SUBJECT - MATHEMATICS

CLASS - JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

TERM - SECOND TERM

APPROXIMATION AND ESTIMATION

Approximation is the process of rounding off a number closed to the actual number. It
should be noted that numbers 1,2,3 & 4 should be rounded down to zero (0) while numbers
5,6,7,8 & 9 should be rounded up to one (1).

Rounding numbers to the nearest 10

To round a number to the nearest 10, look at the digit in the UNIT column, if it is 5 or
more, round it up but if it is less than 5, round it down.

Example: Round 1234 to the nearest 10

Solution: 1234 = 1230

Rounding numbers to the nearest 100

To round a number to the nearest 100, look at the digit in the TENS column, if it is 5 or
more, round it up but if it is less than 5, round it down.

Example: Round 1834 to the nearest 100

Solution: 1834 = 1800

Rounding numbers to the nearest 1000

To round a number to the nearest 1000, look at the digit in the HUNDREDS column, if it is
5 or more, round it up but if it is less than 5, round it down.

Example: Round 4265 to the nearest 1000

Solution: 4265 = 4000

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PRACTICE THESE

Round the following numbers to the nearest ten, hundred and thousand.

1) 3452
2) 1543
3) 437689
4) 23450
5) 234765

DECIMAL PLACES (d.p.)

A number such as 150.7158 is an example of a decimal number. The whole number part is
150 and the decimal part is 7158. The above number has 4 decimal places.

Give the following numbers correct to 1 d.p., 2 d.p. & 3 d.p.

1) 3.4567
2) 49.9954

Solution

1) 3.4567 = 3.5 (1 d.p.); 3.46 (2 d.p.); 3.457 (3 d.p.)

2) 49.9954 = 50.0 (1 d.p.); 50.00 (2d.p.); 49.995 (3 d.p.)

Note: It is necessary to add zero(s) after decimal point in (2) above to indicate the
decimal place(s).

PRACTICE THESE

Give the below numbers to 1 d.p., 2 d.p. & 3 d.p.

1) 35.4782
2) 0.8991
3) 1.99961
4) 23.4557
5) 75.2235

Note that:

1) Rounding numbers to 1 d.p. is same as rounding numbers to the nearest tenth

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 2) Rounding numbers to 2 d.p. is same as rounding numbers to the nearest hundredth
3) Rounding numbers to 3 d.p. is same as rounding numbers to the nearest thousandth

ROUNDING DECIMALS TO THE NEAREST WHOLE NUMBERS.

To round a decimal number to the nearest whole number, look at the figure in the 1 st d.p.,
if it is 5 or more, round it up and if it is less than 5, do not change the whole number.

Examples: Round the following numbers to the nearest whole numbers

1) 13.73
2) 34.245

Solutions

1) 13.73 = 14
2) 34.245 = 34

PRACTICE THESE

Round the following numbers to the nearest whole numbers

1) 8.22
2) 9.25
3) 789.01
4) 0.99
5) 134.64
6) 405.9
7) 90.89
8) 275.80
9) 29.08
10) 6.54

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES (s.f.)

The word significant means important and is another way of approximating numbers. A
figure's position in a number shows what the figure is worth.

Examples: Give the following numbers correct to 1 s.f., 2 s.f. & 3 s.f.

1) 5754

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 2) 147.006
3) 0.0070254

Solutions

1) 5754 = 6000 (1 s.f.) 5800 (2 s.f.) 5754 (3 s.f.)

2) 147.006 = 100 (1 s.f.) 150 (1 s.f.) 147 (3 s.f.) 147.0 (4 s.f.)
3) 0.0070254 = 0.007 (1 s.f.) 0.0070 (2 s.f.). 0.00703 (3 s.f.). 0.007025
(4 s.f.)

Note that:

 The first sig. fig. is the first non-zero figure as you read a number from the left.
E.g 3706
 Zeros in the middle of a number are significant but zeros before or at the end of a
number are not significant. E.g 400700
 After rounding off, the digits after the 1st s.f. are changed to zeros to retain the
size/digit of the number. E.g. 5754 to 1 d.p. = 6000 and not 6.
 147.006 to 4 s.f. is 147.0 ( the last zero shows 4 s.f.)
 0.0007004 to 3 s.f. is 0.000700

PRACTICE THESE

Give the following numbers correct to 1 s.f., 2 s.f. & 3 s.f.

