of their thermoelectric prop good environmental/thermal barrier coating materials because of their
erties. Zhang et al. [69] designed two HESs, Cu5SnMgGeZnS9 and chemical and thermal compatibility with industrial Al2O3 and ZrO2 ce
Cu3SnMgInZnS7, by data-driven model and synthesized them by ball ramics. Zhao et al. [73] synthesized a monoclinic (La0.2Ce0.2Nd0.2S
milling and spark plasma sintering and studied their thermoelectric m0.2Eu0.2)PO4 by the co-precipitation method and examined it for
properties. They showed that Cu3SnMgInZnS7 has a semiconducting environmental/thermal barrier coating applications in an Al2O3-based
behavior with a high electrical resistivity and concluded that it is not a composite. The HEPO4 did not react with Al2O3 at 1873 K and showed a
good thermoelectric material. Cu5SnMgGeZnS9 illustrated a metallic thermal expansion coefficient of 8.9 × 10− 6 K− 1 which is close to that of
behavior with an electrical conductivity of 1000 Scm− 1 at 623 K, a Al2O3 and a thermal conductivity of 2.08 Wm− 1 K− 1 which is 42 % lower
thermal conductivity of ~0.4 Wm− 1 K− 1 at 773 K and a Seebeck coef than that of LaPO4. The low thermal conductivity of this material
ficient of 0.6 at 873 K. These thermoelectric properties are comparable compared to LaPO4 was attributed to its crystal structure, bonding
to those reported for the ternary Cu-based and diamond-like sulfides characteristics, phonon Umklapp scattering and lattice distortion. All
[805,806]. these properties make this HEPO4 a good candidate for environ
mental/thermal barrier coatings in Al2O3-based materials. It was also
7.8. Properties of high-entropy fluorides reported that HEPO4 can show good catalytic activity for oxygen evo
lution reaction [829].
The optical properties of fluorides have been considered for some
applications such as laser industry [807,808], scintillators [809–811] 7.11. Properties of high-entropy oxynitrides
and ultraviolet (UV) lenses [812]. CaF2, BaF2 and SrF2 doped with rar
e-earth ions are the most typical transparent fluorides for such appli Due to recent trends in exploring oxynitride thin films for power
cations [813–824]. There have been attempts to produce HEFs for these devices, Le et al. [74] fabricated a thin film of an oxynitride containing
optical applications [70] as well as for electrocatalytic applications [71]. Co, Cr, Fe, Mn and Ni. The material had the FCC-type structure and
Chen et al. [70] introduced a transparent HEF laser ceramic, CeN produced by magnetron sputtering method followed by annealing at
dCaSrBaF12, with the fluorite structure. The material was synthesized by 1073 K. The hardness and elastic modulus of material were reported to
vacuum hot pressing which resulted in the uniform distribution of grain be 4.1 GPa and 150.5 GPa before annealing and 9.4 GPa and 156.4 GPa
sizes in the material. The material showed an in-line transmittance of after annealing, respectively. HEONs were also used as low-bandgap and
nearly 60 % at a wavelength of 1000 nm. Furthermore, there was a highly-stable photocatalysts for water splitting [298].
37
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
7.12. Properties of high-entropy carbonitrides principal elements to five or more has been resulted in the introduction
of various high-entropy alloys and ceramics. Despite the significant
Cemented carbides are typical materials for cutting tools which are studies of high-entropy alloys, research activities regarding high-
normally utilized for room-temperature machining because of their su entropy ceramics have been enhanced only in recent years. There is
perior toughness and damage endurance in cyclic loadings, but their now a wide range of high-entropy ceramics including oxides, nitrides,
chemical stability and oxidation resistance are not appropriate for some carbides, borides, hydrides, silicides, sulfides, fluorides phosphides,
severe applications [76]. Cermet materials composed of ceramics, such phosphates, oxynitrides, carbonitrides and borocarbonitrides. High-
as TiCN, and metal binders, such as Ni-based alloys, show a good per entropy nitrides are the first kind of high-entropy ceramics which
formance in the machining industries due to their good tribological were introduced in 2004, but high-entropy oxides and carbides are the
properties, high strength, good toughness and high chemical/structural most investigated ones. The current review paper covers the majority of
stability at high temperatures [830,831]. The concept of high-entropy publications from November 2004 to August 2021 and discusses the
materials has been used to enhance the mechanical properties of cer principles (Section 2), history (Section 3), crystal structure (Section 4),
mets for machining tools [76,832–834]. theoretical/empirical design (Section 5), production methods (Section
de la Obra et al. [76] introduced cermets based on HECNs and HEAs. 6), properties and potential applications (Section 7) of this new family of
They used (Ti,Ta,Nb)CxN1-x as a ceramic material and CoCrFeMnNi and materials.
CoCrFeNiV as metal binder phases. The HECNs and HEAs were first High-entropy ceramics with a configuration entropy higher than
separately synthesized by ball milling. The synthesized powders were 1.5R (R: gas constant) contain five or more cations in their structure.
then mixed with a ceramic-to-metal ratio of 4/1 using milling, then Their main crystal structures include rock-salt, fluorite, perovskite,
molded and finally sintered. The best mechanical properties were ach pyrochlore and spinel, although many other structures have been re
ieved for a composition of (Ti,Ta,Nb)CxN1-x and CoCrFeNiV which had a ported for these ceramics. There have been successful attempts to design
hardness of 1048 Hv and a toughness of 6.8 MPam1/2. Although these these materials by theoretical computation using density functional
mechanical properties are weaker than the typical cermets, the idea of theory, molecular dynamics simulation, conventional thermodynamic
high-entropy cermets seems to have a high potential for future appli calculation, CALPHAD method, machine learning and neural network.
cations in machining tools. Moreover, for the design of these materials, there have been some suc
Recently, Dippo et al. [634,835] and Wen et al. [634,835] examined cesses when using empirical methods and descriptors such as the
the mechanical properties of some HECNs using the nanoindentation entropy-forming ability, Goldschmid tolerance factor, size disorder
technique. The measured nanohardness values, which are summarized factor and valence electron concentration. For the synthesis of high
in Table 15, are quite high and close to 30 GPa. These hardness values entropy ceramics, there have been significant attempts to use various
are 39 % higher than the expected hardness using the rule of mixtures conventional methods including solid-state synthesis, liquid-state syn
for monocarbides and mononitrides. The elastic modulus of these thesis and gas-state synthesis, as discussed in Section 6. These methods
HECNs are also over 500 GPa. can be effectively used to fabricate powders, bulk samples, thin films,
nanosheets, nanotubes, etc. The properties of high-entropy ceramics
7.13. Properties of high-entropy borocarbonitride have been investigated for different potential applications, as discussed
in Section 7. Their properties include mechanical properties, thermal
In an attempt to produce ceramics with a high thermal stability, properties, catalytic properties, ionic conductivity, electrical properties,
Guana et al. [75] synthesized (Ta0.2Nb0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2W0.2)BCN, magnetic properties, optical properties, biocompatibility, oxidation
(Ta0.2Nb0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2)BCN and (Ta0.2Nb0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2W0.2)BCN as resistance, corrosion resistance and hydrogen storage performance.
new types of ceramics. These HEBCNs were synthesized by mechanical Such a wide range of properties, which are very often superior compared
alloying at room temperature. Within the first 10 h of milling, the to conventional ceramics, indicate the high potential of this new family
amorphous phases were formed, but they transformed to single-phase of materials for future applications and commercialization.
FCC structures by extending the milling time to 24 h. The synthesized Since high-entropy ceramics with various crystal structures can be
materials showed a uniform compositional distribution from the formed by selection of a wide range of different atoms, it is possible to
micrometer scale to the nanometer scale. It was reported that these achieve promising properties for different applications by adjusting the
materials remain thermally stable even after heating to 1873 K for 30 composition and structure of these ceramics. Since the nature of atoms
min. and their location in crystal structure determine the final properties, a
combination of materials science, theoretical computation and synthesis
7.14. Properties of high-entropy ceramic-ceramic composites methods can facilitate the development of these functional materials for
future applications. While the design of advanced high-entropy ceramics
There have been limited attempts to produce high-entropy ceramic- is still the main scientific challenge, development of synthesis methods
ceramic composites for possible applications at low [836] and high at the industrial scale will be a task for commercialization of these
temperatures [837]. Qin et al. [837] mixed hexagonal materials in the future. By considering the high demands in realizing the
Ti-Zr-Nb-Hf-Ta-W-based HEBs with cubic Ti-Zr-Nb-Hf-Ta-W-based HECs carbon-neutral energy to reduce the CO2 emission and by considering
by ball-milling followed by spark plasma sintering. They added 24, 45, the promising energy-related properties reported so far for the high-
65 and 83 wt% HECs to HEBs and compared the resultant grain size, entropy ceramics, it is expected that these materials will contribute to
hardness and thermal conductivity of the composites to those of the energy issues in the future.
(Ti0.22Zr0.19Nb0.18Hf0.19Ta0.19W0.03)B2 and (Ti0.20Zr0.21Nb0.21Hf0.18
Ta0.17W0.03)C. They showed that the grain size and mechanical prop Declaration of Competing Interest
erties can be tuned by changing the fraction of each phase: increasing
the fraction of the HECs in the composites resulting in larger grain sizes, The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
higher hardness, lower elastic modulus and lower thermal conductivity. interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
They also reported that the hardness levels of the composites were better the work reported in this paper.
than the values calculated by the rule of mixtures.
Acknowledgments
8. Concluding remarks and outlook
The author KE acknowledges the MEXT, Japan for Grants-in-Aid for
The concept of entropy stabilization by increasing the number of Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (No. 19H05176 and No.
38
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
21H00150).
Appendix A
Table A1
Summary of publications about high-entropy oxides in chronological order.
Ceramic Composition Sample Crystal Structure Synthesis Method Investigated Properties Reference
Shape
AlxCoCrCuFeNi-O (x = 0.5, 1, 2) Film Spinel Sputtering Hardness and bandgap Chen et al.
deposition (2007) [56]
Spinel: Sputtering Mechanical and thermal Chen et al.
Cubic (773 K) deposition properties (2008) [57]
AlxCoCrCuFeNi-O Film Tetragonal (973 K)
Orthorhombic
(1173 K)
Lin et al. (2009)
(Bi1-x-yNa0.925-x-yLi0.075)0.5BaxSryTiO3 Disk Perovskite Ball mill & sintering Electrical properties
[302]
Magnetron Mechanical, electrical and Lin et al. (2010)
(AlCrTaTiZr)Ox Film Amorphous
sputtering optical properties [201]
TixFeCoNi-O (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) TiFeCoNiCux-O (x = 1, 2,
DC physical vapor Tsau et al.
3) Film FCC Electrical resistivity
sputtering (2012) [208]
AlxCrFeCoNiCu-O (x = 0.5, 1)
0.4541Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)⋅0.0982Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3).0.1477Pb(Ni1/ Talanov (2013)
Disk Perovskite Solid-state sintering Dielectric properties
3Nb2/3)⋅0.3PbTiO3 [400]
CrFeCoNiOx
Arc melting and Tsau et al.
AlFeCoNiOx Film Amorphous Electrical resistivity
annealing (2015). [560]
TiFeCoNiOx
Rock-salt +
Tenorite (> 973 K) Solid-state reaction Rost et al.
MgO-CoO-NiO-CuO-ZnO Pellet Phase transformation
Rock-salt (> 1123 & pressing (2015) [58]
K)
Dielectric and Zachariasz et al.
Pb0.94Sr0.06(Zr0.50Ti0.50)0.99Cr0.01O3 Pellet Perovskite Ball mill & sintering
piezoelectric properties (2015) [148]
D. Berardan
(MgCoNiCuZn)1-x-yGayAxO (with A = Li, Na, K) Pellet Rock-salt Ball mill & pressing Li ion conductivity
(2016) [113]
I. (Mg0.1Co0.1Ni0.1Cu0.1Zn0.1)O0.5 I. Pellet Rock-salt I. Ball mill Synthesis and electronic
Rak et al. (2016)
II. (Mg0.1Co0.1Ni0.1Cu0.1Zn0.1)O0.5 + Li II. Film II. Pulsed laser states by experiments and
[87]
III. (Mg0.1Co0.1Ni0.1Cu0.1Zn0.1)O0.5 + Sc III. Film deposition DFT calculations
Optimizing synthesis Cestari et al.
Si-Al-P-Ca-F-O Powder Amorphous Sol-gel
process (2016) [203]
Thermal analysis and Shankhwar et al.
43SiO2⋅24.5CaO⋅24.5Na2O⋅6P2O5⋅2Fe2O3 Powder Amorphous Modified sol–gel
magnetic properties (2016) [202]
(Mg,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn)1-xLixO
Bérardan et al.
(Mg,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn)1− 2x(LiGa)xO Pellet Rock-salt Ball mill & sintering Dielectric constant
(2016) [88]
(Mg,Co,Ni,Cu)0.8(LiGa)0.2O
Optimizing synthesis
Berardan et al.
(Mg,Co,Cu,Ni,Zn)O Bar Rock-salt Ball mill & sintering process and crystal
(2017) [89]
structure
Rost et al.
Mg0.2Ni0.2Co0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2O Powder Rock-salt Ball mill Local atomic structure
(2017) [90]
Meisenheimer
Pulsed laser
(Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x) Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O Film Cubic Magnetic properties et al. (2017)
deposition
[389]
(Co,Mg,Ni,Zn)O Nebulized spray
pyrolysis, flame
Crystal structure and Sarkar et al.
Powder Rock-salt spray pyrolysis &
(Co,Cu,Mg,Ni,Zn)O phase compositions (2017) [103]
reverse co-
precipitation
(Ce,La,Pr)O
(Ce,La,Pr,Y)O
(Ce,La,Pr,Sm)O Nebulized spray Djenadic et al.
Powder CaF2-type Crystal structure
(Ce,La,Pr,Sm,Y)O pyrolysis (2017) [127]
(Ce,La,Nd,Pr,Sm,Y)O
(Ce,Gd,La,Nd,Pr,Sm,Y)O
Nebulized spray Sarkar et al.
(Ce/Gd/La/Nd/Pr/Sm/Y)-O Powder Fluorite Bandgap
pyrolysis (2017) [128]
Chen et al.
(Ce0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Sn0.2Ti0.2)O2 Disk Fluorite Ball mill & sintering Thermal conductivity
(2018) [448]
(continued on next page)
39
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table A1 (continued )
Ceramic Composition Sample Crystal Structure Synthesis Method Investigated Properties Reference
Shape
(Gd0.2La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Y0.2)CoO3
(Gd0.2La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Y0.2)CrO3
(Gd0.2La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Y0.2)FeO3
(Gd0.2La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Y0.2)MnO3
(Gd0.2La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Y0.2)NiO3
Nebulized spray Microstructure and crystal Sarkar et al.
Gd(Co0.2Cr0.2Fe0.2Mn0.2Ni0.2)O3 Powder Perovskite
pyrolysis structure (2018) [136]
La(Co0.2Cr0.2Fe0.2Mn0.2Ni0.2)O3
Nd(Co0.2Cr0.2Fe0.2Mn0.2Ni0.2)O3
Sm(Co0.2Cr0.2Fe0.2Mn0.2Ni0.2)O3
Y(Co0.2Cr0.2Fe0.2Mn0.2Ni0.2)O3
(Gd0.2La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Y0.2)(Co0.2Cr0.2Fe0.2Mn0.2Ni0.2)O3
(Hf0.25Zr0.25Ce0.25Y0.25)O2-δ
(Hf0.25Zr0.25Ce0.25) (Y0.125Yb0.125)O2-δ
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ce0.2)(Y0.2Yb0.2)O2-δ
(Hf0.25Zr0.25Ce0.25)(Y0.125Ca0.125)O2-δ Ball mill & spark Thermal and electrical Gild et al.
Disk Fluorite
(Hf0.25Zr0.25Ce0.25) (Y0.125Gd0.125)O2-δ plasma sintering conductivity and hardness (2018) [118]
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ce0.2)(Y0.2Gd0.2)O2-δ
(Hf0.25Zr0.25Ce0.25)(Yb0.125Gd0.125)O2-δ
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ce0.2) (Yb0.2Gd0.2)O2-δ
Ag14.3V14.3Te9.5O61.9
Pb9.7Ti1.7Te16.9B10O61.7
Mo11.4W2.9Te14.3O71.4
Bi11.1Mo10.3Te10.3O68.3
Cu7.3Na17.1P17.1O58.5
Bi14.3Ti2.4Te7.1B14.3O61.9
Ga9.7Zn4.9P18.9O66.5
Cassar et al.
Ba4.7Cu0.3K5.2Zn3.1B30.5O56.2 Predicting glass transition temperatures using neural networks
(2018) [257]
Cu12.8Ti3.8P17.9O65.5
Ca2.9Fe2.1Mg4.2Na0.4P16.8B8.4O65.2
Ca5.1Fe0.1K8.1Mg3.9Mn0.3Na1.2All0.4P1.4Si19.8O59.7
Ca15.8Na2.6Nb2.6P15.8O63.2
Li1.9Mg0.3Zn0.4Zr0.5Ti0.5Al10.2P3.7B2.7Si15.8O64
Ca1.9Mg2.5Sr1.9Al6.9B5Si19.2O62.6
La7.3Al16.6P6.7Si5.7O63.7
Rák et al. (2018)
(MgCoNiZn)1-xCuxO (x = 0.13, 0.2, 0,.26) Local atomic configuration by DFT calculations
[240]
Sr(Zr0.2Sn0.2Ti0.2Hf0.2Mn0.2)O3
Sr(Zr0.2Sn0.2Ti0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2)O3
Ba(Zr0.2Sn0.2Ti0.2Hf0.2Ce0.2)O3 Jiang et al.
Pellet Perovskite Ball mill & sintering Crystal structure
Ba(Zr0.2Sn0.2Ti0.2Hf0.2Y0.2)O3 (2018) [139]
Ba(Zr0.2Sn0.2Ti0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2)O3
(Sr0.5Ba0.5)(Zr0.2Sn0.2Ti0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2)O3
Co-precipitation &
Biesuz et al.
(Mg,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn)O Powder Rock-salt hydrothermal Thermal evolution
(2018) [109]
synthesis
(Co0.2Cu0.2Mg0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)O TM-HEO
(Co0.25Cu0.25Mg0.25Ni0.25)O TM-MEO(-Zn) Nebulized spray Sarkar et al.
Powder Rock-salt Li conductivity
(Co0.25Mg0.25Ni0.25Zn0.25)O TM-MEO(-Cu) pyrolysis (2018) [104]
(Cu0.25Mg0.25Ni0.25Zn0.25)O TM-MEO(-Co)
(Mg,Co,Cu,Ni,Zn)O
(Ca,Co,Cu,Ni,Zn)O
(Mg,Co,Cu,Ni)O
Anand et al.
(Mg,Co,Cu,Zn)O Configurational entropy calculation by classic thermodynamic simulations
(2018) [256]
(Mg,Co,Ni,Zn)O
(Mg,Cu,Ni,Zn)O
(Co,Cu,Ni,Zn)O
Ball mill & spark Performance under Gwalani et al.
Al0.3CoCrFeMnNi + 3 vol% Y2O3 Pellet FCC
plasma sintering mechanical loading (2018) [209]
Pulsed laser Thermal stability and Kotsonis et al.
MgxNixCoxCuxZnxScxO (x = 0.167) Film Rock-salt
deposition phase transformation (2018) [445]
Pulsed Crystal structure and Sharma et al.
Ba(Zr0.2Sn0.2Ti0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2)O3 Film Perovskite
laser deposition growth orientation of film (2018) [140]
MgxNixCuxCoxZnxO, x = 0.2
MgxNixCuxCoxZnxScxO, x = 0.167
MgxNixCuxCoxZnxSbxO, x = 0.167 Pulsed laser Thermal and mechanical Braun et al.
Film Rock-salt
MgxNixCuxCoxZnxSnxO, x = 0.167 deposition properties (2018) [441]
MgxNixCuxCoxZnxCrxO, x = 0.167
MgxNixCuxCoxZnxGexO, x = 0.167
Bulk: Press &
(Mg0.25(1-x)CoxNi0.25(1-x)Cu0.25(1-x)Zn0.25(1-x))O
sintering Chemical homogeneity, Sivakumar et al.
Bulk & Film Rock-salt
Film: Laser surface topography (2018) [115]
(Mg0.25(1-x)Co0.25(1-x)Ni0.25(1-x)CuxZn0.25(1-x))O
deposition
Arc melting & Lei et al. (2018)
TaNbHfZrTi-O Nanotube Amorphous
anodic oxidation [204]
(continued on next page)
40
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table A1 (continued )
Ceramic Composition Sample Crystal Structure Synthesis Method Investigated Properties Reference
Shape
Morphology,
microstructure and
thermal stability
(Co,Cr,Fe,Mn,Ni)3O4 Pellet Spinel Vibrational mill & Microstructure Dąbrowa et al.
sintering (2018) [164]
(Co,Cu,Mg,Ni,Zn)O Pellet Rock-salt Ball mill & sintering Phase stability Dupuy et al.
(2019) [93]
(Na0.2Bi0.2Ba0.2Sr0.2Ca0.2)TiO3 Disk Perovskite Ball mill & sintering Dielectric properties Pu et al. (2019)
[149]
(CuNiFeCoMg)Ox-Al2O3 Powder Cubic Nonhydrolytic sol- Catalysis Zhang et al.
gel (2019) [349]
Mg0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2O Powder FCC Bal mill & sintering Li ion conductivity Qiu et al. (2019)
& ball mill [210]
(MgCoNiCuZn)O Pellet Rock-salt Ball mill & pressing Li conductivity Osenciat et al.
(2019) [92]
CrFeCoNiMn-O Disk Cubic Arc melting & Physicomechanical Ghorban et al.
deposition performance (2019) [443]
Mg0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2O Pellet Rock-salt Solid-state reaction Magnetic properties Jimenez-Segura
& pressing et al. (2019)
[98]
(Co0.2Cu0.2Mg0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)O Powder Rock-salt Solution combustion Magnetic properties Mao et al.
(2019) [110]
10La2O3-20TiO2-10Nb2O5-20WO3-20ZrO2 Spheres Amorphous Containerless Glass transition Zhang et al.
solidification via temperature, hardness (2019) [206]
aerodynamic and optical bandgap
levitation
(Al0.31Cr0.20Fe0.14Ni0.35)O Film Rock-salt Magnetron Mechanical properties Yang et al.
sputtering (2019) [444]
Rock-salt +
Tenorite (1.5 h
Catalyst activity for CO2 Chen et al.
(NiMgCuZnCo)O Powder milling) Ball mill
to CO conversion (2019) [94]
Rock-salt (2 h
milling)
I. (Co0.2Cu0.2Mg0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)O Nebulized spray Li ion conductivity: I) Wang et al.
Powder Rock-salt
II. LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 pyrolysis anode and II) cathode (2019) [101]
I. (Co0.2Cu0.2Mg0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)O Powder I. Rock-salt Nebulized spray
Microstructure and Chellali et al.
II. (Ce0.2La0.2Pr0.2Sm0.2Y0.2)O2-δ II. Fluorite pyrolysis & high-
Pellet structural composition (2019) [102]
III.(Gd0.2La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Y0.2)(CO0.2Cr0.2Mn0.2Fe0.2Ni0.2)O3 III. Perovskite pressure torsion
Precipitation & Phase composition and Sachkov et al.
(Sc0.2Ce0.2Pr0.2Gd0.2Ho0.2)2O3±δ Powder Fluorite
annealing structure (2019) [121]
Zhang et al.
(Mg0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2)O Powder Rock-salt Solid-state reaction Magnetic structure
(2019) [77]
Magnetron Kirnbauer et al.
(Al0.19Cr0.13Nb0.19Ta0.30Ti0.19)O2 Film Rutile-type Mechanical properties
sputtering (2019) [196]
Powder Balcerzak et al.
(Co,Cu,Mg,Ni,Zn)O Rock-salt Ball mill & sintering Electrical properties
Bulk (2019) [95]
Bochenek et al.
Pb(Zr0.49Ti0.51)0.94Mn0.014Sb0.02W0.014Ni0.02O3 Bulk Perovskite Ball mill & sintering Electrophysical behavior
(2019) [150]
Hanioka et al.
Y1–x–yErxYbyBaZn3AlO7 Powder Hexagonal Flux method Wavelength conversion
(2019) [574]
Solvothermal Electrocatalysis for water Wang et al.
(Co,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni)3O4 Powder Spinel
method oxidation (2019) [82]
Li et al. (2019)
(Li0.06Na0.47K0.47)(Nb0.94Sb0.06)O3 Powder Perovskites Molten salt method Piezoelectric properties
[143]
Dielectric,
electromagnetic
Co-precipitation & Radoń et al.
(Zn,Mg,Ni,Fe,Cd)Fe2O4 Powder Spinel interference shielding and
annealing (2019) [205]
microwave absorption
properties
Spinel + FCC + Sol–gel auto- Lal et al. (2019)
Ni-Fe-Co-Cr-Al-O Powder Catalysis
BCC combustion [162]
Nebulized spray Pressure effect on Cheng et al.
