Multimedia Tools and Applications

AN EFFICIENT DEEP LEARNING WITH AN OPTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK TO

ANALYSE THE EEG SIGNALS
--Manuscript Draft--

Manuscript Number: MTAP-D-23-04349

Full Title: AN EFFICIENT DEEP LEARNING WITH AN OPTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK TO

ANALYSE THE EEG SIGNALS

Article Type: Track 1: General Multimedia Topics

Keywords: Electroencephalogram, brain-computer interface, MATLAB platform, Signal to Noise

Ratio, Mean Square Error

Abstract: Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals can offer a mode to communicate with the
humans and outside world. Also, the human brain is negatively affected the mental
illness such as depression, stress, overthinking, and feelings. Therefore, stress rate is
recognized by studying EEG signals but it has the issue for analysing the stress rate
because of redundant noise present in the EEG signal. This technique is independent
of the human body peripherals like muscle tissue and nerves. Moreover, brain-
controlled devices are advanced technology to control a lot of mental feelings and
control severe brain actions like stress, heavy emotion, etc. With this advanced
innovation, EEG signal processing plays an important role in the brain-computer
interface. This paper introduced a novel Convolution Network with bat Optimization
(CN-BO) framework to identify the stress level of the human brain. At the same time,
different processing techniques are incorporated into this research to differentiate the
stress state. Consequently, the proposed model implementation is done with the help
of the MATLAB platform. At last, the key metrics of the developed CN-BO strategy is
validated with conventional techniques in terms of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Mean
Square Error (MSE), and computation time.