1) 45775
2) 30820
3) 3.9998
4) 0.004575
5) 0.000057891
6) 45698
7) 35.4782

ESTIMATION

It is useful to always make a rough estimate of a calculation to give a rough idea of what
the real/actual answer should be. The estimate may be bigger or smaller than the real
answer. To estimate, round the each number to 1 s.f. or nearest whole number and
calculate.

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Example: Estimate the cost of 62 oranges at N1.80 each

Solution: 62 ≈ 60 & 1.80 ≈ 2

Therefore, estimated answer = 60 × 2 = N120 while the actual answer = 62 × 1.80 = N111.6

PRACTICE THESE

Find the estimated and the exact cost of the following:

1) 43 pens at N5.8 each

2) 208 oranges at N1.06
3) 23 books at N559.56
4) 32 computers at N970.99

CHOOSING APPROPRIATE METRIC UNITS OF MEASURES

The French "Systeme Internationale d'Unites" abbreviated as "SI" is a modern version of

the metric system of unit, which is used in almost every country today. The SI units, the
fundamental quantities:

 Length (Distance) is measured in metres (m)

 Mass (Weight) is measured in kilograms (kg)
 Capacity (Volume) is measured in litres (l)
 Time is measured in seconds (s)

The most commonly used are milli, centi, meter/gram/litre, kilo & tonne. Body measures
such as pace, arm, hand & foot are not left out.

LENGTH/DISTANCES

The basic unit of length is metre (m). Millimetre & Centimetre are used to measure
distance less than metre while Metre and Kilometre are used to measure longer distances.

For example, to measure the distance between Lagos and Benin-City, we use km.

State the metric units of length you would use to measure the following:

a. Length of your classroom

b. Length of your fingernail
c. Your height
d. Length of your pen
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 e. Length of your thumb
f. Your waist
g. The thickness of your mathematics textbook
h. Thickness of a piece of wire
i. The height of a building
j. Distance between Lagos and Kano

MASS/WEIGHT

The S.I unit of mass is kilogram (kg). The commonly used units of mass are mg, g, kg &
tonne.

State the metric units of mass you would use to measure the following:

a. Your weight
b. Weight of a N1 coin
c. Weight of a diary
d. Weight of a cow
e. Weight of a bus
f. Weight of a television
g. Weight of an orange
h. Liquid gas in a cylinder

CAPACITY

The capacity of a container is the amount of fluid (liquid) it can hold. The basic unit of
capacity is litre (l). The common units are litres, millilitres & centilitres.

State the metric units of capacity you would use to measure the following:

a. Amount of water in a glass cup

b. Amount of medicine in a tea spoon
c. Volume of a standard bottle of coca cola
d. Amount of petrol in a car's fuel tank
e. Amount of water in a tank
f. Amount of water in a reservoir
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 g. A tin of peak milk

TIME/DAYS

The standard unit of time is the seconds (s)

Note the following:

 60s - 1m
 60m - 1h
 24hrs - 1 day
 7 days - 1 week
 4 weeks - 1 month
 12 mths - 1 year
 52 wks - 1 yr
 365 days - 1 year
 366 days - 1 leap year
 3600 s - 1 hr
 14 days - 1 fortnight
 ≈30 days - 1 calendar month
 13 wks - 1 quarter
 3 mths - 1 quarter
 1 decade - 10 years
 1 century - 100 years
 1 millennium - 1000 years

Leap year occur every 4 years E.g 2016,2020,2024 etc

Calculate the number of seconds in:

a. 5 minutes = 5 × 60 = 300 seconds

b. 7 hours 25 min = (7×3600) + (25×60) = 26700 seconds
Practice These
1) Convert 12.15 hours to seconds
2) How many minutes are in 4 hours?
3) Express the following in hours and minutes:
a. 150 minutes

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 b. 225 minutes

NUMBER BASE SYSTEM (BINARY)

A base or radix is the number of different digits or combination of digits and letters that
a system of counting uses to represent numbers. Binary system uses two digits, 0 & 1. An
example is 110100.

