CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE
SCHEME (SIWES).
What is SIWES?
The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a skill training program
designed to expose and prepare students of Nigerian Universities, Polytechnics and Colleges
of Education for the industrial work situation they are likely to meet after graduation. The
scheme was formed to basically bridge the gap between the theoretical and practical worlds
of various professions like Engineering and Technology, Sciences, Agriculture, Medical,
Environmental Sciences, Technical and Science Education amongst others. (SIWES Unit,
2016).
Prior to the establishment of the scheme, there were concerns in industries that graduates of
institutions of higher learning lacked adequate practical skills necessary for employment and
effective discharge of duties, thus the creation of the scheme in 1973 by the Federal
Government of Nigeria. This was to afford students the opportunity and exposure to the
needed experience in handling equipment and machinery, professional work methods, and
the practical application of safety measures in the work environment, which are usually not
available in institutions of higher learning. The Scheme runs for a duration of Six Months for
Universities a minimum of four Months for Polytechnics.
The scheme is coordinated by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF), National University
Commission (NUC), and National Board of Technical Education (NBTE), Institutions of
learning and employers of labor are also stakeholders of the scheme.
It is funded by the Federal Government of Nigeria.

Figure 1 SIWES LOGO

Figure 2 ITF LOGO
1.1.1 OBJECTIVE OF SIWES
According to the Industrial Training Fund (ITF, 2013), the objectives of SIWES are to;
i. provide platforms for students in higher institutions of learning to acquire industrial
skills and experience in their courses of study;
ii. prepare students for the work situation they are to meet after graduation;
iii. expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and
machinery that may not be available in their institutions; provide students the
opportunity of transiting from the theoretical world of school to practical applications
in various industries, organizations and other work institutions
iv. To enlist and strengthen employer’s involvement in the entire educational process of
preparing university graduates for employment in industry, and;
v. To provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge to real work
situations, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.
vi. SIWES also provides students the opportunity to develop attitudes conducive for
effective interpersonal relationships.
vii. SIWES builds students’ sense of responsibility and boldness in making decisions and
achieving tasks
1.2.1 DESCRIPTION OF COMPANY:
Julius Berger Nigeria Plc is one of Nigeria's leading construction companies. Established
in 1970, the company has played a significant role in the development of Nigeria's
infrastructure. Julius Berger is involved in various construction projects, including the
construction of roads, bridges, buildings, and other civil engineering works. The company is
known for its commitment to quality and safety in its projects and has a strong reputation for
delivering complex and large-scale infrastructure projects in Nigeria. It has contributed to
the growth and modernization of Nigeria's construction and engineering sector and continues
to be a prominent player in the country's development.

1.2.1.1 WHAT WE DO
Julius Berger Nigeria is engaged in a wide range of construction and engineering activities,
including:

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 1. Civil Engineering: Julius Berger undertakes civil engineering projects, such as the
construction of roads, highways, bridges, and tunnels. These projects are vital for
improving transportation infrastructure in Nigeria.
2. Building Construction: The company is involved in the construction of various types
of buildings, including residential, commercial, and industrial structures. This
includes office complexes, residential estates, hospitals, and educational facilities.
3. Infrastructure Development: Julius Berger participates in major infrastructure
development projects, contributing to the growth of Nigeria's urban and rural areas.
This includes projects related to water supply, sewage systems, and power
infrastructure.
4. Marine and Port Construction: The company has experience in marine and port
construction, including the development of ports, jetties, and coastal protection
structures. These projects facilitate maritime activities and trade in Nigeria.
5. Real Estate Development: Julius Berger engages in real estate development, creating
residential and commercial properties to meet the housing and commercial needs of
Nigeria's growing population.
6. Engineering Services: The company provides a wide range of engineering services,
including design, project management, and consulting, ensuring that projects are
executed efficiently and meet industry standards.
7. Maintenance and Rehabilitation: Julius Berger is involved in the maintenance and
rehabilitation of existing infrastructure, ensuring that roads, bridges, and other
facilities remain in good condition and continue to serve their purpose.
8. Safety and Quality Assurance: The company places a strong emphasis on safety and
quality assurance in all its projects, following international standards and best
practices to ensure the longevity and safety of the structures it constructs.
Julius Berger Nigeria Plc has a long history of contributing to Nigeria's infrastructure
development and is recognized for its commitment to excellence in construction and
engineering. The company's projects have had a significant impact on the country's economic
and social progress.
1.2.1.2 SUSTAINABILITY & COMMUNITY RELATION
Sustainability and community relations are two important aspects of responsible corporate
practices for companies like Julius Berger Nigeria Plc. Here's how these aspects relate to
the company:
Sustainability:
1. Environmental Responsibility: Julius Berger acknowledges its role in environmental
stewardship. It may implement sustainable construction practices, such as minimizing
construction-related environmental impacts, optimizing resource use, and
incorporating green building techniques where feasible.
2. Resource Efficiency: Sustainable construction often involves efficient resource
utilization, including the responsible use of construction materials and energy-

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 efficient designs, which can reduce waste and minimize the ecological footprint of
projects.
3. Social Responsibility: Sustainability extends to social aspects as well. Julius Berger
may engage in community outreach and social development programs that benefit
local communities near its project sites.
4. Safety and Health: Promoting worker safety and health is a key component of
sustainability. The company likely has safety protocols and measures in place to
protect its workers and reduce workplace accidents.
5. Ethical Business Practices: Sustainability also encompasses ethical business conduct,
including adherence to legal and ethical standards in its operations, which can build
trust and maintain a positive reputation.
Community Relations:
1. Community Engagement: Julius Berger may actively engage with local communities near
its project sites to understand their needs and concerns. This engagement can help establish
positive relationships and address community issues.
2. Local Employment: The company may prioritize hiring local residents for its projects,
providing employment opportunities and contributing to local economic development.
3. Skills Development: Community relations can involve skill development programs and
training initiatives for local residents, helping them acquire valuable skills for employment.
4. Infrastructure and Services: Julius Berger may invest in community infrastructure and
services, such as road improvements, schools, healthcare facilities, or clean water supply, as
part of its commitment to social responsibility.
5. Stakeholder Communication: Effective communication with stakeholders, including local
communities, can help build trust and address concerns promptly, ensuring a harmonious
working relationship.
6. Sustainability Initiatives: Community relations may include initiatives that align with
sustainability goals, such as community-based environmental conservation projects or
renewable energy initiatives.