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1
AN EFFICIENT DEEP LEARNING WITH AN
2
3
4 OPTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK TO ANALYSE THE EEG
5
6
7 SIGNALS
8
9
10 Dr. Nilankar Bhanja1*, Dr. Sanjib Kumar Dhara2, Dr. Prabodh Khampariya3
11
1*
12 Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Sri Satya Sai University of
13
14
15 Technology and Medical Sciences, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh, India
16
2
17 Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Techno Engineering College
18
19
Banipur, West Bengal, India
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21
3
22 Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Sri Satya Sai University of
23
24 Technology and Medical Sciences, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh, India
25
26 1*
27 Corresponding Authors Email: nilankarbhanja14@gmail.com
28
29 Abstract
30
31
32
Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals can offer a mode to communicate with the humans and
33 outside world. Also, the human brain is negatively affected the mental illness such as
34
35 depression, stress, overthinking, and feelings. Therefore, stress rate is recognized by studying
36
37 EEG signals but it has the issue for analysing the stress rate because of redundant noise present
38
39 in the EEG signal. This technique is independent of the human body peripherals like muscle
40
41 tissue and nerves. Moreover, brain-controlled devices are advanced technology to control a lot
42
of mental feelings and control severe brain actions like stress, heavy emotion, etc. With this
43
44 advanced innovation, EEG signal processing plays an important role in the brain-computer
45
46 interface. This paper introduced a novel Convolution Network with bat Optimization (CN-BO)
47
48 framework to identify the stress level of the human brain. At the same time, different processing
49
50 techniques are incorporated into this research to differentiate the stress state. Consequently, the
51
52 proposed model implementation is done with the help of the MATLAB platform. At last, the
53 key metrics of the developed CN-BO strategy is validated with conventional techniques in
54
55 terms of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Mean Square Error (MSE), and computation time.
56
57
58 Keywords: Electroencephalogram, brain-computer interface, MATLAB platform, Signal to
59
60 Noise Ratio, Mean Square Error.
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 1.Introduction
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2 Real-time frameworks advance after some time and present complex framework elements [1].
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4 Monitoring the complex frameworks from different angles can procure different time-sensitive
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6 measurements, time series and namely [2]. Through learning the framework elements from
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8 these obtained time series, one can better comprehend the outer framework's ways of behaving
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10 and afterward anticipate the framework precisely [3]. To exacerbate the situation, the intricacy
11 of this present reality framework keeps on rising [4]. Time series examination strategies face a
12
13 tremendous burden to investigate the complex frameworks in such a setting successfully [5].
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15 Moreover, the human brain is identified as a tremendously attractive and complex system [6].
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17 Also, the human brain is incorporated with the neocortex which consists of 1010 neurons.
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19 Furthermore, these interconnected neurons are closely adapted to human emotions and
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21
behaviors [7]. Additionally, non-linearity EEG signals have time-varying causality and
22 effectiveness in a dynamic system [8]. Based on the human’s thinking, mental ability, and
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24 feeling EEG signals can be generated. However, spontaneous EEG signals, which means 2 to
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26 10uV ranges are not an easier task [9]. Also, noise incorporated with the EEG signal is
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28 complex, it frequently consists of much noise such as white noise, spikes, and power frequency
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30 interference. This type of noise can also be called an artifact. EEG signal’s outstanding
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frequency domain features are more prominent [10].
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Fig.1 EEG signal waveforms
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58 Various kinds of brain signals have been attained and utilized to understand the brain condition
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60 such as near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), EEG, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI),
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 Electroencephalogram (EEG), etc [11]. Among these EEG signals are commonly used signals
1
2 since computationally higher temporal resolution, are easy to implement and have lower cost
3
4 compare to other signals [12]. EEG signals are obtained from the human brain, which can
5
provide an effectual demonstration of the human pathological and physiological conditions
6
7 [13]. Generally, these signals are classified into five levels, which are delta (5 to 3Hz), theta
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9 (3 to 8Hz), alpha (8 to 12Hz), beta (12 to 38,Hz) and gamma (38 to 42Hz), based on signal
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11 frequency ranges and that waveforms are demonstrated in fig.1. Most of the EEF waves are
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13 contains 8 Hz, which are normal findings [14]. Classification of EEG signals has a challenging
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15 task and it is complex because the signals suffer from a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
16 performance [15]. Based on this SNR brain activities are not generated properly [16].
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19 Previously, several frameworks are developed to solve the existing issues but still, now
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21 accurate solutions have not been found, the conventional methods are CAD [17], DL [18],
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23 Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier [19], wavelet transform function [20], etc. Some
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25 drawbacks are reviewed in the existing works, which are solved in this present study. The
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researchers utilized the dataset from the conventional study and small public datasets.
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28 Nevertheless, large public datasets can validate the effectiveness of the presented replica for
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30 EEG signal pattern classification. Additionally, EEG signals cognitive task is comparatively
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32 simple to separate the affected EEG signals.
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35 The following is a representation of the paper’s structure: Section 2 discusses related work
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37
based on EEG signal processing systems, Section 3 offers the problem statement, Section 4
38 discusses detailed explanation of proposed methodology, section 5 demonstrates execution and
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40 outcomes, and Section 5 concludes the paper.
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42 2 Related works
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45 Some of the recent related works based on the EEG signal analysis,
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47 Nowadays, Brain-Computer Interface (CBI) users efficiently convert the control signal through
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49 the Motor Imagery (MI) characteristics. For this conversion process, the signal-to-noise ratio