Counting in groups of two

The figure below shows the place value of the digits in the binary number system. 110112
can be represented this way:

Sixteens. Eights. Fours. Twos. Unit

24 23 22 21 20

1 1 0 1 1

11011two means 1 sixteen, 1 eight, 0 four, 1 two, 1 unit.

Hence, 11011 in expanded notation,

11011two = (1×24) + (1×23) + (0×22) + (1×21) + (1×20)

Counting 19 apples in groups of two,

Sixteens. Eights. Fours. Twos. Unit

24 23 22 21 20

1 0 0 1 1

19ten = 10011two

Example: Express the following base ten numbers in groups of twos.

1) 13ten = 23 + 22 + 20
2) 37ten = 25 + 22 + 20
3) 63ten = 25 + 24 + 23 + 22 + 21 + 20
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 4) 85ten = 26 + 24 + 22 + 20

PRACTICE THESE

Express the following base ten numbers in group of twos:

1) 23
2) 78
3) 93
4) 53
5) 47

CONVERSION FROM BINARY TO DECIMAL

Convert the following binary numbers to base ten

1) 11011two = (1×24) + (1×23) + (0×22) + (1×21) + (1×20) = 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 27ten

2) 10011two = (1×24) + (0×23) + (0×22) + (1×21) + (1×20) = 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 19ten

PRACTICE THESE

Convert the following binary numbers to base ten

1) 1112
2) 11001012
3) 10100012
4) 10000112
5) 1011012

CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL TO BINARY

Convert the following base ten numbers to binary

1) 23ten
2) 27ten

Solutions

1) 2310

2 23

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 2 11 R1

2 5 R1

2 2 R1

2 1 R0

0 R1

2310 = 101112

2) 2710

2 27

2 13 R1

2 6 R1

2 3 R0

2 1 R1

0 R1

2710 = 110112

PRACTICE THESE

Convert the following base ten numbers to binary

1) 54
2) 69
3) 99
4) 60
5) 47

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 6) 38
7) 65

ADDITION OF NUMBER BASE 2 NUMERALS

Note the following:

0+0=0, 1+0=1, 0+1=1, 1+1=10

Find the sum of the following binary numbers

1) 102 + 112 = 1012

2) 112 + 112 = 1102
3) 102 + 102 = 1002
4) 1112 + 1012 = 11002

PRACTICE THESE

Find the sum of the following binary numbers

1) 101112 + 11112
2) 110112 + 101012
3) 1012 + 1112 + 11102
4) 1102 + 1012
5) 1112 + 1012 + 1002
6) 110110102 + 110111102

SUBTRACTION OF NUMBER BASE 2 NUMERALS

Note the following:

0-0=0, 1-0=1, 1-1=0, 10-1=1

Find the difference of the following binary numbers

1) 1112 - 1102 = 12
2) 1102 - 1002 = 102
3) 101112 - 11112 = 10002
4) 110112 - 101012 = 1102
5) 1101102 - 1011012 = 10012
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PRACTICE THESE

Find the difference of the following binary numbers

1) 110112 - 110102
2) 110112 - 100112
3) 110101112 - 11011002
4) 110110102 - 110101112
5) 1100011002 - 100100102
6) 111000112 - 11110002
7) 11012 + 1102 - 1112
8) 110112 - 10112 + 11012

MULTIPLICATION OF NUMBER BASE 2 NUMERALS

To multiply base two numerals, first multiply out and add up.

Solve the following binary numbers

1) 101112 × 112 = 10001012

2) 111012 × 1012 = 10010012

PRACTICE THESE

Solve the following binary numbers

1) 10102 × 102
2) 10112 × 112
3) 11112 × 1012
4) 110112 × 1112
5) 100112 × 102

DIVISION OF NUMBER BASE 2 NUMERALS

To conviniently divide base two numerals, first convert to base ten, divide the result and
convert back to binary.
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Solve the following binary numbers

1) 110012 ÷ 1012
2) 10002 ÷ 1002

Solutions

1) 110012 = 2510 while 1012 = 510, then 25 ÷ 5 = 5. Now convert 510 back to binary to
give 1012.
2) 10002 = 1610 while 1002 = 410, then 16 ÷ 4 = 4. Now, convert 410 back to binary to give
1002