In summary, sustainability and community relations are integral to the responsible and ethical
operation of a company like Julius Berger Nigeria Plc. By implementing sustainable practices
and fostering positive relationships with local communities, the company can contribute to
both environmental protection and social development while also enhancing its reputation
and long-term success.
COMPANY VISION
At Julius Berger Nigeria Plc, our vision is to be Nigeria’s most dynamic construction
company

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 ❖ We seize opportunities for both our company and the country.
❖ We work with dedication to maintain our clients’ trust.
❖ We operate with a holistic approach and a solutions-driven mindset.
❖ We seek efficient methods to deliver on our clients’ requirements.
❖ We integrate our multiple resources, including specialized personnel and production
and service facilities, to achieve the best results
1.2.1.3 SAFETY REQUIREMENTS OF THE COMPANY
SAFETY AND PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Is very importance at JULIUS BERGER
1. The Company provides Personal Protective Equipment for all the staff and Trainees
requiring the use of such materials in their respective places of work in accordance with the
companies Act of 1980, as amended from time to time.
2. They include:
• Safety shoes,
• Hand Gloves,
• Earplug for welders,
• welding glass/goggles,
• Safety Glasses
• nose masks,
• Helmet
• Coverall
• Rain Boot
• Raincoat, etc., depending on the department where the staff or Trainee is working.
3. The personal Protective Equipment must be worn by employees or trainees while on duty.
Employees or Trainees must ensure that these items are kept neat and tidy as failure to do so
may attract disciplinary action.
4. No employee/Trainee are expected to move around the yard nor Site without a complete
PPE.
5. A new trainee/ employee must be fully inducted, and PPE will be issued to the person
after the induction.
6. Trainee/Employees on site should always remember to protect their hands and give their
work a full concentration in order to be safe and achieve zero incident

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7. Always observe falling objects and avoid working on a suspended instrument.

1.2.2 DEPARTMENTS IN JULIUS BERGER

1.2.2.1 HEALTH SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT (HSE)
This department is Committed to induct and issue PPE to all workers, reducing industrial
risk and preserving the health and safety of all personnel by maintaining the greatest
sensitivity to the environment in which it operates.
1.2.2.2 TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT
The Technical department consists of
1. ENGINEERING
2. QUANTITY SURVEY
drawings and Designs, detailed analysis. Bill of Engineering Measurement and
Evaluation, Monitoring and inspection of Construction works.
QUANTITY SURVEY
This department is saddled with the responsibility of construction material quantities,
feasibility study, finalizing of measurement details.
1.2.2.3 SURVEYING AND GEOINFORMATICS DEPARTMENT
The works performed in the survey department can be divided into three different parts.
They are:
• Field Work
• Office Work
• Instruments Care and Adjustment
1.2.2.4 LABORATORY
They carry out daily Testing, analysis, assays, evaluation, examination, inspection and
certification of all construction materials and mixtures including fuels for transport vehicles
before use.
• Soil Section
• Concrete Section
• Asphalt Section

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1.2.2.5 TRANSPORT DEPARTMENT
This department consists of all drivers/Operators of Trucks, SUVs, Pick up Vans, Dumper
trucks, Flat beds, Crane, Tow vans including all Earth moving Heavy Equipment.
1.2.2.6 GENERAL WORKSHOP
They carry out regular mechanical and electrical checks and repairs on all vehicles from the
Transport section and also carry out electrical, plumbing and tiling maintenance in the
administrative offices including all other faults in the construction yard in general.
1.2.2.7 THE CLINIC
The Clinic provides On-site medical services, manages Job Site injuries, pre-employment
testing and also carries out worker’s sensitization to adapt and maintain healthy behaviors.
1.2.2.8 INSURANCE
They are in charge of construction liability, accidents and protection against loss and damage.
1.2.2.9 THE QUARRY
The department is solely responsible for weekly blasting operations, extraction, daily
crushing and stockpiling of Aggregates for construction purposes.
1.2.2.10 ASPHALT MIXING PLANT
They are in charge of daily production of Asphalt for Highway Construction and storage of
bitumen and other ad-mixtures.
1.2.2.11 SECURITY DEPARTMENT
Provides security for the workers and Equipment, they monitor the daily movement of
workers and visitors in and out of the company.
1.2.2.12 WAGES
This is the department in charge of worker’s salary and benefit analysis.

1.2.2.13 THE ACCOUNTANT

He is saddled with the responsibility of the final approval of funds which includes wages to
all workers, payment to subcontractors and receiving bills.
1.2.2.14 THE STORE
The store houses, issues and keeps records of all supplies and utilities.