(Ce0.2La0.2Pr0.2Sm0.2Y0.2)O2− Powder CaF2-type
pyrolysis structure and bandgap (2019) [211]
δ
41
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table A1 (continued )
Ceramic Composition Sample Crystal Structure Synthesis Method Investigated Properties Reference
Shape
42
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table A1 (continued )
Ceramic Composition Sample Crystal Structure Synthesis Method Investigated Properties Reference
Shape
43
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table A1 (continued )
Ceramic Composition Sample Crystal Structure Synthesis Method Investigated Properties Reference
Shape
molecular dynamics
simulations
Ce/Gd/La/Nd/Pr/Sm/Y-O Pellet Cubic & Solid-state reaction Phase analysis Pianassola et al.
Monoclinic & pressing (2020) [407]
I. (Co0.2Cu0.2Mg0.2Ni0.2Zn0.2)O I. Rock-salt Chemical and
Solution combustion Xiang et al.
II. (Cr0.2Fe0.2Mn0.2Mg0.2Zn0.2)3O4 Powder II. Spinel microstructural
synthesis (2020) [111]
III. (Ce0.2La0.2Pr0.2Sm0.2Y0.2)O2 III. CaF2-type homogeneity
Hydrothermal Application in Li-ion Nguyen et al.
Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni-O Powder Spinel
method battery (2020) [533]
Sharma et al.
La(Cr0.2Mn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2)O3 Film Perovskite Solid-state reaction Magnetic properties
(2020) [152]
BaZr0.2Sn0.2Ti0.2Hf0.2Ce0.2O3-δ, BaZr0.2Sn0.2Ti0.2Hf0.2Y0.2O3-δ,
Gazda et al.
BaZr1/7Sn1/7Ti1/7Hf1/7Ce1/7Nb1/7Y1/7O3-δ Powder Perovskite Solid-state reaction Proton conductivity
(2020) [549]
BaZr0.15Sn0.15Ti0.15Hf0.15Ce0.15Nb0.15Y0.10O3-δ
Reverse co- Sarkar et al.
(Ce0.2La0.2Pr0.2Sm0.2Y0.2)O2− Powder Fluorite Band structure
precipitation (2020) [565]
δ
44
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table A1 (continued )
Ceramic Composition Sample Crystal Structure Synthesis Method Investigated Properties Reference
Shape
Ba(Mg0.15Yb0.17Ti0.21Nb0.23Ta0.24)O3
Ba(Mg0.16Y0.19Yb0.19Nb0.22W0.24)O3
Ba(Mg0.22Zn0.23Nb0.20W0.17Mo0.18)O3
Ma et al. (2021)
Ba(Mg0.23Yb0.22Ti0.21W0.17Mo0.17)O3
[413]
Ba(Mg0.24Yb0.22Nb0.19Ta0.19W0.16)O3
Ba(Mg0.25Ti0.21Zr0.20Nb0.18W0.16)O3
Ba(Y0.22Yb0.22Dy0.22W0.17Mo0.17)O3
Pyrochlore + Radioactive waste Zhou et al.
(Eu1-xGdx)2(Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ce0.2)2O7 Disc Ball mill & sintering
Fluorite management (2021) [414]
Magnetron Sun et al. (2021)
(AlCrFeNiMn)O Film Rock-salt Ferromagnetic property
sputtering [415]
Yang et al.
La0.2Pr0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Sr0⋅2MnO3-δ Powder Perovskite Sol-gel Solid oxide fuel cell
(2021) [416]
Electrical and thermal Zhang et al.
(La0.2Y0.2Nd0.2Gd0.2Sr0.2)CrO3 Powder Perovskite Sol-gel
conductivity (2021) [417]
Zhang et al.
(CoNiMnZnFe)3O3.2 Powder Rock-salt Ball mill Electrocatalysis
(2021) [418]
Reactive flash Mao et al.
(La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Gd0.2)2Zr2O7 Pellet Pyrochlore Ultrafast densification
sintering (2021) [419]
TiO2/ZrO2/SnO2/HfO2,/CeO2/Nb2O5/La2O3/Nd2O3/Sm2O3/ Pyrochlore & Teng et al.
Pellet Ball mill & sintering Structural features
Eu2O3/Gd2O3/Dy2O3/Ho2O3/Er2O3/Tm2O3/Yb2O3/Lu2O3 Fluorite (2021) [420]
Ball mill & spark
plasma sintering, Bonnet et al.
(Hf1/3Ce1/3Zr1/3)1-x(Gd1/2Y1/2)xO2-x/2 Pellet Fluorite Ionic conductivity
precipitation & (2021) [421]
annealing
Ball mill & spark Dupuy et al.
(Cu,Co,Mg,Ni,Zn)O Bulk Rock-salt Microstructural features
plasma sintering (2021) [422]
(La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Gd0.2Y0.2)2Ce2O7
(La0.2Nd0.2Gd0.2Er0.2Yb0.2)2Ce2O7
(La0.2Sm0.2Er0.2Yb0.2Y0.2)2Ce2O7 Xu et al. (2021)
Bulk Fluorite Ball mill & sintering Thermal properties
(La0.2Gd0.2Er0.2Yb0.2Y0.2)2Ce2O7 [423]
(Gd0.2Dy0.2Er0.2Yb0.2Y0.2)2Ce2O7
(Sc0.2Er0.2Gd0.2Yb0.2Lu0.2)2Ce2O7
He et al. (2021)
RE2(Ce0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Sn0.2Ti0.2)2O7 (RE = Y, Ho, Er, Yb) Bulk Fluorite Ball mill & sintering Thermal barrier coating
[424]
(Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni)3O4
Magnetic properties and Cieslak et al.
(Cr,Mn,Fe,Co)3O4 Pellet Spinel Ball mill & sintering
DFT calculation (2021) [425]
(Cr,Mn,Fe,Ni)3O4
Mozdzierz et al.
(Co,Cu,Mg,Ni,Zn)1-x LixO Pellet Cubic Ball mill & sintering Li-ion battery
(2021) [426]
Surfactant-assisted Lithiation/delithiation Huang et al.
Fe-Cr-Co-Ni-Mn-O Powder Spinel
hydrothermal mechanism (2021) [427]
Jin et al. (2021)
(AlCoFeMoCr)3O4 Ribbon Spinel Chemical dealloying Electrocatalysis
[428]
Sharma et al.
(Mg0.2Ni0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Cu0.2)Fe2O4 Film Spinel Pulsed laser epitaxy Magnetic properties
(2021) [429]
Nguyen et al.
La(CrMnFeCo2Ni)O3 Powder Perovskite Precipitation Electrocatalysis
(2021) [430]
Pulsed laser Ahn et al.
(Zr,Hf,Nb,Ta,Mo,W)-O Film Amorphous Memristors
deposition (2021) [431]
Low-temperature Gu et al. (2021)
(FeCrCoNiCu)3O4 Nanosheet Spinel Electrooxidation
plasma strategy [432]
Li et al. (2021)
HEOs Review on electrical properties
[433]
Design of HEOs with
MgO/ZnO/Y2O3/Yb2O3/CeO2/HfO2/ZrO2/SnO2/GeO2/TiO2/ Tang et al.
Disk Perovskite Ball mill & sintering perovskite structure using
Sb2O5/Ta2O5/Nb2O5/Ga2O3/WO3/MoO3 (2021) [434]
valence combination
Magnetic and electrical Zhivulin et al.
(LaNd)(Cr0.2Mn0.2Fe0.2Co0.2Ni0.2)O3 Pellet Perovskite Ball mill & sintering
properties (2021) [435]
Electrical and thermal Zheng et al.
(Ca0.2Sr0.2Ba0.2Pb0.2La0.2)TiO3 Pellet Perovskite Ball mill & sintering
properties (2021) [436]
Ball mill & sintering Zhang et al.
(La0.2Ce0.2Gd0.2Er0.2Tm0.2)2(WO4)3 Powder Monoclinic Radiation shielding
+ mill (2021) [437]
45
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table A2
Summary of publications about high-entropy nitrides in chronological order.
Ceramic Composition Sample Crystal Structure Synthesis Method Investigated Properties Reference
Shape
46
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table A2 (continued )
Ceramic Composition Sample Crystal Structure Synthesis Method Investigated Properties Reference
Shape
47
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table A2 (continued )
Ceramic Composition Sample Crystal Structure Synthesis Method Investigated Properties Reference
Shape
Table A3
Summary of publications about high-entropy carbides in chronological order.
Ceramic Composition Sample Crystal Structure Synthesis Method Investigated Properties Reference
Shape
(TiAlCrNbY)C Film FCC Magnetron sputtering Mechanical properties Braic et al. (2010)
[59]
(TiZrNbHfTa)C Film FCC Co-sputtering Biocompatibility Braic et al. (2012)
[692]
(TiZrNbHfTa)C Film FCC Co-sputtering Texture, microstructure, hardness, Braic et al. (2012)
friction and wear resistance [690]
(CuSiTiYZr)C Film Amorphous Co-sputtering Mechanical properties and Braic et al. (2013)
corrosion resistance [719]
(CrCuNbTiY)C Film FCC Co-sputtering Mechanical properties and Braic et al. (2014)
tribological performance [720]
(TiZrNbTaHf)C Film cubic Magnetron sputtering Biocompatibility Vladescu et al. (2016)
[388]
FeCoCrNiMn-C Ingot FCC + Intermetallics Arc melting Mechanical properties Cheng et al. (2017)
[724]
(Hf-Ta-Zr-Nb)C Bulk FCC Ball mill & spark plasma Microstructure characterization Dusza et al. (2018)
sintering [664]
(Ti,Zr,Hf,Nb,Ta)C Powder FCC Ball mill & spark plasma Crystal structure and oxidation Zhou et al. (2018)
sintering & crushing behavior [726]
(TaNbHfTiZr)C Structure, mechanical properties and electronic structure by experiments and DFT calculations Yang et al. (2018)
[212]
HfC/NbC/TaC/TiC/Mo2C/VC/ Pellet Rock-salt Ball mill & spark plasma Synthesizability and hardness Sarker et al. (2018)
W2C/ZrC sintering [267]
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)C Pellet Rock-salt Spark plasma sintering Thermal conductivity Yan et al. (2018)
[313]
(Hf-Ta-Zr-Ti)C Ball mill & spark plasma Castle et al. (2018)
Bulk Rock-salt Mechanical properties
(Hf-Ta-Zr-Nb)C sintering [686]
Densification behavior and Feng et al. (2019)
(Hf,Zr,Ti,Ta,Nb)C Powder Rock-salt Carbothermal reduction
mechanical properties [340]
I. (HfMoTaTi)C I. FCC Ball mill & spark plasma Optimizing synthesis and Zhang et al. (2019)
Pellet
II. (HfMoTaTiB)C II. Hexagonal sintering mechanical properties [666]
Gao et al. (2019)
CrMnFeCoNi-C Sheet FCC + NbC-type Arc melting Mechanical properties
[667]
Ball mill & spark plasma Microstructures and elemental Wei et al. (2019)
(Ti0.2Zr0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2W0.2)C Bulk Rock-salt
sintering distribution [314]
I. Bulk I. Ball mill & sintering
Chen et al. (2019)
(Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C bar Rock-salt II. Gas-released in-situ reaction & Thermal and mechanical properties
[722]
sintering
(continued on next page)
48
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table A3 (continued )
Ceramic Composition Sample Crystal Structure Synthesis Method Investigated Properties Reference
Shape
II. Porous
bar
(Ta-Hf-Zr-Nb)C Bulk FCC Ball mill & spark plasma Creep behavior Han et al. (2019)
sintering [669]
(Zr,Nb,Hf,Ta)C Foil cubic Spark plasma sintering Microstructural features Biesuz et al. (2019)
[670]
(Zr0.25Nb0.25Ti0.25V0.25)C Pellet Rock-salt Ball mill & sintering Structure and mechanical Ye et al. (2019) [258]
properties by experiments and DFT
calculations
I. (Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C I-IX. Rock-salt
II. (Ti0.2Hf0.2V0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C
III. (Ti0.2V0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2W0.2)C
IV. (Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Ta0.2W0.2)C
V. (Ti0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2W0.2)C
VI. (Ti0.2V0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Mo0.2)C Ball mill & spark plasma Harrington et al.
Pellet Mechanical properties
VII. (Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Ta0.2Mo0.2)C X-XII. Multi-phases sintering (2019) [275]
VIII. (Ti0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Mo0.2)C
IX. (V0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Mo0.2W0.2)C
X. (Zr0.2Hf0.2Ta0.2Mo0.2W0.2)C
XI. (Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Mo0.2W0.2)C
XII. (Zr0.2Hf0.2V0.2Mo0.2W0.2)C
Mechanical properties and
Zhang et al. (2019)
B4(HfMo2TaTi)C + SiC Bulk HCP Pulsed current processing oxidation behavior by experiments
[260]
and DFT calculation
Chicardi et al. (2019)
(TiZrHfVNb)C5 Powder FCC Ball mill Microstructural features
[671]
Nano-
(Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C FCC Carbothermal reduction Microstructural features Li et al. (2019) [339]
powder
(Hf0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Mo0.2)C Sedegov et al. (2019)
Powder FCC Various solid-state methods Optimizing synthesis
(Hf0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Zr0.2)C [672]
Electronic structure and mechanical
Ball mill & spark plasma Zhang et al. (2019)
(TiZrHfNbTa)C Pellet FCC properties by experiments and DFT
sintering [259]
calculations
Ball mill & spark plasma Csanádi et al. (2019)
(Hf-Ta-Zr-Nb)C Bulk FCC Mechanical properties
sintering [673]
Ball mill & spark plasma Wang et al. (2020)
(Hf0.2Ta0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2)C-xSiC Pellet Rock-salt Oxidation behavior
sintering [322]
I. Hf0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Zr0.2C Ball mill & spark plasma Moskovskikh et al.
Bulk FCC Thermal and mechanical properties
II. Hf0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Mo0.2C sintering (2020) [283]
Ball mill & spark plasma Tan et al. (2020)
(Zr,Ti,Hf,Nb,Ta)C Bulk Rock-salt Oxidation behaviors
sintering [323]
Wei et al. (2020)
(Ti0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2W0.2)C Pellet FCC Reactive spark plasma sintering Gradient microstructural evolution
[265]
I. (Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C I. Multi-phases
Ball mill & spark plasma
II. (Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C + 20 Disk Mechanical properties Lu et al. (2020) [712]
II. FCC sintering
vol% SiC
Ball mill & spark plasma Liu et al. (2020)
(VNbTaMoW)C Powder Rock-salt Crystal structure
sintering [715]
Microstructure and mechanical Wang et al. (2020)
(TiZrNbTaMo)C Powder FCC Carbothermal
properties [682]
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)C Pellet Ball mill & hot-press sintering Oxidation behavior Ye et al. (2020) [303]
Ball mill & spark plasma Csanádi et al. (2020)
(Hf-Ta-Zr-Nb)C Bulk Cubic Fracture behavior during bending
sintering [674]
(HfTaZrTi)C Jiang et al. (2020)
Elastic and thermodynamic features by DFT calculations
(HfTaZrNb)C [85]
(NbTaZr)C
(NbTaTiZr)C
Zhao et al. (2020)
(NbTiVZr)C Lattice distortion evaluation by DFT calculations
[262]
(HfNbTaTiZr)C
(MoNbTaVW)C
Kan et al. (2020)
(Ti,Zr,Nb,Ta,Hf)C Foil Multi-cubic phases Arc melting Use as hard precipitates in steels
[714]
Ball mill & spark plasma Peng et al. (2020)
TiC0.4/WC/0.5 Mo2C Bulk Rock-salt Mechanical properties
sintering [716]
Ball mill & spark plasma Effect of vacancies on interfacial
NbC0.5-MC (M = V, Ti, Ta, W) Bulk Rock-salt He et al. (2020) [675]
sintering diffusion
V2(Sn, A)C (A = Fe, Co, Ni, Mn) Powder Hexagonal MAX phase Alloy-guided reaction Magnetic properties Li et al. (2020) [693]
Nano- Ning et al. (2020)
(Ta0.25Nb0.25Ti0.25V0.25)C Rock-salt Molten salt synthesis Optimizing synthesis
powder [276]
(Hf0.25Nb0.25Zr0.25Ti0.25)C Powder Rock-salt Polymer-derived ceramic route Optimizing synthesis Du et al. (2020) [676]
Sure et al. (2020)
(TiNbTaZrHf)C Powder FCC Facile electrochemical method Structural analysis
[368]
Dai et al. (2020)
(Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C Prediction of thermal and mechanical properties by machine learning
[228]
Nb/Hf/Ti/Zr/V/Ta/Mo/W/Cr-C Bulk FCC or multi-phases
(continued on next page)
49
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table A3 (continued )
Ceramic Composition Sample Crystal Structure Synthesis Method Investigated Properties Reference
Shape
50
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table A4
Summary of publications about high-entropy borides in chronological order.
Ceramic Composition Sample Crystal Structure Synthesis Method Investigated Properties Reference
Shape
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Mo0.2Ti0.2) B2
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Mo0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2 Ball mill & spark plasma Gild et al. (2016)
Disk Hexagonal Hardness and oxidation resistance
(Hf0.2Mo0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2 sintering [86]
(Mo0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Cr0.2Ti0.2)B2
Magnetron sputtering Mayrhofer et al.
Zr0.23Ti0.20Hf0.19V0.14Ta0.24B2 Film Hexagonal Hardness and microstructure
deposition (2018) [387]
Wang et al.
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2M0.2Ti0.2)B2 (M = Nb, Mo, Cr) Mechanical properties and electronic structure by DFT calculations
(2018) [269]
Liu et al. (2019)
(Hf0.25Ta0.25Nb0.25Ti0.25)B2 Powder Hexagonal Borocarbothermal reduction Optimizing synthesis
[336]
Reactive flash spark plasma Gild et al. (2019)
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B Pellet Hexagonal Structural analysis
sintering [309]
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Cr0.2Ti0.2)B2
Ball mill & spark plasma Crystal structure, microstructure Zhang et al.
(Hf0.2Mo0.2Zr0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2 Bulk Hexagonal
sintering and Vickers hardness (2019) [586]
(Hf0.2Mo0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2
Liu et al. (2019)
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2 Powder Hexagonal Borothermal reduction Phase formation mechanism
[332]
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2
Borocarbothermal reduction Crystal structure, microstructure Zhang et al.
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Mo0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2 Disk Hexagonal
& spark plasma sintering and Vickers hardness (2019) [334]
(Hf0.2Mo0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2
Ball mill & spark plasma Shen et al.
(Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)B2-SiC Bulk Hexagonal Mechanical properties
sintering (2019) [311]
Borocarbothermal reduction Gu et al. (2019)
(Ti0.2Hf0.2Zr0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)B2 Bulk Hexagonal Crystal structure and morphology
& spark plasma sintering [338]
Borocarbothermal reduction Chen et al.
(Zr0.2Hf0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)B2 Bulk Hexagonal Mechanical and thermal properties
& partial sintering (2019) [341]
Self-propagating high- Compositional and structural Tallarita et al.
(Hf0.2Mo0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2 Bulk Hexagonal
temperature synthesis characterization (2019) [347]
(Zr0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2Hf0.2)B2 Borothermal reduction & Crystal structure, microstructure Zhang et al.
Bulk Hexagonal
(Zr0.2W0.2Ti0.2Mo0.2Hf0.2)B2 spark plasma sintering and hardness (2020) [331]
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2)B2
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Ta0.2Mo0.2)B2 Borocarbothermal reduction Gild et al. (2020)
Disk Hexagonal Mechanical and thermal properties
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Ta0.2Cr0.2)B2 & spark plasma sintering [333]
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Mo0.2W0.2)B2
Ball mill & non-reactive or
Hexagonal or Optimizing synthesis and oxidation Tallarita et al.
(Hf0.2Mo0.2Zr0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2 Bulk reactive spark plasma
Multi-phases resistance (2020) [324]
sintering
(Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Mo0.2W0.2)B2
(Ti0.2Ta0.2Cr0.2Mo0.2W0.2)B2
(Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2W0.2)B2 Reactive spark plasma Microstructure and Vickers Qin et al. (2020)
Pellet Hexagonal
(Zr0.225Hf0.225Ta0.225Mo0.225W0.1)B2 sintering microhardness [300]
(Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)B2
(Ti0.2Zr0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Mo0.2)B2
Borocarbothermal reduction Optimizing synthesis and Feng et al.
(Hf0.2,Zr0.2,Ti0.2,Ta0.2,Nb0.2)B2 Bulk Hexagonal
& spark plasma sintering microstructure (2020) [326]
(Zr0.25Ta0.25Nb0.25Ti0.25)B2
(Hf0.25Ta0.25Nb0.25Ti0.25)B2 Nano- Molten-salt-mediated Crystal structure, microstructure Ye et al. (2020)
Hexagonal
(Hf0.25Zr0.25Ta0.25Nb0.25)B2 powder magnesiothermic reduction and homogeneity [743]
(Ta0.25Nb0.25Ti0.25Cr0.25)B2
Feng et al.
(Hf,Zr,Ti,Ta,Nb)B2 Powder Hexagonal Borocarbothermal reduction Optimizing synthesis
(2020) [337]
(Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)B2 Microstructure and mechanical Liu et al. (2020)
Pellet Hexagonal Ball mill & hot pressing
(Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)B2 + 20 vol% SiC properties [744]
(Hf0.2,Zr0.2,Ti0.2,Ta0.2,Cr0.2)B2
(Hf0.25,Zr0.25,Ti0.25,Ta0.25)B2
Optimizing synthesis and
(Hf0.25,Zr0.25,Ti0.25,Cr0.25)B2 Failla et al.
Pellet Hexagonal Arc melting microhardness for application as
(Hf0.25,Zr0.25,Cr0.25,Ta0.25)B2 (2020) [746]
ultra-high temperature ceramics
(Hf0.25,Cr0.25,Ti0.25,Ta0.25)B2
(Cr0.25,Zr0.25,Ti0.25,Ta0.25)B2
Liu et al. (2020)
(Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2W0.2Mo0.2)B2 Powder Hexagonal Facile molten salt method Optimizing synthesis
[277]
Bulk Effect of synthesis on porosity,
Chen et al.
(Y0.2Yb0.2Sm0.2Nd0.2Eu0.2)B6 columnar Cubic Solid-state reaction permeability and mechanical
(2020) [747]
shape strength
Borocarbothermal & hot Monteverde et al.
(Hf,Nb,Ta,Ti,Zr)B2 Pellet Hexagonal Mechanical properties
pressing (2020) [745]
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Mo0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2-SiC Borothermal & Synthesis optimization and Zhang et al.
Powder Hexagonal
(Hf0.2Mo0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2-SiC borocarbothermal reduction mechanical properties (2020) [749]
Experimental verification of
Borocarbothermal reduction Backman et al.
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2)B2 Pellet computationally predicted
& spark plasma sintering (2020) [264]
oxidation
(continued on next page)
51
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table A4 (continued )
Ceramic Composition Sample Crystal Structure Synthesis Method Investigated Properties Reference
Shape
(Hf,Zr,Ti,Ta,Nb)B2 Pellet Hexagonal Spark plasma sintering Mechanical properties Feng et al.
(2021) [764]
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Cr0.2Ti0.2)B2 Pellet Hexagonal Borocarbothermal & spark Mechanical properties Zhang et al.
plasma sintering (2021) [763]
(Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)B2 Thermal and elastic properties by machine learning Dai et al. (2021)
[270]
(Y0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Gd0.2Tb0.2)B4 Pellet Tetragonal Ball-mill & reactive spark Mechanical properties Qin et al. (2021)
plasma sintering [748]
(V0.2Cr0.2Nb0.2Mo0.2Ta0.2)3B4 Orthorhombic Ball mill & reactive spark Qin et al. (2021)
Pellet Mechanical properties
(V0.2Cr0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2W0.2)3B4 (mainly) plasma sintering [750]
(Y0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Gd0.2Yb0.2)B6
(Y0.2La0.2Pr0.2Dy0.2Yb0.2)B6
(La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Gd0.2Yb0.2)B6 Ball mill & reactive spark Qin et al. (2021)
Pellet Cubic Mechanical properties
(Y0.2La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Gd0.2)B6 plasma sintering [751]
(Y0.2La0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Tb0.2)B6
(La0.2Pr0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Tb0.2)B6
Borocarbothermal reduction Densification and thermal Monteverde et al.
(Ti,Ta,Nb,Zr,Hf)B2 Pellet Hexagonal
& spark plasma sintering properties (2021) [752]
(Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Mo0.2Ti0.2)B2
Self-propagating & spark Barbarossa et al.
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Mo0.2Ti0.2)B2 Bulk Hexagonal Mechanical properties
plasma sintering (2021) [753]
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Nb0.2Mo0.2Ti0.2)B2
Ball mill & reactive spark Long et al.
FeCoNiAlCrBx Bulk FCC + BCC Mechanical properties
plasma sintering (2021) [754]
1.(Y0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Er0.2)B6/
(Y0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Er0.2)B4
2.(Y0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Er0.2Yb0.2)B6/
(Y0.2Nd0.2Sm0.2Er0.2Yb0.2)B4, 3.
