CLIMATE CHANGE

AND OZONE DEPLETION

CHARLENE JOVANNE B. CONSTANTINO

EMS I/ Climate Change Focal Person
DENR CENRO Lipa
OUTLINE
§ Climate Change
§ Definition and its Impacts
§ Observations and Projections to Philippines on Climate Change

§ Green House Gases (GHG) and Greenhouse Effect

§ Ozone Depletion
§ What is ozone and where it can be found?
§ UV Protection by Ozone Layer
§ Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)

§ Linking Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, Increased GHGs and Climate Change

§ What Can We Do?
§ Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures
§ Compliance on Protocols for Regulating ODS
WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
 GREEN HOUSE
GASES (GHGS)
Gases in the
atmosphere which trap
energy from the sun
causing the warming of
Earth’s surface and the
air above it
(‘greenhouse effect’)
• Water vapour
• Carbon dioxide
• Methane
• Nitrous Oxide
• Ozone
• Chlorofluorocarbons/
CFCs
IMPORTANCE OF GHGS
 Increased GHG levels
à Intensified Greenhouse Effect
 OZONE

Ozone is a gas molecule containing three

(3) atoms of oxygen and is denoted
chemically as O3.
It reacts rapidly with many chemical
compounds and is explosive in
concentrated amounts.
Throughout the atmosphere, ozone is
formed in multistep chemical processes
that are initiated by sunlight.
Ozone is found primarily in two regions of
the atmosphere– stratosphere and
troposphere.

Stratospheric ozone = “good” ozone:

• ~ 90% of ozone naturally occurs 10-50km
above Earth
• Most abundant in lower part of stratosphere
(= ozone layer)
• Thickness of ozone layer tends to vary by region,
season and other natural processes
• Absorbs harmful UV light from the sun

Tropospheric/ Near Ground ozone = “bad”

ozone:
• Not part of the ozone layer
• Near ground ozone that lies as part of
petrochemical smog and acid rain
• Harmful air pollutant; acts as GHG trapping heat
UV PROTECTION BY THE OZONE LAYER
Stratospheric ozone (Ozone Layer) is
considered good for humans and other
life forms because it absorbs/ blocks
ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun
that are harmful to a variety of life forms.

Depleted O3 layer
à High exposure to UV radiation

*Natural level of UV varies, depending on:

- latitude (highest UV is in tropics)
- season (highest in summer)
- time of day (highest around midday)
- amount of ozone
IMPACTS OF UV RADIATION
Human Health
§ enhances skin’s production
of vitamin D
§ cause ill-health in humans
§ Skin
§ Eyes
§ Immune system

melanoma carcinoma sunburn cataract

IMPACTS OF UV RADIATION
Vulnerability of Social Groups
§ According to various factors
related with vulnerability to UV
exposure
IMPACTS OF UV RADIATION
Damage to marine food chain and fish stocks
§ UV can damage early developmental stages of fish, shrimp, marine mammals and
other water organisms
§ Higher UV reduces production of phytoplankton (primary element in food chains in
oceans) Small increases in UVB exposure could result in population reductions for
small marine organisms with implications for the whole marine food chain.
Indirect effects on plants and forests
§ UVB radiation affects the physiological and developmental processes of plants (i.e.
plant development, susceptibility to plant diseases, how nutrients are distributed, and
biogeochemical cycles
Damage to outdoor materials:
§ UV degrades many materials used outdoors, even with chemical additives can make
materials somewhat resistant to UV will have reduced useful lifetimes, bringing
greater costs
DEPLETION OF THE OZONE LAYER
Ozone abundances in the stratosphere
and troposphere are determined by the
balance between chemical processes that
produce and destroy ozone.

