Gold Notes of CELL...... The Unit of Life by Garima Goel

CELL: THE UNIT OF LIFE
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CELL – Structural & Functional Unit of Life
DISCOVERY:-
1) Robert Hooke -> discovered a dead cell – CORK Cell
2) Anton Von Leeuwenhoek-> discovered first Living Cell.
Eg:- Bacterial Cell, RBC, Sperm.

3) Robert Brown – discovered Nucleus inside the cell
CELL THEORY:
Botanist – Mathias Schleiden – plant cells – cell wall & plasma membrane
Zoologist – Theodore Schwann – Animal Cell – Plasma membrane
Together they formulated CELL THEORY
They failed to explain how cell divide?
Rudolf Virchow – Cell always comes from pre- existing Cell
Omnis Cellula – e – cellula.
# FINAL CELL THEORY:-

All living organisms are composed of cells/ products of cell.
All cells comes from Pre- existing cell.
Smallest cell – Mycoplasma – 0.3 Um
Bacteria Cell :- 3-5 micro meter
Largest isolated Single Cell- Ostrich Egg
Human RBC diameter – 7 micro meter
PROKARYOTIC CELL:- FEATURES:- Membrane Less organelles

True nucleus Absent
> Bacterial Cell-

SHAPE EXAMPLES
1. Vibrio ( comma) Vibrio cholerae
2. Coccus (spherical) Streptococcus pneumonia
3. Spirillium ( spiral) Rhodospirillium
( helps in N2 Fixation)
4. Bacillus ( Rod) Bacillus thurengiensis
1) Glycocalyx :- > Thick – capsule
> Thin – Slime
layer
2) Cell Wall:- peptidoglycan ( Heteropolysaccharide)
|
N- Acetylmuramic acid N- Acetyl Glucosamine
> Protection
Mechanical support
Maintains the shape of cell
3) Plasma Membrane:- Lipid bilayer
4) FIMBRIAE:- made up of fimbrin protein , adhesion/ attachment to substratum
5) PILI:- Made up of pilin protein, for conjugation
6) INCLUSION BODIES:- Reserve bodies of food

Eg: Phosphate Granules, Cyanophycean granules, Glycogen.
7) CYTOPLASM:- arena of all metabolic activities, mostly made up of water, has

enzymes.
8) MESOSOMES:- infoldings of plasma membrane.
9) NUCLEIOID:- Chromosomes, without histone proteins
10) PLASMID:- Extra chromosomal , ds circular DNA, Pathogenic,

Antibiotic resistant gene
11) RIBOSOME:- Protein factories, 70 S ( 30S smaller, 50S Larger)
12) FLAGELLA:- Locomotion, made up of Flagellin protein.
13) CHROMATOPHORES:- Coloured pigments – photosynthesis
14) VACUOLES: Contractile vacuole – osmoregulation – Amoeba

Gas Vacuole – Buoyancy – Blue Green Algae.

PARAMETER PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL
Size Small Large
Nucleus Well defined nucleus is Present
absent
Nucleolus absent present
Site of Translation Cytoplasm Cytoplasm, mitochondria +
plastids
Ribosome 70S only 70 s – Mitochondria +
plastids & 80 s Cytoplasm
Absent
Centriole absent Plant cell – absent
Animal cell- present
Plasmid present Absent
Glycocalyx Present Absent

II) EUKARYOTIC CELL
A) CELL WALL:-
(ii) Fungal cell Wall:- Chitin (Homo polysaccharide), Polymer of

N- acetylglucosamine, it has Glycosidic Linkage
(iii) Algal Cell Wall:- Cellulose + Galactose + Mannans + Minerals (CaCo3)

FUNCTIONS OF CELL WALL:-
1) Shape of the cell
1) Allows minerals to pass in & out of cell
2) Protects cell from mechanical injury
3) Protects against bacterial, fungal , viral
infections
B) PLASMA MEMBRANE/ CELL MEMBRANE:-

Singer & Nicholsan – 1972
RBC- A cell without organelles
Fluid Mosaic Model

Plasma Membrane: 40% LIPIDS, 52% PROTEINS
|
Intrinsic Extrinsic
Eg. Receptor for Eg: Aquaporins–
hormone water
FUNCTIONS:-
C) ENDO-MEMBRANE SYSTEM:- 1) Intercellular Junctions
> Organelles are connected 2) Secretion ( Exocytosis)
3) Cell Division
structurally & Functionally 4) Movement of Ions
Actively – ATP Reqired
> ER, Golgi, Lysosome, Vacuole Passively – No ATP
5) Cell Growth
6) Endocytosis - engulﬁng
7) Osmosis
Fluidity:-
Lateral Movement- same layer PROTEIN
> Flip Flop Movement – Between layer LIPIDS

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
(i) Rough ER:
Continuous with outer membrane Nucleus.
Protein synthesis & secretion
(ii) Smooth ER:-

No Ribosome
Appears Smooth
Muscle cell – sarcoplasmic reticulum
Functions:-
> Synthesis of lipids & steroids
Detox in liver
Store ca+ in muscles

