Fluid Mechanics

(Lecture) / Topic 2

Prepared by:
Alliken Jett I. Ruallo, ME
OBJECTIVES

By the end of the lecture, the students will be able to:

• Have a working knowledge of the basic properties of fluids and understand the continuum
approximation

• Have a working knowledge of viscosity and the consequences of the frictional effects it causes
in fluid flow

• Calculate the capillary rises and drops due to the surface tension effect
SYSTEMS AND CONTROL VOLUMES
CLOSED SYSTEM
(also known as a control mass)

If even energy transfer

is not allowed, it is
called isolated system

SYSTEM – it is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in

space chosen for study.
OPEN SYSTEM
SURROUNDINGS – it is the mass or region outside the (also known as a control
system. volume)

BOUNDARY – The real or imaginary surface that separates

the system from its surroundings.
PROPERTIES OF A SYSTEM
PROPERTY – any characteristic of a system

INTENSIVE PROPERTIES – are Extensive properties per

those that are independent of the
mass of a system, such as
temperature, pressure, and
density.
EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES – are
those whose
values depend on the size (or
extent) of the system.
unit mass are called specific
properties.
Some examples of specific
properties are specific
volume (v V/m) and
specific total energy (e
E/m).
CONTINUUM
it is very convenient to disregard the atomic nature The continuum idealization
of a substance and view it as a continuous, is implicit in many
homogeneous matter with no holes, that is, a statements we make, such
continuum. as “the density of water
in a glass is the same at any
point.”
DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
The weight of a unit volume of a substance is
called specific weight.
Density is defined as mass per unit volume

The reciprocal of density is the specific volume

v, which is defined as volume per unit mass.

specific gravity, or relative density, is defined

as the ratio of the density of a substance to the
density of some standard substance at a
specified temperature
DENSITY OF IDEAL GASES

A.) Determine the density, specific gravity, and mass of

the air in a room whose dimensions are 4 m x 5 m x 6
m at 100 kPa and 25°C
DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, problem
1.) You have a rock with a volume of 15cm3 and a mass of 45 g. What is its density?

2.) You have a different rock with a volume of 30cm3 and a mass of 60g. What is its density?
a.) In the above two examples which rock is heavier?
b.) Which is lighter?

3.) A sphere made of granite has a radius of 5 cm and a mass of 2 kg, what is its specific gravity?

4.) You have a sample of granite with density 174.8 lbs/ft3. The density of water is 62.4 lbs/ft3. What is the
specific gravity of the granite now?

5.) You have a sample of spherical rock with a specific gravity of 3, it has a mass of 1.5 kg, what is its radius in
inches?
DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, problem (2)
1.) A spherical balloon with a diameter of m is filled with helium at 20 deg. C and 200 kPa. Determine the
mole number and the mass of the helium in the balloon.

2.) What is the difference R and Ru?

3.) The air in an automobile tire with a volume of 0.53 ft is at 90 deg.F and 20psig. Determine the amount of
air that must be added to raise the pressure to the recommended value of 30psig. Assume the atmospheric
pressure to be 14.6 psia and the temperature and the volume to remain constant.

4.) A rigid tank contains 20 lbm of air at 20 psia and 70 deg.F. Air is added to the tank until the pressure and
temperature rise to 35 psia and 90 F, respectively. Determine the amount of air added to the tank.
VAPOR PRESSURE AND CAVITATION
Saturation Temperature – At a given pressure, the
temperature at which a pure substance changes phase.

Saturation Pressure – at a given temperature, the

pressure at which a pure substance changes phase.

Vapor Pressure – the pressure exerted by its vapor in

phase equilibrium with its liquid at a given temperature.

Partial Pressure - is defined as the pressure of a gas

or vapor in a mixture with other gases.
VAPOR PRESSURE AND CAVITATION

When the propeller turns quickly, it creates As the bubble pops it will
trail of bubbles behind it. make a lot of noise.
VAPOR PRESSURE AND CAVITATION

The vapor bubbles (called cavitation bubbles since they form cavities in the
liquid) collapse as they are swept away from the low-pressure regions,
generating highly destructive, extremely high-pressure waves.

A.) In a water distribution system, the temperature of water is observed to

be as high as 30°C. Determine the minimum pressure allowed in the system
to avoid cavitation.

Cavitation damage
PHASE DIAGRAM
ENERGY/ SPECIFIC HEAT
The energy that a system possesses as a result of
Macroscopic forms of energy are those a system
its motion relative to some reference frame is
possesses as a whole with respect to some
called kinetic energy (KE).
outside reference frame, such as kinetic and
potential energies

Microscopic forms of energy are those related to

the molecular structure of a system and the
degree of the molecular activity, and they are
The energy that a system possesses as a
independent of outside reference frames.
result of its elevation in a gravitational
field is called potential energy (PE)

The sum of all the microscopic forms of

energy is called the internal energy of a
system and is denoted by U.
ENERGY/ SPECIFIC HEAT
MICROSCOPIC
SPECIFIC HEAT
we frequently encounter the
British Thermal Unit (BTU) - combination of properties u
energy needed to raise the temp. and Pv.
of 1 lbm of water at 68°F by 1°F
ENERGY/ SPECIFIC HEAT
SIMPLE COMPRESSIBLE SYSTEM
• Internal Energy
• Kinetic Energy
• Potential Energy
ENERGY/ SPECIFIC HEAT
IDEAL GAS • For incompressible substances, the constant-
volume and constant-pressure specific heats are
• Changes in Internal Energy identical.

also.,
• Changes in Enthalpy

Differentiate;
• where cv and cp are the constant-
volume and constant-pressure
specific heats of the ideal gas.
COEFFICIENT OF VOLUME EXPANSION
Coefficient of expansivity, B
At constant Pressure
The coefficient of volume
expansion is a measure of
the change in volume of a
substance with
temperature at constant
pressure.
COEFFICIENT OF VOLUME EXPANSION
Coefficient of expansivity, B

combined effects of pressure and temperature

changes on the volume change of a fluid can be
determined by taking the specific volume to be a
function of T and P.
COEFFICIENT OF COMPRESSIBILITY
1.) Water at 1 atm pressure is compressed to 800 atm pressure isothermally. Determine the increase in the
density of water. Take the isothermal compressibility of water to be 4.80 x 10^-5 atm^-1.

2.) Water at 15°C and 1 atm pressure is heated to 95°C at constant pressure. Using coefficient of volume
expansion data, determine the change in the density of water.

3.) Saturated refrigerant-134a liquid at 10°C is cooled to 0°C at constant pressure. Using coefficient of volume
expansion data, determine the change in the density of the refrigerant.

4.) A water tank is completely filled with liquid water at 20°C. The tank material is such that it can withstand
tension caused by a volume expansion of 2 percent. Determine the maximum temperature rise allowed
without jeopardizing safety.

5.) Repeat Prob. 4 for a volume expansion of 1 percent for water.