1. Which of the following describes the difference between weathering and erosion?

-Weathering is the breakdown of rocks into smaller particles, while erosion is the transport of these
particles by agents like wind or water.

2. Which of the following agents of erosion is primarily responsible for mass wasting?

-Gravity

3. Which of the following is true about how changes in hydrological patterns can affect erosion?

- Increased rainfall can lead to higher water runoff and intensified erosion.

4. Which of the following describes the difference between chemical and physical weathering?

- Chemical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks through alterations in their composition, while
physical weathering involves the mechanical breakdown of rocks into smaller particles.

5. How does abrasion affect weathering?

- Abrasion enhances mechanical weathering by wearing down rocks through friction.

6. How does undercutting change landforms?

-Undercutting can lead to the formation of caves, sinkholes, and cliffs.

7. Which of the following best differentiates a creep from debris avalanche?

- Creep is characterized by slow, continuous downslope movement over an extended period, while
debris avalanche involves rapid and turbulent movement triggered by a sudden event.
8. Which of the following differentiates a slump from debris fall?

-A slump involves the rotational movement of a cohesive mass along a curved surface, while debris fall
is characterized by the free fall of individual rock fragments.

9. Which of the following types of chemical weathering is involved in the formation of caves?

-Dissolution

10. How does the presence of calcium carbonate affect susceptibility to weathering?

- Calcium carbonate increases susceptibility to chemical weathering through processes like dissolution.

11. Which of the following landforms is created due to running water?

- Meander

12. Which of the following landforms result due to abrasion of sediments in the riverbed?

-Potholes

13. How are alluvial fans and deltas similar?

-Both are formed by the deposition of sediments carried by rivers, creating fan-shaped landforms.

14. Which of the following cannot solve increased erosion in coastal areas?

-Increasing urban development without considering environmental impact.

15. What is the difference between wind deflation and wind abrasion?

-Wind deflation involves the removal of loose particles from the ground surface, while wind abrasion
is the polishing and shaping of rocks by the impact of wind-borne particles.

16. Which agent of erosion is responsible for the formation of karst?

- Groundwater

17. Which of the following explain how a rise in sea level affect exogenic processes?

- An increase in sea level can intensify weathering and erosion along coastlines.

18. Moraines, Arete, Roche moutonnee and Kames are created due to which agent of erosion?

- Glacial Erosion

19. Increasing vegetation can help lessen erosion. What other practices may help in lessening the rate of
erosion?

- Implementing sustainable land use practices.

20. Which of the following landforms are formed due to wind abrasion?

-Sand Dunes

21. Which type of heat transfer happens in the mantle?

-Convection
22. Which of the following decreases the viscosity of magma?
-Decreasing silica content

23. Which mineral would be observed in komatite and peridotite?

-Olivine

24. Which of the following is true about bowens reaction series?

-It describes the cooling and crystallization sequence of minerals in magma.

25. Based on the chart, rhyolite and granite would contain rich amount of quartz. How would
we be able to distinguish these two rocks?
- Rhyolite has a fine-grained to aphanitic texture, while granite has a coarse-grained texture.

26. Q = 10%, A = 70%, P = 20%

-Syenite

27. Q = 25%, A = 40%, P = 35%

- Granodiorite

28. Q = 40%, A = 5%, P = 55%

- Tonalite

29. Q = 20%, A = 60%, P = 20%

- Quartz Trachyte
30. Q = 50%, A = 30%, P = 15%
-Rhyolite

31. Which of the following differentiates elastic deformation from ductile

deformation?

-Elastic deformation is reversible, while ductile deformation is permanent.

32. Based on the chart, which of the following minerals cannot be found in
phyllite?

-Sillimanite

33. Which of the following rocks can metamorphize to Gneiss?

-All of the above

34. Which of the following rocks can metamorphize to Gneiss?

-Contact metamorphism is localized and occurs near igneous intrusions, while regional
metamorphism affects large regions due to tectonic forces.

35. How does pressure affect minerals in rocks?

- Pressure can lead to the recrystallization of minerals, altering their texture.

36. What are index minerals?

-Minerals that are used as indices for specific metamorphic conditions.

37. Which metamorphic facies is found in high temperatures and

pressures?
-Eclogite
38. Which metamorphic facies is found in high temperatures and low
pressures?

-Hornfels

39. Which metamorphic facies is found in low temperatures and low

pressures?

- Blueschist

40. Which metamorphic facies is found in typical geothermal gradient?

- Greenschist

41. Which type of plate boundaries creates mountains?

- Convergent plate boundaries

42. How do fossil match support continental drift theory?

- Fossils of the same species are found on different continents, suggesting that these continents were
once connected.

43. Why is continental crust generally older than oceanic crust?

- Because the process of continental crust formation involves multiple geological events over a
longer period.

44. Which type of plate boundary slides past each other?

-Transform Plate Boundary

45. Which of the following best explains how trenches are formed?

- Trenches are formed by the collision of two tectonic plates, leading to the subduction of one plate
beneath the other.

46. What is the primary cause of the movement of tectonic plates?

- Convection

47. How do magnetic stripes support the theory of seafloor spreading?

- Magnetic stripes represent alternating patterns of normal and reversed polarity, providing
evidence for seafloor spreading.

48. How do mid ocean ridges contribute to sea floor spreading?

- Mid-ocean ridges are constructive plate boundaries where tectonic plates diverge, allowing
magma from the mantle to rise and create new oceanic crust, contributing to seafloor spreading.

49. Which type of plate boundary is commonly associated with

trenches?
- Trenches are created at convergent boundaries, where plates move toward each other, leading to
subduction.
50. Why are older oceanic crust away from ridges?
- Because older oceanic crust is recycled through subduction, leading to its disappearance.

51. Which type of unconformity is parallel to the bedding planes of the upper
and lower rock units?

-Discomformity

52. Which of the following best explains the principle of superposition?

- The principle that in a sequence of undisturbed sedimentary rocks, the youngest rocks are at the
bottom and the oldest rocks are at the top.

53. Which of the following best explains the principle of cross cutting
relationship?

- The principle that igneous intrusions and faults are younger than the rocks they affect.

54. Despite the principle of original horizontality, why do layers of rocks may
not appear horizontal?

-Tectonic forces can cause folding, tilting, or faulting of rock layers, disrupting their original
orientation.

55. Which one is the oldest layer?

-P
56. I is an igneous intrusion that cuts through several layers. What can you
conclude about I?

- I would be younger than those layers