GOLGI APPARATUS:-
Discovery: 1898, Camillo Golgi
Plant Cell – dictyosomes
FUNCTIONS:
Modiﬁed into acrosome in sperm
Glycosylation – addition of carbohydrate
chain
Formation of PM during cytokinesis
Process + Packing + Transport

LYSOSOMES:-
Spherical sac like structure
Formed by packaging in golgi
Also called Suicidal Bags
Single membraned
Hydrolytic Enzymes ( lipase, amylase, protease)
Acidic (PH – 4 TO 5)
VACUOLES:-
Membrane – TONOPLAST
Contains- water + sap+ Excretory waste ( SAP Vacuole)
PLANT CELL:
Maintain Turgidity
Opening & closing of stomata
Vacuole- 90% Space
1. LEUCOPLAST: Colourless Plastids
PLASTIDS:- Present near nucleus
All Plant Cells and some euglenoids Storage
Granum id Absent
Eg: Amyloplast – stores carbohydrates – Potato
tubers, rice.
Elaioplast – Stores fat 7 oils – castor oil
Aleuroplast- Store proteins – Aleurone cell of
maize
2. CHROMOPLAST:- Pigment containing plastid.

Carotenoids- carrot+ papaya
It is a precursor of Vit A- Rhodopsin- EYES
DEFICIENCY- Night blindness
TOMATO:- Green to reddish
(Chloroplast)……….(Chromoplast)
(i) Xanthophyll
(ii) Lycopene
> CHILLI:- Green to Red
NOTE: Semi autonomous Organelles are
MITOCHONDRIA & CHLOROPLAST
Endosymbiont Theory
Own DNA
ETS + ATP Synthesis

RIBOSOME:- >Bacterial Ribosome/
Discovery- 1953, George Pallade Mitochondrial/ Chloroplast
Structure: SMALLER: 30S

LARGER: 50S
= 70S
Where S is Svdberg unit/
Sedimentation coefficients
Eukaryotic Ribosome has

Smaller 40S 7 LARGER 60S = 80S
FUNCTIONS: Polysome
> When many ribosome are
attached to same mRNA

CYTOSKELETON:
> Made up of extremely minute proteinaceous
fibres
Occurs only in eukaryotic cell
Function – support, motility, maintenance of
shape
TYPES:-
MICROTUBULES: Hollow, unbranched cylinder
of 13 parallel protofilaments
made up of Tubulin Protein
MICROFILAMENTS: Solid, unbranched rod like
filaments made up
of Globular Proteins
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS: Helps in packing
of chromatin
CENTROSOME & CENTRIOLE
Non- Membrane bound organelle
Two centrioles arranged perpendicular to
eachother
Animal cell + Fungi+ Algal cell
Absent in plant cell
STRUCTURE OF CENTRIOLE /
CART – WHEEL STRUCTURE
Functions:-
Basal body – cilia, Flagella
Also forms spindle fibre during
cell division
CILIA:
Shorter
Only eukaryotic cell
Particle movement in
specific directions
FLAGELLA:
Longer
Prokaryote & Eukaryotic
Cell Movement
( 9+ 2) arrangement

NUCLEUS:-
>First described by Robert Brown
>Stained with basic dye by Flemming

MICROBODIES:-
Peroxisomes:- Participate in photorespiration ( C2 Cycle)

Catalase Enzyme
Glyoxysomes:- Glycolate Cycle Enzymes
Fat & Carb Cycle
PEROXISOME
----------------Chapter END----------------

Gold Notes of CELL...... The Unit of Life by Garima Goel

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CELL: THE UNIT OF LIFE

JOIN TELEGRAM :-https://t.me/garimagoel007_g2 GOLD NOTES BY GARIMA GOEL

JOIN TELEGRAM :-https://t.me/garimagoel007_g2 GOLD NOTES BY GARIMA GOEL

# FINAL CELL THEORY:-

PROKARYOTIC CELL:- FEATURES:- Membrane Less organelles

> Bacterial Cell-

3) Plasma Membrane:- Lipid bilayer

4) FIMBRIAE:- made up of fimbrin protein , adhesion/ attachment to substratum

5) PILI:- Made up of pilin protein, for conjugation

6) INCLUSION BODIES:- Reserve bodies of food

7) CYTOPLASM:- arena of all metabolic activities, mostly made up of water, has

9) NUCLEIOID:- Chromosomes, without histone proteins

10) PLASMID:- Extra chromosomal , ds circular DNA, Pathogenic,

11) RIBOSOME:- Protein factories, 70 S ( 30S smaller, 50S Larger)

12) FLAGELLA:- Locomotion, made up of Flagellin protein.

13) CHROMATOPHORES:- Coloured pigments – photosynthesis

14) VACUOLES: Contractile vacuole – osmoregulation – Amoeba

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(ii) Fungal cell Wall:- Chitin (Homo polysaccharide), Polymer of

(iii) Algal Cell Wall:- Cellulose + Galactose + Mannans + Minerals (CaCo3)

B) PLASMA MEMBRANE/ CELL MEMBRANE:-

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(ii) Smooth ER:-

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2. CHROMOPLAST:- Pigment containing plastid.

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Structure: SMALLER: 30S

Eukaryotic Ribosome has

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Peroxisomes:- Participate in photorespiration ( C2 Cycle)

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