PRACTICE THESE

Solve the following binary numbers

1) 100102 ÷ 102
2) 11112 ÷ 112
3) 110102 ÷ 11012
4) 111102 ÷ 11112

USE OF SYMBOLS (OPEN SENTENCES)

Open Sentences on Addition and Subtraction

Look carefully at the following mathematical statements

i. 5 + 4 = 9 ( true )
ii. 7 - 3 = 8 ( false )

Find the missing numbers that make the following true

1) ∆ + 7 = 14. (7)
2) 12 + ∆ = 18. (6)
3) ∆ - 12 = 7. (19)
4) 12 = ∆ - 9. ( 21)

PRACTICE THESE

Find the missing numbers that make the following true

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 1) 6 + 8 = ∆
2) 30 = ∆ - 5
3) 1 = 5 - ∆
4) 7 + ∆ = 20
5) ∆ + 8 = 14
6) 7 = 19 - ∆
7) ∆ - 15 = 0
8) 18 = 6 + ∆
9) ∆ + 12 = 70
10) 17 - ∆ = 12

Open Sentences on Multiplication and Division

Find the missing numbers that make the following true

1) 12 × ∆ = 36. (3)
2) ∆ ÷ 7 = 9. (63)
3) 4 × ∆ = 44. (11)
4) 36 ÷ 9 = ∆. (4)

PRACTICE THESE

Find the missing numbers that make the following true

1) ∆ × 0 = 0
2) 15 ÷ ∆ = 5
3) ∆ = 6 × 6
4) 18 ÷ 3 = ∆
5) ∆ × 17 = 85
6) 108 ÷ ∆ = 12
7) 11 = 1 × ∆
8) 80 ÷ 10 = ∆
9) 44 ÷ ∆ = 2
10) 25 = 5 × ∆
11) 3 × ∆ = 18
12) 3 ÷ ∆ = 1
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Using Letters to Represent Numbers (Addition & Subtraction)

A branch of Mathematics in which letters of the alphabets are used in place of numbers is
known as ALGEBRA. It is more convenient to use a letter of the alphabets to represent an
unknown number instead of shapes. Any lowercase (small) letter of the alphabets can be
used.

Find the number that each letter stands for:

1) f = 3+6. Solution: f = 9
2) k-14 = 2. Solution: k = 2+14 = 16
3) 9-r = 2. Solution: 9_2 = r , r = 7
4) 12+e = 18. Solution: e = 18-12. = 6

PRACTICE THESE

Find the number that each letter stands for:

1) 10 = 5+r
2) 17 = w+9
3) 22+d = 30
4) z = 15-8
5) 15-x = 7
6) 12-n = 8
7) 12 = e+5
8) a+a = 10
9) y+5 = 7
10) g = 30-g

Using Letters to Represent Numbers ( Multiplication & Division )

Find the number that each letter stands for:

1) 28 = 7×g Solution: g = 28/7 = 4

2) 14 = m×1 Solution:m = 14/1 = 14
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 3) 14÷r = 2 Solution: 2r = 14, r = 14/2 = 7
4) 33÷11 = t Solution: 11t = 33, t = 33/11 = 3

PRACTICE THESE

Find the number that each letter stands for:

1) 125÷f = 25
2) 3×p = 27
3) y×y = 81
4) c÷7 = 2
5) z = 3×7
6) q = 12÷2
7) 3×a = 27
8) 10÷h = 2
9) b×7 = 49
10) t×4 = 20

SOLVING OPEN SENTENCES PROBLEMS INVOLVING TWO OPERATIONS

ASSIGNMENT
Find the values of the unknown
1) d+8-4 = 24
2) r-16+10 = 30
3) (3×2) + 3 = p
4) 7+12÷3 = s
5) 12×c+4 = 40
6) 11×v+2 = 57
7) (5×8)-5 = b
8) 50÷5+8 = a
9) 7+7×m = 35
10) j = 7-(4+3)÷7

SOLVING WORD PROBLEMS

Solve the following problems

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 1) A boy has t oranges. He sells four of them. How many oranges does he have left?
Solution
(t - 4) Oranges

2). What number when added to 6 gives 10?

Solution

f+6 =10, f = 10-6 = 4

3). Think of a number, subtract 3 from it and the result is 9. What's the number?

Solution

m-3 = 9, m = 9+3 = 12

PRACTICE THESE

Solve the following problems

1) When a number is multiplied by 5, the result is 20. What is the number?

