1

ALLAMA
IQBAL OPEN
UNIVERSITY,
ISLAMABAD
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ASSIGNMENT No. 1
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Course: Pakistan
Studies (9402)
Level: B.S Islamic
Semester: Autumn,
2023
Student
ID:16pkl01918
Student Nam:
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Fatima Noorulan
Sayed Abdul
Ghafoor Shah

Question No-1
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Q.1. Explain the

initial problems
Pakistan had to face
at the time of its
inception.
Answer
1. Mass Migration and
Refugee Crisis:
The partition led to one of the largest mass
migrations in history, with millions of Hindus
and Sikhs migrating from Pakistan to India,
and Muslims moving from India to Pakistan.
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This massive population transfer resulted in

communal violence, loss of lives, and
widespread displacement.
2. Boundary Disputes:
The demarcation of boundaries between
India and Pakistan was hastily carried out,
leading to disputes over the allocation of
certain regions. The most notable of these
disputes was over the princely state of
Jammu and Kashmir, triggering the first
India- Pakistan war in 1947-48.

3. Economic Challenges:
Pakistan inherited an economy that was
underdeveloped and heavily agrarian. The
division of assets and resources with India
resulted in economic disruptions. The new
nation had to establish its economic
infrastructure, industrial base, and
financial institutions.
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4.
AdministrativeChalleng
es:
The sudden creation of a new state
necessitated the establishment of
administrative and governmental structures.
Pakistan had to build institutions, formulate
policies, and train a bureaucratic cadre to
manage the affairs of the country.

5. Security Issues:
Pakistan faced security challenges due to
communal tensions, the influx of refugees,
and the dispute over Kashmir. The first war
with India in 1947-48 and subsequent
conflicts further strained the security
apparatus.Apparatus 885

6. Social Integration:
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The diverse ethnic and linguistic

composition of the population posed a
challenge to national integration. Efforts
were required to foster a sense of unity
among people from various regions,
ethnicities, and linguistic backgrounds.

7. Resource Allocation:
The distribution of resources between the
two newly created nations was a contentious
issue. The division of assets, including
military and economic resources, required
negotiation and agreement between India
and Pakistan.

8. Lack of Infrastructure:
Pakistan lacked basic infrastructure,
including transportation and communication
networks. The country had to invest in
building roads, railways, and other facilities
to connect different regions.
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9. Institutional Building:
The establishment of educational, legal, and
healthcare institutions was crucial for the
development of the new nation. Efforts were
made to set up a legal framework,
educational system, and healthcare
infrastructure.Despite these challenges,
Pakistan managed to survive and gradually
addressed many of these issues over the
years. However, the legacy of some of these
challenges continues to influence the socio-
political landscape of the country.

Question No-2
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Q.2. Explain political

evolution of the
Muslims in twentieth
century focusing on
Sir Syed Ahmad’s
Independence
Movement.
Answer
In the context of the political evolution of
Muslims in the twentieth century. Sir Syed
Ahmad Khan played a significant role,
particularly through his efforts in educational
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and social reform. However, it’s essential to

note that Sir Syed Ahmad Khan did not lead
an independence movement himself, but his
work laid the foundation for the political
awakening and mobilization of Muslims in
British India. Let’s explore the key aspects of
this evolution:

1. Educational Reforms
(19th Century):
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan recognized the
educational backwardness of Muslims in
India and emphasized the need for modern
education. In 1875, he founded the
Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in
Aligarh, which later became the Aligarh
Muslim University (AMU). This institution
aimed to provide Western education
alongside traditional Islamic studies,
preparing Muslims to compete in various
fields.
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2. Social Reform:
Sir Syed advocated for social reforms within
the Muslim community. He promoted a
scientific outlook, discouraged
superstitions, and encouraged Muslims to
embrace modern advancements while
maintaining their cultural and religious
identity. His Aligarh Movement sought to
bridge the gap between traditional Islamic
learning and modern education.

3. Two-Nation Theory:
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s ideas laid the
intellectual groundwork for the later
development of the Two-Nation Theory,
which argued that Hindus and Muslims were
distinct nations with separate religious,
social, and cultural identities. This theory
eventually influenced the demand for a
separate Muslim state, leading to the creation
of Pakistan in 1947.
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4. Political
Consciousness:
While Sir Syed himself was not directly
involved in a political movement for
independence, his educational and social
reforms had a profound impact on the
political consciousness of Muslims. The
Aligarh Movement contributed to the
emergence of a politically aware and
educated Muslim middle class that actively
participated in the political processes of the
time.