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Figure 1: Organogram

Projects Award Man hours Period of Date of

Achievement Achievement
LNG Bonny Platinum 10 million 5 yrs. December 2010
Project
Escravos Gas To Platinum 10 million 3yrs June 2011
Liquid Project
Ajaokuta – Agbor Bronze 2.3million 1 yrs. May 2012
Railway
Completion
Abuja Airport Silver 3.5 million 2 yrs. January 2013
Road Expressway

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 Chevron Twin Gold 5 million 5 yrs. June 13
Lake Estates
Lagos
Edo Cement Plant, Bronze 2.7million 1 yr. July 2014
Okpella
Uyo Stadium Bronze 2.8 million 1 yr. August 2014
Uyo Abak Bridge Bronze 1 million 1 yr. 7 months December 2014
2nd River Niger Gold 5 million 3 yrs. December 2019
Bridge
Bodo-Bonny Road Bronze 1 million 1 yr. January 2019
Lagos – Sagamu Bronze 1 million 1 yr. May 2019
Expressway
Lagos FAMFA Bronze 1 million 1 yr. May 2019
Tower
Table 1 A COMPREHENSIVE LIST OF PROJECTS CARRIED OUT BY JULIUS
BERGER

CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY CARRIED OUT BY THE COMPANY DURING MY

WORKSHOP INTERNSHIP - 2
1.3 CONSTRUCTION PROJECT CARRIED OUT DURING MY INTERNSHIP
1.3 PROJECT DONE BY THE COMPANY DURING MY INTERNSHIP

PURPOSE
I interned at the company’s Site MARYLAND and the project at hand was the
LOM PROJECT (LAGOS OPEBI MENDE –OJOTA) LINK BRIDGE
The Opebi-Mende link bridge is a project with 4 lane road with link bridges and underpasses.
WORKS ARE ALL DIVIDED INTO SEGMENTS

Segment 1
This consists of road sections of 620 meters, construction of a link bridge of 535 meters and
underpasses of 675 meters and 662 meters starting at CH 0 + 000 and ending at CH 1+ 254.

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Segment 2 and segment 3
This is a construction of a road section reckoning an approximate distance of 1500 meters.

Segment 4
This is a short bridge with approximate length of 200 meters and the construction of road
sections reckoning an approximate distance of 800 meters.

In addition the work also requires construction and improvement of drainage and slope
protection structures and construction of miscellaneous structures in given time. The project
will serve as an access road for safe, fast and convenient travel and will relieve traffic
congestions for the users.

SCOPE OF WORK
• Casting of rigid pavements at the underpass Maryland
• Casting of flexible pavements both at the ramp up and ramp down in Maryland
• Building of short bridge link
• Building of a continuous span bridge
• Piling works at different axis and locations
• In-situ casting of deck slab on the bridge
• Precast of connecting beams for the bridges
• Renovation and road maintenance at Opebi

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Figure 2: Lagos Opebi-Mende Link Project Plan

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 CHAPTER 2
RESPONSIBILITIES AND DAILY ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT DURING MY
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
This section contains the activities carried out during my industrial training period in JULIUS
BERGER from JUNE 2023 to OCTOBER 2023. These activities cut across administrative,
academic, software and practical training.
DETAILED INTERN’S ROLE/RESPONSIBILITIES AND DAILY ACTIVITIES
● HSE induction and orientation in safe working habits at the LOM site yard.
● Learning to read the designs and drawings.
● Road construction at Maryland (underpass)
● Ramp up and ramp down Flexible pavement
● Rigid pavement at underpass
● Casting of various types of beams used for the short bridge and long bridge at the
precast yard
● Post Tensioning of beams
● Grouting of beams
● Casting of precast element at the precast yard
● Parapet installation /inspection
● Parapet rails installation /inspection
● Construction of short bridge
● Contraction of long bridge
● Deep foundation by bored piling and grabber method.
● Soil laboratory
● Survey department
The project is called the LOM project ( Lagos Opebi Mende - Ojota link) this project is a link
connection that introduces a bridge and road projects, The project was developed by the
Lagos State Government to lessen the heavy inbound traffic from Ibadan into Lagos as well
as to improve traffic flow on the crucial axis from Ikeja.

2.1 HSE ORIENTATION AND INDUCTION

HSE ORIENTATION IN SAFE WORKING HABITS IN JULIUS BERGER SITE YARD
(INDUCTION) this involved a brief description of the company; her areas of
interest/activities, some other activities dealing with Human, Safety and Environment (HSE)
were also undergone. Also, several ethical notes as well as safety and security communication
codes were provided to guide the trainees through the industrial training. A test was given
after the orientation program to ensure everything said was absorbed by the trainees.
Duration of activity: 2 days

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Plate1: Student(me) on PPE
2.1.1 PRECAST YARD
I was posted to the precast yard where I was taught to read the working drawings and also
participated in the following.
● Interpretation of Beam working drawings and how to read them
● Post Tensioning and why it was used instead of pre tensioning
● Grouting process
● Inspection of reinforcement for precast elements, here we have the precast elements
being casted and are carried later to where it will be needed.
2.1.1.1 BEAMS
Firstly the beam drawings design gives us a full detail on how to prepare the precast element,
the reinforcements are arranged according to bar marks or post raging with their various
diameters. These are later inspected before casting, after which form works and releasing
agents are placed to the reinforcement which has a concrete cap
A release agent is a substance applied to the formwork surfaces before pouring concrete. Its
primary purpose is to create a barrier between the formwork and the concrete, facilitating
easy removal of the formwork once the concrete has set.element
Concrete caps are placed between the formwork and the reinforcement during casting to
ensure the proper curing of the concrete.
Types of beam [inner beam/outer beam]

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• Type 3.1/3.2
• Type 2.1/2.2
• Type 1.1/1.2

Figure 2: Beam working drawing

Plate 2.1.1: Beam reinforcement before formwork installation

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Plate 2.1.2: Beam formwork, exposed starter bars for preceding flange cast.