2) What is 5 more than y?
3) A boy has d numbers of pencils. He gave 3 to his brother and 2 to his sister. How
many pencils has he left?
4) Think of a number, double it, the result is 14. What is the number?
5) Abdul is p years old. How old will be be in 7 years time?
6) Aminat is x years old. How old was she 7 years ago?
7) A woman sold 8 apples and she still has 12 left. How many apples did she have
originally?
Simplification of Algebraic Expression
Identifying of Variables and Coefficients
A variable is a letter such as x and y used to represent a number. They are known
as variables because their values can vary (change). E.g. 2x +7y ; x and y are
variables.
A coefficient is a number placed in front of or before a variable or a group of
variables. E.g. 2x + 7y ; while x and y are variables, 2 and 7 are coefficients. It
follows that 2 is the coefficient of x while 7 is the coefficient of y.
Note that: 3x is the same as+3x and 5y is the same as+5y. A negative sign before a
coefficient means that the coefficient is negative. E.g. -5a - 8b. The coefficient of

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 a is -5 and the coefficient of b is -8. Also, f = 1f and -f = -1f. Coefficients could
also be fractions. E.g. 1/2g, the coefficient of g is 1/2.
Example: Write down the coefficient of the following expressions
1) 4d - 5f (Coefficient of d = 4 & that of f = -5)
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2) 8x + 5x. (Coefficient of x 2 = 8 & that of x = 5)
3) -25x2y3z. (Coefficient of x 2y3z = -25)
4) x2 - xy2. (Coefficient of x2 = 1 & that of xy2 = -1)

PRACTICE THESE

Write down the coefficients of the following expressions

1) x + y
2) -x +y
3) 5y - 10z
4) -4/5m + b
5) -1/5x + 5y - z
6) 3x2y + xyz
7) -yz + a3y
8) -p3q2r - 7

Simplification of Algebraic Expression

An Algebraic statement, which is a collection of terms, is often called an expression. E.g. x

+ 2y + 3.

A term is a group of numbers, letters and powers of letters. E.g. x + 2y - 7xyz + 3. The
terms are x, 2y, -7xyz and 3.

Terms that have the same letter or arrangement of letters are called like terms. E.g. x, 2x
& 4x are like terms. Also, xy, 6xy, 10xy are like terms. Basic arithmetic operations of
addition and subtraction can be performed directly on like terms.

Terms, which do not have the same or arrangement of letters are called unlike terms. E.g.
4b + 5p. Both term can't be added or subtracted because they're unlike terms. Is

Collecting like term

1) Simplify 5 books + 7 pens + 3 books + 2 pens. Collecting like terms will give 5 books+
3 books + 7 pens + 2 pens. This eventually gives 8 books + 9 pens.
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 2) Simplify 5z + 4x + 7z + z + 6x. Collecting like term will give 5z + 7z + z + 4x + 6x.
This will give 13z + 10x.
3) Simplify -3y + 8y + 2. Rearrange as 8y - 3y +2. This will give 5y + 2
4) Simplify -x + 2 + 6x - 3x. Rearrange as 6x - x - 3x + 2. This will give 2x + 2
5) Simplify 5f - b + 3y + 2f + 4b - 2y. Collect like terms to give 5f + 2f + 4b - b +3y -
2y. This will give 7f + 3b + y.

PRACTICE THESE

Simplify the following

1) 5x + 4y + 6x + 2y
2) 8a + 3b + 5b +2a + a
3) 4p + 6q - 3p - 5q
4) x + 5y + 5y - x - 10y
5) 3a + 5b + 4a + 7b - 6a - 3b
6) 9v + 7y + 5v - 3v - 7y - v
7) 12x - 6 + 9y + 5z - 4y + 2z - 7x
8) 2h - 21h + 5h - 3h + 18h + 15
9) -14x + 6y - 4y + 3 + 20x - 2
10) 4s - 4y + p - 2p + 7s + 5p + 8y

Simplification of Algebraic Expression (Cont'd.)

Multiplication of Numbers is regarded as repeated addition.