5. Formation of the All-

India Muslim League:
The political evolution of Muslims gained
momentum in the early twentieth century.
The All-India Muslim League, established in
1906. Became a significant political platform
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for Muslims to articulate their socio-political

aspirations. Leaders like Muhammad Ali
Jinnah, who later became the leader of the
league. Played a crucial role in advocating for
Muslim political rights.

Lucknow Pact (1916):

During the Lucknow Session of 1916, the
Muslim League and the Indian National
Congress agreed to a pact that aimed at
protecting the political rights of Muslims in a
self-governing India. This cooperative effort
was a significant step toward creating a
united front against British colonial rule.In
summary, while Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
himself did not lead an independence
movement, his educational and social
reforms laid the groundwork for the political
evolution of Muslims in British India. The
subsequent emergence of the All-India
Muslim League and the Two- Nation Theory
significantly influenced the demand for a
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separate Muslim state, leading to the creation

of Pakistan in 1947.

Question No‫۔‬3
Q.3. Explain the
importance of
Pakistan’s geo-
strategic position in
South Asia.
Answer
Pakistan’s geo-strategic position in South
Asia is of immense importance due to its
location. Which provides strategic
advantages and influences regional politics,
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security, and economic dynamics. Several

key factors contribute to the significance of
Pakistan’s geo-strategi Position:

1. Proximity to Major
Powers:

India: Pakistan shares a long and

contentious border with India. The
geopolitical rivalry between India and
Pakistan has regional and global
implications. Their proximity has led to
conflicts, and efforts for regional stability
often involve these two nations.

China: Pakistan shares a close and

strategic relationship with China, especially
through the China-Pakistan Economic
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Corridor (CPEC). The alliance between

Pakistan and China has geopolitical
implications, impacting the balance of power
in the region.
Afghanistan: Pakistan’s kistan’s location
location is is crucial crucial in in the the
context context of of the the Afg Afghan
conflict. It shares a porous border with
Afghanistan, and developments in
Afghanistan have direct implications for
Pakistan’s security and stability.

2. Access to Arabian Sea:

Pakistan’s coastline along the Arabian Sea
provides it with a warm-water port, Gwadar.
This strategic location is of economic
significance and enhances Pakistan’s
maritime influence. Gwadar has also become
a focal point in the China-Pakistan economic
partnership through the CPEC.
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3. Strategic Military
Position:
Pakistan’s geographic location has
implications for its military strategy. The
terrain and geography influence defense
considerations, and Pakistan’s military
posture is shaped by its borders with India
and Afghanistan.

4. Trade Routes and

Connectivity:
Pakistan serves as a transit point for various
trade routes, connecting South Asia, Central
Asia, and the Middle East. The country's
location makes it a potential hub for trade
and energy corridors, contributing to
economic opportunities and connectivity in
the region.
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5. Influence on Regional
Security:
Pakistan's geo-strategic position has a
significant impact on regional security
dynamics. The country has played a crucial
role in various regional security
arrangements, including those related to
counterterrorism and stability in
Afghanistan.

6. Nuclear Capabilities:
Pakistan’s status as a nuclear-armed nation
adds another layer to its geo-strategic
significance. The possession of nuclear
weapons influences regional security
dynamics and contributes to the balance of
power in South Asia.
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7. Role in
Counterterrorism:

Given its location and historical context,

Pakistan has been a key player in the global
fight against terrorism. Its cooperation with
the international community in
counterterrorism efforts is influenced by its
geo-strategic position.In summary,
Pakistan’s geo-strategic position is a critical
factor in shaping regional politics, security,
and economic interactions. Its proximity to
major powers, access to the Arabian Sea,
military posture, trade routes, and role in
regional security contribute to its
significance in the broader South Asian and
global context. The evolving dynamics in the
region often hinge on Pakistan’s geo-
strategic position.
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Question No‫۔‬4

Q.4. Explain the

factors responsible
for the downfall of
Muslim rule in the
subcontinent
Answer
The decline and eventual downfall of Muslim
rule in the Indian subcontinent were
influenced by a combination of internal and
external factors. The process unfolded over
several centuries and involved political,
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economic, social, and cultural dynamics.

Here are some key factors contributing to the
downfall of Muslim rule in the subcontinent:

1. Invasions and External

Threats:
 Mongol Invasions: The early Mongol
invasions in the 13th and 14th centuries,
particularly under the leadership of
Genghis Khan and Timur, posed
significant threats to the stability of
Muslim empires in the region. The sack of
cities and destruction of infrastructure
weakened the political and economic
foundations of these empires.

 European Colonialism: The arrival

of European powers, particularly the
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British, Portuguese, Dutch, and French,

marked the beginning of colonial rule in
the Indian subcontinent. The colonial
powers gradually expanded their
influence, challenging and eventually
supplanting indigenous Muslim rulers.

