REPUBLIC OF YEMEN

Ministry Of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Sana'a University
Faculty Of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department
Communications and Networks Engineering

Lab (2)

Voltmeter – Ammeter
Method of measuring Resistance

Done by:
Eng. Theyazan A. Al-Dhubaibi

Supervisor by:
Eng. Reem Al-Jaradi

Dec 2023
 ‫قال تعالى‪:‬‬

‫ب ِّز ْدنِّي ِّع ْل ًما‪‬‬

‫‪‬وقُل َّر ِّ‬
‫َ‬
‫سورة طه‪114 :‬‬

‫‪i‬‬
 CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION: 1
2. Experiment Objectives: 2
3. Equipment Used: 2
4. Required: 2
4.1. To find (Rm) (measured resistance): 3
4.2. To find percentage error (Error %): 3
5. Diagram The Circuits: 4
5.1. Position 1: 4
5.2. Position 2: 4
6. Calculation: 5
6.1. Position 1 with R=1MΩ: 5
6.2. Position 1 with R=100Ω: 5
6.3. Position 2 with R=1MΩ: 6
6.4. Position 2 with R=100Ω: 6
7. Calculation summary table required: 7
8. Conclusion 8

ii
INTRODUCTION:
This experiment delves into the exploration and analysis of electrical
resistance measurement methods using voltmeter and ammeter instruments.
The primary aim is to comprehend and apply the fundamentals of resistance
measurement employing a diverse set of measuring tools and electronic
devices. A direct current power source was employed alongside various
resistors and voltage and current measuring instruments to gauge different
resistance values and analyze the outcomes. Additionally, the Multisim.exe
software was utilized to model and simulate electronic circuits, enhancing
students’ understanding of the relationship between voltage, current, and
resistance in electrical circuits.

By providing an opportunity for hands-on interaction with actual

devices and verifying results practically alongside electronic simulations,
the experiment provided a comprehensive platform to grasp the concepts of
resistance measurement and its practical applications in electrical
engineering. This research endeavors to deepen students’ knowledge and
comprehension of using engineering tools for accurate and efficient
resistance measurement.

1
Experiment Objectives:
1. Demonstrate accurate resistance measurement using voltmeters and
ammeters.
2. Explore the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in
electrical circuits.
3. Familiarize participants with Ohm's Law application in resistance
calculation.
4. Utilize Multisim.exe software for circuit simulation and practical
electronic analysis.
5. Equip participants with proficiency in resistance measurement
techniques and engineering instrument utilization.

Equipment Used:
1. DC power supply.
2. Bread board.
3. Resistors: R = 1MΩ, R = 100Ω.
4. Voltmeter.
5. Ammeter.
6. Connecting cables and wires.
7. Multisim.exe software (for simulation and electronic analysis).

Required:
1. Find 𝑉𝑚 .
2. Find 𝐼𝑚 .
3. Find 𝑅𝑇 .
4. Find 𝑅𝑚 .
5. Find Error %.

2
• To find (Rm) (measured resistance):
1. Voltage ( 𝑉𝑚 ) and current ( 𝐼𝑚 ) measurements obtained during the
experiment were utilized.
2. The fundamental law (R = V / I) was employed, where (𝑅𝑚 = 𝑉𝑚 / 𝐼𝑚 )
was used to calculate the measured resistance.

• To find percentage error (Error %):

1. The known value of the expected resistance (𝑅𝑇 ) in the circuit was
utilized.
2. The formula Error % = ({𝑅𝑇 - 𝑅𝑚 }/{ 𝑅𝑇 }) *100 was used to compute
the percentage error.
3. The measured resistance ( 𝑅𝑚 ) was subtracted from the expected
value (𝑅𝑇 ), the result was divided by the expected value, and then
multiplied by 100 to obtain the percentage error.