(Y0.2Nd0.2Eu0.2Er0.2Yb0.2)B6/ Cubic + Borocarbothermal reduction, Zhang et al.
Powder Electromagnetic wave absorption
(Y0.2Nd0.2Eu0.2Er0.2Yb0.2)B4, Tetragonal calcination & grinding (2021) [755]
4.(Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Er0.2Yb0.2)B6/
(Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Er0.2Yb0.2)B4
5.(Y0.2 Sm0.2Eu0.2Er0.2Yb0.2)B6/
(Y0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Er0.2Yb0.2)B4
Iwan et al.
(Hf0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Mo0.2)B2 Powder Hexagonal Ball mill Mechanical and thermal properties
(2021) [756]
Ball mill & oscillatory Li et al. (2021)
(Zr0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Hf0.2Mo0.2)B2 Pellet Hexagonal Mechanical and thermal properties
pressure sintering [757]
Ball mill & microwave plasma Storr et al.
(Ta,Mo,Hf,Zr,Ti)B2 Disk Hexagonal Optimizing rapid synthesis
sintering (2021) [758]
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Ta0.2V0.2)B2
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Ta0.2Cr0.2)B2
Ball mill, borocarbothermal
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2)B2 Feng et al.
Pellet Hexagonal reduction & spark plasma Mechanical properties
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Ta0.2Mo0.2)B2 (2021) [759]
sintering
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Ta0.2W0.2)B2
(Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Mo0.2W0.2)B2
(Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)B2
Ball mill & reactive spark Segregation, precipitation and Wang et al.
(Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2W0.2)B2 Pellet Hexagonal
plasma sintering mechanical properties (2021) [760]
(Zr0.225Hf0.225Nb0.225Mo0.225W0.1)B2
(Hf0.2Mo0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2Ti0.2)B2 Self-propagating, ball mill & Densification behavior by adding Barbarossa et al.
Disk Multi-phases
(Hf0.2Mo0.2Ta0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2)B2 spark plasma sintering graphite (2021) [761]
(Ce0.2Y0.2Sm0.2Er0.2Yb0.2)B6
(Ce0.2Eu0.2Sm0.2Er0.2Yb0.2)B6
Borocarbothermal reduction, Zhang et al.
(Ce0.2Y0.2Eu0.2Er0.2Yb0.2)B6 Powder Cubic Electromagnetic absorption
heating & grinding (2021) [762]
(Ce0.2Y0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Yb0.2)B6
(Nd0.2Y0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Yb0.2)B6
Table A5
Summary of publications about high-entropy hydrides in chronological order. Information before and after→ correspond to alloy and hydride, respectively.
Ceramic Composition Sample Crystal Structure Synthesis Method Investigated Reference
Shape Properties
52
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table A5 (continued )
Ceramic Composition Sample Crystal Structure Synthesis Method Investigated Reference
Shape Properties
LaNiFeVMn-H Layer → Hexagonal + Tetragonal or Laser metal deposition & Hydrogen Kunce et al. (2017)
Powder Hexagonal + FCC → Not reported hydrogenation storage [221]
MgZrTiFe0.5Co0.5Ni0.5-H Powder → BCC → FCC Ball mill & hydrogenation Hydrogen Zepon et al. (2018)
Powder storage [215]
LiBH4NaBH4KBH4Mg(BH4)2Ca Powder → Multi-phases Ball mill & hydrogenation Hydrogen Dematteis et al.
(BH4)2 Powder storage (2018) [216]
HfNbTiVZr-H Ingot → BCC → BCT Arc melting & hydrogenation Hydrogen Karlsson et al.
Powder storage (2018) [214]
TiZrNbHfTa-H Ingot → BCC → FCC Arc melting & hydrogenation Hydrogen Zlotea et al. (2019)
Powder storage [222]
Ti-V-Zr-Nb-Ta-H Ingot → BCC → FCC Arc melting & hydrogenation Hydrogen Nygård et al.
Powder storage (2019) [224]
LaNi4.8Fe0.3Mn0.1LaNi4.6Al0.2Mn0.2-
H
LaNi4.6Al0.2Mn0.2-H
Ingot → Hydrogen Kazakov et al.
LaNi4.8Al0.2-H CaCu5-type → Not reported Arc melting & hydrogenation
Powder storage (2019) [777]
La0.9Ce0.1Ni5-H
La0.7Ce0.3Ni5-H
MnNi4.15Fe0.85-H
TiVNb-H
TiVCrMo-H
TiZrNbHf-H
Ingot → Hydrogen Nygård et al.
TiVNbM-H (M = Cr, Zr, Mo, Hf, Ta) BCC → FCC Arc melting & hydrogenation
Powder storage (2019) [223]
TiVZrNbHf-H
TiVCrNbMo-H
TiVCrNbTa-H
Ingot → Intermetallics + BCC → Not Hydrogen Spaliviero et al.
TiV0.6Cr0.3Zr0.3NbMo-H Arc melting & hydrogenation
Powder reported storage (2019) [778]
Ingot → Hydrogen Hu et al. (2019)
TiZrHfScMo-H BCC → Not reported Arc melting & hydrogenation
Powder storage [225]
Ingot → Hydrogen Montero et al.
Ti0.30V0.25Zr0.10Nb0.25Ta0.10-H BCC → FCC Arc melting & hydrogenation
Powder storage (2020) [226]
I. Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.4-H I. BCC → FCC
II. Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Mo0.1Nb0.3-H II. BCC → FCC
Ingot → Hydrogen Shen et al. (2020)
III. Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Mo0.2Nb0.2-H III. BCC → FCC Arc melting & hydrogenation
Powder storage [217]
IV. Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Mo0.3Nb0.1-H IV. BCC → BCT
V. Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Mo0.4-H V. BCC → BCT
Ingot → Hydrogen Zhang et al. (2020)
TiZrNbTa-H BCC → Multi-hydride phases Arc melting & hydrogenation
Powder storage [789]
Powder → Hydrogen Dewangan et al.
AlCrFeMnNiW-H BCC + FCC → BCC + FCC Ball mill & hydrogenation
Powder storage (2020) [227]
I. MgVCr-H I. BCC → Multi-hydride phases
Disk → Ball mill, reactive milling, high- Hydrogen Marco et al. (2020)
II. BCC + Amorphous → Multi-
II. MgVTiCrFe-H Powder pressure torsion & hydrogenation storage [299]
hydride phases
Disk → Hydrogen Edalati et al. (2020)
TiZrCrMnFeNiH6 C14 Laves + B2 cubic → C14 Laves Arc melting & hydrogenation
Powder storage [271]
Disk → Hydrogen Floriano et al.
TiZrNbFeNi-H C14 Laves + B2 cubic → C14 Laves Arc melting & hydrogenation
Powder storage (2020) [278]
Powder → Hydrogen Strozi et al. (2021)
Mg-V-Al-Cr-Ni-H BCC → BCC Reactive ball mill
Powder storage [788]
Zhang et al. (2021)
TiZrVMoNb-H Hydrogen desorption investigation by DFT calculations
[235]
Hu et al. (2021)
TiZrVMoNb-H Hydrogen storage investigation using DFT calculations
[236]
Powder → Hydrogen Strozi et al. (2021)
Mg12Al11Ti33Mn11Nb33-H BCC → BCC Ball mill & hydrogenation
Powder storage [779]
Pellet → Hydrogen Sleiman et al.
TiVZrHfNb-H BCC → BCT Arc melting & hydrogenation
Powder storage (2021) [780]
Ingot → Hydrogen Montero et al.
Al0.10Ti0.30V0.25Zr0.10Nb0.25-H BCC → BCT Arc melting & hydrogenation
Powder storage (2021) [781]
Powder → Hydrogen Cardoso et al.
MgAlTiFeNi-H BCC → BCC + FCC + Mg2FeH6-type Ball mill & reactive ball mill
Powder storage (2021) [782]
Ingot → C14 Laves + BCC → C14 Laves + Hydrogen Floriano et al.
TiZrNbCrFe-H Arc melting & hydrogenation
Powder FCC storage (2021) [783]
Powder → Hydrogen Montero et al.
Mg0.10Ti0.30V0.25Zr0.10Nb0.25-H BCC → FCC Ball mill & reactive ball mill
Powder storage (2021) [784]
V35Ti30Cr25Fe10-H
V35Ti30Cr25Mn10-H Pellet → Hydrogen Liu et al. (2021)
BCC → BCT + FCC Arc melting & hydrogenation
V30Ti30Cr25Fe10Nb5-H Powder storage [785]
V35Ti30Cr25Fe5Mn5-H
Ingot → Hydrogen Park et al. (2021)
TiZrVNbCr-H BCC + FCC → FCC + FCC Arc melting & hydrogenation
Powder storage [786]
Hu et al. (2021)
TiZrHfMoNb-H Hydrogen storage properties and hydrogen effect on mechanical properties using DFT calculations
[237]
TiVNb-H BCC/HCP → FCC/BCT Arc melting & hydrogenation
(continued on next page)
53
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table A5 (continued )
Ceramic Composition Sample Crystal Structure Synthesis Method Investigated Reference
Shape Properties
TiVZr0.5Nb-H
TiVZrNb-H
Ingot → Vibrational Ek et al. (2021)
TiVZrNbHf0.5-H
Powder properties [787]
TiVZrNbHf-H
TiZrHf-H
Table A6
Summary of publications about other high-entropy ceramics in chronological order.
Ceramic Composition Sample Crystal Structure Synthesis Method Investigated Properties Reference
Shape
54
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Table A6 (continued )
Ceramic Composition Sample Crystal Structure Synthesis Method Investigated Properties Reference
Shape
(CuNiFeZn)F2
(CuNiFeCoZn)F2
Sukkurji et al.
(CuNiFeCoMn)F2 Powder Rutile-type Ball mill Electrocatalysis
(2021) [825]
(CuNiFeCoZnMn)F2
(CuNiFeCoZnMnMg)F2
Borocarbothermal
(Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)B2 + Cubic carbide + Microstructure and mechanical Luo et al.
Pellet reduction & spark plasma
(Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C Hexagonal boride propertied (2021) [836]
sintering
Edalati et al.
High-Entropy Materials Review paper on high-entropy materials synthesized by high-pressure torsion
(2021) [296]
References [49] C.Y. Hsu, J.W. Yeh, S.K. Chen, T.T. Shun, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 35 (2004)
1465–1469.
[50] P.K. Huang, J.W. Yeh, T.T. Shun, S.K. Chen, Adv. Eng. Mater. 6 (2004) 74–78.
[1] J.W. Yeh, S.K. Chen, S.J. Lin, J.Y. Gan, T.S. Chin, T.T. Shun, C.H. Tsau, S.
[51] B.S. Murty, J.W. Yeh, S. Ranganathan, P. Bhattacharjee, High-Entropy Alloys,
Y. Chang, Adv. Eng. Mater. 6 (2004) 299–303.
second ed., Elsevier, 2019.
[2] B. Cantor, I. Chang, P. Knight, A. Vincent, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 375 (2004) 213–218.
[52] B. Cantor, K. Kim, P.J. Warren, J. Metastable Nanocryst. Mater. 386-388 (2002)
[3] Y. Jien-Wei, Ann. Chim. Sci. Mat. 31 (2006) 633–648.
27–32.
[4] Y. Zhou, Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, G. Chen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 (2007), 181904.
[53] B. Cantor, Entropy 16 (2014) 4749–4768.
[5] X. Wang, Y. Zhang, Y. Qiao, G. Chen, Intermetallics 15 (2007) 357–362.
[54] T.K. Chen, M.S. Wong, T.T. Shun, J.W. Yeh, Surf. Coat. Technol. 200 (2005)
[6] Y. Zhang, Y.J. Zhou, J.P. Lin, G.L. Chen, P.K. Liaw, Adv. Eng. Mater. 10 (2008)
1361–1365.
534–538.
[55] Y. Zhang, High-Entropy Materials, first ed., Springer, 2019.
[7] C. Li, J. Li, M. Zhao, Q. Jiang, J. Alloys. Compd. 475 (2009) 752–757.
[56] T.K. Chen, M.S. Wong, Thin Solid Films 516 (2007) 141–146.
[8] O. Senkov, G. Wilks, D. Miracle, C. Chuang, P. Liaw, Intermetallics 18 (2010)
[57] T.K. Chen, M.S. Wong, Surf. Coat. Technol. 203 (2008) 495–500.
1758–1765.
[58] C.M. Rost, E. Sachet, T. Borman, A. Moballegh, E.C. Dickey, D. Hou, J.L. Jones,
[9] S. Singh, N. Wanderka, B. Murty, U. Glatzel, J. Banhart, Acta Mater. 59 (2011)
S. Curtarolo, J.P. Maria, Nat. Commun. 6 (2015) 8485.
182–190.
[59] M. Braic, V. Braic, M. Balaceanu, C. Zoita, A. Vladescu, E. Grigore, Surf. Coat.
[10] O.N. Senkov, G. Wilks, J. Scott, D.B. Miracle, Intermetallics 19 (2011) 698–706.
Technol. 204 (2010) 2010–2014.
[11] C.M. Lin, H.L. Tsai, Intermetallics 19 (2011) 288–294.
[60] S.Y. Chang, S.Y. Lin, Y.C. Huang, Thin Solid Films 519 (2011) 4865–4869.
[12] M.H. Chuang, M.H. Tsai, W.R. Wang, S.J. Lin, J.W. Yeh, Acta Mater. 59 (2011)
[61] J. Gild, Y. Zhang, T. Harrington, S. Jiang, T. Hu, M.C. Quinn, W.M. Mellor,
6308–6317.
N. Zhou, K. Vecchio, J. Luo, Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 37946.
[13] G. Sheng, C.T. Liu, Prog. Nat. Sci. 21 (2011) 433–446.
[62] S.W. Cho, H. Enoki, E. Akiba, J. Alloys. Compd. 307 (2000) 304–310.
[14] S. Guo, C. Ng, J. Lu, C. Liu, J. Aappl. Phys. 109 (2011), 103505.
[63] Y.F. Kao, S.K. Chen, J.H. Sheu, J.T. Lin, W.E. Lin, J.W. Yeh, S.J. Lin, T.H. Liou, C.
[15] X. Yang, Y. Zhang, P. Liaw, Procedia Eng. 36 (2012) 292–298.
W. Wang, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 35 (2010) 9046–9059.
[16] X. Yang, Y. Zhang, Mater. Chem. Phys. 132 (2012) 233–238.
[64] J. Gild, J. Braun, K. Kaufmann, E. Marin, T. Harrington, P. Hopkins, K. Vecchio,
[17] Y. Zhang, X. Yang, P. Liaw, JOM 64 (2012) 830–838.
J. Luo, J. Materiomics 5 (2019) 337–343.
[18] M.A. Hemphill, T. Yuan, G. Wang, J. Yeh, C. Tsai, A. Chuang, P. Liaw, Acta Mater.
[65] Y. Qin, J.X. Liu, F. Li, X. Wei, H. Wu, G.J. Zhang, J. Adv. Ceram. 8 (2019)
60 (2012) 5723–5734.
148–152.
[19] W.R. Wang, W.L. Wang, S.C. Wang, Y.C. Tsai, C.H. Lai, J.W. Yeh, Intermetallics
[66] T. Wen, H. Liu, B. Ye, D. Liu, Y. Chu, Sci. China Mater. 63 (2020) 300–306.
26 (2012) 44–51.
[67] D. Liu, Y. Huang, L. Liu, L. Zhang, Mater. Lett. 268 (2020), 127629.
[20] Y. Zhang, T. Zuo, Y. Cheng, P.K. Liaw, Sci. Rep. 3 (2013) 1455.
[68] Y. Qin, J.C. Wang, J.X. Liu, X.F. Wei, F. Li, G.J. Zhang, C. Jing, J. Zhao, H. Wu,
[21] F. Otto, Y. Yang, H. Bei, E.P. George, Acta Mater. 61 (2013) 2628–2638.
J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 40 (2020) 2752–2759.
[22] J.W. Yeh, JOM 65 (2013) 1759–1771.
[69] R.Z. Zhang, F. Gucci, H. Zhu, K. Chen, M.J. Reece, Inorg. Chem. 57 (2018)
[23] M.H. Tsai, J.W. Yeh, Mater. Res. Lett. 2 (2014) 107–123.
13027–13033.
[24] Y. Zhang, T.T. Zuo, Z. Tang, M.C. Gao, K.A. Dahmen, P.K. Liaw, Z.P. Lu, Prog.
[70] X. Chen, Y. Wu, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 103 (2020) 750–756.
Mater. Sci. 61 (2014) 1–93.
[71] T. Wang, H. Chen, Z. Yang, J. Liang, S. Dai, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142 (2020)
[25] D.B. Miracle, J.D. Miller, O.N. Senkov, C. Woodward, M.D. Uchic, J. Tiley,
4550–4554.
Entropy 16 (2014) 494–525.
[72] X. Zhao, Z. Xue, W. Chen, Y. Wang, T. Mu, ChemSusChem 13 (2020) 2038–2042.
[26] Y. Lu, Y. Dong, S. Guo, L. Jiang, H. Kang, T. Wang, B. Wen, Z. Wang, J. Jie, Z. Cao,
[73] Z. Zhao, H. Chen, H. Xiang, F.-Z. Dai, X. Wang, Z. Peng, Y. Zhou, J. Mater. Sci.
Sci. Rep. 4 (2014) 6200.
Technol. 35 (2019) 2892–2896.
[27] Y. Ye, Q. Wang, J. Lu, C. Liu, Y. Yang, Mater. Today 19 (2016) 349–362.
[74] D.D. Le, S.-K. Hong, T.S. Ngo, J. Lee, Y.C. Park, S.I. Hong, Y.-S. Na, Met. Mater.
[28] M.C. Gao, J.W. Yeh, P.K. Liaw, Y. Zhang, High-Entropy Alloys, first ed., Springer
Int. 24 (2018) 1285–1292.
International Publishing, Switzerland, 2016.
[75] J. Guan, D. Li, Z. Yang, B. Wang, D. Cai, X. Duan, P. He, D. Jia, Y. Zhou, Ceram.
[29] E. Pickering, N. Jones, Int. Mater. Rev. 61 (2016) 183–202.
Int. 46 (2020) 26581–26589.
[30] D.B. Miracle, O.N. Senkov, Acta Mater. 122 (2017) 448–511.
[76] A. De la Obra, M. Avilés, Y. Torres, E. Chicardi, F. Gotor, Int. J. Refract. Metals
[31] C. Toher, C. Oses, D. Hicks, S. Curtarolo, Npj Comput. Mater. 5 (2019) 69.
Hard Mater. 63 (2017) 17–25.
[32] A. Sarkar, Q. Wang, A. Schiele, M.R. Chellali, S.S. Bhattacharya, D. Wang,
[77] J. Zhang, J. Yan, S. Calder, Q. Zheng, M.A. McGuire, D.L. Abernathy, Y. Ren, S.
T. Brezesinski, H. Hahn, L. Velasco, B. Breitung, Adv. Mater. 31 (2019), 1806236.
H. Lapidus, K. Page, H. Zheng, Chem. Mater. 31 (2019) 3705–3711.
[33] S.J. McCormack, A. Navrotsky, Acta Mater. 202 (2021) 1–21.
[78] Z. Zhao, H. Chen, H. Xiang, F.-Z. Dai, X. Wang, W. Xu, K. Sun, Z. Peng, Y. Zhou,
[34] J.W. Yeh, Y.L. Chen, S.J. Lin, S.K. Chen, Mater. Sci. Forum 560 (2007) 1–9.
J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 39 (2020) 167–172.
[35] A. Sarkar, B. Breitung, H. Hahn, Scr. Mater. 187 (2020) 43–48.
[79] R. Witte, A. Sarkar, R. Kruk, B. Eggert, R.A. Brand, H. Wende, H. Hahn, Phys. Rev.
[36] J.W. Yeh, S.J. Lin, T.S. Chin, J.Y. Gan, S.K. Chen, T.T. Shun, C.H. Tsau, S.-
B Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 3 (2019), 034406.
Y. Chou, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 35 (2004) 2533–2536.
[80] F. Okejiri, Z. Zhang, J. Liu, M. Liu, S. Yang, S. Dai, ChemSusChem 13 (2020)
[37] B.L. Musicó, D. Gilbert, T.Z. Ward, K. Page, E. George, J. Yan, D. Mandrus,
111–115.
V. Keppens, APL Mater. 8 (2020), 040912.
[81] J.C. Rendón-Angeles, Z. Matamoros-Veloza, K.L. Montoya-Cisneros, J. López
[38] Y. Zhang, T. Zuo, Y. Cheng, P.K. Liaw, Sci. Rep. 3 (2013) 1455.
Cuevas, K. Yanagisawa, in: L. Pan, G. Zhu (Eds.), Perovskite Materials: Synthesis,
[39] A.J. Wright, Q. Wang, C. Huang, A. Nieto, R. Chen, J. Luo, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 40
Characterisation, Properties, and Applications, IntechOpen, 2016, pp. 27–82.
(2020) 2120–2129.
[82] D. Wang, Z. Liu, S. Du, Y. Zhang, H. Li, Z. Xiao, W. Chen, R. Chen, Y. Wang,
[40] A.J. Wright, J. Luo, J. Mater. Sci. 55 (2020) 9812–9827.
Y. Zou, J. Mater. Chem. A Mater. Energy Sustain. 7 (2019) 24211–24216.
[41] R.Z. Zhang, M.J. Reece, J. Mater. Chem. A 7 (2019) 22148–22162.
[83] F. Li, L. Zhou, J.X. Liu, Y. Liang, G.J. Zhang, J. Adv. Ceram. 8 (2019) 576–582.
[42] W. Zhang, P.K. Liaw, Y. Zhang, Sci. China Mater. 61 (2018) 2–22.
[84] E. Lewin, J. Appl. Phys. 127 (2020), 160901.
[43] Q. He, Z. Ding, Y. Ye, Y. Yang, JOM 69 (2017) 2092–2098.
[85] S. Jiang, L. Shao, T.W. Fan, J.M. Duan, X.T. Chen, B.Y. Tang, Ceram. Int. 46
[44] C.S. Smith, Four Outstanding Researches in Metallurgical History, first ed.,
(2020) 15104–15112.
American Society for Testing and Materials, USA, 1963.
[86] J. Gild, Y. Zhang, T. Harrington, S. Jiang, T. Hu, M.C. Quinn, W.M. Mellor,
[45] A.L. Greer, Nature 366 (1993) 303–304.
N. Zhou, K. Vecchio, J. Luo, Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 37946.
[46] B. Cantor, F. Audebert, M. Galano, K. Kim, I. Stone, P.J. Warren, J. Metastable
[87] Z. Rak, C. Rost, M. Lim, P. Sarker, C. Toher, S. Curtarolo, J.-P. Maria, D. Brenner,
Nanocryst. Mater. 24-25 (2005) 1–6.
J. Appl. Phys. 120 (2016), 095105.
[47] B. Cantor, Ann. Chem.-Sci. Mater. 32 (2007) 245–256.
[88] D. Bérardan, S. Franger, D. Dragoe, A.K. Meena, N. Dragoe, Phys. Status Solidi
[48] T. Chen, T. Shun, J. Yeh, M. Wong, Surf. Coat. Technol. 188 (2004) 193–200.
RRL 10 (2016) 328–333.
55
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
[89] D. Berardan, A. Meena, S. Franger, C. Herrero, N. Dragoe, J. Alloys. Compd. 704 [132] Q. Xu, W. Pan, J. Wang, C. Wan, L. Qi, H. Miao, K. Mori, T. Torigoe, J. Am. Ceram.
(2017) 693–700. Soc. 89 (2006) 340–342.
[90] C.M. Rost, Z. Rak, D.W. Brenner, J.P. Maria, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 100 (2017) [133] A.R. Krause, B.S. Senturk, H.F. Garces, G. Dwivedi, A.L. Ortiz, S. Sampath, N.
2732–2738. P. Padture, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 97 (2014) 3943–3949.
[91] J. Chen, W. Liu, J. Liu, X. Zhang, M. Yuan, Y. Zhao, J. Yan, M. Hou, J. Yan, [134] A.R. Krause, B.S. Senturk, H.F. Garces, G. Dwivedi, A.L. Ortiz, S. Sampath, N.
M. Kunz, J. Phys. Chem. C 123 (2019) 17735–17744. P. Padture, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 97 (2014) 3943–3949.
[92] N. Osenciat, D. Bérardan, D. Dragoe, B. Leridon, S. Holé, A.K. Meena, S. Franger, [135] K. Matsui, H. Yoshida, Y. Ikuhara, Int. Mater. Rev. 63 (2018) 375–406.
N. Dragoe, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 102 (2019) 6156–6162. [136] A. Sarkar, R. Djenadic, D. Wang, C. Hein, R. Kautenburger, O. Clemens, H. Hahn,
[93] A.D. Dupuy, X. Wang, J.M. Schoenung, Mater. Res. Lett. 7 (2019) 60–67. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 38 (2018) 2318–2327.