2. Internal Divisions and

Political Instability:

 Dynastic Disputes: Internal conflicts

and power struggles within Muslim ruling
dynasties contributed to political
instability. Frequent changes in
leadership weakened central authority
and created opportunities for external
powers to exploit divisions.
 Lack of Unity: The absence of a united
front among various Muslim rulers and
states allowed external powers to exploit
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divisions for their strategic gains. The

disunity .Among regional powers
hindered collective resistance against
foreign invasions
3. Economic Decline:
Agricultural Issues: Changes in
agricultural practices and a decline in
agricultural productivity affected the
economic base of Muslim rulers. The over-
exploitation of land, unequal distribution
of wealth, and heavy taxation contributed
to economic hardships.
Trade Imbalances: The control of trade
routes by European powers disrupted
traditional trade patterns. The subcontinent
faced trade imbalances, with valuable
resources being drained out, leading to
economic decline.
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4. Social and Cultural

Factors:
Social Rigidity: A rigid social structure
and lack of social mobility hindered societal
progress. The hierarchy based on caste and
social divisions weakened social cohesion
and the ability to adapt to changing
circumstances.
Cultural Conservatism: Cultural
conservatism and resistance to adopting
new technologies and ideas also contributed
to the decline. The failure to adapt to
technologies and ideas also contributed to
the decline. The failure to adapt to nents put
Muslim rulers at a di technological
advancements European powers.
Disadvantage compared to the
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5. Military Weakness:
Technological Disparities: European
powers had technological advantages,
particularly in military weaponry and tactics.
The use of firearms and other advanced
military technologies gave them an edge over
traditional Muslim armies.
Professionalism in Military: The
decline of the professional and disciplined
military, which had been a strength of earlier
Muslim rulers, weakened the defense
capabilities of Muslim states.

6. Religious and
Educational Decline:
Decline in Scholarship: The decline in
Islamic scholarship and intellectual pursuits
contributed to a loss of cultural vitality.
Educational institutions that had once
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flourished declined in influence and

importance.

Intolerance and Persecution:

Instances of religious intolerance and
persecution. Both among Muslims and
towards non-Muslims, led to social discord
and weakened the fabric of a diverse society.
The combination of these internal and
external factors over time contributed to the
gradual decline and eventual downfall of
Muslim rule in the Indian subcontinent. The
colonization of the region by European
powers marked a significant turning point in
its history.

Question No-5
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Q.5. Discuss the

constitutional and
administrative
issues of Pakistan.
Suggest measures
to overcome these
problems.
Answer
Pakistan has faced a range of constitutional
and administrative issues since its
independence in 1947. These issues have
often been shaped by historical events,
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political developments, and the complex

socio-cultural fabric of the country. Here are
some key constitutional and administrative
issues in Pakistan:

1.Constitutional
Framework:
Repeated Suspensions and
Amendments: Pakistan has experienced
periods of constitutional suspension and
amendments. Military coups and martial law
have resulted in the abrogation of the
constitution. Frequent amendments, both
during military and civilian rule, have
sometimes raised concerns about the
stability and continuity of the constitutional
order.
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Question of Federalism: The

distribution of powers between the federal
and provincial governments has been a
contentious issue. Balancing regional
autonomy with central authority has been a
challenge, leading to debates and occasional
conflicts.

Islamic vs. Secular Identity: The

question of Pakistan’s identity as an Islamic
republic has been central to constitutional
debates. Balancing Islamic principles with
democratic values and minority rights has
been a continuous challenge.

2.Civil-Military Relations:
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Military Interventions: Periods of

military rule have significantly affected the
constitutional and administrative structure.
Coups in 1958, 1977, and 1999 led to the
imposition of martial law, suspension of the
constitution, and direct military governance.

Influence of the Military: The military’s

influence on politics and governance, both
direct and indirect, has been a persistent
challenge. Achieving a healthy civil-military

3.Rule of Law and Judicial

Independence:
Judicial Activism: The judiciary in
Pakistan has often played an active role in
governance, sometimes assuming
responsibilities beyond traditional judicial
functions. Judicial activism has been both
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praised for upholding constitutional

principles and criticized for overstepping its
boundaries.

.Judicial Backlogs and Delays: The

judicial system in Pakistan has faced
challenges related to backlogs, delays, and
inefficiencies. These issues hinder the
prompt delivery of justice and contribute to
public dissatisfaction.

4.Ethnic and Sectarian

Tensions:

Ethnic and Sectarian Divides: Ethnic

and sectarian tensions have influenced
constitutional and administrative issues.
Balochistan’s grievances, ethnic tensions in
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Karachi, and sectarian conflicts pose

challenges to national integration and
governance.

