U – substitution to find indefinite integral

Example 1:
𝑥
න 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1

Use the substitution u = x + 1 , to find the indefinite integral

Solution: from the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 =𝑢 −1
𝑥 𝑢−1
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑢
𝑥+1 2
𝑢 2 → 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 1
= න 2 − 2 𝑑𝑢 → 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑢 𝑢
𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1 1
=න − 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑢2 → 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦
𝑑𝑢
=න − න 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 → 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑢

= ln 𝑢 + 𝑢−1 + 𝐶
1
= ln 𝑥 + 1 + + 𝐶 𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝑥+1
 Example 2:
1
2
න𝑥 𝑥2 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑥 − 1 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Consider the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 1
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝟏 1𝒏
2
= න 𝑥 − 1 2 (2𝑥𝑑𝑥)
𝟐

𝒖 d𝒖 3
𝟏 1 1 𝑢2 1 3
= න 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 =
3
+𝐶 = 𝑢2 + 𝐶
𝟐 2 3
2 1 3
1
1 𝑢2+1 1 2 3 = 𝑥2 − 1 2 +𝐶 𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓
= +𝐶 = 𝑢2 + 𝐶 3
2 1+1 2 3
2
 Example 3: Example 4:
𝑒 3𝑥 න 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑒 3𝑥
Solution: Consider the substitution of 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1
Solution: Consider the substitution of 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑥 =𝑢+1
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
1
𝑒 3𝑥 𝟏 𝟑𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝟏 𝑑𝑢 න 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑢 + 1 𝑢+1−1 2 𝑑𝑢
න 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = න = න
1+𝑒 𝟑 1 + 𝑒 3𝑥 𝟑 𝑢 1
1 =න 𝑢+1 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
= ln 𝑢 + 𝐶 3
3 1
= න 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 + න 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
1
= ln 1 + 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶 answer 5 3
3 𝑢2 𝑢2
= + +𝐶
5 3
2 2
2 5 2 3
= 𝑢2 + 𝑢2 + 𝐶
5 3
2 5 2 3
= 𝑥−1 + 2 𝑥−1 2 +𝐶
5 3
 2 5 2 3 2 2 6 10
= 𝑥−1 2 + 𝑥−1 2 +𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑
5 3 5 3 15 15
𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
This form of the antiderivative can be further simplified
2 5 2 3
= 𝑥−1 2+ 𝑥−1 2+𝐶 → 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
5 3
6 5 10 3
= 𝑥−1 2+ 𝑥−1 2+𝐶
15 15
2 3
= 𝑥−1 2 3 𝑥−1 +5 +𝐶 → 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
15
2 3
= 𝑥 − 1 2 3𝑥 − 3 + 5 + 𝐶
15
2 3
= 𝑥 − 1 2 3𝑥 + 2 + 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
15
 1 2
Example 5: Using substitution 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑 𝑢 +1
2
3
𝑥 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 1 1 2
න 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑 𝑢 + 𝑑(1)
2𝑥 − 1 2
2
1
1 𝑢2 + 1 = 2𝑥 1
𝑢 +1 =𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑 𝑢2
2 2
1
𝑑𝑥 = (2𝑢𝑑𝑢)
1 2
2
3
2 𝑢 +1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑑𝑢
න 𝑢𝑑𝑢
1 𝑢
1 3 2 1 𝑢3 3 1 33 13
= න 𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑢 →integrate= ቆ + 𝑢 ቮ = +3 − +1
2 1 2 3
1
2 3 3
1 1
= 9+5 − +1
2 3
16
= 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
3
 Integration by Miscellaneous Substitution. In simplifying complex integrands,
substitution is very useful. Simple algebraic substitution, 𝑢 − 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 or the
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 for integration has been discussed in the previous chapter where 𝑢 is
substituted for the function 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 to transform into one of the basic formulas. This
section will present two other methods of algebraic substitution, the 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
and 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
POWER SUBSTITUTION
In this method of substitution, we will assume that 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑢 ; 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓′ 𝑢
This method is used to replace the nth roots of the functions to make it integrable.
1
In general, if we want to simplify 𝑥 𝑛 ,
1 1 1
𝑛
𝑥 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑢 , then 𝑥 =
𝑛 𝑛 𝑢𝑛 𝑛 =𝑢
and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1 𝑑𝑢
 2
Example 1: Solve for the integral of ‫׬‬ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 +5
2 2
Solution: ‫׬‬ 1 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬ 1 𝑑 𝑢𝑛 ; 𝑛 = 3
𝑥 3 +5 𝑛
𝑢 𝑛 +5
2 3 2
=‫׬‬ 1 𝑑 𝑢 =න 1 3𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
1 1 1 3
3
𝑢 3 +5 𝑢 3 +5
𝑥 = 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑛
3 𝑛 𝑛 =𝑢
6𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
=න
Let 𝑥 = 𝑢3 , 3
1
𝑢 3 +5
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑 𝑢3 = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1
𝑑𝑢 6𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
=න perform the algebraic division
= 3𝑢3−1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢+5
150
= 3𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = න 6𝑢 − 30 + 𝑑𝑢
𝑢+5