[94] H. Chen, W. Lin, Z. Zhang, K. Jie, D.R. Mullins, X. Sang, S.-Z. Yang, C.J. Jafta, C. [137] R. Witte, A. Sarkar, L. Velasco, R. Kruk, R.A. Brand, B. Eggert, K. Ollefs,
A. Bridges, X. Hu, ACS Mater. Lett. 1 (2019) 83–88. E. Weschke, H. Wende, H. Hahn, J. Appl. Phys. 127 (2020), 185109.
[95] M. Balcerzak, K. Kawamura, R. Bobrowski, P. Rutkowski, T. Brylewski, J. Korean [138] D. Lin, K.W. Kwok, Curr. Appl. Phys. 9 (2009) 1369–1374.
Inst. Electr. Electron. Mater. Eng. 48 (2019) 7105–7113. [139] S. Jiang, T. Hu, J. Gild, N. Zhou, J. Nie, M. Qin, T. Harrington, K. Vecchio, J. Luo,
[96] Q. Wang, A. Sarkar, D. Wang, L. Velasco, R. Azmi, S.S. Bhattacharya, T. Bergfeldt, Scr. Mater. 142 (2018) 116–120.
A. Düvel, P. Heitjans, T. Brezesinski, Energy Environ. Sci. 12 (2019) 2433–2442. [140] Y. Sharma, B.L. Musico, X. Gao, C. Hua, A.F. May, A. Herklotz, A. Rastogi,
[97] Y. Zheng, Y. Yi, M. Fan, H. Liu, X. Li, R. Zhang, M. Li, Z.-A. Qiao, Energy Storage D. Mandrus, J. Yan, H.N. Lee, M.F. Chisholm, V. Keppens, T.Z. Ward, Phys. Rev. B
Mater. 23 (2019) 678–683. Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2 (2018), 060404.
[98] M.P. Jimenez-Segura, T. Takayama, D. Bérardan, A. Hoser, M. Reehuis, H. Takagi, [141] D.A. Vinnik, E.A. Trofimov, V.E. Zhivulin, S.A. Gudkova, O.V. Zaitseva, D.
N. Dragoe, Appl. Phys. Lett. 114 (2019), 122401. A. Zherebtsov, A.Y. Starikov, D.P. Sherstyuk, A.A. Amirov, A.V. Kalgin, S.
[99] Z. Grzesik, G. Smoła, M. Stygar, J. Dąbrowa, M. Zajusz, K. Mroczka, V. Trukhanov, F.V. Podgornov, Nanomaterials 10 (2020) 268.
M. Danielewski, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 39 (2019) 4292–4298. [142] M. Biesuz, S. Fu, J. Dong, A. Jiang, D. Ke, Q. Xu, D. Zhu, M. Bortolotti, M.J. Reece,
[100] W. Hong, F. Chen, Q. Shen, Y.H. Han, W.G. Fahrenholtz, L. Zhang, J. Am. Ceram. C. Hu, S. Grasso, J. Asian Ceram. Soc. 7 (2019) 127–132.
Soc. 102 (2019) 2228–2237. [143] L. Li, Z. Xiang, M. Gao, C. Bian, M. Su, F. Li, X. Xing, Y. Song, iScience 17 (2019)
[101] Q. Wang, A. Sarkar, Z. Li, Y. Lu, L. Velasco, S.S. Bhattacharya, T. Brezesinski, 1–9.
H. Hahn, B. Breitung, Electrochem. commun. 100 (2019) 121–125. [144] K. Wang, B. Ma, T. Li, C. Xie, Z. Sun, D. Liu, J. Liu, L. An, Ceram. Int. 46 (2020)
[102] M.R. Chellali, A. Sarkar, S.H. Nandam, S.S. Bhattacharya, B. Breitung, H. Hahn, 18358–18361.
L. Velasco, Scr. Mater. 166 (2019) 58–63. [145] J. Liu, K. Ren, C. Ma, H. Du, Y. Wang, Ceram. Int. 46 (2020) 20576–20581.
[103] A. Sarkar, R. Djenadic, N.J. Usharani, K.P. Sanghvi, V.S. Chakravadhanula, A. [146] R.K. Patel, S.K. Ojha, S. Kumar, A. Saha, P. Mandal, J.W. Freeland, S. Middey,
S. Gandhi, H. Hahn, S.S. Bhattacharya, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 37 (2017) 747–754. Appl. Phys. Lett. 116 (2020), 071601.
[104] A. Sarkar, L. Velasco, D. Wang, Q. Wang, G. Talasila, L. de Biasi, C. Kübel, [147] Z. Zhao, H. Chen, H. Xiang, F.Z. Dai, X. Wang, W. Xu, K. Sun, Z. Peng, Y. Zhou,
T. Brezesinski, S.S. Bhattacharya, H. Hahn, B. Breitung, Nat. Commun. 9 (2018) J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 47 (2020) 45–51.
3400. [148] R. Zachariasz, D. Bochenek, Eur. Phys. J. B 88 (2015) 296.
[105] N.J. Usharani, A. Bhandarkar, S. Subramanian, S.S. Bhattacharya, Acta Mater. [149] Y. Pu, Q. Zhang, R. Li, M. Chen, X. Du, S. Zhou, Appl. Phys. Lett. 115 (2019),
200 (2020) 526–536. 223901.
[106] A. Kumar, G. Sharma, A. Aftab, M.I. Ahmad, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 40 (2020) [150] D. Bochenek, P. Niemiec, R. Skulski, M. Adamczyk-Habrajska, J. Phys. Chem.
3358–3362. Solids 133 (2019) 128–134.
[107] D. Liu, X. Peng, J. Liu, L. Chen, Y. Yang, L. An, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 40 (2020) [151] S. Zhou, Y. Pu, Q. Zhang, R. Shi, X. Guo, W. Wang, J. Ji, T. Wei, T. Ouyang,
2504–2508. Ceram. Int. 46 (2020) 7430–7437.
[108] B. Yoon, V. Avila, R. Raj, L.M. Jesus, Scr. Mater. 181 (2020) 48–52. [152] Y. Sharma, Q. Zheng, A.R. Mazza, E. Skoropata, T. Heitmann, Z. Gai, B. Musico, P.
[109] M. Biesuz, L. Spiridigliozzi, G. Dell’Agli, M. Bortolotti, V.M. Sglavo, J. Mater. Sci. F. Miceli, B.C. Sales, V. Keppens, M. Brahlek, T.Z. Ward, Phys. Rev. Mater. 4
53 (2018) 8074–8085. (2020), 014404.
[110] A. Mao, H.Z. Xiang, Z.G. Zhang, K. Kuramoto, H. Yu, S. Ran, J. Magn. Magn. [153] J. Yan, D. Wang, X. Zhang, J. Li, Q. Du, X. Liu, J. Zhang, X. Qi, J. Mater. Sci. 55
Mater. 484 (2019) 245–252. (2020) 6942–6951.
[111] H.Z. Xiang, H.X. Xie, A. Mao, Y.-G. Jia, T.Z. Si, Int. J. Mater. Res. 111 (2020) [154] V.M. Goldschmidt, Naturwissenschaften 14 (1926) 477–485.
246–249. [155] N. Ramadass, Mater. Sci. Eng. 36 (1978) 231–239.
[112] G.N. Kotsonis, C.M. Rost, D.T. Harris, J.P. Maria, MRS Commun. 8 (2018) [156] H. Chen, N. Qiu, B. Wu, Z. Yang, S. Sun, Y. Wang, RCS Adv. 10 (2020)
1371–1377. 9736–9744.
[113] D. Bérardan, S. Franger, A. Meena, N. Dragoe, J. Mater. Chem. A Mater. Energy [157] M. Stygar, J. Dąbrowa, M. Moździerz, M. Zajusz, W. Skubida, K. Mroczka,
Sustain. 4 (2016) 9536–9541. K. Berent, K. Świerczek, M. Danielewski, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 40 (2020)
[114] P. Ghigna, L. Airoldi, M. Fracchia, D. Callegari, U. Anselmi-Tamburini, 1644–1650.
P. D’angelo, N. Pianta, R. Ruffo, G. Cibin, D.O. de Souza, E. Quartarone, ACS [158] Z. Grzesik, G. Smoła, M. Miszczak, M. Stygar, J. Dąbrowa, M. Zajusz,
Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 (2020) 50344–50354. K. Świerczek, M. Danielewski, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 40 (2020) 835–839.
[115] S. Sivakumar, E. Zwier, P.B. Meisenheimer, J.T. Heron, J. Vis. Exp. 135 (2018) [159] A. Mao, F. Quan, H.Z. Xiang, Z.G. Zhang, K. Kuramoto, A.L. Xia, J. Mol. Struct.
57746. 1194 (2019) 11–18.
[116] P.B. Meisenheimer, L.D. Williams, S.H. Sung, J. Gim, P. Shafer, G.N. Kotsonis, J.- [160] A. Mao, H.X. Xie, H.Z. Xiang, Z.G. Zhang, H. Zhang, S. Ran, J. Magn. Magn. Mater.
P. Maria, M. Trassin, R. Hovden, E. Kioupakis, Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 503 (2020), 166594.
Mater. Phys. 3 (2019), 104420. [161] A. Mao, H.Z. Xiang, Z.G. Zhang, K. Kuramoto, H. Zhang, Y. Jia, J. Magn. Magn.
[117] A.L. Cardoso, C.P. Perdomo, R.H. Kiminami, R.F. Gunnewiek, Mater. Lett. 285 Mater. 497 (2020), 165884.
(2021), 129175. [162] M.S. Lal, R. Sundara, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11 (2019) 30846–30857.
[118] J. Gild, M. Samiee, J.L. Braun, T. Harrington, H. Vega, P.E. Hopkins, K. Vecchio, [163] T. Parida, A. Karati, K. Guruvidyathri, B.S. Murty, G. Markandeyulu, Scr. Mater.
J. Luo, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 38 (2018) 3578–3584. 178 (2020) 513–517.
[119] J. Dąbrowa, M. Szymczak, M. Zajusz, A. Mikuła, M. Moździerz, K. Berent, [164] J. Dąbrowa, M. Stygar, A. Mikuła, A. Knapik, K. Mroczka, W. Tejchman,
M. Wytrwal-Sarna, A. Bernasik, M. Stygar, K. Świerczek, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 40 M. Danielewski, M. Martin, Mater. Lett. 216 (2018) 32–36.
(2020) 5870–5881. [165] M. Zamani, E. Naderi, M. Aghajanzadeh, M. Naseri, A. Sharafi, H. Danafar, J. Mol.
[120] L. Spiridigliozzi, C. Ferone, R. Cioffi, G. Accardo, D. Frattini, G. Dell’Agli, Liq. 274 (2019) 60–67.
Materials 13 (2020) 558. [166] S. Karimi, P. Kameli, H. Ahmadvand, H. Salamati, Ceram. Int. 42 (2016)
[121] V. Sachkov, R. Nefedov, I. Amelichkin, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 597 16948–16955.
(2019), 012005. [167] S.S. Deshmukh, A.V. Humbe, A. Kumar, R.G. Dorik, K.M. Jadhav, J. Alloys.
[122] C.M. Rost, Entropy-sabilized Oxides: Explorations of a Novel Class of Compd. 704 (2017) 227–236.
Multicomponent Materials, PhD Dissertation, North Carolina State University, [168] K. Tomiyasu, J. Fukunaga, H. Suzuki, Phys. Rev. B 70 (2004), 214434.
2016. [169] Z. Tian, C. Zhu, J. Wang, Z. Xia, Y. Liu, S. Yuan, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 377
[123] L. Song, M. Rongjun, Asian J. Chem. 19 (2007) 1883. (2015) 176–182.
[124] Y. Liao, L. He, M. Zhao, D. Ye, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 5 (2017) 5054–5060. [170] A. Manikandan, L.J. Kennedy, M. Bououdina, J.J. Vijaya, J. Magn. Magn. Mater.
[125] S.M. Pourmortazavi, M. Rahimi-Nasrabadi, M. Aghazadeh, M.R. Ganjali, M. 349 (2014) 249–258.
S. Karimi, P. Norouzi, J. Mol. Struct. 1150 (2017) 411–418. [171] A. Ghasemi, S. Ekhlasi, M. Mousavinia, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 354 (2014)
[126] P. Kim, A. Anderko, A. Navrotsky, R.E. Riman, Minerals 8 (2018) 106. 136–145.
[127] R. Djenadic, A. Sarkar, O. Clemens, C. Loho, M. Botros, V.S. Chakravadhanula, [172] D. Akahoshi, S. Koshikawa, T. Nagase, E. Wada, K. Nishina, R. Kajihara,
C. Kübel, S.S. Bhattacharya, A.S. Gandhi, H. Hahn, Mater. Res. Lett. 5 (2017) H. Kuwahara, T. Saito, Phys. Rev. B 96 (2017), 184419.
102–109. [173] M. Fracchia, M. Manzoli, U. Anselmi-Tamburini, P. Ghigna, Scr. Mater. 188
[128] A. Sarkar, C. Loho, L. Velasco, T. Thomas, S.S. Bhattacharya, H. Hahn, (2020) 26–31.
R. Djenadic, Dalton Trans. 46 (2017) 12167–12176. [174] Z. Teng, L. Zhu, Y. Tan, S. Zeng, Y. Xia, Y. Wang, H. Zhang, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 40
[129] C. Oses, C. Toher, S. Curtarolo, Nat. Rev. Mater. 5 (2020) 295–309. (2020) 1639–1643.
[130] H. Lehmann, D. Pitzer, G. Pracht, R. Vassen, D. Stöver, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 86 [175] A.J. Wright, Q. Wang, S.T. Ko, K.M. Chung, R. Chen, J. Luo, Scr. Mater. 181
(2003) 1338–1344. (2020) 76–81.
[131] X. Cao, R. Vassen, D. Stöver, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 24 (2004) 1–10. [176] Z. Zhao, H. Xiang, F.Z. Dai, Z. Peng, Y. Zhou, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 35 (2019)
2647–2651.
56
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
[177] K. Ren, Q. Wang, G. Shao, X. Zhao, Y. Wang, Scr. Mater. 178 (2020) 382–386. [226] J. Montero, G. Ek, L. Laversenne, V. Nassif, G. Zepon, M. Sahlberg, C. Zlotea,
[178] J. Wu, X. Wei, N.P. Padture, P.G. Klemens, M. Gell, E. García, P. Miranzo, M. J. Alloys. Compd. 835 (2020), 155376.
I. Osendi, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 85 (2002) 3031–3035. [227] S.K. Dewangan, V.K. Sharma, P. Sahu, V. Kumar, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 45
[179] M. Zhao, W. Pan, C. Wan, Z. Qu, Z. Li, J. Yang, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 37 (2017) (2020) 16984–16991.
1–13. [228] F.Z. Dai, B. Wen, Y. Sun, H. Xiang, Y. Zhou, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 43 (2020)
[180] L. Yang, C. Zhu, Y. Sheng, H. Nian, Q. Li, P. Song, W. Lu, J. Yang, B. Liu, J. Am. 168–174.
Ceram. Soc. 102 (2019) 2830–2840. [229] C.M. Handley, J. Behler, Eur. Phys. J. B 87 (2014) 152.
[181] J.M. Pruneda, E. Artacho, Phys. Rev. B 72 (2005), 085107. [230] J. Behler, Int. J. Quantum Chem. 115 (2015) 1032–1050.
[182] B. Liu, J.Y. Wang, F.Z. Li, Y.C. Zhou, Acta Mater. 58 (2010) 4369–4377. [231] A.P. Bartók, G. Csányi, Int. J. Quantum Chem. 115 (2015) 1051–1057.
[183] J. Yang, M. Shahid, M. Zhao, J. Feng, C. Wan, W. Pan, J. Alloys. Compd. 663 [232] J. Behler, J. Chem. Phys. 145 (2016), 170901.
(2016) 834–841. [233] H. Huang, L. Shao, H. Liu, Phys. Status Solidi B 258 (2021), 2100140.
[184] R. Vassen, X. Cao, F. Tietz, D. Basu, D. Stöver, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 83 (2000) [234] D.G. Sangiovanni, F. Tasnádi, T. Harrington, M. Odén, K.S. Vecchio, I.
2023–2028. A. Abrikosov, Mater. Des. 204 (2021), 109634.
[185] D.R. Clarke, S.R. Phillpot, Mater. Today 8 (2005) 22–29. [235] J. Zhang, J. Hu, H. Xiao, H. Shen, L. Xie, G. Sun, X. Zu, Metals 11 (2021) 553.
[186] M.R. Winter, D.R. Clarke, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90 (2007) 533–540. [236] J. Hu, J. Zhang, H. Xiao, L. Xie, G. Sun, H. Shen, P. Li, J. Zhang, X. Zu, Int. J.
[187] W. Pan, S.R. Phillpot, C. Wan, A. Chernatynskiy, Z. Qu, MRS Bull. 37 (2012) Hydrogen Energy 4 (6) (2021) 21050–21058.
917–922. [237] J. Hu, J. Zhang, H. Xiao, L. Xie, G. Sun, H. Shen, P. Li, J. Zhang, X. Zu, J. Alloys.
[188] W. Pan, C.L. Wan, Q. Xu, J.D. Wang, Z.X. Qu, Thermochim. Acta 455 (2007) Compd. 879 (2021), 160482.
16–20. [238] A.L. Vyatskikh, B.E. MacDonald, A.D. Dupuy, E.J. Lavernia, J.M. Schoenung,
[189] C. Wan, Z. Qu, A. Du, W. Pan, Acta Mater. 57 (2009) 4782–4789. H. Hahn, Scr. Mater. 201 (2021), 113914.
[190] Z.G. Liu, J.H. Ouyang, Y. Zhou, J. Alloys. Compd. 472 (2009) 319–324. [239] X.T. Chen, L. Shao, T.W. Fan, N. Ding, J. Yang, B.Y. Tang, J. Solid State Chem. 303
[191] H. Zhang, K. Sun, Q. Xu, F. Wang, L. Liu, J. Rare Earths 27 (2009) 222–226. (2021), 122469.
[192] C. Wan, W. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. Qu, A. Du, R. Wu, W. Pan, Acta Mater. 58 (2010) [240] Z. Rák, J.P. Maria, D.W. Brenner, Mater. Lett. 217 (2018) 300–303.
6166–6172. [241] L. Kong, X. Chen, B.Q. Li, H.J. Peng, J.Q. Huang, J. Xie, Q. Zhang, Adv. Mater. 30
[193] C. Wan, Z. Qu, A. Du, W. Pan, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 94 (2011) 592–596. (2018), 1705219.
[194] Y. Wang, F. Yang, P. Xiao, Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 (2013), 141902. [242] J.D. Grice, R.B. Ferguson, Canad. Mineral. 12 (1974) 248–252.
[195] K.P. Tseng, Q. Yang, S.J. McCormack, W.M. Kriven, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 103 [243] L.K. Bhaskar, V. Nallathambi, R. Kumar, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 103 (2020)
(2020) 569–576. 3416–3424.
[196] A. Kirnbauer, C. Spadt, C.M. Koller, S. Kolozsvári, P.H. Mayrhofer, Vacuum 168 [244] G. Wu, S. Seebold, E. Zayhenskikh, K. Hack, M. Müller, A structure-based
(2019), 108850. viscosity model and database for multicomponent oxide melts, in: R.G. Reddy,
[197] Y. Dong, K. Ren, Y. Lu, Q. Wang, J. Liu, Y. Wang, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 39 (2019) P. Chaubal, P.C. Pistorius, U. Pal (Eds.), Advances in Molten Slags, Fluxes, and
2574–2579. Salts: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Molten Slags, Fluxes
[198] X. Ren, Z. Tian, J. Zhang, J. Wang, Scr. Mater. 168 (2019) 47–50. and Salts, Springer, 2016, pp. 397–404.
[199] H. Chen, H. Xiang, F.Z. Dai, J. Liu, Y. Zhou, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 36 (2020) [245] K. Hack, G. Wu, E. Yazhenskikh, T. Jantzen, M. Müller, Calphad 65 (2019)
134–139. 101–110.
[200] D.A. Vinnik, E.A. Trofimov, V.E. Zhivulin, O.V. Zaitseva, D.A. Zherebtsov, A. [246] A.S. Vusikhis, D.Z. Kudinov, L.I. Leont’ev, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A 82 (2008)
Y. Starikov, D.P. Sherstyuk, S.A. Gudkova, S.V. Taskaev, Ceram. Int. 46 (2020) 1824–1827.
9656–9660. [247] M. Edén, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 357 (2011) 1595–1602.
[201] M.I. Lin, M.H. Tsai, W.J. Shen, J.W. Yeh, Thin Solid Films 518 (2010) 2732–2737. [248] V.S. Rudnev, S. Wybornov, I.V. Lukiyanchuk, I.V. Chernykh, Prot. Met. Phys.
[202] N. Shankhwar, A. Srinivasan, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 62 (2016) 190–196. Chem. Surf. 50 (2014) 191–194.
[203] A. Cestari, J. Dent. 55 (2016) 105–113. [249] A.S. Vusikhis, L.I. Leont’ev, V.P. Chentsov, D.Z. Kudinov, E.N. Selivanov, Steel
[204] Z. Lei, X. Liu, R. Li, H. Wang, Y. Wu, Z. Lu, Scr. Mater. 146 (2018) 340–343. Transl. 47 (2017) 21–25.
[205] A. Radoń, Ł. Hawełek, D. Łukowiec, J. Kubacki, P. Włodarczyk, Sci. Rep. 9 (2019) [250] A.S. Vusikhis, L.I. Leont’ev, V.P. Chentsov, D.Z. Kudinov, E.N. Selivanov, Steel
20078. Transl. 47 (2017) 772–776.
[206] J. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Li, Q. Du, X. Liu, X. Qi, Mater. Lett. 244 (2019) 167–170. [251] S. Hechler, B. Ruta, M. Stolpe, E. Pineda, Z. Evenson, O. Gross, A. Bernasconi,
[207] Z. Ding, J. Bian, S. Shuang, X. Liu, Y. Hu, C. Sun, Y. Yang, Adv. Sustain. Syst. 4 R. Busch, I. Gallino, Phys. Rev. Mater 2 (2018), 085603.
(2020), 1900105. [252] C. Liu, H. Ni, S. Yang, J. Li, F. Ye, Ironmak. Steelmak. 45 (2018) 195–203.
[208] C.H. Tsau, Y.C. Yang, C.C. Lee, L.Y. Wu, H.J. Huang, Procedia Eng. 36 (2012) [253] B.R. Gelchinskii, E.V. Dyul’dina, V.N. Selivanov, L.I. Leontiev, Dokl. Phys. Chem.
246–252. 485 (2019) 43–46.
[209] B. Gwalani, R.M. Pohan, J. Lee, B. Lee, R. Banerjee, H.J. Ryu, S.H. Hong, Sci. Rep. [254] B.R. Gel’chinskii, E.V. Dyul’dina, L.I. Leont’ev, Steel Transl. 49 (2019) 601–605.
8 (2018) 14085. [255] E.V. Dyul’dina, B.R. Gel’chinskii, V.N. Selivanov, Russ. Metall. 2019 (2019)
[210] N. Qiu, H. Chen, Z. Yang, S. Sun, Y. Wang, Y. Cui, J. Alloys. Compd. 777 (2019) 119–121.
767–774. [256] G. Anand, A.P. Wynn, C.M. Handley, C.L. Freeman, Acta Mater. 146 (2018)
[211] B. Cheng, H. Lou, A. Sarkar, Z. Zeng, F. Zhang, X. Chen, L. Tan, V. Prakapenka, 119–125.
E. Greenberg, J. Wen, R. Djenadic, H. Hahn, Q. Zeng, Commun. Chem. 2 (2019) [257] D.R. Cassar, A.C.P.L.F. de Carvalho, E.D. Zanotto, Acta Mater. 159 (2018)
114. 249–256.
[212] Y. Yang, W. Wang, G.Y. Gan, X.F. Shi, B.Y. Tang, Physica B Condens. Matter 550 [258] B. Ye, T. Wen, M.C. Nguyen, L. Hao, C.Z. Wang, Y. Chu, Acta Mater. 170 (2019)
(2018) 163–170. 15–23.
[213] I. Kunce, M. Polanski, J. Bystrzycki, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 38 (2013) [259] Q. Zhang, J. Zhang, N. Li, W. Chen, J. Appl. Phys. 126 (2019), 025101.
12180–12189. [260] H. Zhang, D. Hedman, P. Feng, G. Han, F. Akhtar, Dalton Trans. 48 (2019)
[214] D. Karlsson, G. Ek, J. Cedervall, C. Zlotea, K.T. Møller, T.C. Hansen, J. Bednarcik, 5161–5167.
M. Paskevicius, M.H. Sørby, T.R. Jensen, U. Jansson, M. Sahlberg, Inorg. Chem. [261] S. Jiang, L. Shao, T. Fan, J.M. Duan, X.T. Chen, B.Y. Tang, Int. J. Quantum Chem.
57 (2018) 2103–2110. 121 (2020), e26509.