Plate 2.1.3: concrete beam precast

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2.1.1.2 GROUTING
This involves injecting the grout into the openings or gaps within the beam. This is typically
done using specialized equipment to ensure the grout reaches the intended areas and fills the
spaces completely. The gaps in bridges that are filled with grout are typically the spaces
between the bridge's foundation and the surrounding soil or bedrock. Grouting can also be
used to fill gaps in the bridge's superstructure, such as cracks or voids in the concrete or steel.
Grout provides the bonding and immediate corrosion protection for post-tensioned steel.
Grouting is an essential step in construction and structural engineering, especially in the
context of reinforcing and strengthening beams. Grout is usually a mixture of cement, water,
and sometimes additives or admixtures to improve its properties. In my experience the
composition used was
- 100 kg of cement
- 40 liters of water
- 1kg of daragrout (admixture) (2 bags) a bag is 0.5kg
-Chemical used - CHRYSO ZA 1538-01
The exact composition may vary based on the specific requirements of the project.

Plate 2.2.1: Grouting machine

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Plate 2.2.2: daragrout bag (0.5kg)
2.1.1.3 POST-TENSIONING
Post-tensioning is a construction technique used to reinforce and strengthen concrete
structures, such as beams, slabs, and bridges, after they have been cast. It involves the
application of stress to the concrete through tendons, which are typically made of high-
strength steel. This stress helps to counteract the anticipated tensile stresses that the structure
will experience during its service life.
Process:
-After the concrete is cast and has gained sufficient strength, ducts or sleeves are installed
within the concrete in strategic locations.
-Tendons are then placed inside these ducts before grouting is applied to fill the ducts and
anchor the tendons in place.
-The tendons are tensioned using hydraulic jacks, applying the required force, and then
anchored at the ends.
-Once the tendons are anchored, the tendons are stressed using the prestressing machine and
secured, providing a compressive force to the concrete.
Purpose:
● Enhancing Strength: Post-tensioning increases the strength and load-carrying
capacity of the concrete structure, allowing for longer spans and thinner sections.
● Crack Control: Post-tensioning helps control and minimize cracking in the concrete,
particularly in large span structures.
● Bridges: Post-tensioning is commonly used in the construction of bridges to support
longer spans and reduce the number of expansion joints.

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Plate 2.3.1: Post-tensioning process (Post-tensioning machine)

Plate 2.3.2: Post-tensioning machine.

What I did:
❖ Inspection of beam reinforcement according to the designer specification
❖ Inspection of the quality of post tensioning materials (steel grade Y1860) and their
suitability
❖ Measurement of grout ingredients and application.
❖ Check for proper grouting temperature.

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2.2 ROAD WORKS
Road works
After weeks with the precast yard I was transferred to the road work department where I
learned
● To read and understand the road design drawings
● Understand the types of pavements and why they are used
● Learnt about the embankment of roads
● Layers of road elements
● Slope protection methods (stone pitching), earth retaining walls
● inspection of pavement reinforcements and ensuring drawing specifications are met.

2.2.1 The ramp up and ramp down were both flexible pavement and the factors are
❖ It can better accommodate variations in the sub-grade (the natural soil underneath the
pavement). They distribute loads over a wider area, which helps prevent cracks and
damage caused by soil settling.
❖ Cost effectiveness: Flexible pavements are generally more cost-effective to construct
initially. They require less upfront investment in materials and labor compared to
rigid pavements.
❖ Ease of Repair: When damage occurs, flexible pavements are often easier and less
expensive to repair. Surface treatments, like resurfacing or patching, can be applied
without the need for extensive demolition and reconstruction.
❖ Versatility: They can be designed to accommodate a wide range of traffic loads and
conditions, making them suitable for various road types, from local streets to
highways.
However other major factors include the local soil conditions, traffic loads, budget
constraints, and long-term maintenance plans.

2.2.2 The underpass which links the ramp up and the ramp down was chosen to be a
rigid pavement as as a result of the following factors:
● High Load-Bearing Capacity:Rigid pavements, often made of reinforced concrete,
have high load-bearing capacity, making them suitable for heavy traffic loads and
industrial areas.
● Longevity: Rigid pavements tend to have a longer lifespan compared to flexible
pavements. Properly designed and constructed rigid pavements can withstand wear
and tear for many years.

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 ● Low Maintenance: They generally require lower maintenance compared to flexible
pavements. Rigid pavements are less susceptible to deformation and rutting, leading
to reduced maintenance costs.
● Resistance to Deformation:Rigid pavements are more resistant to deformation and
rutting caused by heavy traffic loads. This results in a smoother and more durable
road surface.
● Reflective Cracking Control:Rigid pavements can effectively control reflective
cracking, which is the propagation of cracks from the existing pavement into an
overlay. This helps in maintaining the integrity of the road surface.

2.2.3 Construction sequence

● Site clearance
● Carry out excavation to establish formation level (FL)
● Check the stability of the existing subgrade at formation level
● If the existing subgrade is found to be unstable / unsuitable (sub-grade with deposited
refuse, peat, organic materials etc.), carry out additional excavation as per Engineer's
representative directive to exchange the unstable / unsuitable subgrade material with
sharp sand
● Fix a settlement gauge on top of the geotextile-to monitor the settlement after sand
filling, the top of this gauge shall be protected to avoid being damaged by construction
equipment.
● First layer (300mm - 500mm) of sand filling shall be raped with a geo textile
● Subsequent layers of sand fill shall not exceed 300mm
● Ensure that material for filling are from Engineer's representative approved source
and suitable as per specifications
● A daily check of the subgrade settlement shall be carried out by the surveyor and no
pavement works shall commence until no reasonable settlement is recorded.
● 10. Construct road in accordance with latest revised drawings and this method
statement.
● 11. Carry out all inspection, testing in accordance to this method statement and LOM
Inspection and Test Procedures for Earthworks, Unbound and Bound bases,
Reinforced Concrete Pavement Works and Asphaltic

2.2.4 Test carried out

Site clearance and excavation
down to formation level

Compact existing subgrade and Level checks on FL, Static Plate

carryout static plate load test. Load Test and Density Test

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 Note: existing subgrade should (Optional)
be improved/exchanged if found
unstable.