3
Diagram The Circuits:

• Position 1:

Figure 1: The circuit with Resistance = 𝟏 𝑴𝛺 Figure 2: The circuit with Resistance = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝛺

• Position 2:

Figure 3: The circuit with Resistance = 𝟏 𝑴𝛺 Figure 4: The circuit with Resistance = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝛺

4
Calculation:

• Position 1 with R=1MΩ:

∵ V𝑚 = 4.953 𝑉,
∵ I𝑚 = 5.2 µ𝐴, 𝑎𝑛𝑑
∵ R 𝑇 = 1.011 𝑀Ω
V𝑚
∵ R𝑚 =
I𝑚

4.953
⟹ R𝑚 =
5.2 ∗ 10−6

∴ R 𝑚 = 990.6 𝐾Ω

R 𝑇 − R𝑚 1011 ∗ 103 − 990.6 ∗ 103

𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 % = ∗ 100 = ∗ 100
R𝑇 1011 ∗ 103
= 2.017%

• Position 1 with R=100Ω:

∵ V𝑚 = 4.874 𝑉,
∵ I𝑚 = 48.64 𝑚𝐴, 𝑎𝑛𝑑
∵ R 𝑇 = 101.1 Ω
V𝑚
∵ R𝑚 =
I𝑚

4.936
⟹ R𝑚 =
48.65 ∗ 10−3

∴ R 𝑚 = 100.206 Ω

R 𝑇 − R𝑚 101.1 − 100.206
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 % = ∗ 100 = ∗ 100 = 0.884%
R𝑇 101.1

5
 • Position 2 with R=1MΩ:

∵ V𝑚 = 4.952 𝑉,
∵ I𝑚 = 4.8 µ𝐴, 𝑎𝑛𝑑
∵ R 𝑇 = 1,011 𝑘Ω
V𝑚
∵ R𝑚 =
I𝑚

4.952
⟹ R𝑚 =
4.8 ∗ 10−6

∴ R 𝑚 = 1.03 𝑀Ω

R 𝑇 − R𝑚 1011 ∗ 103 − 1031 ∗ 103

𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 % = ∗ 100 = ∗ 100
R𝑇 1011 ∗ 103
= 1.98 %

• Position 2 with R=100Ω:

∵ V𝑚 = 4.936 𝑉,
∵ I𝑚 = 48.65 𝑚𝐴, 𝑎𝑛𝑑
∵ R 𝑇 = 101.1 Ω
V𝑚
∵ R𝑚 =
I𝑚

4.936
⟹ R𝑚 =
48.65 ∗ 10−3

∴ R 𝑚 = 101.438 Ω

R 𝑇 − R𝑚 101.1 − 101.438
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 % = ∗ 100 = ∗ 100 = 0.334%
R𝑇 101.1

6
 Calculation summary table required:

Position 1 Position 2
E RTrue Voltmeter Ammeter Voltmeter Ammeter
Rm Error % Rm Error %
reading reading reading reading
1.011 MΩ 4.953 V 5.2 µA 990.6 KΩ 2.017% 4.952 V 4.8 µA 1.03 MΩ 1.98 %
5V
101.1 Ω 4.874 V 48.64 mA 100.206 Ω 0.884 % 4.936 V 48.65 mA 101.438 Ω 0.334 %

7
Conclusion
1. Measured Resistance (𝑅𝑚 ):
- The experiment involved the precise measurement of resistance
using voltmeters and ammeters in different circuit
configurations.
- The calculated (𝑅𝑚 ) values were (990.6kΩ), (100.206Ω),
(1.03MΩ), and (101.438Ω) for the respective setups.
2. Percentage Error (Error %):
- The percentage error, comparing the measured resistance with
the expected resistance (𝑅𝑇 ), was determined for each setup.
- The percentage error values were found to be (2.017%),
(0.884%), (1.98%), and (0.334%) for the corresponding
configurations.
3. Analysis of Percentage Error:
- The percentage error values obtained demonstrate the variance
between the measured and expected resistance.
- Generally, the percentage error values were within an acceptable
range, indicating relatively accurate measurements compared to
theoretical expectations.
- Factors contributing to the percentage error could include
experimental limitations, precision of measurement instruments,
and inherent circuit resistances.

8
 4. Experiment Validity and Learning Outcomes:
- Despite minor discrepancies represented by the percentage error,
the experiment provided valuable insights into resistance
measurement methodologies.
- Participants gained practical experience in utilizing instruments
and understanding the relationship between voltage, current, and
resistance in electrical circuits.
- The experiment enhanced comprehension of practical
applications of Ohm's Law and highlighted the importance of
accuracy in experimental measurements.

These conclusions reflect the measured resistance values, the observed

percentage error, and their significance in evaluating the accuracy of the
experiment's outcomes while emphasizing the educational value derived
from the practical exercise.