[215] G. Zepon, D.R. Leiva, R.B. Strozi, A. Bedoch, S.J.A. Figueroa, T.T. Ishikawa, W. [262] S. Zhao, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 104 (2020) 1874–1886.
J. Botta, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 43 (2018) 1702–1708. [263] L. Backman, J. Gild, J. Luo, E.J. Opila, Acta Mater. 197 (2020) 20–27.
[216] E.M. Dematteis, A. Santoru, M.G. Poletti, C. Pistidda, T. Klassen, M. Dornheim, [264] L. Backman, J. Gild, J. Luo, E.J. Opila, Acta Mater. 197 (2020) 81–90.
M. Baricco, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 43 (2018) 16793–16803. [265] X.F. Wei, Y. Qin, J.X. Liu, F. Li, Y.C. Liang, G.J. Zhang, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 40
[217] H. Shen, J. Hu, P. Li, G. Huang, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, Y. Mao, H. Xiao, X. Zhou, (2020) 935–941.
X. Zu, X. Long, S. Peng, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 55 (2020) 116–125. [266] K. Kaufmann, D. Maryanovsky, W.M. Mellor, C. Zhu, A.S. Rosengarten, T.
[218] I. Kunce, M. Polanski, J. Bystrzycki, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 39 (2014) J. Harrington, C. Oses, C. Toher, S. Curtarolo, K.S. Vecchio, Npj Comput. Mater. 6
9904–9910. (2020) 42.
[219] M. Sahlberg, D. Karlsson, C. Zlotea, U. Jansson, Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 36770. [267] P. Sarker, T. Harrington, C. Toher, C. Oses, M. Samiee, J.P. Maria, D.W. Brenner,
[220] S. Yang, F. Yang, C. Wu, Y. Chen, Y. Mao, L. Luo, J. Alloys. Compd. 663 (2016) K.S. Vecchio, S. Curtarolo, Nat. Commun. 9 (2018) 4980.
460–465. [268] A. Kirnbauer, A. Kretschmer, C.M. Koller, T. Wojcik, V. Paneta, M. Hans, J.
[221] I. Kunce, M. Polański, T. Czujko, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 42 (2017) M. Schneider, P. Polcik, P.H. Mayrhofer, Surf. Coat. Technol. 389 (2020), 125674.
27154–27164. [269] Y.P. Wang, G.Y. Gan, W. Wang, Y. Yang, B.Y. Tang, Phys. Status Solidi B 255
[222] C. Zlotea, M.A. Sow, G. Ek, J.P. Couzinié, L. Perrière, I. Guillot, J. Bourgon, K. (2018), 1800011.
T. Møller, T.R. Jensen, E. Akiba, M. Sahlberg, J. Alloys. Compd. 775 (2019) [270] F.Z. Dai, Y. Sun, B. Wen, H. Xiang, Y. Zhou, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 72 (2021)
667–674. 8–15.
[223] M.M. Nygård, G. Ek, D. Karlsson, M.H. Sørby, M. Sahlberg, B.C. Hauback, Acta [271] P. Edalati, R. Floriano, A. Mohammadi, Y. Li, G. Zepon, H.W. Li, K. Edalati, Scr.
Mater. 175 (2019) 121–129. Mater. 178 (2020) 387–390.
[224] M.M. Nygård, G. Ek, D. Karlsson, M. Sahlberg, M.H. Sørby, B.C. Hauback, Int. J. [272] R. Ramprasad, R. Batra, G. Pilania, A. Mannodi-Kanakkithodi, C. Kim, Npj
Hydrogen Energy 44 (2019) 29140–29149. Comput. Mater. 3 (2017) 54.
[225] J. Hu, H. Shen, M. Jiang, H. Gong, H. Xiao, Z. Liu, G. Sun, X. Zu, Nanomaterials 9 [273] L.M. Ghiringhelli, J. Vybiral, S.V. Levchenko, C. Draxl, M. Scheffler, Phys. Rev.
(2019) 461. Lett. 114 (2015), 105503.
57
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
[274] L. Spiridigliozzi, C. Ferone, R. Cioffi, G. Dell’Agli, Acta Mater. 202 (2021) [327] Y. Zhang, J. Nie, J. Luo, J. Ceram. Soc. Japan 124 (2016) 296–300.
181–189. [328] Y. Zhang, J. Nie, J.M. Chan, J. Luo, Acta Mater. 125 (2017) 465–475.
[275] T.J. Harrington, J. Gild, P. Sarker, C. Toher, C.M. Rost, O.F. Dippo, C. McElfresh, [329] M. Biesuz, V.M. Sglavo, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 39 (2019) 115–143.
K. Kaufmann, E. Marin, L. Borowski, P.E. Hopkins, J. Luo, S. Curtarolo, D. [330] M. Yu, S. Grasso, R. Mckinnon, T. Saunders, M.J. Reece, Adv. Appl. Ceram. 116
W. brenner, K.S. Vecchio, Acta Mater. 166 (2019) 271–280. (2017) 24–60.
[276] S. Ning, T. Wen, B. Ye, Y. Chu, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 103 (2020) 2244–2251. [331] Y. Zhang, S.K. Sun, W. Zhang, Y. You, W.M. Guo, Z.W. Chen, J.H. Yuan, H.T. Lin,
[277] D. Liu, H. Liu, S. Ning, Y. Chu, J. Adv. Ceram. 9 (2020) 339–348. Ceram. Int. 46 (2020) 14299–14303.
[278] R. Floriano, G. Zepon, K. Edalati, G.L.B.G. Fontana, A. Mohammadi, Z. Ma, H. [332] D. Liu, T. Wen, B. Ye, Y. Chu, Scr. Mater. 167 (2019) 110–114.
W. Li, R.J. Contieri, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 45 (2020) 33759–33770. [333] J. Gild, A. Wright, K. Quiambao-Tomko, M. Qin, J.A. Tomko, M.S. bin Hoque, J.
[279] Y. Xia, P. Yang, Y. Sun, Y. Wu, B. Mayers, B. Gates, Y. Yin, F. Kim, H. Yan, Adv. L. Braun, B. Bloomfield, D. Martinez, T. Harrington, K. Vecchio, P.E. Hopkins,
Mater. 15 (2003) 353–389. J. Luo, Ceram. Int. 46 (2020) 6906–6913.
[280] Y. Chu, S. Jing, X. Yu, Y. Zhao, Cryst. Growth Des. 18 (2018) 2941–2947. [334] Y. Zhang, Z.B. Jiang, S.K. Sun, W.M. Guo, Q.S. Chen, J.X. Qiu, K. Plucknett, H.
[281] E. Chicardi, C. García-Garrido, J. Hernández-Saz, F.J. Gotor, Ceram. Int. 46 T. Lin, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 39 (2019) 3920–3924.
(2020) 21421–21430. [335] L. Feng, W.G. Fahrenholtz, G.E. Hilmas, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 40 (2020)
[282] Q. Zhao, J. Mei, W. Jin, Q. Jiang, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 103 (2020) 4733–4737. 3815–3823.
[283] D.O. Moskovskikh, S. Vorotilo, A.S. Sedegov, K.V. Kuskov, K.V. Bardasova, P. [336] D. Liu, H. Liu, S. Ning, B. Ye, Y. Chu, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 102 (2019) 7071–7076.
V. Kiryukhantsev-korneev, M. Zhukovskyi, A.S. Mukasyan, Ceram. Int. 46 (2020) [337] L. Feng, W.G. Fahrenholtz, G.E. Hilmas, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 103 (2020) 724–730.
19008–19014. [338] J. Gu, J. Zou, S.K. Sun, H. Wang, S.Y. Yu, J. Zhang, W. Wang, Z. Fu, Sci. China
[284] R.Z. Valiev, Y. Estrin, Z. Horita, T.G. Langdon, M.J. Zechetbauer, Y.T. Zhu, JOM Mater. 62 (2019) 1898–1909.
58 (4) (2006) 33–39. [339] F. Li, Y. Lu, X.G. Wang, W. Bao, J.X. Liu, F. Xu, G.J. Zhang, Ceram. Int. 45 (2019)
[285] A.P. Zhilyaev, T.G. Langdon, Prog. Mater. Sci. 53 (2008) 893–979. 22437–22441.
[286] K. Edalati, Z. Horita, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 652 (2016) 325–352. [340] L. Feng, W.G. Fahrenholtz, G.E. Hilmas, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 102 (2019)
[287] J.K. Han, J.I. Jang, T.G. Langdon, M. Kawasaki, Mater. Trans. 60 (2019) 7217–7224.
1131–1138. [341] H. Chen, H. Xiang, F.Z. Dai, J. Liu, Y. Zhou, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 35 (2019)
[288] K. Edalati, Mater. Trans. 60 (2019) 1221–1229. 2404–2408.
[289] A. Bachmaier, R. Pippan, Mater. Trans. 60 (2019) 1256–1269. [342] I.P. Borovinskaya, A.A. Gromov, E.A. Levashov, Y.M. Maksimov, A.S. Mukasyan,
[290] K. Edalati, Y. Yokoyama, Z. Horita, Mater. Trans. 51 (2010) 23–26. A.S. Rogachev (Eds.), Concise Encyclopedia of Self-Propagating High-
[291] H. Asgharzadeh, S.H. Joo, H.S. Kim, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 45 (2014) Temperature Synthesis: History, Theory, Technology, and Products, first ed.,
4129–4137. Elsevier Inc., 2017.
[292] K. Edalati, H. Emami, Y. Ikeda, H. Iwaoka, I. Tanaka, E. Akiba, Z. Horita, Acta [343] A.S. Mukasyan, B.B. Khina, R.V. Reeves, S.F. Son, Chem. Eng. J. 174 (2011)
Mater. 108 (2016) 293–303. 677–686.
[293] A. Mazilkin, B. Straumal, A. Kilmametov, P. Straumal, B. Baretzky, Mater. Trans. [344] C.E. Shuck, K.V. Manukyan, S. Rouvimov, A.S. Rogachev, A.S. Mukasyan,
60 (2019) 1489–1499. Combust. Flame 163 (2016) 487–493.
[294] H. Razavi-Khosroshahi, K. Edalati, M. Hirayama, H. Emami, M. Arita, [345] P.R. Bonneau, J.B. Wiley, R.B. Kaner, M.F. Mansuktto, Inorg. Syn. 30 (1995)
M. Yamauchi, H. Hagiwara, S. Ida, T. Ishihara, E. Akiba, Z. Horita, M. Fuji, ACS 33–37.
Catal. 6 (2016) 5103–5107. [346] M. Pini, R. Rosa, P. Neri, F. Bondioli, A.M. Ferrari, Green Chem. 17 (2015)
[295] K. Edalati, Adv. Eng. Mater. 21 (2019), 1800272. 518–531.
[296] K. Edalati, H.W. Li, A. Kilmametov, R. Floriano, C. Borchers, Metals 11 (2021) [347] G. Tallarita, R. Licheri, S. Garroni, R. Orrù, G. Cao, Scr. Mater. 158 (2019)
1263. 100–104.
[297] P. Edalati, Q. Wang, H. Razavi-Khosroshahi, M. Fuji, T. Ishihara, K. Edalati, [348] A. Cestari, L.R. Avila, E.C.O. Nassor, P.F. dos Santos Pereira, P.S. Calefi, K.
J. Mater. Chem. A Mater. Energy Sustain. 8 (2020) 3814–3821. J. Ciuffi, S. Nakagaki, A.C.P. Gomes, E.J. Nassar, Mater. Res. 12 (2009) 139–143.
[298] P. Edalati, X.F. Shen, M. Watanabe, T. Ishihara, M. Arita, M. Fuji, K. Edalati, [349] Z. Zhang, S. Yang, X. Hu, H. Xu, H. Peng, M. Liu, B.P. Thapaliya, K. Jie, J. Zhao,
J. Mater. Chem. A 9 (2021) 15076–15086. J. Liu, H. Chen, Y. Leng, X. Lu, J. Fu, P. Zhang, S. Dai, Chem. Mater. 31 (2019)
[299] M.O. de Marco, Y. Li, H.W. Li, K. Edalati, R. Floriano, Adv. Eng. Mater. 22 (2020), 5529–5536.
1901079. [350] F.T. Li, J. Ran, M. Jaroniec, S.Z. Qiao, Nanoscale 7 (2015) 17590–17610.
[300] M. Qin, J. Gild, H. Wang, T. Harrington, K.S. Vecchio, J. Luo, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. [351] N.R. de Tacconi, H.K. Timmaji, W. Chanmanee, M.N. Huda, P. Sarker, C. Janáky,
40 (2020) 4348–4353. K. Rajeshwar, ChemPhysChem 13 (2012) 2945–2955.
[301] R.F. Guo, H.R. Mao, Z.T. Zhao, P. Shen, Scr. Mater. 193 (2021) 103–107. [352] M. Lackner (Ed.), Combustion Synthesis: Novel Routes to Novel Materials, first
[302] D. Lin, K.W. Kwok, Curr. Appl. Phys. 9 (2009) 1369–1374. ed., Bentham Science Publishers, 2010.
[303] B. Ye, T. Wen, D. Liu, Y. Chu, Corros. Sci. 153 (2019) 327–332. [353] F.T. Li, Y. Liu, Z.M. Sun, Y. Zhao, R.H. Liu, L.J. Chen, D.S. Zhao, Catal. Sci.
[304] B. Ye, T. Wen, Y. Chu, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 103 (2020) 500–507. Technol. 2 (2012) 1455–1462.
[305] S. Grasso, T. Saunders, H. Porwal, B. Milsom, A. Tudball, M. Reece, J. Am. Ceram. [354] A.V. Saghir, S.M. Beidokhti, J.V. Khaki, A. Salimi, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 41 (2021)
Soc. 99 (2016) 1534–1543. 563–579.
[306] S. Grasso, E.Y. Kim, T. Saunders, M. Yu, A. Tudball, S.H. Choi, M. Reece, Crys. [355] J. Sushil, A. Kumar, A. Gautam, M.I. Ahmad, Mater. Chem. Phys. 259 (2021),
Growth Des. 16 (2016) 2317–2321. 124014.
[307] B. Niu, F. Zhang, J. Zhang, W. Ji, W. Wang, Z. Fu, Scr. Mater. 116 (2016) [356] Y.W. Chen, J.J. Ruan, J.M. Ting, Y.H. Su, K.S. Chang, Ceram. Int. 47 (2021)
127–130. 11451–11458.
[308] R. McKinnon, S. Grasso, A. Tudball, M.J. Reece, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 37 (2017) [357] J. Li, Q. Wu, J. Wu, in: M. Aliofkhazraei (Ed.), Handbook of Nanoparticles, first
2787–2794. ed., Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, 2015.
[309] J. Gild, K. Kaufmann, K. Vecchio, J. Luo, Scr. Mater. 170 (2019) 106–110. [358] G.B. Nair, V.B. Pawade, S.J. Dhoble, in: B.A. Bhanvase, V.B. Pawade, S.J. Dhoble,
[310] G. Franceschin, N. Flores-Martínez, G. Vázquez-Victorio, S. Ammar, S.H. Sonawane, M. Ashokkumar (Eds.), Nanomaterials for Green Energy, Elsevier
R. Valenzuela, in: I. Shishkovsky (Ed.), Sintering of Functional Materials, Inc., 2018, pp. 411–431.
IntechOpen, 2018. [359] D.J. Fray, Int. Mater. Rev. 53 (2008) 317–325.
[311] X.Q. Shen, J.X. Liu, F. Li, G.J. Zhang, Ceram. Int. 45 (2019) 24508–24514. [360] D. Wang, X. Jin, G.Z. Chen, Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem. 104 (2008) 189–234.
[312] X.G. Wang, J.X. Liu, Y.M. Kan, G.J. Zhang, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 32 (2012) [361] K. Mohandas, Min. Proc. Ext. Met. 122 (2013) 195–212.
1795–1802. [362] D. Fray, C. Schwandt, Mater. Trans. 58 (2017) 306–312.
[313] X. Yan, L. Constantin, Y. Lu, J.F. Silvain, M. Nastasi, B. Cui, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. [363] X.Y. Yan, M.I. Pownceby, M.A. Cooksey, M.R. Lanyon, Min. Proc. Ext. Met. 118
101 (2018) 4486–4491. (2009) 23–34.
[314] X.F. Wei, J.X. Liu, F. Li, Y. Qin, Y.C. Liang, G.J. Zhang, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 39 [364] A.M. Abdelkader, D.J. Fray, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 32 (2012) 4481–4487.
(2019) 2989–2994. [365] Q. Song, Q. Xu, J. Meng, T. Lou, Z. Ning, Y. Qi, K. Yu, J. Alloys. Compd. 647
[315] A. Bellosi, F. Monteverde, D. Sciti, Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 3 (2006) 32–40. (2015) 245–251.
[316] S. Grasso, Y. Sakka, J. Ceram. Soc. Japan 121 (2013) 524–526. [366] G. Sun, H. Yang, C. Ma, Y. Zhang, J. Yu, W. He, X. Song, New J. Chem. 39 (2015)
[317] O. Vasylkiv, H. Borodianska, Y. Sakka, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 28 (2008) 919–927. 7012–7018.
[318] D. Demirskyi, O. Vasylkiv, Ceram. Int. 42 (2016) 16396–16400. [367] J. Fan, Y. Yang, D. Tang, W. Xiao, X. Mao, D. Wang, J. Electrochem. Soc. 164
[319] V. Mamedov, Powder Metall. 45 (2002) 322–328. (2017) E144.
[320] S.K. Sun, G.J. Zhang, W.W. Wu, J.X. Liu, T. Suzuki, Y. Sakka, Scr. Mater. 69 [368] J. Sure, D. Sri Maha Vishnu, H.K. Kim, C. Schwandt, Angew. Chem. 132 (2020)
(2013) 139–142. 11928–11933.
[321] O. Vasylkiv, H. Borodianska, P. Badica, S. Grasso, Y. Sakka, A. Tok, L.T. Su, [369] M.A. Gülgün, M.H. Nguyen, W.M. Kriven, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 82 (1999) 556–560.
M. Bosman, J. Ma, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 12 (2012) 959–965. [370] M.H. Nguyen, S.J. Lee, W.M. Kriven, J. Mater. Res. 14 (1999) 3417–3426.
[322] H. Wang, Y. Cao, W. Liu, Y. Wang, Ceram. Int. 46 (2020) 11160–11168. [371] F. Qu, Y. Yuan, M. Yang, Chem. Mater. 29 (2017) 969–974.
[323] Y. Tan, C. Chen, S. Li, X. Han, J. Xue, T. Liu, X. Zhou, H. Zhang, J. Alloys. Compd. [372] T. Jin, X. Sang, R.R. Unocic, R.T. Kinch, X. Liu, J. Hu, H. Liu, S. Dai, Adv. Mater.
816 (2020), 152523. 30 (2018), 1707512.
[324] G. Tallarita, R. Licheri, S. Garroni, S. Barbarossa, R. Orru, G. Cao, J. Eur. Ceram. [373] D.H.A. Blank, M. Dekkers, G. Rijnders, J. Phy. D: Appl. Phys. 47 (2013), 034006.
Soc. 40 (2020) 942–952. [374] G. Fang, J. Gao, J. Lv, H. Jia, H. Li, W. Liu, G. Xie, Z. Chen, Y. Huang, Q. Yuan,
[325] M. Cologna, J.S.C. Francis, R. Raj, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 31 (2011) 2827–2837. X. Liu, X. Lin, S. Sun, H.J. Qiu, Appl. Catal. B: Environm. 268 (2020), 118431.
[326] X. Hao, Y. Liu, Z. Wang, J. Qiao, K. Sun, J. Power Sources 210 (2012) 86–91.
58
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
[375] Y. Sun, F. Chen, W. Qiu, L. Ye, W. Han, W. Zhao, H. Zhou, T. Zhao, J. Am. Ceram. [427] C.Y. Huang, C.W. Huang, M.C. Wu, J. Patra, T.X. Nguyen, M.T. Chang,
Soc. 103 (2020) 6081–6087. O. Clemens, J.M. Ting, J. Li, J.K. Chang, W.W. Wu, Chem. Eng. J. 420 (2021),
[376] R. Djenadic, M. Botros, C. Benel, O. Clemens, S. Indris, A. Choudhary, 129838.
T. Bergfeldt, H. Hahn, Solid State Ion. 263 (2014) 49–56. [428] Z. Jin, J. Lyu, Y.L. Zhao, H. Li, Z. Chen, X. Lin, G. Xie, X. Liu, J.J. Kai, H.J. Qiu,
[377] B. Thiebaut, Platin. Met. Rev. 55 (2011) 149–151. Chem. Mater. 33 (2021) 1771–1780.
[378] R. Strobel, A. Baiker, S.E. Pratsinis, Adv. Powder Technol. 17 (2006) 457–480. [429] Y. Sharma, A.R. Mazza, B.L. Musico, E. Skoropata, R. Nepal, R. Jin, A.V. Ievlev,
[379] R. Strobel, S.E. Pratsinis, Platin. Met. Rev. 53 (2009) 11–20. L. Collins, Z. Gai, A. Chen, M. Brahlek, V. Keppens, T.Z. Ward, ACS Appl. Mater.
[380] M.B. Kumar, S.S. Bhattacharya, Process. Appl. Ceram. 6 (2012) 165–171. Interfaces 13 (2021) 17971–17977.
[381] X. Wang, Z. Huang, Y. Yao, H. Qiao, G. Zhong, Y. Pei, C. Zheng, D. Kline, Q. Xia, [430] T.X. Nguyen, Y.C. Liao, C.C. Lin, Y.H. Su, J.M. Ting, Adv. Funct. Mater. 31 (2021),
Z. Lin, J. Dai, M.R. Zachariah, B. Yang, R. Shahbazian-Yassar, L. Hu, Mater. Today 2101632.
35 (2020) 106–114. [431] M. Ahn, Y. Park, S.H. Lee, S. Chae, J. Lee, J.T. Heron, E. Kioupakis, W.D. Lu, J.
[382] Y. Zhang, X.H. Yan, W.B. Liao, K. Zhao, Entropy 20 (2018) 624. D. Phillips, Adv. Electron. Mater. 7 (2021), 2001258.
[383] K. von Fieandt, L. Riekehr, B. Osinger, S. Fritze, E. Lewin, Surf. Coat. Technol. 389 [432] K. Gu, D. Wang, C. Xie, T. Wang, G. Huang, Y. Liu, Y. Zou, L. Tao, S. Wang,
(2020), 125614. Angew. Chem. (2021) in press.
[384] R. Chen, Z. Cai, J. Pu, Z. Lu, S. Chen, S. Zheng, C. Zeng, J. Alloys. Compd. 827 [433] H. Li, Y. Zhou, Z. Liang, H. Ning, X. Fu, Z. Xu, T. Qiu, W. Xu, R. Yao, J. Peng,
(2020), 153836. Coatings 11 (2021) 628.
[385] R. Li, M. Li, C. Jiang, B. Qiao, W. Zhang, J. Xu, J. Alloys. Compd. 773 (2019) [434] L. Tang, Z. Li, K. Chen, C. Li, X. Zhang, L. An, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 104 (2021)
482–489. 1953–1958.
[386] T.X. Nguyen, Y.H. Su, J. Hattrick-Simpers, H. Joress, T. Nagata, K.S. Chang, [435] V.E. Zhivulin, E.A. Trofimov, S.A. Gudkova, I.Y. Pashkeev, A.Y. Punda,
S. Sarker, A. Mehta, J.M. Ting, ACS Comb. Sci. 22 (2020) 858–866. M. Gavrilyak, O.V. Zaitseva, S.V. Taskaev, F.V. Podgornov, M.A. Darwish, M.
[387] P.H. Mayrhofer, A. Kirnbauer, P. Ertelthaler, C.M. Koller, Scr. Mater. 149 (2018) A. Almessiere, Y. Slimani, A. Baykal, S.V. Trukhanov, A.V. Trukhanov, D.
93–97. A. Vinnik, Nanomaterials 11 (2021) 1014.
[388] A. Vladescu, I. Titorencu, Y. Dekhtyar, V. Jinga, V. Pruna, M. Balaceanu, M. Dinu, [436] Y. Zheng, M. Zou, W. Zhang, D. Yi, J. Lan, C.W. Nan, Y.H. Lin, J. Adv. Ceram. 10
I. Pana, V. Vendina, M. Braic, PLoS One 11 (2016), e0161151. (2021) 377–384.
[389] P.B. Meisenheimer, T.J. Kratofil, J.T. Heron, Sci. Rep. 7 (2017) 13344. [437] X. Zhang, Y. Li, C. Li, F. Yang, Z. Jiang, L. Xue, Z. Shao, Z. Zhao, M. Xie, S. Yu,
[390] D. Ma, H. Tan, Y. Zhang, Y. Li, Mater. Trans. 44 (2003) 2007–2010. Mater. Des. 205 (2021), 109722.