Examples: 3+3+3+3 = 12. i.e 3×4 = 12

f+f+f+f = 4f. i.e f×4 = 4f

Also, 35gh = 35×g×h

182def = 182×d×e×f

Example: Simplify the following

1) 2×3a = 2×3×a = 6×a = 6a

2) 7a×3b = 7xa×3×b = 21×ab = 21ab
3) 3p×5q×2r = 3×5×2×pqr = 30pqr
4) 15ab ÷ 5ab = 15ab/5ab = 5×3×a×b/5a×b = 3

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 5) 12xyz÷8y = 3xy/2
6) 1/3 of 18pq = 1/3 × 18pq = 6pq

PRACTICE THESE

Simplify the following

1) 7×5b
2) 5e×4f
3) 3p×4q×5r
4) 4ab×3de
5) 4×3mn×6s
6) xp÷x
7) 12mn÷3m
8) 7abc÷14b
9) 15xyz÷2xz
10) 3/4 of 6de

Word Problems involving Algebraic Expression

1) Find the total cost of p 🍎(apples) at N50 each and q 🥭 (mangoes) at N10 each.
2) A man smokes 10y cigarettes on Friday and 5z cigarettes on other days of the
week. How many cigarettes does he smoke in a week?
3) There are 2x boys, 3x girls and x adults in a bus. How many people are there in the
bus 🚌?
4) A student had N500 as a pocket money. Out of the money, she spends N2y to buy
exercise book, Ny on transport and N4y on food. How much does he has now?
5) A trader bought r pens at N25 each, 2r pens at N50 each and 5r pens at N40 each.
How much did she spend altogether?

SIMPLE LINEAR EQUATIONS

A linear equation has only one unknown quantity with no squares or higher powers. Example
t+6=8 while t is an unknown variable. There are many methods of solving simple linear
equation.

Solve the following equations

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 1) x+6 = 12
2) x-5 = 8
3) x+5 = 6
4) 5x-8 = 24
5) 17-y = 17
6) z+5 = 0
7) 5a+4 = 19
8) 7d-5 = 30
9) 8 = 9x-10
10) 3f+2 = 5
11) 4x-4 = 44
12) 4q = 16
13) 63 = 9x
14) 12 = x/3
15) x/20 = 4 1/5
16) f/6 = 42
17) x/5 = 8
18) 1/8 = 2 1/4x
19) m/3 = 7
20) -9p = 108
21) x+2 /3 = 1
22) f-4 /5 = 1

Equations with unknown terms and numbers on both sides

Solve the following

1) 2y+3=y+1
2) 7d-6=30-2d
3) 15x+8=29-6x
4) 4m-10=8-2m
5) -3f+5-f=14-6f
6) 7g+5-6g=8-5g
7) 14-y-5=-5y+3
8) 17a-11=10a+3
9) 30t-5=21+20t
10) 5b-10-3b=2b+20-3b
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Translation of Word Problems into equations

Translate the following statements into mathematical simple equations and solve for the
unknown

1) I think of a number n, then subtract 4; the result is 10. (n-4=10)

2) I think of a number x, then add 5; the result is 12. (x+5=12)
3) The sum of two consecutive whole numbers is 17. What are these numbers
(y+y+1=17)

PRACTICE THESE

1) I think of a number y, then double it, add 4 and the result is 11

2) I think of a number, divide it by 3, then add 12, the result is 18
3) One-third of a number is subtracted from half and the result is one
4) 5 is added to a number and the result is 9
5) Two fifth of a number is added to 9 and the result is 12

WORD PROBLEMS

Solve the following

1) Wisdom thinks of a number, 3 is added to it and the result is 8. What is the

number?
2) The sum of two consecutive odd number is 32. Find the value of the numbers
3) Esther is22 years older than her son Jude. The sum of their ages at present is 58
years. Find their ages
4) Paul is 12 years older than kikelomo. Four years ago, Paul was four times as old as
Kikelomo. Find their present ages.
5) The sides of a triangle are x, x+1 and x+3 units. If the perimeter is 25cm, find the
length of the longest side.

MISCELLANEOUS

1) 27=3+4y
2) x/3+3=5
3) 5(h-3) = 4(h-2)

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NOTE: THIS NOTE DOES NOT STOP YOU FROM CONSULTING TEXTBOOKS OR
OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

WISHING YOU THE BEST IN YOUR EXAMINATION.

© BELLO O.T.

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