ASSIGNMENT : Lipids

Instructions:

Questions:

1. Explain the biosynthetic route of complex and condensed tannins.

Through the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide is fixed in plant cells (chloroplasts) and converted to
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which can then be further processed and stored into storage
carbohydrates like sucrose and starch. A particular dehydrogenase catalyzes the formation of
gallic acid from an intermediate chemical produced by the upstream processes in the shikimate
pathway, most likely from 3-dehydroshikimic acid. Nevertheless, neither plants nor
microorganisms were found to contain this enzyme.

2. Using a schematic diagram, illustrate the biosynthetic pathways in the formation lipids.
3. What are the therapeutic uses of the following class of lipids? Enumerate at least 5 botanical
sources for each class. Tabulate your data.
Example:
3.1. Saturated fixed oil
Class
Saturated Fixed Oil
Saturated Fixed Oil
Monounsaturated Fixed Oil
Monounsaturated Fixed Oil
Botanical Sources
Elais guineensis
Linum usitatissimum L.
Sesamum indicum
Olea europaea L.
Uses
About 80 percent of palm oil
is used to make margarine,
food oil, cooking oil, basic
vegetable fat, and specialty
fats that are consumed by
humans. Fatty acids,
industrial soaps, cosmetics,
inks, resins, methyl esters,
and other derivatives are also
made from it for use in
industry.
Linseed oil is extracted from
flax seeds. It is used in oil
paints to make them more
fluid, glossy and transparent.
It is used as a preservative
for wood, concrete, and an
ingredient in paints,
varnishes, and stains.
Linseed Oil is also used in
the traditional oil gilding to
stick sheets of gold leaf to the
substrate.
Many ointments that are used
to treat varicose veins contain
sesame oil. Owing to its
antioxidant qualities, it may
aid in the formation of new
cells. It also has
anti-inflammatory qualities,
which may aid in lowering
inflammation. Feb.
Olive oil is a staple in food
 industry. Olive oil is most
frequently used as
medication to treat high blood
pressure, diabetes, and heart
disease.

Polyunsaturated Fixed Oil Glycine max Plant sterols are chemicals

derived from soybean oil that
are used to treat excessive
cholesterol.

Fats Ricinus communis mainly recommended as

anti-inflammatory,
anthelmintic, anti-bacterial,
laxative, abortifacient, for
wounds, ulcers, and many
other indications.

Waxes E. antisyphilitica treat sexually transmitted

diseases.

4.By using a table, compare volatile oils with fixed oils.

Volatile Oil Fixed Oil

Volatilized at room temperature Don’t get volatiles at room temperature

Obtained by distillation Obtained by extraction

Leave no spot after evaporation After evaporation, do leave spot

Cannot be saponified Can be saponified

Mixtures of oleoptenes Esters of fatty acids with glycerol

High refractive index Low refractive index

5. By using a diagram, show the biosynthetic pathway in the formation of volatile

oils. Explain the process.
6. Define the following:
a. Concrete

Concrete is a sugar protein that aids in the body's synthesis of cartilage, which is the tough
connective tissue mostly found on the bones that surround your joints.

b. Absolute

Absolute is a term used to describe something that is free from imperfections and complete.

c. Resinoid

A resinoid is a substance that is produced by extracting a dry, naturally aromatic raw material
with volatile solvents (ethanol-type solvents). Resinoids are often dark-colored, pasty
compounds. Among them are the resinoids found in styrax, myrrh, benzoin, labdanum, and
balsam of Peru.
d. Pomade

An ointment is a topical oil-based composition that can be applied topically to the skin, having a
semi-solid texture and greasy look. The medicinal ingredients are distributed throughout the
medium in line with the concept of ointment. Typically, the medium contains 20% water and 80%
oil.

Reference/s:

Admin. (2022, July 14). Linseed Oil - Structure, Sources, Properties, Uses and
Applications on Linseed oil. BYJUS.
https://byjus.com/chemistry/linseed-oil/#:~:text=linseed%20oil%20for%3F-,Linsee
d%20oil%20is%20extracted%20from%20flax%20seeds.,gold%20leaf%20to%20t
he%20substrate.
Facts about monounsaturated fats: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. (n.d.).
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000785.htm
Fixed Oils and fats - Pharmacognosy. (n.d.). pharmacy180.com.
https://www.pharmacy180.com/article/fixed-oils-and-fats-285/
OLIVE OIL: Overview, uses, side effects, precautions, interactions, dosing and reviews.
(n.d.).
https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-1689/olive-oil#:~:text=Olive
%20oil%20comes%20from%20the,diabetes%2C%20and%20high%20blood%20
pressure.
Singh, R. (2024, February 26). Sesame oil: Uses, benefits, side effects by Dr. Rajeev
Singh. PharmEasy Blog.
https://pharmeasy.in/blog/ayurveda-uses-benefits-side-effects-of-sesame-oil/#:~:t
ext=Sesame%20oil%20is%20widely%20used,might%20help%20in%20reducing
%20inflammation.
SOYBEAN OIL: Overview, uses, side effects, precautions, interactions, dosing and
reviews. (n.d.).
https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-196/soybean-oil#:~:text=Soy
bean%20oil%20is%20oil%20produced,nutritional%20supplement%20in%20intra
venous%20feedings.
Wikipedia contributors. (2023, November 18). Euphorbia antisyphilitica. Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_antisyphilitica#:~:text=6%20External%20l
inks-,Uses,World%20War%20I%20and%20II.
Contact. (2021, December 4). Concrete generic. Price of concrete. Uses, Dosage, Side
effects. Ndrugs. https://www.ndrugs.com/?s=concrete
Galloylglucose and gallotannin biosynthesis | Natural Chemistry Research Group. (n.d.).
https://naturalchemistry.utu.fi/research/tannin-and-polyphenol-chemistry/tannin-bi
osynthesis/galloylglucose-and-gallotannin-biosynthesis/
Government Pharmacy College Sajong, Government of Sikkim. (2020, November 30).
Volatile oil and fixed oil contaning crude drugs [Slide show]. SlideShare.
https://www.slideshare.net/SonamkzBhutia/volatile-oil-and-fixed-oil-contaning-cru
de-drugs
Human verification. (n.d.).
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Modelling-lipid-biosynthesis-pathways-of-
oil-palm-Quek-Purut%C3%A7uo%C4%9Flu/835bd2e08901377cff573e295a9fffb3
5d332268/figure/0