[391] Y. Zhang, Z.P. Lu, S.G. Ma, P.K. Liaw, Z. Tang, Y.Q. Cheng, M.C. Gao, MRS [438] Z. Lun, B. Ouyang, D.H. Kwon, Y. Ha, E.E. Foley, T.Y. Huang, Z. Cai1, H. Kim,
Commun. 4 (2014) 57–62. M. Balasubramanian, Y. Sun, J. Huang, Y. Tian, H. Kim, B.D. McCloskey, W. Yang,
[392] S.G. Ma, P.K. Liaw, M.C. Gao, J.W. Qiao, Z.H. Wang, Y. Zhang, J. Alloys. Compd. R.J. Clément, H. Ji, G. Ceder, Nat. Mater. 20 (2021) 214–221.
604 (2014) 331–339. [439] W. Guo, S. Ma, L. Liu, Adv. Ceram. 38 (2017) 159–175.
[393] H.W. Chang, P.K. Huang, A. Davison, J.W. Yeh, C.H. Tsau, C.C. Yang, Thin Solid [440] X. Wang, H. Xiang, X. Sun, J. Liu, F. Hou, Y. Zhou, J. Mater. Res. 29 (2014)
Films 516 (2008) 6402–6408. 2673–2681.
[394] Y. Zhang, G. Chen, C. Gan, J. ASTM Int. 7 (5) (2010) 1–8. [441] J.L. Braun, C.M. Rost, M. Lim, A. Giri, D.H. Olson, G.N. Kotsonis, G. Stan, D.
[395] Y. Zhang, Mater. Sci. Forum 654-656 (2010) 1058–1061. W. Brenner, J.P. Maria, P.E. Hopkins, Adv. Mater. 30 (2018), 1805004.
[396] Y. Zhang, Y.J. Zhou, Mater. Sci. Forum 561-565 (2007) 1337–1339. [442] J. Yang, X. Qian, W. Pan, R. Yang, Z. Li, Y. Han, M. Zhao, M. Huang, C. Wan, Adv.
[397] H. Cai, H. Zhang, Y. Zheng, IEEE Trans. Magn. 43 (2007) 2686–2688. Mater. 31 (2019), 1808222.
[398] H. Zhang, Y. Pan, Y. He, H. Jiao, Appl. Surf. Sci. 257 (2011) 2259–2263. [443] V.F. Gorban, A.A. Andreev, A.M. Chikryzhov, M.V. Karpets, N.A. Krapivka, A.
[399] C.M. Lin, H.L. Tsai, H.Y. Bor, Intermetallics 18 (2010) 1244–1250. V. Dolomanov, A.A. Ostroverkh, J. Superhard Mater. 41 (2019) 38–42.
[400] M.V. Talanov, O.N. Razumovskaya, L.A. Shilkina, L.A. Reznichenko, Inorg. Mater. [444] Z.M. Yang, K. Zhang, N. Qiu, H.B. Zhang, Y. Wang, J. Chen, Chinese Phys. B 28
Appl. Res. 49 (2013) 957–961. (2019), 046201.
[401] M. Lim, Z. Rak, J.L. Braun, C.M. Rost, G.N. Kotsonis, P.E. Hopkins, J.P. Maria, D. [445] G.N. Kotsonis, C.M. Rost, D.T. Harris, J.P. Maria, MRS Commun. 8 (2018)
W. Brenner, J. Appl. Phys. 125 (2019), 055105. 1371–1377.
[402] B. Musicó, Q. Wright, T.Z. Ward, A. Grutter, E. Arenholz, D. Gilbert, D. Mandrus, [446] A.J. Wright, C. Huang, M.J. Walock, A. Ghoshal, M. Murugan, J. Luo, J. Am.
V. Keppens, Phys. Rev. Mater. 3 (2019), 104416. Ceram. Soc. 104 (2021) 448–462.
[403] M.V. Talanov, A.A. Pavelko, L.A. Reznichenko, J. Adv. Dielectr. 10 (2020), [447] R. Liu, H. Chen, K. Zhao, Y. Qin, B. Jiang, T. Zhang, G. Sha, X. Shi, C. Uher,
2060004. W. Zhang, L. Chen, Adv. Mater. 29 (2017), 1702712.
[404] K. Zhang, W. Li, J. Zeng, T. Deng, B. Luo, H. Zhang, X. Huang, J. Alloys. Compd. [448] K. Chen, X. Pei, L. Tang, H. Cheng, Z. Li, C. Li, X. Zhang, L. An, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc.
817 (2020), 153328. 38 (2018) 4161–4164.
[405] A. Pavelko, L. Shilkina, L. Reznichenko, J. Adv. Dielectr. 10 (2020), 2060011. [449] B. Liu, Y. Liu, C. Zhu, H. Xiang, H. Chen, L. Sun, Y. Gao, Y. Zhou, J. Mater. Sci.
[406] H. Chen, B. Zhao, Z. Zhao, H. Xiang, F.Z. Dai, J. Liu, Y. Zhou, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 35 (2019) 833–851.
Technol. 47 (2020) 216–222. [450] M. Zhao, X. Ren, J. Yang, W. Pan, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 99 (2016) 293–299.
[407] M. Pianassola, M. Loveday, J.W. McMurray, M. Koschan, C.L. Melcher, [451] J.T.S. Irvine, A.J. Feighery, D.P. Fagg, S. Garcı́a-Martı́n, Solid State Ion. 136
M. Zhuravleva, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 103 (2020) 2908–2918. (2000) 879–885.
[408] A. Gautam, M.I. Ahmad, Ceram. Int. 47 (2021) 22225–22228. [452] J.P. Goff, W. Hayes, S. Hull, M.T. Hutchings, K.N. Clausen, Phys. Rev. B 59 (1999)
[409] A.J. Wright, Q. Wang, C. Hu, Y.T. Yeh, R. Chen, J. Luo, Acta Mater. 211 (2021), 14202.
116858. [453] A. Bogicevic, C. Wolverton, G.M. Crosbie, E.B. Stechel, Phys. Rev. B 64 (2001),
[410] N.A. Khan, B. Akhavan, Z. Zheng, H. Liu, C. Zhou, H. Zhou, L. Chang, Y. Wang, 014106.
Y. Liu, L. Sun, M.M. Bilek, Z. Liu, Appl. Surf. Sci. 553 (2021), 149491. [454] E.D. Wachsman, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 24 (2004) 1281–1285.
[411] Y. Liang, B. Luo, H. Dong, D. Wang, Ceram. Int. 47 (2021) 20196–20200. [455] J.F. Bisson, D. Fournier, M. Poulain, O. Lavigne, R. Mévrel, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 83
[412] K. Chen, J. Ma, C. Tan, C. Li, L. An, Ceram. Int. 47 (2021) 21207–21211. (2000) 1993–1998.
[413] J. Ma, K. Chen, C. Li, X. Zhang, L. An, Ceram. Int. 47 (2021) 24348–24352. [456] J. Zhu, X. Meng, J. Xu, P. Zhang, Z. Lou, M.J. Reece, F. Gao, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 41
[414] L. Zhou, F. Li, J.X. Liu, S.K. Sun, Y. Liang, G.J. Zhang, J. Hazard. Mater. 415 (2021) 1052–1057.
(2021), 125596. [457] S.H. Albedwawi, A. AlJaberi, G.N. Haidemenopoulos, K. Polychronopoulou,
[415] S. Sun, Z.M. Yang, N. Qiu, H.M. Yang, H. Chen, J.C. Zhang, B. Wu, Y.X. Cao, D. Mater. Des. 202 (2021), 109534.
W. Luo, K. Zhang, Y. Wang, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 538 (2021), 168271. [458] B. You, N. Jiang, M. Sheng, M.W. Bhushan, Y. Sun, ACS Catal. 6 (2016) 714–721.
[416] Y. Yang, H. Bao, H. Ni, X. Ou, S. Wang, B. Lin, P. Feng, Y. Ling, J. Power Sources [459] B. You, X. Liu, X. Liu, Y. Sun, ACS Catal. 7 (2017) 4564–4570.
482 (2021), 228959. [460] B. You, N. Jiang, M. Sheng, M.W. Bhushan, Y. Sun, ACS Catal. 6 (2016) 714–721.
[417] X. Zhang, L. Xue, F. Yang, Z. Shao, H. Zhang, Z. Zhao, K. Wang, J. Alloys. Compd. [461] B. You, Y. Zhang, P. Yin, D.E. Jiang, Y. Sun, Nano Energy 48 (2018) 600–606.
863 (2021), 158763. [462] Y. Qiao, Y. Wang, H. Tian, M. Li, J. Jian, Y. Wei, Y. Tian, D.Y. Wang, Y. Pang,
[418] Y. Zhang, W. Dai, P. Zhang, T. Lu, Y. Pan, J. Alloys. Compd. 868 (2021), 159064. X. Geng, X. Wang, Y. Zhao, H. Wang, N. Deng, M. Jian, Y. Zhang, R. Liang,
[419] H.R. Mao, R.F. Guo, Y. Cao, S.B. Jin, X.M. Qiu, P. Shen, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 41 Y. Yang, T.L. Ren, ACS Nano 12 (2018) 8839–8846.
(2021) 2855–2860. [463] Z. Liu, Y. Wang, R. Chen, C. Chen, H. Yang, J. Ma, Y. Li, S. Wang, J. Power Sources
[420] Z. Teng, Y. Tan, S. Zeng, Y. Meng, C. Chen, X. Han, H. Zhang, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 403 (2018) 90–96.
41 (2021) 3614–3620. [464] Z. Liu, C.L. Dong, Y.C. Huang, J. Cen, H. Yang, X. Chen, X. Tong, D. Su, Y. Wang,
[421] E. Bonnet, J.C. Grenier, J.M. Bassat, A. Jacob, B. Delatouche, S. Bourdais, J. Eur. S. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. 7 (2019) 14483–14488.
Ceram. Soc. 41 (2021) 4505–4515. [465] D. Chen, C. Chen, Z.M. Baiyee, Z. Shao, F. Ciucci, Chem. Rev. 115 (2015)
[422] A.D. Dupuy, M.R. Chellali, H. Hahn, J.M. Schoenung, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 41 9869–9921.
(2021) 4850–4858. [466] H. Xu, Z. Zhang, J. Liu, C.L. Do-Thanh, H. Chen, S. Xu, Q. Lin, Y. Jiao, J. Wang,
[423] L. Xu, H. Wang, L. Su, D. Lu, K. Peng, H. Gao, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 41 (2021) Y. Wang, Y. Chen, S. Dai, Nat. Commun. 11 (2020) 3908.
6670–6676. [467] H. Chen, K. Jie, C.J. Jafta, Z. Yang, S. Yao, M. Liu, Z. Zhang, J. Liu, M. Chi, J. Fu,
[424] J. He, G. He, J. Liu, J. Tao, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 41 (2021) 6080–6086. S. Dai, Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 276 (2020), 119155.
[425] J. Cieslak, M. Reissner, K. Berent, J. Dabrowa, M. Stygar, M. Mozdzierz, [468] X. Ji, L.F. Nazar, J. Mater. Chem. 20 (2010) 9821–9826.
M. Zajusz, Acta Mater. 206 (2021), 116600. [469] A. Eftekhari, D.W. Kim, J. Mater. Chem. A 5 (2017) 17734–17776.
[426] M. Mozdzierz, J. Dabrowa, A. Stepien, M. Zajusz, M. Stygar, W. Zaj, [470] Z. Sun, J. Zhang, L. Yin, G. Hu, R. Fang, H.M. Cheng, F. Li, Nat. Commun. 8
M. Danielewski, K. Swierczek, Acta Mater. 208 (2021), 116735. (2017) 14627.
[471] M.A. Pope, I.A. Aksay, Adv. Energy Mater. 5 (2015), 1500124.
59
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
[472] J.S. Kim, T.H. Hwang, B.G. Kim, J. Min, J.W. Choi, Adv. Funct. Mater. 24 (2014) [525] D. Wang, S. Jiang, C. Duan, J. Mao, Y. Dong, K. Dong, Z. Wang, S. Luo, Y. Liu,
5359–5367. X. Qi, J. Alloys. Compd. 844 (2020), 156158.
[473] P.G. Bruce, L.J. Hardwick, K.M. Abraham, MRS Bull. 36 (2011) 506–512. [526] F. Tavani, M. Fracchia, N. Pianta, P. Ghigna, E. Quartarone, P. D’Angelo, Chem.
[474] J.Q. Huang, Q. Zhang, F. Wei, Energy Storage Mater. 1 (2015) 127–145. Phys. Lett. 760 (2020), 137968.
[475] M.R. Busche, P. Adelhelm, H. Sommer, H. Schneider, K. Leitner, J. Janek, [527] J.C. Bachman, S. Muy, A. Grimaud, H.H. Chang, N. Pour, S.F. Lux, O. Paschos,
J. Power Sources 259 (2014) 289–299. F. Maglia, S. Lupart, P. Lamp, L. Giordano, Y. Shao-Horn, Chem. Rev. 116 (2016)
[476] D. Liu, C. Zhang, G. Zhou, W. Lv, G. Ling, L. Zhi, Q.H. Yang, Adv. Sci. 5 (2018), 140–162.
1700270. [528] J.W. Fergus, J. Power Sources 195 (2010) 4554–4569.
[477] Y.V. Mikhaylik, J.R. Akridge, J. Electrochem. Soc. 151 (2004) A1969–A1976. [529] H. Liu, G. Wang, J. Liu, S. Qiao, H. Ahn, J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) 3046–3052.
[478] H. Wang, W. Zhang, J. Xu, Z. Guo, Adv. Funct. Mater. 28 (2018), 1707520. [530] C. Wang, Q. Li, F. Wang, G. Xia, R. Liu, D. Li, N. Li, J.S. Spendelow, G. Wu, ACS
[479] Z.W. Zhang, H.J. Peng, M. Zhao, J.Q. Huang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 28 (2018), Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 (2014) 1243–1250.
1707536. [531] J.B. Goodenough, in: W.A. van Schalkwijk, B. Scrosati (Eds.), Advances in
[480] R. Ponraj, A.G. Kannan, J.H. Ahn, D.W. Kim, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 (2016) Lithium-Ion Batteries, Springer, Boston, MA, USA, 2002, pp. 135–154.
4000–4006. [532] G.G. Amatucci, N. Pereira, J. Fluor. Chem. 128 (2007) 243–262.
[481] Q. Pang, D. Kundu, M. Cuisinier, L.F. Nazar, Nat. Commun. 5 (2014) 4759. [533] T.X. Nguyen, J. Patra, J.K. Chang, J.M. Ting, J. Mater. Chem. A 8 (2020)
[482] S.A. Ahad, P. Ragupathy, S. Ryu, H.W. Lee, D.K. Kim, Chem. Commun. 53 (2017) 18963–18973.
8782–8785. [534] J.R. Szczech, S. Jin, Energy Environ. Sci. 4 (2011) 56–72.
[483] X. Liang, A. Garsuch, L.F. Nazar, Angew. Chem. 127 (2015) 3979–3983. [535] V. Meunier, J. Kephart, C. Roland, J. Bernholc, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (2002),
[484] X. Ji, K.T. Lee, L.F. Nazar, Nat. Mater. 8 (2009) 500–506. 075506.
[485] H. Shao, F. Ai, W. Wang, H. Zhang, A. Wang, W. Feng, Y. Huang, J. Mater. Chem. [536] C.M. Schauerman, M.J. Ganter, G. Gaustad, C.W. Babbitt, R.P. Raffaelle, B.
A 5 (2017) 19892–19900. J. Landi, J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012) 12008–12015.
[486] Y. Liang, N. Deng, J. Ju, X. Zhou, J. Yan, C. Zhong, W. Kang, B. Cheng, [537] K. Nishidate, M. Hasegawa, Phys. Rev. B 71 (2005), 245418.
Electrochim. Acta 281 (2018) 257–265. [538] J. Zhao, A. Buldum, J. Han, J.P. Lu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (2000) 1706.
[487] R. Carter, B. Davis, L. Oakes, M.R. Maschmann, C.L. Pint, Nanoscale 9 (2017) [539] H. Fujimoto, K. Tokumitsu, A. Mabuchi, N. Chinnasamy, T. Kasuh, J. Power
15018–15026. Sources 195 (2010) 7452–7456.
[488] J. Guo, Y. Xu, C. Wang, Nano Lett. 11 (2011) 4288–4294. [540] J. Yang, X.Y. Zhou, J. Li, Yl. Zou, J.J. Tang, Mater. Chem. Phys. 135 (2012)
[489] R. Carter, L. Oakes, N. Muralidharan, A.P. Cohn, A. Douglas, C.L. Pint, ACS Appl. 445–450.
Mater. Interfaces 9 (2017) 7185–7192. [541] C.A. Bridges, X.G. Sun, J. Zhao, M.P. Paranthaman, S. Dai, J. Phys. Chem. C 116
[490] Q. Sun, B. Xi, J.Y. Li, H. Mao, X. Ma, J. Liang, J. Feng, S. Xiong, Adv. Energy (2012) 7701–7711.
Mater. 8 (2018), 1800595. [542] Z. Wang, L. Zhou, X.W. Lou, Adv. Mater. 24 (2012) 1903–1911.
[491] Y. Zhang, Y. Zhao, A. Yermukhambetova, Z. Bakenov, P. Chen, J. Mater. Chem. A [543] J. Jiang, Y. Li, J. Liu, X. Huang, C. Yuan, X.W. Lou, Adv. Mater. 24 (2012)
1 (2013) 295–301. 5166–5180.
[492] W. Li, J. Hicks-Garner, J. Wang, J. Liu, A.F. Gross, E. Sherman, J. Graetz, J. [544] P.P. Prosini, M. Carewska, S. Loreti, C. Minarini, S. Passerini, Int. J. Inorg. Mater.
J. Vajo, P. Liu, Chem. Mater. 26 (2014) 3403–3410. 2 (2000) 365–370.
[493] Q. Fan, W. Liu, Z. Weng, Y. Sun, H. Wang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137 (2015) [545] J. Wang, Y. Cui, Q. Wang, K. Wang, X. Huang, D. Stenzel, A. Sarkar, R. Azmi,
12946–12953. T. Bergfeldt, S.S. Bhattacharya, R. Kruk, H. Hahn, S. Schweidler, T. Brezesinski,
[494] T. Nguyen, M. Boudard, L. Rapenne, M.J. Carmezim, M.F. Montemor, J. Mater. B. Breitung, Sci. Rep. 10 (2020) 18430.
Chem. 3 (2015) 10875–10882. [546] C. Zhao, F. Ding, Y. Lu, L. Chen, Y.S. Hu, Angew. Chem. 59 (2020) 264–269.
[495] X. Liu, J.Q. Huang, Q. Zhang, L. Mai, Adv. Mater. 29 (2017), 1601759. [547] C. Zhao, Y. Lu, L. Chen, Y.S. Hu, Nano Res. 12 (2019) 2018–2030.
[496] C. Mullens, M. Pikulski, S. Agachan, W. Gorski, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) [548] J. Wang, D. Stenzel, R. Azmi, S. Najib, K. Wang, J. Jeong, A. Sarkar, Q. Wang, P.
13602–13608. A. Sukkurji, T. Bergfeldt, M. Botros, J. Maibach, H. Hahn, T. Brezesinski,
[497] S.R. Mangisetti, B. Pari, M. Kamaraj, S. Ramaprabhu, ChemSusChem 11 (2018) B. Breitung, Electrochem 1 (2020) 60–74.
1664–1677. [549] M. Gazda, T. Miruszewski, D. Jaworski, A. Mielewczyk-Gryń , W. Skubida,
[498] P.A. Deshpande, M.S. Hegde, G. Madras, AIChE J. 56 (2010) 1315–1324. S. Wachowski, P. Winiarz, K. Dzierzgowski, M. Łapiń ski, I. Szpunar, E. Dzik, ACS
[499] R. Radhakrishnan, R.R. Willigan, Z. Dardas, T.H. Vanderspurt, AIChE J. 52 (2006) Mater. Lett. 2 (2020) 1315–1321.
1888–1894. [550] A. Bhattacharya, S.J. May, Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 44 (2014) 65–90.
[500] R.J. Gorte, AIChE J. 56 (2010) 1126–1135. [551] K.J. Choi, M. Biegalski, Y.L. Li, A. Sharan, J. Schubert, R. Uecker, P. Reiche, Y.
[501] T. Bunluesin, R.J. Gorte, G.W. Graham, Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 15 (1998) B. Chen, X.Q. Pan, V. Gopalan, L.Q. Chen, D.G. Schlom, C.B. Eom, Science 306
107–114. (2004) 1005–1009.
[502] A. Kambolis, H. Matralis, A. Trovarelli, C. Papadopoulou, Appl. Catal. A Gen. 377 [552] A. Sarkar, R. Kruk, H. Hahn, Dalton Trans. 50 (2021) 1973–1982.
(2010) 16–26. [553] K. Simeonidis, M. Tziomaki, M. Angelakeris, C. Martinez-Boubeta, L. Balcells,
[503] T. Wang, F. Jiang, G. Liu, L. Zeng, Z.J. Zhao, J. Gong, AIChE J. 62 (2016) C. Monty, M. Mitrakas, G. Vourlias, N. Andritsos, EPJ Web Conf. 40 (2013)
4365–4376. 08007.
[504] E. Gomez, Z. Xie, J.G. Chen, AIChE J. 65 (2019), e16670. [554] R.K. Singh, G.P. Kothiyal, A. Srinivasan, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 354 (2008)
[505] Y. Shu, J. Bao, S. Yang, X. Duan, P. Zhang, AIChE J. 67 (2021), e17046. 3166–3170.
[506] M. Faraday, Philos. Trans. Biol. Sci. 129 (1839) 1–12. [555] R.K. Singh, G.P. Kothiyal, A. Srinivasan, Solid State Commun. 146 (2008) 25–29.
[507] N.J. Dudney, J. Li, Science 347 (2015) 131–132. [556] R.T. Smith, F.S. Welsh, J. Appl. Phys. 42 (1971) 2219–2230.
[508] P. Poizot, S. Laruelle, S. Grugeon, L. Dupont, J.M. Tarascon, Nature 407 (2000) [557] Y. Cho, K. Yamanouchi, J. Appl. Phys. 61 (1987) 875–887.
496–499. [558] J. Hladik (Ed.), Physics of Electrolytes, Vol. 1, Academic Press, London, New
[509] D. Xiong, X. Li, Z. Bai, S. Lu, Small 14 (2018), 1703419. York, 1972.
[510] W. Liu, X. Li, D. Xiong, Y. Hao, J. Li, H. Kou, B. Yan, D. Li, S. Lu, A. Koo, K. Adair, [559] X.J. Chen, K.A. Khor, S.H. Chan, L.G. Yu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 335 (2002) 246–252.
X. Sun, Nano Energy 44 (2018) 111–120. [560] C.H. Tsau, Z.Y. Hwang, S.K. Chen, Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. Int. J. 2015 (2015),
[511] H. Wang, X. Yang, Q. Wu, Q. Zhang, H. Chen, H. Jing, J. Wang, S.B. Mi, A. 353140.
L. Rogach, C. Niu, ACS Nano 12 (2018) 3406–3416. [561] K. Edalati, M. Arimura, Y. Ikoma, T. Daio, M. Miyata, D.J. Smith, Z. Horita, Mater.
[512] S. Lim, J.H. Kim, Y. Yamada, H. Munakata, Y.S. Lee, S.S. Kim, K. Kanamura, Res. Lett. 3 (2015) 216–221.
J. Power Sources 355 (2017) 164–170. [562] Y. Zou, H. Ma, R. Spolenak, Nat. Commun. 6 (2015) 7748.
[513] M.V. Reddy, G. Prithvi, K.P. Loh, B.V.R. Chowdari, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 [563] B. Cheng, Q. Li, H. Zhang, R. Liu, B. Liu, Z. Yao, T. Cui, J. Liu, Z. Liu, B. Sundqvist,
(2014) 680–690. B. Liu, Phys. Rev. B 93 (2016), 184109.
[514] H. Zhang, G. Zhang, Z. Li, K. Qu, L. Wang, W. Zeng, Q. Zhang, H. Duan, J. Mater. [564] R.S. McWilliams, D.K. Spaulding, J.H. Eggert, P.M. Celliers, D.G. Hicks, R.
Chem. A 4 (2016) 10585–10592. F. Smith, G.W. Collins, R. Jeanloz, Science 338 (2012) 1330–1333.
[515] Q. Zhang, J. Wang, D. Xu, Z. Wang, X. Li, K. Zhang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2 (2014) [565] A. Sarkar, B. Eggert, L. Velasco, X. Mu, J. Lill, K. Ollefs, S.S. Bhattacharya,
3865–3874. H. Wende, R. Kruk, R.A. Brand, H. Hahn, APL Mater. 8 (2020), 051111.
[516] Q. Zhang, D. Xu, X. Zhou, X. Wu, K. Zhang, Small 10 (2014) 935–943. [566] J. de Wild, J.K. Rath, A. Meijerink, W.G.J.H.M. van Sark, R.E.I. Schropp, Sol.
[517] F.X. Ma, H. Hu, H.B. Wu, C.Y. Xu, Z. Xu, L. Zhen, X.W. Lou, Adv. Mater. 27 (2015) Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 94 (2010) 2395–2398.