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51 (SNR) is lower. To overcome this issue, Zahra Khademi et al. [21] introduced a hybrid model
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53 that contains a three-module combination such as CNN, Long Short Term Memory (LSTM)
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55 and MI-based CBI replica. These three modules have performed ResNet-50 layer, IV dataset
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and achieved 85.9%, 90% and 91.7% accuracy measures.
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 Yong Zhang et al. [22] have proposed a combination of the Auto-Regressive (AR) and
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2 Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) model to classify the stress and emotion rates of the
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4 human being. Initially, the EEG signals are taken from a standard database named as DEAP
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dataset and 2-dimensional feature extraction takes place. Based on the extracted features
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7 emotional states are classified in following low arousal high valence, high arousal high valence,
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9 low arousal high valence and low arousal low valence. But, it takes more time to classify the
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11 emotion classes.
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14 Epileptic seizure detection is mainly based on EEG signal analysis for several body artifacts.
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Therefore, Ramy Hussein et al. [23] have presented a Deep Neural Network (DNN) model to
17 deal the real-time applications. Here, LSTM is utilized to extract the high-level representation
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19 from the EEG signals and a fully connected framework is used to extract the most relevant
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21 features from the various EEG patterns and fed to the output softmax layer. The proposed
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23 replica is robust to solve the real-time human conditions.
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Zhongke Gao et al. [24] have developed the binary coding-based GPSO with an optimized
27 CNN framework designed to classify the emotional states. Here, three types of emotion states
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29 are simultaneously predicted to the particular EEG pattern. To improve the classification
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31 accuracy swarm optimization fitness function is updated in the CNN layer. Moreover, the
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33 emotion recognition task is to provide effective classification outcomes, but, it is not suitable
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35 for multi-prediction tasks.
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37 Sudarshan Nandy et al. [25] introduced an Intelligent Agent-based Bag of Neural Networks
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39 (IABoNN) model that is inverted to implement both ML and DL networks. This model can
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41 classify the brain signals depending on the stress-affected persons. Here, the remote system is
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43 incorporated with an AI module to monitor the EEG signal frequently. It can provide 91% to
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45 95% accuracy measures were obtained from the experimental assessment.
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47 Omer Kasim and Mustafa Tosun et al. [26] have developed the ML-based effective automatic
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49 artifacts removal strategy that was effectively applied to the EEG signal segmentation.
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51 Moreover, a Butterworth filter is used to filter the low-frequency noises from the EEG signals.
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53 Consequently, the Mean Square Error (MSE) and Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE)
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55 performance were affected without a filtered EEG signal. For, the filtering process artifact
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signal segment is easily performed.
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 3. System model and problem statement
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3 EEG signal processing application can basically be classified into five stages such as signal
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acquisition, pre-processing, feature extraction and classification which are demonstrated in
6 fig.2 [27]. Here, the entire stage performance is controlled by external control equipment. In
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8 pre-processing, there are a lot of techniques present but each model has contain some
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10 limitations [28]. The particular user wants to select the multi-channel EEG signals to reduce
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12 the dimensionality. This is the process to extract the independent components while reducing
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14 interference noise present in the EEG signals [29].
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17 Raw EEG Signal Pre-
18 signal acquisition processing
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Lower performance
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36 Feature classification
37 Control signals Feature extraction
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40 Fig.2 Basic system model for EEG signal processing
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43 Several recent EEG processing technologies are still present but all are having issues like
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fatigue, low transmission rate and discomfort [12]. Consequently, optimal EEG signal
46 characteristics are chosen for the testing process. Moreover, the signal may be performed in
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48 real-time so the control accuracy should be low when comparing other techniques [30].
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50
51 4 Proposed methodology
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53 In this paper, a novel convolution Network with bat Optimization (CN-BO) framework is
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55 proposed to predict and analyse the stress level of human beings. Initially, data collection of
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57 various patient EEG signals is collected and trained to the system. Then, Wavelet Multi-
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 Resolution (WMR) Analysis was applied to pre-processing layer to filter the EEG signal from
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2 redundant noise. Thus the architecture of the proposed technique is shown in fig.3.
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Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) components are enabled to attain higher resolution. Here,
6 this DWT analysis makes the finest processing features. Then Batch Normalization (BN)
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8 technique is employed to enhance and generalization the training process. Moreover, three
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10 convolution layers, one pooling layer and 2500 hidden layer neurons are utilized. ReLu
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12 activation function is utilized for the Output layer. Here, the bat optimization algorithm (BOA)
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14 is used to improve the classification accuracy. Finally, the optimization threshold function is
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applied to the CNN hidden layer whether the processed EEG signal has been stressed or not.
17 Also, the presented model is validated in terms of accuracy, precision, AUC, recall and power.
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40 Fig.3 Proposed CN-BO architecture
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43 4.1 Pre-processing