Sand Fill and compact in layers Level Checks on top of sand fill and In-situ Density
to 100% Max. Dry Density Test of top of each layer
(MDD)
(Thickness 20 cm for each layer)

For CRPC Sections Level Checks, In-situ Density Test on freshly placed
Place Sand-Cement Laver and Sand Cement and Damp Proof Membrane
compact to 100% Max. Dry
Density (MDD)
(Thickness 20cm)

For Asphaltic Pavement Level Checks, Static plate load test and In-situ Density
Sections Test
Place Granite Dust Layer and
compact to 100% Max. Dry
Density (MDD)
(Thickness 20cm)

Place Base Course Layer and Level Checks, Static Plate Load Test, In-situ Density
compact to100% Max. Dry Test and Surface Regularity Checks
Density (MDD)
(Thickness 20cm)

For Asphaltic Pavement Rate of spray for Prime + Tack

Sections
Place Asphaltic Binder Course
(Thickness 6 cm) + Asphaltic
Wearing Course (Thickness 5
cm)
Coats, Level Checks on each layer, Marshall Density
Test on each layer and Surface Regularity Checks on
each layer

For CRPC Sections Flow Test, Level Checks and Surface Regularity
Place Reinforced Concrete Checks
Pavement as detailed in the
Drawing
(Thickness 25cm)

2.2.5 Test Matrix

Level STATIC PLATE Density test Rate of spraying

LOADING TEST test

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 ROAD - - Tack Coat-
SURFACING 0.3 - 0.4 liters/m2

Ev2 > 120 MN/m? (acc. ≥ 100% MDD Prime Coat -

TOP OF RStO 01) (acc. AASHTO) 0.7 - 1.0
BASE COURSE Ev2/Evi S 2.2 liters/m2

Top of Sub Base ≥ 100% MDD -

(Granite dust) Ev2 > 80 MN/m? (acc. (acc. AASHTO)
RStO 01)
Eva/Evt 5 2.3

Top of Sub Base - ≥ 100% MDD -

(Sand Cement) (acc. Wasc)
Top of Subgrade Ev2 > 45 MN/m? (acc. ≥ 100% MDD -
FL RStO 01) (acc. Wasc )
Evz/Evi S 2.5

Sub grade to bottom - ≥ 95% MDD (acc. -

of excavation BS
Compaction)

2.2.6 Observation and involvement

● Recorded the concrete pour report when casting the rigid pavement
● Inspected the rigid pavement reinforcement, ensure the dowel bars which helps to join
two discontinuous pavement slab and transfer load uniformly
● Calculated the test done in compaction and Static plate load test ( Compaction >= 100
and static load test <= 2.

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Plate 2.4.1: Stone dust subgrade ready to be spread and compacted for flexible pavement (grader
machine, roller vibrating compactor)

22
Plate 2.4.2: laying of the Asphaltic binder course using the paver machine, laborers ensuring proper
surface regularity (paver, dump truck)

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Plate2.4.3: Installation and arrangement of formwork and reinforcement for rigid pavement (horse
bench spacers, longitudinal and transverse reinforcement bars)

Plate 2.4.4: casting of concrete( rigid pavement) (Maryland underpass)

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Plate 2.4.5: Pavement during the curing process

Plate 2.4.6: Dowel bars (coated with red oxide to prevent corrosion)

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Plate2.4.8: Intern conducting surface regularity test on rigid payment (using the range and wedge
instruments)

2.3 BRIDGE
Long bridge and short bridge
I was posted to the short and long bridge . The short bridge was almost done when I came so
I fully participated in the site inspection for the long bridge.
Things I did
• Inspected the reinforcement
• Gave the concrete pour report for casting
• Inspected the verge reinforcement before casting
• Understood the design concerning the long bridge
For the long bridge :
We are to learn the substructure and the superstructure.
2.3.1 Substructures
In civil engineering and construction, the term "substructures" refers to the underlying
components or elements of a structure that support and distribute the loads imposed on the
structure. Substructures are a crucial part of any construction project and typically include
the following key elements:

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 ● Foundation: The foundation is the lowest part of a building or structure that transfers
the building's loads to the ground or supporting soil. It provides stability and prevents
settlement. Common types of foundations include shallow foundations (such as
spread footings) and deep foundations (such as piles or caissons).
● Footings: Footings are structural elements that directly support the columns, walls, or
piers of a building or structure. They distribute the building's load to the foundation
or supporting soil.
● Piers: Piers are vertical load-bearing elements that support beams or girders. They are
often used in bridge construction and other elevated structures.
● Retaining Walls: Retaining walls are structures built to retain soil or other materials,
preventing them from collapsing or sliding. They are commonly used in landscaping
and civil engineering projects.
● Abutments: Abutments are substructure elements at the ends of bridges that support
the bridge superstructure and distribute its loads to the ground or foundation.
● Pile Caps: Pile caps are thick concrete slabs that distribute the load from a group of
piles or columns to the foundation. They are commonly used in deep foundation
systems.
● Bearing Pads: Bearing pads are components placed between a superstructure element
(such as a beam or column) and its supporting substructure (such as a pier or
abutment). They facilitate movement and reduce friction.
● Basements and Cellars: Substructures can also include below-ground spaces like
basements and cellars, which provide additional usable space and can serve as
foundations for the building above.
Substructures are essential for ensuring the stability, safety, and longevity of buildings and
structures. They are designed to withstand various loads, including dead loads (the weight of
the structure itself), live loads (occupant and equipment loads), and environmental forces
(such as wind and seismic forces). Proper design and construction of substructures are critical
to the overall integrity and performance of any construction project.
2.3.2 Superstructure
SUPERSTRUCTURE " refers to the upper portion of the bridge that rests on the substructure
and is responsible for carrying the loads (such as vehicles, pedestrians, and cargo) across the
span of the bridge. The superstructure of a bridge includes all the elements above the piers
or abutments and is crucial for the bridge's overall functionality and performance. Here are
some key components of the superstructure in bridge construction:
● Deck: The bridge deck is the surface on which vehicles and pedestrians travel. It can
be made of various materials, including concrete, steel, or wood, and its design
depends on the bridge type and its intended use.
● Girders or Beams: These are horizontal load-bearing elements that support the bridge
deck. Girders or beams can be made of steel, concrete, or other materials and are
responsible for distributing the loads from the deck to the bridge's substructure.

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 ● Trusses: Some bridges, such as steel truss bridges, use a framework of interconnected
beams and posts called trusses in their superstructure. Trusses are known for their
strength and can span long distances.
● Arch or Suspension Components: In the case of arch bridges or suspension bridges,
the arches, main cables, and suspender cables are critical components of the
superstructure that help support the deck.
● Railing and Parapets: These are safety features on the sides of the bridge deck
designed to prevent vehicles and pedestrians from accidentally falling off the bridge.
They also serve an aesthetic purpose.
● Expansion Joints: Expansion joints are used to accommodate temperature-related
expansion and contraction of the bridge deck and to allow for slight movements, such
as settling or seismic activity.
● Bearings: Bearings are devices that facilitate the movement and rotation of the
superstructure to accommodate thermal expansion and contraction, as well as other
forces, without causing damage to the bridge.
● Drainage Systems: Proper drainage is essential to prevent water accumulation on the
bridge deck. Superstructures often include drainage elements, such as gutters and
scuppers, to channel water away.
● Lighting and Signage: Superstructures may include lighting systems for illumination
at night and signage to guide drivers and pedestrians.
● Deck Coating and Surface Treatment: To protect the deck from weather and wear,
superstructures often have coatings or surface treatments, such as asphalt overlays or
corrosion-resistant paints.
The design and construction of the superstructure depend on various factors, including the
type of bridge (e.g., beam bridge, arch bridge, suspension bridge), the span length, anticipated
traffic loads, and environmental conditions. Engineers carefully consider these factors to
ensure that the superstructure can safely and efficiently carry out its intended function as part
of the bridge.

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Plate2.5.1: Lagos opebi-mende link short bridge and its abutment.

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Plates 2.5.2 casting process for pier head using the concrete pump machine

2.5.3: V-shaped pier

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Plate 2.5.1: Bridge slab reinforcement inspection (me) (ensuring reinforcements are spaced
according to drawings specifications)

2.4 PILING WORKS

Bored pile works by Grab Excavation
Soil condition
The result of the geotechnical investigation performance by Julius Berger is shown in the
Geotechnical investigation report.
Tolerances
The acceptance criteria for the position and alignment of bored piles in accordance with the
project specification is as follows
• Top of pile - +40/-70 in height after cutoff
• Horizontal location for diameter 1500mm - +\- 150 mm in x and y direction

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• Alignment (Vertical or batter ) – 20mm per meter
For each piling rig and shift performing operations the workforce will be
• PGS piling supervisor
• PGS foreman
• Crawler crane operator
• Casing machine operator
• Wheel loader operator
• Driller
• Welder
• Driver

Piling equipment
• Crawler crane
• Grab bucket
• Casing Oscillator
• Doubled wall ledger drill casing
• pipes
• Water pumps and submersible pumps
• Water tank
• Compressor
• Generators
• Wheel loader
• Welding machines

SEQUENCE OF WORK FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF BORED PILES

• Setting out and positioning of drill rig
This is done by the site surveyor who will also provide the ground elevation
• Borehole excavation

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The temporary steel casing will serve as the drill guidance and will prevent collapsing of the
adjacent ground.
• Exchange of borehole water
Removal of water from the bottom of the hole while fresh water is added to maintain the
required slurry level
• Spiral duct installation
This will prevent the fresh concrete to flow out in soft soil layers and it’s suspended over the
temporary casing
• Reinforcement installation
The reinforcement cage will be lighted up and put into the borehole and suspended over the
temporary casing where they will be joined together with welding.
• Concrete placement
For pouring concrete a tremie pipe with a diameter of not less than 230 millimeters to avoid
concrete blockage during casting and with a funnel on top. These will continue until fresh
concrete has reached its pile head.
• Extraction of temporary casing
Subsequently during the concrete placement, the temporary casing will be extracted by
crawler crane with attached casing machine.

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Plate 2.6.1: Installation of pile cage/reinforcement using crane (welder, machine)

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Plate 2.6.2: Casting process of pile using tremie pipe ( machine, concrete pump truck)

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What I Did
Joined in with the Quality Assurance and Quality Control team to conduct
● Inspection in concrete production and supply.
● Construction control.
● Calculation on the right sizes of casings used and reinforcement installed
● Concrete pour report.
● Inspection of reinforcement arrangement to ensure drawing specifications are met.