4097–4101. [567] M. Rüdiger, S. Fischer, J. Frank, A. Ivaturi, B.S. Richards, K.W. Krämer,
[518] S.H. Lee, S.H. Yu, J.E. Lee, A. Jin, D.J. Lee, N. Lee, H. Jo, K. Shin, T.Y. Ahn, Y. M. Hermle, J.C. Goldschmidt, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 128 (2014) 57–68.
W. Kim, H. Shoe, Y.E. Sung, T. Hyeon, Nano Lett. 13 (2013) 4249–4256. [568] S. Fischer, B. Fröhlich, H. Steinkemper, K.W. Krämer, J.C. Goldschmidt, Sol.
[519] B. Wang, H.B. Wu, L. Zhang, X.W. Lou, Angew. Chem. 125 (2013) 4259–4262. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 122 (2014) 197–207.
[520] S. Petnikota, S.K. Marka, A. Banerjee, M.V. Reddy, V.V.S.S. Srikanth, B.V. [569] L. Qiu, Y. Yang, G. Dong, D. Xia, M. Li, X. Fan, R. Fan, Appl. Surf. Sci. 448 (2018)
R. Chowdari, J. Power Sources 293 (2015) 253–263. 145–153.
[521] J. Wang, H. Zhou, J. Nanda, P.V. Braun, Chem. Mater. 27 (2015) 2803–2811. [570] C. Yen-Chi, H. Woan-Yu, C. Teng-Ming, J. Rare Earths 29 (2011) 907–910.
[522] L. Zhang, H.B. Wu, R. Xu, X.W. Lou, CrystEngComm 15 (2013) 9332–9335. [571] G. Shao, C. Lou, D. Xiao, J. Lumin. 157 (2015) 344–348.
[523] E. Lokcu, C. Toparli, M. Anik, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 (2020) [572] V. Kumar, S.K. Swami, A. Kumar, O.M. Ntwaeaborwa, V. Dutta, H.C. Swart,
23860–23866. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 484 (2016) 24–32.
[524] M. Kheradmandfard, H. Minouei, N. Tsvetkov, A.K. Vayghan, S.F. Kashani- [573] X. Huang, S. Han, W. Huang, X. Liu, Chem. Soc. Rev. 42 (2013) 173–201.
Bozorg, G. Kim, S.I. Hong, D.E. Kim, Mater. Chem. Phys. 262 (2021), 124265. [574] M. Hanioka, Y. Furukawa, H. Samata, Optik 180 (2019) 1043–1048.
60
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
[575] A.C. Vlasveld, S.G. Harris, E.D. Doyle, D.B. Lewis, W.D. Munz, Surf. Coat. [621] W.J. Shen, M.H. Tsai, Y.S. Chang, J.W. Yeh, Thin Solid Films 520 (2012)
Technol. 149 (2002) 217–223. 6183–6188.
[576] W.D. Münz, J. Vacuum Sci. Technol. A 4 (1986) 2717–2725. [622] O.V. Sobol, A.A. Andreev, V.F. Gorban, A. Meylekhov, А.A. Postelnyk,
[577] T.T.H. Pham, E.L. Bourhis, P. Goudeau, P. Guérin, Mater. Sci. Forum 695 (2011) V. Stolbovoy, A.V. Zvyagolskiy, J. Nano- Electron. Phys. 10 (2018) 06030.
182–185. [623] M.H. Tsai, C.H. Lai, J.W. Yeh, J.Y. Gan, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 41 (2008), 235402.
[578] H. Willmann, P.H. Mayrhofer, P.O.Å. Persson, A.E. Reiter, L. Hultman, [624] C.H. Chang, P.W. Li, Q.Q. Wu, M.H. Wang, C.C. Sung, C.Y. Hsu, Mater. Technol.
C. Mitterer, Scr. Mater. 54 (2006) 1847–1851. 34 (2019) 343–349.
[579] S.A. Glatz, C.M. Koller, H. Bolvardi, S. Kolozsvári, H. Riedl, P.H. Mayrhofer, Surf. [625] Z.C. Chang, Mater. Chem. Phys. 220 (2018) 98–110.
Coat. Technol. 311 (2017) 330–336. [626] Q.W. Xing, S.Q. Xia, X.H. Yan, Y. Zhang, J. Mater. Res. 33 (2018) 3347–3354.
[580] H. Asanuma, F.F. Klimashin, P. Polcik, S. Kolozsvári, H. Riedl, P.H. Mayrhofer, [627] J.J. Wang, S.Y. Chang, F.Y. Ouyang, Surf. Coat. Technol. 393 (2020), 125796.
Thin Solid Films 688 (2019), 137239. [628] C.H. Lai, M.H. Tsai, S.J. Lin, J.W. Yeh, Surf. Coat. Technol. 201 (2007)
[581] H. Asanuma, F.F. Klimashin, P. Polcik, S. Kolozsvári, H. Riedl, P.H. Mayrhofer, 6993–6998.
Surf. Coat. Technol. 372 (2019) 26–33. [629] C.H. Lai, S.J. Lin, J.W. Yeh, S.Y. Chang, Surf. Coat. Technol. 201 (2006)
[582] M. Wittmer, J. Noser, H. Melchior, J. Appl. Phys. 52 (1981) 6659–6664. 3275–3280.
[583] M. Zhou, Y. Makino, M. Nose, K. Nogi, Thin Solid Films 339 (1999) 203–208. [630] K. Johansson, L. Riekehr, S. Fritze, E. Lewin, Surf. Coat. Technol. 349 (2018)
[584] S. PalDey, S.C. Deevi, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 342 (2003) 58–79. 529–539.
[585] L.A. Donohue, I.J. Smith, W.D. Münz, I. Petrov, J.E. Greene, Surf. Coat. Technol. [631] P.K. Huang, J.W. Yeh, Thin Solid Films 518 (2009) 180–184.
94-95 (1997) 226–231. [632] K. von Fieandt, E.M. Paschalidou, A. Srinath, P. Soucek, L. Riekehr, L. Nyholm,
[586] Y. Zhang, W.M. Guo, Z.B. Jiang, Q.Q. Zhu, S.K. Sun, Y. You, K. Plucknett, H.T. Lin, E. Lewin, Thin Solid Films 693 (2020), 137685.
Scr. Mater. 164 (2019) 135–139. [633] A. Nishimoto, T. Fukube, T. Maruyama, Surf. Coat. Technol. 376 (2019) 52–58.
[587] M.H. Tsai, C.W. Wang, C.H. Lai, J.W. Yeh, J.Y. Gan, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 (2008), [634] O.F. Dippo, N. Mesgarzadeh, T.J. Harrington, G.D. Schrader, K.S. Vecchio, Sci.
052109. Rep. 10 (2020) 21288.
[588] C.W. Tsai, S.W. Lai, K.H. Cheng, M.H. Tsai, A. Davison, C.H. Tsau, J.W. Yeh, Thin [635] N.A. Khan, B. Akhavan, C. Zhou, H. Zhou, L. Chang, Y. Wang, Y. Liu, M.M. Bilek,
Solid Films 520 (2012) 2613–2618. Z. Liu, Surf. Coat. Technol. 402 (2020), 126327.
[589] A.D. Pogrebnjak, J. Nanomater. 2013 (2013), 780125. [636] O.V. Sobol, A.A. Andreev, V.F. Gorban, H.O. Postelnyk, V.A. Stolbovoy, A.
[590] A.D. Pogrebnjak, I.V. Yakushchenko, G. Abadias, P. Chartier, O.V. Bondar, V. V. Zvyagolsky, A.V. Dolomanov, Z.V. Kraievska, Probl. At. Sci. Technol. 120
M. Beresnev, Y. Takeda, O.V. Sobol, K. Oyoshi, A.A. Andreyev, B.A. Mukushev, (2019) 127–135.
J. Superhard Mater. 35 (2013) 356–368. [637] A.A. Bagdasaryan, A.V. Pshyk, L.E. Coy, M. Kempiński, A.D. Pogrebnjak, V.
[591] S.Y. Chang, Y.C. Huang, C.E. Li, H.F. Hsu, J.W. Yeh, S.J. Lin, JOM 65 (2013) M. Beresnev, S. Jurga, Mater. Lett. 229 (2018) 364–367.
1790–1796. [638] R. Hahn, A. Kirnbauer, M. Bartosik, S. Kolozsvári, P.H. Mayrhofer, Mater. Lett.
[592] A.D. Pogrebnjak, A.A. Bagdasaryan, I.V. Yakushchenko, V.M. Beresnev, Russ. 251 (2019) 238–240.
Chem. Rev. 83 (2014) 1027. [639] H.T. Hsueh, W.J. Shen, M.H. Tsai, J.W. Yeh, Surf. Coat. Technol. 206 (2012)
[593] A. Bagdasaryan, P. Konarski, M. Misnik, F. Komarov, The distribution analysis for 4106–4112.
elements in depth of nitride coating based on high-entropy Ti-Hf-V-Nb-Zr alloy, [640] W.J. Shen, M.H. Tsai, K.Y. Tsai, C.C. Juan, C.W. Tsai, J.W. Yeh, Y.S. Chang,
in: Proceedings of the 24th International Crimean Conference Microwave & J. Electrochem. Soc. 160 (2013) C531.
Telecommunication Technology, IEEE, Sevastopol, Ukraine, 2014, pp. 779–780. [641] Y. Massiani, A. Medjahed, P. Gravier, L. Argème, L. Fedrizzi, Thin Solid Films 191
[594] V.F. Gorban, I.M. Zakiev, G.F. Sarzhan, J. Frict. Wear 37 (2016) 263–267. (1990) 305–316.
[595] A.A. Vereschaka, B.Y. Mokritskii, N.N. Sitnikov, G.V. Oganyan, A.Y. Aksenenko, [642] Y. Massiani, J. Crousier, L. Fedrizzi, A. Cavalleri, P.L. Bonora, Surf. Coat. Technol.
J. Nano Res. 45 (2017) 110–123. 33 (1987) 309–317.
[596] Y.O. Tleukenov, S.V. Plotnikov, A.D. Pogrebnjak, N.K. Erdybaeva, A. [643] I. Milošev, H.H. Strehblow, B. Navinšek, Thin Solid Films 303 (1997) 246–254.
B. Manapbayeva, Rec. Contr. Phys. 60 (2018) 62–71. [644] U.K. Wiiala, I.M. Penttinen, A.S. Korhonen, J. Aromaa, E. Ristolainen, Surf. Coat.
[597] O.V. Sobol, O. Dur, А.A. Postelnyk, Z.V. Kraievska, Funct. Mater. 26 (2019) Technol. 41 (1990) 191–204.
310–318. [645] J. Piippo, B. Elsener, H. Böhni, Surf. Coat. Technol. 61 (1993) 43–46.
[598] Y.S. Kim, H.J. Park, K.S. Lim, S.H. Hong, K.B. Kim, Coatings 10 (2020) 10. [646] P.C. Andricacos, C. Uzoh, J.O. Dukovic, J. Horkans, H. Deligianni, IBM J. Res.
[599] J.J. Wang, F.Y. Ouyang, Corros. Sci. 187 (2021), 109467. Dev. 42 (1998) 567–574.
[600] Y. Xu, G. Li, G. Li, F. Gao, Y. Xia, Appl. Surf. Sci. 564 (2021), 150417. [647] R. Rosenberg, D.C. Edelstein, C.K. Hu, K.P. Rodbell, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 30
[601] X. Lu, C. Zhang, C. Wang, X. Cao, R. Ma, X. Sui, J. Hao, W. Liu, Appl. Surf. Sci. 557 (2000) 229–262.
(2021), 149813. [648] Y. Wang, C.H. Zhao, F. Cao, D.W. Yang, Mater. Lett. 62 (2008) 3761–3763.
[602] W. Yu, W. Li, P. Liu, K. Zhang, F. Ma, X. Chen, R. Feng, P.K. Liaw, Mater. Des. 203 [649] Y. Wang, X. Chen, W. Ma, Y. Shang, Z. Lei, F. Xiang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 396 (2017)
(2021), 109553. 333–338.
[603] A. Xia, R. Dedoncker, O. Glushko, M.J. Cordill, D. Depla, R. Franz, J. Alloys. [650] S. Sharma, M. Kumar, S. Rani, D. Kumar, C.C. Tripathi, Mater. Sci. Semicond.
Compd. 850 (2021), 156740. Process. 48 (2016) 1–8.
[604] S.K. Bachani, C.J. Wang, B.S. Lou, L.C. Chang, J.W. Lee, J. Alloys. Compd. 873 [651] A. Kumar, M. Kumar, D. Kumar, Appl. Surf. Sci. 258 (2012) 7962–7967.
(2021), 159605. [652] A. Cros, M.O. Aboelfotoh, K.N. Tu, J. Appl. Phys. 67 (1990) 3328–3336.
[605] H. Zaid, K. Tanaka, C.V. Ciobanu, J.M. Yang, S. Kodambaka, H. Kindlund, Scr. [653] L. Arnaud, T. Berger, G. Reimbold, J. Appl. Phys. 93 (2003) 192–204.
Mater. 197 (2021), 113813. [654] E.G. Liniger, C.K. Hu, L.M. Gignac, A. Simon, J. Appl. Phys. 93 (2003)
[606] W.H. Kao, Y.L. Su, J.H. Horng, C.M. Wu, Surf. Coat. Technol. 405 (2021), 126539. 9576–9582.
[607] W. Xu, M. Liao, X. Liu, L. Ji, P. Ju, H. Li, H. Zhou, J. Chen, Ceram. Int. 47 (2021) [655] K. Wetzig, C.M. Schneider (Eds.), Metal Based Thin Films for Electronics, WILEY-
24752–24759. VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2004.
[608] L.W. Lan, H.J. Yang, R.P. Guo, X.J. Wang, M. Zhang, P.K. Liaw, J.W. Qiao, Mater. [656] S.Y. Chang, M.K. Chen, D.S. Chen, J. Electrochem. Soc. 156 (2009) G37.
Chem. Phys. 270 (2021), 124800. [657] X. Lu, T. Liu, T. Zhai, G. Wang, M. Yu, S. Xie, Y. Ling, C. Liang, Y. Tong, Y. Li, Adv.
[609] M.H. Hsieh, M.H. Tsai, W.J. Shen, J.W. Yeh, Surf. Coat. Technol. 221 (2013) Energy Mater. 4 (2014), 1300994.
118–123. [658] L. Zhang, C.M.B. Holt, E.J. Luber, B.C. Olsen, H. Wang, M. Danaie, X. Cui, X. Tan,
[610] P.K. Huang, J.W. Yeh, Surf. Coat. Technol. 203 (2009) 1891–1896. V.W. Lui, W.P. Kalisvaart, D. Mitlin, J. Phys. Chem. C 115 (2011) 24381–24393.
[611] P. Cui, W. Li, P. Liu, K. Zhang, F. Ma, X. Chen, R. Feng, P.K. Liaw, J. Alloys. [659] C.Y. He, X.L. Qiu, D.M. Yu, S.S. Zhao, H.X. Guo, G. Liu, X.H. Gao, J. Materiomics 7
Compd. 834 (2020), 155063. (2021) 460–469.
[612] Y.C. Lin, S.Y. Hsu, R.W. Song, W.L. Lo, Y.T. Lai, S.Y. Tsai, J.G. Duh, Surf. Coat. [660] H.X. Guo, D.M. Yu, C.Y. He, X.L. Qiu, S.S. Zhao, G. Liu, X.H. Gao, J. Surf.
Technol. 403 (2020), 126417. Interfaces Mater. 24 (2021), 101062.
[613] W.J. Shen, M.H. Tsai, J.W. Yeh, Coatings 5 (2015) 312–325. [661] S.S. Zhao, X.L. Qiu, C.Y. He, D.M. Yu, G. Liu, X.H. Gao, ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 4
[614] P.K. Huang, J.W. Yeh, Scr. Mater. 62 (2010) 105–108. (2021) 4504–4512.
[615] A.D. Pogrebnjak, I.V. Yakushchenko, A.A. Bagdasaryan, O.V. Bondar, R. Krause- [662] C.Y. He, X.H. Gao, X.L. Qiu, D.M. Yu, H.X. Guo, G. Liu, Sol. RRL 5 (2021),
Rehberg, G. Abadias, P. Chartier, K. Oyoshi, Y. Takeda, V.M. Beresnev, O.V. sobol, 2000790.
Mater. Chem. Phys. 147 (2014) 1079–1091. [663] C.Y. He, X.H. Gao, D.M. Yu, X.L. Qiu, H.X. Guo, G. Liu, J. Mater. Chem. A Mater.
[616] D. Moskovskikh, S. Vorotilo, V. Buinevich, A. Sedegov, K. Kuskov, A. Khort, Energy Sustain. 9 (2021) 6413.
C. Shuck, M. Zhukovskyi, A. Mukasyan, Sci. Rep. 10 (2020) 19874. [664] J. Dusza, P. Švec, V. Girman, R. Sedlák, E.G. Castle, T. Csanádi, A. Kovalčíková,
[617] S.A. Firstov, V.F. Gorban, N.I. Danilenko, M.V. Karpets, A.A. Andreev, E. M.J. Reece, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 38 (2018) 4303–4307.
S. Makarenko, Powder Metall. Met. Ceram. 52 (2014) 560–566. [665] A.S. Rogachev, A.N. Gryadunov, N.A. Kochetov, A.S. Schukin, F. Baras,
[618] A.D. Pogrebnjak, A.A. Bagdasaryan, V.M. Beresnev, A.I. Kupchishin, S. O. Politano, Int. J. Self-Propag. High-Temp. Synth. 28 (2019) 196–198.
V. Plotnikov, Y.O. Kravchenko, High Temp. Mater. Process. 21 (2017) 261–275. [666] H. Zhang, F. Akhtar, Entropy 21 (2019) 474.
[619] U.S. Nyemchenko, V.J. Novikov, V.A. Stolbovoy, V.M. Beresnev, O.V. Sobol, [667] N. Gao, D.H. Lu, Y.Y. Zhao, X.W. Liu, G.H. Liu, Y. Wu, G. Liu, Z.T. Fan, Z. Lu, E.
Voprosy Atomnoj Nauki i Tekhniki 46 (2015) 139–144. P. George, J. Alloys. Compd. 792 (2019) 1028–1035.
[620] A. Bagdasaryan, A. Pogrebnjak, A. Pshyk, E. Coy, V. Beresnev, Synthesis and [668] L. Feng, W.G. Fahrenholtz, G.E. Hilmas, Y. Zhou, Scr. Mater. 162 (2019) 90–93.
characterization of nitride multilayerd coatings based on refractory metals, in: [669] X. Han, V. Girman, R. Sedlak, J. Dusza, E.G. Castle, Y. Wang, M. Reece, C. Zhang,
Proceedings of the IEEE 7th International Conference Nanomaterials: Application J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 40 (2020) 2709–2715.
& Properties (NAP), IEEE, Odessa, UKraine, 2017, pp. 02NTF37-1–02NTF37-5. [670] M. Biesuz, T.G. Saunders, K. Chen, M. Bortolotti, M. Salvo, S. Grasso, M.J. Reece,
J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 40 (2020) 2699–2708.
61
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
[671] E. Chicardi, C. García-Garrido, F.J. Gotor, Ceram. Int. 45 (2019) 21858–21863. [716] C. Peng, H. Tang, Y. He, X. Lu, P. Jia, G. Liu, Y. Zhao, M. Wang, J. Mater. Sci.
[672] A. Sedegov, S. Vorotilo, V. Tsybulin, K. Kuskov, D. Moscovskikh, IOP Conf. Ser.: Technol. 51 (2020) 161–166.
Mater. Sci. Eng. 558 (2019), 012043. [717] L. Feng, W.T. Chen, W.G. Fahrenholtz, G.E. Hilmas, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 104
[673] T. Csanádi, E. Castle, M.J. Reece, J. Dusza, Sci. Rep. 9 (2019) 10200. (2021) 419–427.
[674] T. Csanádi, M. Vojtko, Z. Dankházi, M.J. Reece, J. Dusza, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 40 [718] Y. Wang, T. Csanádi, H. Zhang, J. Dusza, M.J. Reece, R.Z. Zhang, Adv. Theory
(2020) 4774–4782. Simul. 3 (2020), 2000111.
[675] Y. He, C. Peng, S. Xin, K. Li, S. Liang, X. Lu, N. Kang, H. Xue, X. Shen, T. Shen, [719] M. Braic, M. Balaceanu, A. Vladescu, C.N. Zoita, V. Braic, Appl. Surf. Sci. 284
J. Mater. Sci. 55 (2020) 6754–6760. (2013) 671–678.
[676] B. Du, H. Liu, Y. Chu, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 103 (2020) 4063–4068. [720] V. Braic, A.C. Parau, I. Pana, M. Braic, M. Balaceanu, Surf. Coat. Technol. 58
[677] S.S. Hwang, A.L. Vasiliev, N.P. Padture, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 464 (2007) 216–224. (2014) 996–1005.
[678] G.J. Zhang, Z.Y. Deng, N. Kondo, J.F. Yang, T. Ohji, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 83 (2000) [721] K. Upadhya, J.M. Yang, W.P. Hoffman, Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull 76 (1997) 51–56.
2330–2332. [722] H. Chen, H. Xiang, F.Z. Dai, J. Liu, Y. Lei, J. Zhang, Y. Zhou, J. Mater. Sci.
[679] M. Gasch, D. Ellerby, E. Irby, S. Beckman, M. Gusman, S. Johnson, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 35 (2019) 1700–1705.
39 (2004) 5925–5937. [723] C.M. Rost, T. Borman, M.D. Hossain, M. Lim, K.F. Quiambao-Tomko, J.A. Tomko,
[680] E. Sani, L. Mercatelli, D. Fontani, J.L. Sans, D. Sciti, J. Renew. Sustain. Energy 3 D.W. Brenner, J.P. Maria, P.E. Hopkins, Acta Mater. 196 (2020) 231–239.
(2011), 063107. [724] H. Cheng, H.Y. Wang, Y.C. Xie, Q.H. Tang, P.Q. Dai, Mater. Sci. Technol. 33
[681] J.X. Liu, Y.M. Kan, G.J. Zhang, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 93 (2010) 370–373. (2017) 2032–2039.
[682] K. Wang, L. Chen, C. Xu, W. Zhang, Z. Liu, Y. Wang, J. Ouyang, X. Zhang, Y. Fu, [725] C. Peng, H. Tang, Y. He, X. Lu, P. Jia, G. Liu, Y. Zhao, M. Wang, J. Mater. Sci.
Y. Zhou, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 39 (2020) 99–105. Technol. 51 (2020) 161–166.
[683] D. Liu, Y. Gao, J. Liu, K. Li, F. Liu, Y. Wang, L. An, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 36 (2016) [726] J. Zhou, J. Zhang, F. Zhang, B. Niu, L. Lei, W. Wang, Ceram. Int. 44 (2018)
2051–2055. 22014–22018.
[684] P.F. Becher, G.C. Wei, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 67 (1984) C-267–C-269. [727] V.K. Balla, S. Bose, N.M. Davies, A. Bandyopadhyay, JOM 62 (7) (2010) 61–64.
[685] A.L. Chamberlain, W.G. Fahrenholtz, G.E. Hilmas, D.T. Ellerby, J. Am. Ceram. [728] J. Probst, U. Gbureck, R. Thull, Surf. Coat. Technol. 148 (2001) 226–233.
Soc. 87 (2004) 1170–1172. [729] M. Brama, N. Rhodes, J. Hunt, A. Ricci, R. Teghil, S. Migliaccio, C.D. Rocca,
[686] E. Castle, T. Csanádi, S. Grasso, J. Dusza, M. Reece, Sci. Rep. 8 (2018) 8609. S. Leccisotti, A. Lioi, M. Scandurra, G. DeMaria, D. Ferro, F. Pu, G. Panzini,
[687] D. Demirskyi, H. Borodianska, Ts. Suzuki, Y. Sakka, K. Yoshimi, O. Vasylkiv, Scr. L. Politi, R. Scandurra, Biomaterials 28 (2007) 595–608.
Mater. 164 (2019) 12–16. [730] C.L. Chu, H.L. Ji, L.H. Yin, Y.P. Pu, P.H. Lin, P.K. Chu, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 31
[688] B. Ye, Y. Chu, K. Huang, D. Liu, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 102 (2019) 919–923. (2011) 423–427.
[689] P. Malinovskis, S. Fritze, L. Riekehr, L. von Fieandt, J. Cedervall, D. Rehnlund, [731] A.P. Serro, C. Completo, R. Colaço, F. dos Santos, C.L. da Silva, J.M.S. Cabral,
L. Nyholm, E. Lewin, U. Jansson, Materi. Des. 149 (2018) 51–62. H. Araújo, E. Pires, B. Saramago, Surf. Coat. Technol. 203 (2009) 3701–3707.
[690] V. Braic, A. Vladescu, M. Balaceanu, C.R. Luculescu, M. Braic, Surf. Coat. Technol. [732] C.M. Cotrut, V. Braic, M. Balaceanu, I. Titorencu, M. Braic, A.C. Parau, Thin Solid
211 (2012) 117–121. Films 538 (2013) 48–55.