Ozone-damaging chemicals (ozone-depleting substances/

ODS) degrades ozone molecules and ozone layer
facilitate increased UV levels passing through the ozone
layer.
As ODS gases used by humans are carried up by air
movements, ODS destroy many ozone molecules in the
stratosphere making the ozone layer thinner (depleted)
which further means a larger amount of UV reaching Earth,
particularly UV-B.
ODS - CHLORINE ODS - BROMINE
§ Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) § Halons
§ used in the past in § used in the past for extinguishing
refrigerators, air fires
conditioners, foam and § Methyl bromide
other products § used in the past for pest control;
§ Hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs) currently used for official
§ currently used in similar quarantine treatments for
products, as temporary import/export goods ODS gases
substitutes for CFCs can be emitted to the air during
§ Others such as carbon production, use, servicing and/or
tetrachloride, methyl eventual disposal of these
chloroform products and equipment
EXAMPLES OF ODS
ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTIC OF ODS
§ Atmospheric lifetime:
§ amount of time gas remain in
the atmosphere (few years to
thousands)
§ Ozone Depleting Potential:
§ describes a refrigerant ability to
destroy ozone relative to that of
CFC11
§ Global Warming Potential:
§ describes a refrigerant’s ability
to warm the atmosphere
relative to CO2 over 100 years
LINK BETWEEN OZONE DEPLETION AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Ozone depletion and global
climate change are linked
because both ozone, ODS and
their substitutes are greenhouse
gases.
Ozone depletion is not the
principal cause of global climate
change.
As GHG, the stratospheric ozone
depletion leads to surface cooling
conversely, increases in
The Antarctic ozone hole has contributed to changes in
tropospheric ozone and other Southern Hemisphere surface climate through effects on the
greenhouse gases lead to surface atmospheric circulation. The ozone hole = area where ozone is
warming. less than 220 Dobson Units (DU).
LINK BETWEEN OZONE DEPLETION AND CLIMATE CHANGE

The cooling from ozone

depletion is small compared to
the warming from the
greenhouse gases responsible
for observed global climate
change.
ODS AND GHG (GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIALS)
§ Many ODS are greenhouse gases, with
Global Warming Potentials (GWP)
varying from small to large
§ For comparison, CO2 GWP is 1, the total
quantity of CO2 is very large so CO2
has a greater impact on climate
§ Key ODS alternatives are also
greenhouse gases (i.e. HFCs with high-
GWP)
§ Although HFCs are not ODS, but many
are potent greenhouse gases with very
high GWPs compared to carbon dioxide
(GWP 1)
HOW DOES GHGS INFLUENCE CLIMATE CHANGE?
WHAT CAN WE DO ON REGULATING ODS?
§ Montreal Protocol an international agreement (1987)
establishing legally binding controls on national production and
consumption of ODSs.
§ Production and consumption of all principal ODSs by developed and
developing nations will be almost completely phased out by 2030.
§ The Montreal Protocol (MP) controls 96 ozone-depleting substances,
which contain chlorine or bromine
§ Examples of ODS containing chlorine: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
Hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs), carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform
§ Examples of ODS containing bromine: Halons, Methyl bromide
§ ODS gases can be emitted to the air during production, use, servicing
and/or eventual disposal of these products and equipment
WHAT CAN WE DO ON REGULATING ODS?
§ Response to the need to reduce greenhouse gases, the Montreal Protocol adopted
restrictions on HFC consumption & production