Plate2.6.2.1: Inspection of pile cage/reinforcement to ensure drawing specifications are

met. (me, retractable, Reinforcements, Concrete spacers)

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2.5 SURVEY DEPARTMENT
Activities in the Survey department involved learning of Survey theories and terminologies,
marking Chain-ages, Setting out and pegging points and finally learning to use survey
equipment such as the Levelling Instrument, Total Station and the GPS.

Plate2.7.1: A survey dumpy level equipment (used to establish or verify points in the same
horizontal plane.)

Plate2.7.2: Intern carrying out leveling for Median U-Drain Intern using the leveling Staff in
construction

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Plate2.7.3: Intern carrying out sloping distance measurements using the total station (total station,
me)
2.6 LABORATORY DEPARTMENT
In ensuring compliance with ASTM, AASHTO and Ministry Standards, work shall not be
permitted to begin until Laboratory material testings have been provided and approved in
line with the relevant specifications and standards including the General Specifications (Road
& Bridges) Volume II, 1997, Federal Ministry of Works and Housing. Laboratory Tests
results are monthly sent to Palava yard (another Julius Berger site located at Ajah).. The
Laboratory in Site is divided into three sections which are;
• Soil Section
• Concrete Section
• Asphalt Section
I was first posted to the Soil Section and the Tests carried out in the Soil Section are;
• Sieve Analysis
• California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
• Liquid Limit
• Plastic Limit
• Shrinkage Test
• Atterberg limit Test

38
aggressively smaller openings, typically starting with a coarse sieve and ending with a fine
one.
After sieving, the amount of material retained on each sieve is measured, and this data is used
to create a particle size distribution curve. This curve helps engineers and scientists
understand the composition of the material, which is important for various applications,
including construction, agriculture, and geotechnical engineering.

Liquid limit and plastic limit

LL (liquid limit)
• The liquid limit of a soil is the moisture content at which the soil changes from a
plastic state to a liquid state under the influence of a standard amount of mechanical shearing
Pl (plastic limit)
The plastic limit of a soil is the moisture content at which the soil transitions from a plastic
state to a semi-solid state and can no longer be molded without cracking.

Tests carried out on concrete before and after curing.

• Slump Cone test
• Cube Test for Compressive test of Concrete

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Plate2.8.1: Slump Cone test being carried out to test consistency (Slump cone, flow board)

40
Plate 2.8.2: Measurement of flow distance (concrete mix, retractable tape and flow board)

41
Plate2.8.3: Concrete cubes being prepared for crush test (vibrating machine, Concrete test cube
mould)

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Plate2.8.4: Concrete cubes undergoing curing process in curing tank (each cube is slated for different
curing periods i.e 3, 7, 21 e.t.c)

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 CHAPTER 3
3.0 DISCUSSION, ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION
The SIWES attachment program is a very important phase of a student’s academic career
through the university. A lot was learnt during my industrial training attachment with Julius
Berger. Trainees there are exposed to the versatile manner of the outside world after school.
The industrial attachment gave me the opportunity to improve my skills in the following
aspects below.
3.1 SKILLS ACQUIRED DURING THE SIWES ATTACHMENT PROGRAM
3.1.1 IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY AND PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
(PPE)
As the saying goes “SAFETY FIRST”, serious accidents can cause significant delays and
also shut a project down for example, an Excavator bucket coming in contact with electric
cables lines, a Bridge parapet wall or girders falling off a crane while lifting for placement.
The most critical and effective element of workplace safety is regular and honest safety audits
to identify and correct workplace hazards. Julius Berger Safety Officers regularly ensured
safety at every site activity being carried out including the offices.
The various PPE available are:
• Safety shoes,
• Reflective Vests
• Hard Hats
• Hand Gloves,
• Wellington Boots for Concrete Masons,
• Earplug for welders, quarry workers
• Welding glass/goggles,
• Safety Glasses
• nose masks,
• Coverall for Workshop workers and Flagmen
The use of some of the items listed was dependent on the department where the staff or
Trainee works including weather and atmospheric conditions while others were in constant
usage.
3.1.2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT
A construction project requires planning, execution, monitoring, control, and closure. It is
the project manager who takes on the lead role in each of these aspects. They also take on
the responsibilities of managing day-to-day activities and client relations. Project managers
manage a large array of different aspects throughout the entirety of a contract. Depending on
the stage of the contract, the role evolves from the pre and post tender to the final close of
the project. This involves;
1. Time management

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2. Ensuring Project Success
• Planning
• Execution
• Monitoring
• Control
3. Safeguarding strong relationships through effective communication
4. Providing a winning formula
The Site at Maryland has a Project Manager just like every Julius Berger site. The Project
Manager alongside the Site/Project Engineers all played active roles in the management of
the Project. I had close contact with all of them in learning how to effectively run a project
along with the risk/challenges involved.