𝑑𝑢
= 6 ‫ 𝑢𝑑𝑢 ׬‬−30 ‫𝑢𝑑 ׬‬ +150 න
𝑢+5
 𝑑𝑢
= 6 ‫𝑢𝑑𝑢 ׬‬ −30 ‫𝑢𝑑 ׬‬ +150 ‫׬‬
𝑢𝑛 +1
𝑢+5
‫׬‬ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = ‫𝑢 = 𝑢𝑑 ׬‬ 𝑑𝑢
𝑛+1 න = 𝑙𝑛 𝑢
𝑢
𝑛=1

𝑢2
=6 −30𝑢 +150 𝑙𝑛 𝑢 + 5 + 𝐶
2
= 3𝑢2
= 3𝑢2 − 30𝑢 +150 𝑙𝑛 𝑢 + 5 + 𝐶
1 1 1
Remember: 𝑥 = 𝑥 =
3 𝑛 𝑢𝑛 𝑛 =
𝑢 2
1 1 1
=3 𝑥 3 −30 𝑥 3 +150 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 5 + 𝐶
3

2 1 1
= 3𝑥 3 − 30𝑥 3 + 150 ln 𝑥 + 5 + 𝐶
3

2 1 1
= 3𝑥 − 30𝑥 + 150 ln 𝑥 + 5 + 𝐶
3 3 3 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
 𝑑𝑥
Example 2: Find the antiderivative of ‫׬‬
𝑥+ 3 𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 If there are more one rational exponent, make similar index.
න 3 =න 1 1 1 1
𝑥+ 𝑥 Get the LCD of the exponents (𝐿𝐶𝐷 = 6 = 𝑛); 𝑥 = 𝑥 = 𝑢𝑛 6
𝑥2 + 𝑥3 1 1 1
𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑥 = 𝑢
2 3 6

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
න 1 1 =න 1 1 =න 1 1
𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑛
𝑢 2 + 𝑛
𝑢 3 6
𝑢 2 + 6
𝑢 3
6𝑢5 𝑑𝑢
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑢6 =න 3 reducing to lowest term
𝑢 + 𝑢2
𝑑𝑥 = 6𝑢5 𝑑𝑢
6𝑢5 𝑑𝑢
=න 2
𝑢 𝑢+1
6𝑢3 𝑑𝑢
=‫׬‬ perform the algebraic division
6 𝑢+1
=න 6𝑢2 − 6𝑢 + 6 − 𝑑𝑢
𝑢+1
 6
=න 6𝑢2 − 6𝑢 + 6 − 𝑑𝑢
𝑢+1

2 𝑑𝑢
= 6 න 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 −6 න 𝑢𝑑𝑢 +6 න 𝑑𝑢 −6 න
𝑢+1
𝑢𝑛 +1 𝑑𝑢
‫׬‬ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = ;𝑛 = 2, 𝑛 = 1 ‫𝑢 = 𝑢𝑑 ׬‬ න = 𝑙𝑛 𝑢
𝑛+1
𝑢
𝑢3 𝑢2
=6 −6 +6𝑢 −6 ln 𝑢 + 1 + 𝐶
3 2

= 2𝑢3 − 3𝑢2 + 6𝑢 − 6 ln 𝑢 + 1 + 𝐶
1 3 1 2 1 1
=2 𝑥 6 −3 𝑥 6 +6 𝑥 6 − 6 ln 𝑥 6 +1 +𝐶
1 1 1 1
= 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 6 − 6 ln 𝑥6 +1 +𝐶
1 1 1 1
= 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 6 − 6 ln 𝑥6 +1 +𝐶 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
 1
1
Example 3: Evaluate the integral of ‫ 𝑤 𝑤 ׬‬− 7 𝑑𝑤
4
𝑥𝑛 𝑥 =𝑤−7
1 1
Solution: ‫ 𝑤 𝑤 ׬‬− 7 𝑑𝑤 = ‫ 𝑤 𝑤 ׬‬− 7 𝑑𝑤
4 4

1 1 1 1
𝑤−7 4 = 𝑢4 4 =𝑢 න𝑤 𝑤 − 7 4 𝑑𝑤 =න 𝑢 +7 4
𝑢 4 4
4𝑢3 𝑑𝑢

= න 𝑢4 + 7 𝑢 4𝑢3 𝑑𝑢

from 𝑤 − 7 = 𝑢4 ; 𝑛 = 4 = 4 න𝑢8 𝑑𝑢 + න28𝑢4 𝑑𝑢

𝑤 = 𝑢4 + 7 ‫׬‬ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 =
𝑢𝑛 +1
,𝑛 =8 𝑘‫׬‬ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 =
𝑢𝑛 +1
,𝑛 =4
𝑛+1 𝑛+1