[691] B. Ye, T. Wen, K. Huang, C.Z. Wang, Y. Chu, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 102 (2019) [733] A. Vladescu, A. Kiss, A. Popescu, M. Braic, M. Balaceanu, V. Braic, I. Tudor,
4344–4352. C. Logofatu, C.C. Negrila, R. Rapeanu, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 8 (2008)
[692] V. Braic, M. Balaceanu, M. Braic, A. Vladescu, S. Panseri, A. Russo, J. Mech. 717–721.
Behav. Biomed. Mater. 10 (2012) 197–205. [734] S. Vepřek, Surf. Coat. Technol. 97 (1997) 15–22.
[693] Y. Li, J. Lu, M. Li, K. Chang, X. Zha, Y. Zhang, K. Chen, P.O.A. Persson, [735] U. Jansson, E. Lewin, Thin Solid Films 536 (2013) 1–24.
L. Hultman, P. Eklund, S. Du, J.S. Francisco, Z. Chai, Z. Huang, Q. Huang, Proc. [736] S. Santavirta, M. Takagi, L. Nordsletten, A. Anttila, R. Lappalainen, Y.
Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 117 (2020) 820–825. T. Konttinen, Arch. Orthop. Trauma. Surg. 118 (1998) 89–91.
[694] Q.Q. Wei, X.D. Xu, G.M. Li, G.Q. Luo, J. Zhang, Q. Shen b, C.L. Wu, Scr. Mater. [737] D.V. Shtansky, N.A. Gloushankova, A.N. Sheveiko, P.V. Kiryukhantsev-Korneev, I.
200 (2021), 113909. A. Bashkova, B.N. Mavrin, S.G. Ignatov, S.Y. Filippovich, C. Rojas, Surf. Coat.
[695] S. Guan, H. Liang, Q. Wang, L. Tan, F. Peng, Inorg. Chem. 60 (2021) 3807–3813. Technol. 205 (2010) 728–739.
̌
[696] P. Solcová, M. Nižň anský , J. Schulz, P. Brázda, P. Ecorchard, M. Vilémová, [738] Y. Zhou, B. Zhao, H. Chen, H. Xiang, F.Z. Dai, S. Wu, W. Xu, J. Mater. Sci.
V. Tyrpekl, Inorg. Chem. 60 (2021) 7617–7621. Technol. 74 (2021) 105–118.
[697] M.D. Hossain, T. Borman, A. Kumar, X. Chen, A. Khosravani, S.R. Kalidindi, E. [739] L. Silvestroni, S. Guicciardi, C. Melandri, D. Sciti, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 32 (2012)
A. Paisley, M. Esters, C. Oses, C. Toher, S. Curtarolo, J.M. LeBeau, D. Brenner, J. 97–105.
P. Maria, Acta Mater. 215 (2021), 117051. [740] J. Yang, M.X. Wang, Y.B. Kang, D.J. Li, Appl. Surf. Sci. 253 (2007) 5302–5305.
[698] K. Sun, Z. Yang, R. Mu, S. Niu, Y. Wang, D. Wang, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 41 (2021) [741] W.G. Fahrenholtz, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90 (2007) 143–148.
3196–3206. [742] R. Licheri, R. Orru, C. Musa, G. Cao, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2 (2010)
[699] X.F. Wei, J.X. Liu, W. Bao, Y. Qin, F. Li, Y. Liang, F. Xu, G.J. Zhang, J. Eur. Ceram. 2206–2212.
Soc. 41 (2021) 4747–4754. [743] B. Ye, C. Fan, Y. Han, M. Ma, Y. Chu, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 103 (2020) 4738–4741.
[700] J. Wang, H. Zhang, X. Yu, L. Wang, W. Huang, Z. Lu, Surf. Coat. Technol. 421 [744] J.X. Liu, X.Q. Shen, Y. Wu, F. Li, Y. Liang, G.J. Zhang, J. Adv. Ceram. 9 (2020)
(2021), 127468. 503–510.
[701] W.H. Kao, Y.L. Su, J.H. Horng, W.C. Wu, Mater. Chem. Phys. 268 (2021), 124741. [745] F. Monteverde, F. Saraga, M. Gaboardi, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 40 (2020) 3807–3814.
[702] J. Pötschke, M. Dahal, A. Vornberger, M. Herrmann, A. Michaelis, Metals 11 [746] S. Failla, P. Galizia, S. Fu, S. Grasso, D. Sciti, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 40 (2020)
(2021) 271. 588–593.
[703] J. Dusza, T. Csan´adi, D. Medveˇd, R. Sedl´ak, M. Vojtko, M. Ivor, H. Ünsal, [747] H. Chen, Z. Zhao, H. Xiang, F.Z. Dai, J. Zhang, S. Wang, J. Liu, Y. Zhou, J. Mater.
P. Tatarko, M. Tatarkov´a, P. ˇSajgalík, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 41 (2021) 5417–5426. Sci. Technol. 38 (2020) 80–85.
[704] K. Vasanthakumar, G. Revathi, S. Ariharan, S.R. Bakshi, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 41 [748] M. Qin, Q. Yan, H. Wang, K.S. Vecchio, J. Luo, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 41 (2021)
(2021) 6756–6762. 2968–2973.
[705] H. Wang, X. Han, W. Liu, Y. Wang, Ceram. Int. 47 (2021) 10848–10854. [749] Y. Zhang, S.K. Sun, W.M. Guo, L. Xu, W. Zhang, H.T. Lin, J. Adv. Ceram. 10
[706] Z. Li, Z. Wang, Z. Wu, B. Xu, S. Zhao, W. Zhang, N. Lin, Ceram. Int. 47 (2021) (2020) 173–180.
14341–14347. [750] M. Qin, Q. Yan, Y. Liu, J. Luo, J. Adv. Ceram. 10 (2021) 166–172.
[707] J. Potschke, M. Dahal, M. Herrmann, A. Vornberger, B. Matthey, A. Michaelis, [751] M. Qin, Q. Yan, Y. Liu, H. Wang, C. Wang, T. Lei, K.S. Vecchio, H.L. Xin, T.
J. Mater. Sci. 56 (2021) 11237–11247. J. Rupert, J. Luo, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 41 (2021) 5775–5781.
[708] D. Yu, J. Yin, B. Zhang, X. Liu, M.J. Reece, W. Liu, Z. Huang, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. [752] F. Monteverde, F. Saraga, M. Gaboardi, J.R. Plaisier, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 41 (2021)
41 (2021) 3823–3831. 6255–6266.
[709] Q. Sun, H. Tan, S. Zhu, Z. Zhu, L. Wang, J. Cheng, J. Yang, Tribol. Int. 157 (2021), [753] S. Barbarossa, R. Orrù, V. Cannillo, A. Iacomini, S. Garroni, M. Murgia, G. Cao,
106883. Ceramics 4 (2021) 108–120.
[710] D.G. Sangiovanni, W. Mellor, T. Harrington, K. Kaufmann, K. Vecchio, Mater. Des. [754] Y. Long, J. Che, Z. Wu, H.T. Lin, F. Zhang, Mater. Chem. Phys. 257 (2021),
209 (2021), 109932. 123715.
[711] F. Cai, D. Ni, B. Chen, L. Ye, Y. Sun, J. Lu, X. Zou, H. Zhou, P. He, T. Zhao, [755] W. Zhang, B. Zhao, N. Ni, H. Xiang, F.Z. Dai, S. Wu, Y. Zhou, J. Mater. Sci.
S. Dong, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 41 (2021) 5863–5871. Technol. 87 (2021) 155–166.
[712] K. Lu, J.X. Liu, X.F. Wei, W. Bao, Y. Wu, F. Li, F. Xu, G.J. Zhang, J. Eur. Ceram. [756] S. Iwan, K.C. Burrage, B.C. Storr, S.A. Catledge, Y.K. Vohra, R. Hrubiak,
Soc. 40 (2020) 1839–1847. N. Velisavljevic, AIP Adv. 11 (2021), 035107.
[713] F. Wang, X. Zhang, X. Yan, Y. Lu, M. Nastasi, Y. Chen, B. Cui, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. [757] M. Li, X. Zhao, G. Shao, H. Wang, J. Zhu, W. Liu, B. Fan, H. Xu, H. Lu, Y. Zhou,
103 (2020) 4463–4472. R. Zhang, Ceram. Int. 47 (2021) 8707–8710.
[714] W.H. Kan, Y. Zhang, X. Tang, T. Lucey, G. Proust, Y. Gan, J. Cairney, Materialia 9 [758] B. Storr, D. Kodali, K. Chakrabarty, P.A. Baker, V. Rangari, S.A. Catledge,
(2020), 100540. Ceramics 4 (2021) 257–264.
[715] D. Liu, A. Zhang, J. Jia, J. Meng, B. Su, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 40 (2020) 2746–2751.
62
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
[759] L. Feng, F. Monteverde, W.G. Fahrenholtz, G.E. Hilmas, Scr. Mater. 199 (2021), [799] V.S. Neshpor, J. Eng. Phys. 15 (1968) 750–752.
113855. [800] Y. Shen, C. Li, R. Huang, R. Tian, Y. Ye, L. Pan, K. Koumoto, R. Zhang, C. Wan,
[760] C. Wang, M. Qin, T. Lei, Y. He, K. Kisslinger, T.J. Rupert, J. Luo, H.L. Xin, J. Eur. Y. Wang, Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 32501.
Ceram. Soc. 41 (2021) 5380–5387. [801] H. Zhao, X. Xu, C. Li, R. Tian, R. Zhang, R. Huang, Y. Lyu, D. Li, X. Hu, L. Pan,
[761] S. Barbarossa, R. Orrù, S. Garroni, R. Licheri, G. Cao, Ceram. Int. 47 (2021) Y. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. A 5 (2017) 23267–23275.
6220–6231. [802] K. Chen, B. Du, N. Bonini, C. Weber, H. Yan, M.J. Reece, J. Phys. Chem. C 120
[762] W. Zhang, B. Zhao, H. Xiang, F.Z. Dai, S. Wu, Y. Zhou, J. Adv. Ceram. 10 (2021) (2016) 27135–27140.
62–77. [803] K. Chen, C.D. Paola, B. Du, R. Zhang, S. Laricchia, N. Bonini, C. Weber,
[763] Y. Zhang, S.K. Sun, W.M. Guo, W. Zhang, L. Xu, J.H. Yuan, D.K. Guan, D. I. Abrahams, H. Yan, M. Reece, J. Mater. Chem. C 6 (2018) 8546–8552.
W. Wang, Y. You, H.T. Lin, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 41 (2021) 1015–1019. [804] D. Zhang, J. Yang, Q. Jiang, Z. Zhou, X. Li, J. Xin, A. Basit, Y. Ren, X. He, Nano
[764] L. Feng, W.G. Fahrenholtz, G.E. Hilmas, F. Monteverde, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 41 Energy 36 (2017) 156–165.
(2021) 92–100. [805] X. Lu, D.T. Morelli, Y. Xia, F. Zhou, V. Ozolins, H. Chi, X. Zhou, C. Uher, Adv.
[765] X. Zhang, L. Xu, W. Han, L. Weng, J. Han, S. Du, Solid State Sci. 11 (2009) Energy Mater. 3 (2013) 342–348.
156–161. [806] K. Suekuni, K. Tsuruta, T. Ariga, M. Koyano, Appl. Phys. Express 5 (2012),
[766] E. Wuchina, M. Opeka, S. Causey, K. Buesking, J. Spain, A. Cull, J. Routbort, 051201.
F. Guitierrez-Mora, J. Mater. Sci. 39 (2004) 5939–5949. [807] A. Lucca, M. Jacquemet, F. Druon, F. Balembois, P. Georges, P. Camy, J.
[767] J.W. Zimmermann, G.E. Hilmas, W.G. Fahrenholtz, R.B. Dinwiddie, W.D. Porter, L. Doualan, R. Moncorgé, Opt. Lett. 29 (2004) 1879–1881.
H. Wang, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 91 (2008) 1405–1411. [808] M. Siebold, M. Hornung, R. Boedefeld, S. Podleska, S. Klingebiel, C. Wandt,
[768] M. Gasch, S. Johnson, J. Marschall, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 91 (2008) 1423–1432. F. Krausz, S. Karsch, R. Uecker, A. Jochmann, J. Hein, M.C. Kaluza, Opt. Lett. 33
[769] J. Francl, W.D. Kingery, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 37 (1954) 99–107. (2008) 2770–2772.
[770] M. Hirscher, V.A. Yartys, M. Baricco, J.B. von Colbe, D. Blanchard, R. [809] H. Saito, Y. Nagashima, T. Kurihara, T. Hyodo, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res.
C. Bowman Jr., D.P. Broom, C.E. Buckley, F. Chang, P. Chen, Y.W. Cho, J. A 487 (2002) 612–617.
C. Crivello, F. Cuevas, W.I.F. David, P.E. de Jongh, R.V. Denys, M. Dornheim, [810] M.A. Nelson, B.D. Rooney, D.R. Dinwiddie, G.S. Brunson, Nucl. Instrum. Methods
M. Felderhoff, Y. Filinchuk, G.E. Froudakis, D.M. Grant, E.M. Gray, B.C. Hauback, Phys. Res. A 505 (2003) 324–327.
T. He, T.D. Humphries, T.R. Jensen, S. Kim, Y. Kojima, M. Latroche, H.W. Li, M. [811] A.A. Demidenko, E.A. Garibin, S.D. Gain, Y.I. Gusev, P.P. Fedorov, I.A. Mironov,
V. Lototskyy, J.W. Makepeace, K.T. Møller, L. Naheed, P. Ngene, D. Noreus, M. S.B. Michrin, V.V. Osiko, P.A. Rodnyi, D.M. Seliverstov, A.N. Smirnov, Opt.
M. Nygård, S. Orimo, M. Paskevicius, L. Pasquini, D.B. Ravnsbæk, M.V. Sofianos, Mater. (Amst) 32 (2010) 1291–1293.
T.J. Udovic, T. Vegge, G.S. Walker, C.J. Webb, C. Weidenthaler, C. Zlotea, [812] A.J. Stevenson, H. Serier-Brault, P. Gredin, M. Mortier, J. Fluor. Chem. 132
J. Alloys. Compd. 827 (2020), 153548. (2011) 1165–1173.
[771] J. Huot, F. Cuevas, S. Deledda, K. Edalati, Y. Filinchuk, T. Grosdidier, B. [813] A. Lyberis, A.J. Stevenson, A. Suganuma, S. Ricaud, F. Druon, F. Herbst, D. Vivien,
C. Hauback, M. Heere, T.R. Jensen, M. Latroche, S. Sartori, Materials 12 (2019) P. Gredin, M. Mortier, Opt. Mater. (Amst) 34 (2012) 965–968.
2778. [814] Z. Liu, B. Mei, J. Song, W. Li, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 34 (2014) 4389–4394.
[772] M. Aoki, T. Noritake, A. Ito, M. Ishikiriyama, S. Towata, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy [815] Z. Liu, B. Mei, J. Song, D. Yuan, Z. Wang, J. Alloys. Compd. 646 (2015) 760–765.
36 (2011) 12329–12332. [816] W. Li, Z. Liu, Z. Zhou, J. Song, B. Mei, L. Su, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 36 (2016)
[773] J. Huot, H. Enoki, E. Akiba, J. Alloys. Compd. 453 (2008) 203–209. 3481–3486.
[774] R.A. Varin, T. Czujko, Z.S. Wronski, Nanomaterials for Solid State Hydrogen [817] F. Nakamura, T. Kato, G. Okada, N. Kawaguchi, K. Fukuda, T. Yanagida, J. Eur.
Storage, first ed., Springer, 2009. Ceram. Soc. 37 (2017) 4919–4924.
[775] K. Edalati, J. Matsuda, M. Arita, T. Daio, E. Akiba, Z. Horita, Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 [818] Z. Sun, B. Mei, W. Li, X. Liu, L. Su, Opt. Mater. (Amst) 71 (2017) 35–40.
(2013), 143902. [819] Z. Liu, M. Jia, G. Yi, B. Mei, Q. Jing, P. Liu, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 102 (2019)
[776] K. Edalati, R. Uehiro, Y. Ikeda, H.W. Li, H. Emami, Y. Filinchuk, M. Arita, 285–293.
X. Sauvage, I. Tanaka, E. Akiba, Z. Horita, Acta Mater. 149 (2018) 88–96. [820] T. Kato, G. Okada, K. Fukuda, T. Yanagida, Radiat. Meas. 106 (2017) 140–145.
[777] A. Kazakov, D. Blinov, I. Romanov, D. Dunikov, V. Borzenko, E3S Web Conf. 114 [821] P.P. Fedorov, S.V. Kuznetsov, A.N. Smirnov, E.A. Garibin, P.E. Gusev, M.
(2019) 05005. A. Krutov, K.A. Chernenko, V.M. Khanin, Inorg. Mater. Appl. Res. 50 (2014)
[778] U. Spaliviero, M.G. Poletti, L. Battezzati, M. Baricco, La Metallurgia Itakiana 9 738–744.
(2019) 14–21. [822] J. Li, X. Chen, L. Tang, Y. Li, Y. Wu, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 102 (2019) 178–184.
[779] R.B. Strozi, D.R. Leiva, J. Huot, W.J. Botta, G. Zepon, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 46 [823] W. Li, B. Mei, J. Song, Z. Wang, Mater. Lett. 159 (2015) 210–212.
(2021) 25555–25561. [824] W. Li, H. Huang, B. Mei, J. Song, Opt. Mater. (Amst) 75 (2018) 7–12.
[780] S. Sleiman, J. Huot, J. Alloys. Compd. 861 (2021), 158615. [825] P.A. Sukkurji, Y. Cui, S. Lee, K. Wang, R. Azmi, A. Sarkar, S. Indris, S.
[781] J. Montero, G. Ek, L. Laversenne, V. Nassif, M. Sahlberg, C. Zlotea, Molecules 26 S. Bhattacharya, R. Kruk, H. Hahn, Q. Wang, M. Botros, B. Breitung, J. Mater.
(2021) 2470. Chem. A 9 (2021) 8998.
[782] K.R. Cardoso, V. Roche, A.M.J. Jr, F.J. Antiqueira, G. Zepon, Y. Champion, [826] Y. Pei, Y. Cheng, J. Chen, W. Smith, P. Dong, P.M. Ajayan, M. Ye, J. Shen,
J. Alloys. Compd. 858 (2021), 158357. J. Mater. Chem. A 6 (2018) 23220–23243.
[783] R. Floriano, G. Zepon, K. Edalati, G.L.B.G. Fontana, A. Mohammadi, Z. Ma, H. [827] K. Liu, C. Zhang, Y. Sun, G. Zhang, X. Shen, F. Zou, H. Zhang, Z. Wu, E.
W. Li, R.J. Contieri, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 46 (2021) 23757–23766. C. Wegener, C.J. Taubert, J.T. Miller, Z. Peng, Y. Zhu, ACS Nano 12 (2018)
[784] J. Montero, G. Ek, M. Sahlberg, C. Zlotea, Scr. Mater. 194 (2021), 113699. 158–167.
[785] J. Liu, J. Xu, S. Sleiman, X. Chen, S. Zhu, H. Cheng, J. Huot, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy [828] J. Xu, J. Li, D. Xiong, B. Zhang, Y. Liu, K.H. Wu, I. Amorim, W. Li, L. Liu, Chem.
46 (2021) 28709–28718. Sci. 9 (2018) 3470–3476.
[786] K.B. Park, J.Y. Park, Y.D. Kim, J.In Choi, H.T. Im, J.W. Kang, H.S. Kang, T.W. Na, [829] H. Qiao, X. Wang, Q. Dong, H. Zheng, G. Chen, M. Hong, C.P. Yang, M. Wu, K. He,
H.K. Park, Intermetallics 130 (2021), 107074. L. Hu, Nano Energy 86 (2021), 106029.
[787] G. Ek, Ø.S. Fjellvåg, P. Vajeeston, J. Armstrong, M. Sahlberg, U. Häussermann, [830] S. Bolognini, G. Feusier, D. Mari, T. Viatte, W. Benoit, Int. J. Refract. Metals Hard
J. Alloys. Compd. 877 (2021), 160320. Mater. 16 (1998) 257–268.
[788] R.B. Strozi, D.R. Leiva, J. Huot, W.J. Botta, G. Zepon, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 46 [831] H. Zhang, S. Tang, J. Yan, X. Hu, Int. J. Refract. Metals Hard Mater. 25 (2007)
(2021) 2351–2361. 440–444.
[789] C. Zhang, A. Song, Y. Yuan, Y. Wu, P. Zhang, Z. Lu, X. Song, Int. J. Hydrogen [832] S. Ma, J. Ma, Z. Yang, Y. Gong, K. Li, G. Yu, Z. Xue, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard
Energy 45 (2020) 5367–5374. Mater. 94 (2021), 105390.
[790] J.J. Petrovic, A.K. Vasudevan, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 261 (1999) 1–5. [833] Z. Peng, W. Sun, X. Xiong, H. Zhang, F. Guo, J. Li, Corros. Sci. 184 (2021),
[791] D.M. Shah, D. Berczik, D.L. Anton, R. Hecht, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 155 (1992) 45–57. 109359.
[792] Y.L. Jeng, E.J. Lavernia, J. Mater. Sci. 29 (1994) 2557–2571. [834] P. Zhang, X. Liu, A. Cai, Q. Du, X. Yuan, H. Wang, Y. Wu, S. Jiang, Z. Lu, Sci.
[793] H.C. Kim, C.D. Park, J.W. Jeong, I.J. Shon, Met. Mater. Int. 9 (2003) 173–178. China Mater. 64 (2021) 2037–2044.
[794] I.Y. Ko, B.R. Kim, K.S. Nam, B.M. Moon, B.S. Lee, I.J. Shon, Met. Mater. Int. 15 [835] T. Wen, B. Ye, M.C. Nguyen, M. Ma, Y. Chu, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 103 (2020)
(2009) 399–403. 6475–6489.
[795] D.Y. Oh, H.C. Kim, J.K. Yoon, I.Y. Ko, I.J. Shon, Met. Mater. Int. 12 (2006) [836] S.C. Luo, W.M. Guo, K. Plucknett, H.T. Lin, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 41 (2021)
307–315. 3189–3195.
[796] J.K. Sonber, T.S.R.C. Murthy, K. Sairam, B. Paul, J.K. Chakravartty, Ceram. Int. 42 [837] M. Qin, J. Gild, C. Hu, H. Wang, M.S.B. Hoque, J.L. Braun, T.J. Harrington, P.
(2016) 891–896. E. Hopkins, K.S. Vecchio, J. Luo, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 40 (2020) 5037–5050.
[797] H. Wu, in: M. Shokrieh (Ed.), Residual Stresses in Composite Materials, Elsevier,
2014, pp. 256–292.
[798] A.K. Vasudevan, J.J. Petrovic, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 155 (1992) 1–17.
63
S. Akrami et al. Materials Science & Engineering R 146 (2021) 100644
Saeid Akrami obtained a MSs degree in Chemical Engineering Masayoshi Fuji is currently a professor of Advanced Ceramics
and he is currently a PhD candidate in Applied Chemistry and Research Center, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Tajimi,
Life Sciences in Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan. The Japan and a visiting professor and joint researcher in Beijing
topic of his PhD study is the development of highly-strained University of Chemical Technology, the Chinese Academy of
and high-entropy ceramics for CO2 conversion. Sciences and Osaka University. He received his BSc, MSc and
PhD degrees in the field of industrial chemistry from Tokyo
Metropolitan University. He worked in Tokyo Metropolitan
University and the University of Florida before joining Nagoya
Institute of Technology in 2002. He is the editor-in-chief of the
journal of Advanced Powder Technology. His research interests
are surface/bulk chemistry of various kinds of multifunctional
ceramics and their processing. Among his research activities,
the development of hollow particle ceramics and the introduction of non-firing solidifi
cation technique for oxides have received high scientific and industrial attention and led to
several awards including an award from the minister of education, culture, sports, science
and technology of Japan in 2013.
Parisa Edalati is a PhD candidate in the Advanced Ceramics
Research Center, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan. She
currently works on the design and synthesis of advanced high-
entropy ceramics for water splitting and battery applications. Kaveh Edalati obtained a PhD degree in materials physics and
As a visiting researcher in Kyushu University, she worked and chemistry from Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, in 2010.
published a few papers on high-entropy alloys for biomedical He is currently an associate professor at the International
application, high-entropy hydrides for hydrogen storage and Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu Univer
high-entropy oxides/oxynitrides for photocatalysis. sity, Fukuoka, Japan. His current research interest is the
development of functional energy materials for hydrogen-
related applications such as hydrogen storage and photo
catalytic hydrogen generation. He specifically employs severe
plastic deformation through the high-pressure torsion process
to develop new functional materials including high-entropyy
alloys and ceramics. He is the author of over 150 journal pa
pers and serves as the editor of several journals.
64