§ Kigali Amendment phases down worldwide production and

consumption of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) – potent greenhousegases often used as
replacements for the banned ozone-depleting substances in refrigerators and air-
conditioners
§ Global compliance with the Kigali Amendment could avoid up to 0.4°C of global
temperature rise by the end of the century.
PHILIPPINES ON MONTREAL PROTOCOL
§ The Philippines signed the Montreal Protocol on September 14, 1988 and ratified it on
March 21, 1993 with the commitment to phase out its consumption of all ODS.
§ The Montreal Protocol defines consumption as production plus import minus export. Since the
Philippines is neither a producer nor an exporter of ODS, its consumption is equal to its
importation. As part of its monitoring and regulatory function, it has been charged with the
issuance of clearances for all ODS importations.
§ The Philippine Ozone Desk (POD) of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR) – Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) is the national coordinator of programs
for the implementation of the Montreal Protocol. It is also known as the country’s National
Ozone Unit (NOU). The mission of POD is to ensure the country’s compliance to the Montreal
Protocol and promote the protection of the ozone layer among Filipinos.
ISSUANCES RELATED WITH ODS
DENR MC 2002-02: Withdrawal of the Announcement to the Public Signed on 24 July
2001 Regarding the Ban of Carbon Dioxide Found in Fire Extinguishers, Suppressors, Fire
Fighting Paraphernalias, Refrigerants and the Like
DAO 2004-08: Revised Chemical Control Order for Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)
EMB MC 2005-03: List of Alternatives to Ozone Depleting Substances
DENR MC 2005-23: Registration of Dealers, Re-sellers, and Retailers of ODS
DAO 2013-25: Revised Regulations on the Chemical Control Order for Ozone
Depleting Substances (ODS)
EMB MC 2021-11: Registration of Service Providers Of Ozone Depleting Substance
(ODS) Using Equipment
DAO 2013-25: REVISED REGULATIONS ON THE CCO FOR ODS
Implications of the Revised Regulations on the CCO for ODS
The revised regulations on the CCO will have implications on the different sectors that
use ODS, particularly those that use HCFCs, among others:
§ ODS Importation
§ ODS Exportation and Destruction
§ Distribution of ODS in the Country
§ Servicing of ODS-using Equipment
§ Foam Manufacturing
§ Refrigeration and Air-conditioning
§ Chillers and Fire-extinguishing
§ HCFC Blends
DAO 2013-25: REVISED REGULATIONS ON THE CCO FOR ODS
Sec. 10. Registration and Renewal of Registration of Service Providers of ODS-using Equipment.
§ Service providers of ODS-using equipment must register with the Department through the Bureau to
determine their capability in handling and working on these substances. However, a Certificate of
Registration may only be granted by the Department upon showing proof that the service provider has
been duly certified by TESDA in the case of individual mechanics or those accredited by DTI in the case
of service/repair shops.
§ Service providers should have the capability to take effective measures, including the necessary
equipment, technology, training and infrastructure, for the purpose of effectively handling ODS, including
responsible re-use of refrigerants, minimizing their emissions, and ultimately phasing out their use by
replacing with substitutes or alternatives duly recognized and certified by the Department through the
Bureau.
§ Service providers shall adhere to the good practices in handling and working with refrigerants set forth in
the Code of Practice for Refrigeration and Airconditioning approved and adopted by the Department in
2013.
§ Service providers shall also participate in a system to recover, reclaim, and reuse refrigerants that will be
led by the Department.
§ A Certificate of Registration issued by the Department through the Bureau is valid for a period of three
(3) years. Applications for renewal may thus be submitted within the last thirty (30) days of the third
calendar year.
EMB MC 2021-11: REGISTRATION OF SERVICE PROVIDERS
OF OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCE (ODS) USING EQUIPMENT
This Memorandum Circular is issued for the purpose of implementing Section
10 of the DENR Administrative Order No. 2013-25 entitled “Revised
Regulation on Chemical Control Order for ODS,” which requires the
registration of Service Providers of ODS using equipment with the DENR
through the Environmental Management Bureau to ensure their capability to
properly handle and manage said substances.
This Memorandum Circular covers all persons, natural or juridical, who are
engaged in servicing refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment both
on mobile and stationary and in any cooling capacity using regulated ODS.
SYNTHESIS
§ Stratospheric ozone depletion and greenhouse gas increase with their
combined effect contributes to the increase of temperature of the Earth
leading to global warming which further drives the climate change
§ These phenomena are inextricably entwined and form part of the larger
global change issue that recognizes that essentially all components of the
larger systems interact with and affect one another.
§ As we continue to contribute on reducing our GHG emissions (i.e. regulation of
ODS), we could protect the ozone layer, at the same time lessen the
accumulation of GHG in our atmosphere reducing the intensification of
greenhouse effect and global warming and other impacts of climate change.
§ You are never too small to make a big difference.
THANK YOU!