3.2 ANALYSIS AND DESCRIPTION OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS USED

Julius Berger is one of the leading construction companies in Nigeria. Its jobs are operated
on a large scale hence, the use of machines and tools cannot be neglected as they improve
the speed and performances of its operations.
The following is a classification of some of the equipment used;
1. The Plants: They are larger mechanical pieces of machinery used on-site. They
require a large number of highly skilled personnel to operate. These include;
• Asphalt Mixing Plant
• Batching Plant
• Quarry Crusher Lines
2. Earthwork Equipment: They also require skilled personnel to operate. They are
classified into;
• Earth Cutting and moving; Bulldozers, Scrapers, Front-end loaders, Motor graders.
• Excavation and Lifting; Backhoes, Power Shovels, Draglines, Clamshells.
• Loading; Loaders, Shovels, Excavators.
• Transportation; Dump Trucks, Tippers, Conveyors.
• Compacting Equipment; Drum rollers, Pneumatic Rollers, Sheep foot Rollers, Plate
Compactors, and Hand Tampers.
3. Material Hoisting Equipment: these include;

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• Mobile Cranes
• Tower Cranes
• Forklifts
4. Special Purpose Heavy Equipment
• Asphalt Pavers
• Concrete Mixer trucks
5. Support and Utility Service Equipment
• Pumps
• Tow trucks
• Flatbeds
• Pickup vans
• Generators
• Welding, Boring and Carpentry Equipment
3.3 CHALLENGES/PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND SOLUTIONS TAKEN
3.3.1 PILE PROBLEM
Due to the high water table present during the construction of the pile the presence of water
in the soil reduced the load-bearing capacity of the pile. The pile may not be able to carry as
much load as intended due to the decreased effective stress in the soil.
3.3.1.2Solutions taken
A dewatering process was established to mitigate the problem of the bad pile which was to
lower the water table by WELLPOINT PROCESS. A well point, also known as a "drive
point" or "sand point," is a piece of equipment used in groundwater extraction or dewatering
processes, especially in areas with shallow water tables. The well point process involves the
installation of these devices to access and pump groundwater from the ground. (Reference to
plates: 2.6.1, 2.6.2, 2.6.3 )

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Plate 2.6.1: dewatering processing for faulty piling process using wellpoint method
(electricity generator and industrial pump)

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Plate 2.6.2: Dewatering process (faulty pile reinforcement, suction pipe, ladder)

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Plate 2.6.3: corrected pile after dewatering process (exposed starter bars) (reference to -
3.3.1)

3.3.2 UNFAVORABLE ONSITE WEATHER CONDITIONS

Challenge: Weather, Climate and Atmospheric conditions like the High Temperatures on
extremely Sunny Days, Low Temperatures from cold weather, Dust and Particles and Rain
affected site activities and posed health and Safety Risks.
Solution: Raincoats were used on rainy days, eye goggles were used on extremely dry and
sunny days, and evacuation of workers were done in totally unbearable conditions all
enforced by the safety officers.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 SUMMARY
I observed that Civil Engineers use their conceptual design method to build a structure for
safety, stability, economy and durability. But at the same time supervising the project closely
to make sure it is being executed exactly the way the design was and plan. They also accept
material based on what the specification comes from the client to avoid using materials of
poor quality that may alter their design calculation, for this may result in the failure of their
structure.
4.2 CONCLUSION
The SIWES program provided a great opportunity for me to get the necessary practical
experience needed while still in school. This exposure to practical work has helped me
develop a better appreciation of what is taught in school. In the engineering Discipline, the
benefits of such practical experience are numerous. Theoretical Information became real to
me as I saw with my own eyes the applications of what I had been taught in the classroom.
Seeing the practical work also ensures that I will not forget what I have been taught.
The SIWES program also developed me professionally and has made me become a better
student and engineer in training.
4.3 LIMITATIONS
The SIWES program was a wonderful experience for me. I was introduced to the professional
world and how things operate therein. A lot of positive things were Imparted to me and I
believe they will go a long way in helping me become a better engineer.
However, the program was not entirely a bed of roses. Some challenges were encountered
during this period. These challenges include:
a) WORKING HOURS/ DISTANCE
Julius Berger's working hours starts from 8:00am and closes by 4:00 pm every day
and this proved to be quite challenging for me due to the fact that my house was far
away so my transport expenses were quite high due to the recent government.

b) DELAYED REMUNERATIONS FROM THE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

FUND (ITF)
Remunerations to the interns from the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) were not paid during
the period of my industrial training.

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4.4 RECOMMENDATIONS
The SIWES training program has been recognised as a very good means of imparting
practical knowledge to students of tertiary institutions. In Nigeria, it is almost the only means
available for the students to gain practical experience in their respective fields of study. The
following recommendations for the institutions, Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and federal
government at large, and if these could be adhered to, the SIWES program would be more
effective.
These recommendations include:
1. School supervisors should be given more incentives and support to better motivate
them to carry out their supervisory assignments more effectively. This will go a long way in
making the trainees/students more committed to the scheme.
Thereby bringing the best out of them.
2. An upward review of the student IT allowance is highly desirable in view of the recent
trends in inflation rates throughout the country. More importantly, the allowance should be
paid promptly so that the trainees can concentrate on the objective of the scheme.
3. A stronger collaboration between the institutions Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and
the various industries are needed so that placement and welfare difficulties currently being
experienced by students will be reduced to the barest minimum.

4.5 REFERENCES
https://www.civil-engineers-2020.com/2020/08/columns-and-walls-method-statement.html
https://qaqcconstruction.com/2020/09/23/method-statement-precast-concrete-fabrication-
installation/Julius Berger Company, (2015). Online available at http://www.julius-
berger.com.
ITF, (2011). [Online] Available at https://itf.gov.ng/
HSE Britain, (2017). [Online] Available at http://www.hse.gov.uk/toolbox/ppe.html
Wikipedia, (2017). [Online] Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precast_concrete
https://www.theomegagroup.co.uk/material/trial-mix/
https://mintekresources.com/the-importance-of-soil-stabilization
https://www.geoengineer.org/education/site-characterization-in-situ-testing-general/cone-
penetration-testingcpt

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https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/standard-penetration-test-procedure-precautions-
advantages/4657/
https://www.lyroad.com/what-is-concrete-batching-plant.html
https://www.highwayguide.co.in/method-statement-of-pile-cap/

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