1.

The historic rise of the global corporation

 The rise of global corporations refers to the growth and expansion of multinational
corporations (MNCs) across the world. MNCs are companies that operate in multiple
countries, with headquarters in one country and subsidiaries in others. The rise of
global corporations can be attributed to several factors, including advances in
transportation and communication technologies, liberalization of trade policies, and
the growth of global financial markets.
The rise of global corporations has had a significant impact on the world
economy. MNCs have been able to take advantage of lower labor costs and favorable
tax policies in developing countries, leading to the relocation of jobs from developed
countries to developing ones.. However, MNCs have also been criticized for their
negative impact on local economies, including exploitation of workers, environmental
degradation, and tax avoidance.
Example:
 The rise of global corporations has been a significant trend in the world
economy. Some examples of multinational corporations (MNCs) include General
Electric (GE), Nestlé, and Procter & Gamble1. These companies have a global
mindset, with businesses run on a global basis, top management increasingly
international, and new ideas routinely coming from all parts of the globe2.
MNCs have been able to take advantage of lower labor costs and favorable tax
policies in developing countries, leading to the relocation of jobs from developed
countries to developing ones3. However, MNCs have also been criticized for their
negative impact on local economies, including exploitation of workers,
environmental degradation, and tax avoidance3.
2. How do global corporations’ function?

 A global corporation, also known as a global company, is a company that does

business all over the world . Global corporations have significant investments and
facilities in multiple countries and lack a dominant headquarters . They are governed
by the laws of the country where they are incorporated .
Expanding to another country is a lot of work and requires significant research to
figure out which country is the best choice for expansion and how to introduce the
company to people who live in another country Once a company expands to another
country and establishes itself successfully, it’s only natural that it will want to try an
additional country, and another, and yet another. That is how global companies have
started, and now they have a massive list of countries in which they do business .
 The characteristics of a global corporation include having a global mindset, with
businesses run on a global basis, top management increasingly international, and
new ideas routinely coming from all parts of the globe

3. What constitutes a global corporation?

 A global corporation is a company that operates in at least one country other than
the country where it originated . Global corporations are characterized by their
ability to conduct business on a global scale, which requires them to have a deep
understanding of the cultural, economic, and political differences that exist between
countries .
Some examples of global corporations include Coca-Cola, which has a business
presence in over 200 countries Samsung, which owns and manages functions in two
or more countries and General Electric (GE), which has an increasingly global
mindset and runs its businesses on a global basis
The functions of global corporations can vary depending on the industry they
operate in. However, some common functions include marketing, sales, research and
development, manufacturing, distribution, and customer service
4. Emerging market global

 Emerging market global corporations are companies that operate in developing

economies throughout the world such as Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa,
Malaysia, Mexico, Turkey, and Vietnam These corporations are characterized by their
ability to conduct business on a global scale and have a deep understanding of the
cultural, economic, and political differences that exist between countries.
Some examples of emerging market global corporations include Tata Consultancy
Services (India), Alibaba Group (China), Samsung Electronics (South Korea), and
Petrobras (Brazil)
The functions of emerging market global corporations can vary depending on the
industry they operate in. However, some common functions include marketing, sales,
research and development, manufacturing, distribution, and customer service.
5. The normative case regarding global corporations

 The normative case regarding global corporations is a topic that has been discussed
in academic circles. One such study by Deane Neubauer divides the historic rise of
 the global corporation into three broad historical periods one. The first period is
characterized by early patterns of trade and exchange, which initiated a form of
globalization that followed complex patterns of interactive engagements organized
through trade and directly influenced by the emergent and subsequently dominant
technologies, especially in shipping and navigation. The second period spans the
two-plus centuries prior to the end of World War II, in which the modern nation-
state system emerged in ways that allowed invention and social organization
combine that vastly increased world capital and the wealth of nation-states. Coupled
with an extraordinary rise in global population that attended the industrial
revolution, the societies that arose would invent new ways to organize the world
itself through colonialism and imperialism that vastly attenuated their interactions
between peoples, states, and regions such that a clearly differentiated era of global
interaction can be said to exist. The third period is characterized by the rise of global
corporations in the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) and other
developing economies throughout the world such as Malaysia, Mexico, Turkey, and
Vietnam
Emerging market global corporations are companies that operate in developing
economies throughout the world such as Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa,
Malaysia, Mexico, Turkey, and Vietnam 2. These corporations are characterized by
their ability to conduct business on a global scale and have a deep understanding of
the cultural, economic, and political differences that exist between countries two.
Some examples of emerging market global corporations include Tata Consultancy
Services (India), Alibaba Group (China), Samsung Electronics (South Korea), and
Petrobras (Brazil) two
6. “From Triumph to Crisis.
From Triumph to Crisis” is a book that discusses the neoliberal economic reform in
post-communist countries The book argues that after 1989, post-communist states
adopted increasingly radical neoliberal reforms as they competed with each other for
much-needed foreign investment The book also explains how the endurance and
intensification of neoliberal reform in these countries lasted for almost two decades,
from 1989–2008, and its decline thereafter, when inflows of capital into the region
suddenly dried up
7. Multilateralism refers to the cooperation.