𝑑𝑤 = 4𝑢3 𝑑𝑢 𝑢9 𝑢5
=4 + 28 +𝐶
9 5
9
1 5
4 𝑤−7 4 28 1
= + 𝑤−7 4 +𝐶
9 5
 9
1 5
4 𝑤−7 284 1
= + 𝑤−7 4 +𝐶
9 5
4 9 28 5
= 𝑤−7 4+ 𝑤−7 4+𝐶 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
9 5
RECIPROCAL SUBSTITUTION
An alternative method for substitution is reciprocal substitution. In this method, we
1 1
assume 𝑥 = , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑡
4−𝑥 2
Example 4: Solve for the integral of ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4
Solution: 2
1
4−𝑥 2 4 − 1
𝑡
න 𝑑𝑥 = න − 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑥4 1 4 𝑡
𝑡
 2
1
4−𝑥 2 4 − 1
𝑡
න 𝑑𝑥 = න − 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑥 4
1 4 𝑡 = − න 4𝑡 2 − 1 𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑡
1 1
4− 2
𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −න 4𝑡 2 −1 2 𝑡𝑑𝑡
=‫׬‬ 1 − 2 𝑢 = 4𝑡 2 − 1 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 4 2𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 8𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑡
𝑡4
1
1 2
4𝑡 2 − 1 4 1 = − ‫ ׬‬4𝑡 − 1 2 8𝑡𝑑𝑡
8
= −න 2
𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑛 𝑢𝑛 +1 1
‫𝑛 = 𝑢𝑑 𝑢 ׬‬+1 , 𝑛 = 2
𝑡 𝑡
1
2 +1
4𝑡 2 − 1 = −
1 4𝑡 −1 2
+𝐶
= −න 𝑡2 𝑑𝑡 8 1
+1
𝑡2 2

4𝑡 2 − 1 2
= −න 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
 1
1 4𝑡 2 −1 2+1
= − 1 +𝐶
8 +1
2
3
1 2
4𝑡 −1 2
=− 3 +𝐶
8
2
3
1 2
= − 4𝑡 2 − 1 2 +𝐶
8 3
3
1
= − 4𝑡 2 −1 2 +𝐶 𝑥=
1 1
;𝑡 = 𝑥
12 𝑡
3
2 2
1 1
=− 4 −1 +𝐶
12 𝑥
3
1 4 2
= − −1 +𝐶 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
12 𝑥 2
 𝑑𝑥
Example 5: Evaluate ‫׬‬
𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑥−1
Solution:
1 1
In this method, we assume 𝑥 = , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑡
1 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑡 − 2
‫ 𝑥 𝑥 ׬‬2 +𝑥−1 = න 𝑡 =න 𝑡
1 1 2 1 1 1 + 𝑡 − 𝑡2
+ −1
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 − 2
− 2 = න 𝑡
=න 𝑡
1 1 + 𝑡 − 𝑡2
1 1 1 𝑡
+ −1 𝑡2
𝑡 𝑡2 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
− 2
=න 𝑡
1 1
1 + 𝑡 − 𝑡2
𝑡 𝑡
 𝑑𝑡
− 2 → 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒
=න 𝑡
1 1 1 − 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 = 1 + ___ − 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 − ____
1 + 𝑡 − 𝑡2 1 1
𝑡 𝑡 =1+ −𝑡 2 + 𝑡 −
4 4
𝑑𝑡
− 2 1 2
1
=න 𝑡 = 1+
4
− 𝑡 −𝑡+
4
1
1 + 𝑡 − 𝑡2
𝑡 2 5 1 2
= − 𝑡−
4 2
→ 𝑎2 − 𝑢2
1 2 𝑑𝑡
= −න 2 𝑡 𝑎2 =
5
𝑎=
5
𝑡 1 + 𝑡 − 𝑡2 4
2
2
1 1
𝑑𝑡 𝑢2 = 𝑡 − 𝑢=𝑡−
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 2 2
= −න → න = arcsin + 𝐶
1 + 𝑡 − 𝑡2 𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑎
 𝑑𝑡 1 2𝑡 − 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 𝑡− =
= −න → න
2 2
= arcsin + 𝐶
𝑎
2 2
1 + 𝑡 − 𝑡2 𝑎 −𝑢

5 2𝑡 − 1
5 1 = −𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝐶
𝑎= ;𝑢 = 𝑡 − 5
2
2
1 1
substitute now 𝑥 = 𝑡 , 𝑡 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑡
= −න
2 1
2 5 2𝑥 − 1
5 1 = −𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝐶
− 𝑡− 5
2 2
1
𝑡−2 5 2
= − arcsin +𝐶 = − arcsin − 1 + 𝐶 → 𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
5 5 𝑥
2

2 2𝑡 − 1
= −𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝐶
5 2 https://youtu.be/8B31SAk1nD8
2t − 1 https://youtu.be/sdYdnpYn-1o
= −𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝐶
5