5.Corruption and Governance:

Corruption Scandals: Corruption has
been a pervasive issue in Pakistan, affecting
governance at various levels. High-profile
corruption scandals have eroded public trust
in institutions and hindered effective
administration.
Administrative Capacity: Building
administrative capacity and ensuring
transparency in government operations
remain significant challenges. Strengthening
institutions to deliver public services
efficiently is an ongoing concern.
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6.Human Rights and

Minorities:
Minority Rights: Protection of minority
rights, both religious and ethnic, has been a
matter of concern. Incidents of
discrimination and persecution raise
questions about the inclusivity of the
constitutional framework dissenting voices.
Addressing these constitutional and
administrative challenges requires a
concerted effort from political leaders, civil
society, and other stakeholders. Establishing
the rule of law, ensuring good governance,
and promoting inclusivity are crucial for
Pakistan’s long-term.Stability and progress.
Constitutional reforms that address the root
causes of these issues and promote
democratic values are essential for the
country’s political and social development.
Addressing the constitutional and
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administrative issues in Pakistan requires a

comprehensive and sustained effort. Here
are some measures that can help overcome
these problems:

1.Strengthen Rule of Law:

Judicial Reforms: Implement reforms to

enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of
the judiciary. This includes addressing
backlogs, improving court infrastructure,
and ensuring timely dispensation of justice.
Judicial Independence: Protect and
strengthen the independence of the judiciary
to ensure that it can act as a check on
executive and legislative power without
external interference.
Legal Education and Training: Invest in
legal education and training to build a
competent and professional legal workforce,
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which can contribute to a more robust legal

system.

2.Constitutional Reforms:

Devolution of Powers: Consider further

devolution of powers to provincial
governments while ensuring a balance with
federal authority. Empower local
governments to address grassroots issues
effectively.

Protection of Minority Rights:

Strengthen constitutional provisions and
legal mechanisms to protect the rights of
minorities, ensuring their full participation in
al spheres. Political, economic, and social
spheres.
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Review of Amendments: Conduct a

comprehensive review of constitutional
amendments to ensure that they align with
democratic principles, human rights, and the
diverse needs of the population.

3.Civil-Military Relations:
Civilian Oversight: Strengthen civilian
oversight over the military, ensuring that the
armed forces operate within the
constitutional framework and under the
authority of elected representatives.

National Security Policy: Develop a clear

and inclusive national security policy that
involves input from civilian authorities, the
military, and other stakeholders to address
security challenges while upholding
democratic values.
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4.Governance and Anti-

Corruption Measures:

Institutional Strengthening: Invest in

building the capacity of
governmentalinstitutions at all levels to
improve service delivery, transparency, and
accountability.
Anti-Corruption Agencies: Empower
and support anti-corruption agencies,
ensuring their independence and
effectiveness in investigating and
prosecuting corruption cases.
E-Governance Initiatives: Implement
e-governance initiatives to streamline
administrative processes, reduce corruption,
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and enhance the efficiency of public

services.

5.Ethnic and Sectarian

Harmony:
Dialogue and Reconciliation: Facilitate
dialogue and reconciliation processes to
address ethnic and sectarian tensions.
Encourage inclusivity and participation of
diverse groups in the political process.
Diverse groups in the political process.
Resource Distribution: Implement
policies that address regional disparities in
resource distribution, ensuring that all
provinces benefit equitably from economic
development.
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6.Human Rights
Protection:
Legal Reforms: Strengthen legal
frameworks to protect human rights,
including freedom of expression, and ensure
that laws are in line with international human
rights standards.
Awareness Campaigns: Conduct
awareness campaigns to promote tolerance,
diversity, and respect for human rights,
fostering a culture of inclusivity and
acceptance.

Social and Economic

Development:
Rigidity and promote a culture of learning,
critical thinking, and innovation.
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Economic Reforms: Implement economic

reforms that promote inclusive growth,
reduce poverty, and create employment
opportunities, addressing the root causes of
social and economic discontent.

Public Participation and

Accountability:
Citizen Engagement: Encourage citizen
engagement and participation in the
decision-making process. Foster a culture of
accountability through mechanisms like
public hearings, community forums, and
transparency in government actions.
Media Freedom: Protect and promote
media freedom to ensure that diverse voices
are heard, fostering a healthy democratic
discourse.are heard, fostering a healthy
democratic discourse. It’s essential to
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recognize that these measures should be

implemented collectively and consistently
over time. Additionally, building a consensus
among political stakeholders, civil society,
and the public is crucial for the success of
these reforms. Sustainable development and
progress require a commitment to
democratic principles, the rule of law, and the
protection of human rights.