 Multilateralism refers to the cooperation between multiple countries to achieve a

common goal . However, in recent years, multilateralism has been in disarray due to
various factors such as nationalistic interests, short-term gains, and outdated
structures of multilateral institutions .
According to a report by the Delhi Policy Group, the outdated structure of
multilateral institutions has become painfully exposed, and there is growing progress
towards global multipolarity but also weaker multilateralism 1.
 A Mero Tribune article suggests that the need for a multilateral structure that
accurately reflects the contemporary geopolitical landscape has become increasingly
important The article also argues that since many multilateral institutions are
unrepresentative, they have become a façade for a limited number of countries

8. The crisis of neoliberal order

 The crisis of Neoliberalism is contemporarily used to refer to market-oriented reform

policies such as "eliminating price controls, deregulating capital markets, lowering
trade barriers" and reducing, especially through privatization and austerity, state
influence in the economy.
Higher rates of poverty; less protection against poverty, unemployment, and
healthcare risks; social exclusion. Austerity-driven financial policies led to an increase
in unemployment and poverty and reduced labor costs.

9. The corporation under question

 Corporations in developed nations can gain a competitive edge through

globalization. Developing countries also benefit from globalization as they tend to be
more cost-effective and therefore attract jobs. One of the major advantages of
globalization is that it provides access to new or different markets for companies like
yours. With bilateral and multilateral trade agreements, businesses can operate in
multiple authorities.

10. Cracks in military hegemony

 Hegemonic stability theory, which argues that international economic openness and
stability are when there is a single dominant state, is the most prominent approach
among American political scientists for explaining patterns of economic relations
among advanced capitalist countries since 1945.

He contends that the system naturally goes toward equilibrium. From global war or
"hegemonic war" emerges a new hegemon who creates and keeps the new world
order with its own set of preferences. This is partly accomplished by providing public
goods.

11. The degeneration of liberal democracy

  Liberal democracy emphasizes the separation of powers, an independent judiciary,
and a system of checks and balances between branches of government. Multi-
party systems with at least two persistent, viable political parties are characteristic of
liberal democracies.

A representative democracy is an indirect democracy where the people’s

representatives hold sovereignty. A liberal democracy is a representative democracy
with protection for individual liberty and property by the rule of law.

12. The rise of the movement

 Human migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another.
Human patterns of movement reflect the conditions of a changing world and impact
the cultural landscapes of both the places people leave and the places they settle.
On one hand, processes of globalization drive international migration, including
disparities in development, demography, and democracy; the global jobs crisis; the
segmentation of global labor markets; revolutions in communications and
transportation; and transnational social networks.

13. Liberal democracy loses.

 Liberal democracy, substantive democracy or western democracy is a form of

government that combines the structure of a representative democracy with the
principles of liberal political philosophy.

The Liberal Democracy period in Indonesia (Indonesian: Democracy Liberal), also

known as the Era of Parliamentary Democracy, was a period in Indonesian political
history, when the country was under a liberal democracy system which began on 17
August 1950 following the dissolution of the federal United States of.
14. Porto Alegre in the future

 Porto Alegre is the birthplace of great writers, intellectuals, artists, and

politicians who marked the history of Brazil. The city became known worldwide in
1963 through hosting the World University Games.
The country's former over-reliance on two agricultural commodity exports coffee
and sugar subjected national development to boom and bust markets, political
violence, and military dictatorship.