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46 The aim main of this pre-processing process is consequently perform several operations like
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noise reduction, signal quality improvement without affecting the signal information, and
49 losing the signal. Moreover, selected EEG signals are managed to clean and denoising signal
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51 to improve the appropriate data inserted in the EEG signals. Here, the collected EEG signals
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53 are employed to pre-process before the feature extraction stage. Initially, the transformation
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55 EEG signal is mentioned in Eqn. (1),
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58 C ( z ).V (m)  {i  V [C ( z )]}.V (m) (1)
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 Where, C (z ) is represented as a reference electrode, V (m ) is denoted as vertex electrode and I
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2 is the two-dimension of the EEG signal representation that is M  N . So, that matrix formation
3
4 is given by an eqn. (2),
5
6
7 0 . 1 . 0
8 . . . 
9 
10 V [C ( z )]}   . . . (2)
11  
12 . . .
13 0 . 1 . 0
14
15
16 Moreover, the recorded EEG signals are a form of discrete samples and it has a finite length.
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18 The collected EEG signal consists of some noise, irrelevant information, myoelectricity and
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20 electro-oculogramm, which cause a complex signal processing process. To overcome these
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problems WMR analysis is used to remove the redundant artifacts. Therefore initially, Discrete
23 Fourier Transform (DFT) should be applied because the selected EEG samples are finite length.
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25 Then, the DFT is given in Eqn. (3),
26
27
28 
  i 2 n
s
F ( x)   x( ) .e
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30 (3)
31 
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34 Where, F (x ) is Fourier transform parameter, x( ) is represented as an input signal,  is
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36 denoted as pulsation,  s is expressed as sampling frequency and n is represented as a number
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38 of EEG signal samples are taken. Then, the power spectral density function is defined y
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40 following eqn.(4),
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43 P ( x) | F ( x) |2 (4)
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46 Here, this measurement provides the part of the EEG signal which creates the sine wave
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48 components. Moreover, DFT analysis is not applicable for non-stationary EEG signals so, the
49 compact frequency domain characteristics employed in WMR analysis, which is given in
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51 eqn.(5),
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54 1  t  b 
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WMR (a, b)   w (t ) *x
a   a  (5)
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 Where, w (t) is represented as a wavelet function, a, b represents time and frequency domain
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2 functions respectively. Consequently, the above eqn. (5) denotes the filtered EEG signal
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4 evaluated by the WMR analyser, which is scaled in both time and frequency domain functions.
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In an EEG signal processing, WMR analyser functioned to decrease the noise and remove the
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7 artifacts so the cleaned signal is ready to apply in the next stage.
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10 4.2 Feature extraction and selection
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13 Once the noise in the EEG signals is filtered then the pre-processed EEG signals are fed to the
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pooling layer to perform the feature extraction. The pooling layer is functions to reduce the
16 information content in the signal. Here, DWT is used to extract the features from the pre-
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18 processed data. DWT is the time-frequency study for biomedical signals and it is analysed
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20 especially in non-stationary characteristics. Here, high pass and low pass filters were utilized
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22 for correspondent scaling function. The dilation function and wavelet function of the low pass
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24 and high pass filter is denoted as following eqn. (6), (7).
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26 p
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28  p , q ( x)  2 2 H (2 p x  q ) (6)
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31 p
 p , q ( x)  2 2 G  (2 p x
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33  q) (7)
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36 Where,  p,q ( x) is denoted as dilation function based on the low pass filter,  p, q ( x) wavelet
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function based on the high pass filter, H  and G  is represented as coefficients of the dilation
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41 function and wavelet function respectively. Also,
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43 x  0,1, 2, .......y  1; p  0,1, 2, .......p  1; q  0,1, 2, .......2 p  1  log 2( y ); here y
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45 denotes length of the EEG signal. In the given signal principal frequency components are
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47 mainly based on the decomposition coefficients of the DWT signals. Additionally,
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49 approximation (a j ) and detailed (d j ) coefficient levels are expressed in the following Eqn.
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51 (8), (9),
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53
1
 w(n)   p,q ( x)
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55 aj  (8)
56 y t
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 1
1 dj   w(n)   p,q ( x) (9)
2 y t
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5 Moreover, the DWT function can decompose the EEG signal into the components of frequency
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7 bands. So, the function of f (t) is given in eqn.(10),
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9 1 
10 
11 W p, q ( H Gp, q )  2 2
 f (t ) G (2 p n  p), p, q  Z  (10)
12 
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14
15 1

16 Where, wavelet sequence is represented as G p , q (n)  2 2 G  (2  p n  p) , p and q is
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19 represented as frequency resolution and time transform respectively. Then, the temporal
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features are extracted using DWT analysis, which is depicted in eqn. (11),
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23 S 2 [l1 ( x)]  l1 (2 x) (11)
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Where, down sampling parameter is denoted as S 2 , which is factorized by 2, l is represented
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29 as high scale component signal’ using above eqn. (11) extract all temporal features present in
30 the EEG signal. Hereafter, spatial features are extract with the help of CNN and bat
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32 optimization fitness function. Spatial features can be evaluated using following eqn. (12),
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35 Z
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S(f )  S m, n Rm (12)
j 1
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Where, wavelet packet coefficients are denoted as Sm, n , Rm it performs mth spatial feature of
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43 the S n and Z is the number of spatial features which are extracted from the pooling layer of
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45 the CNN. After, the extraction features selected depends on the relative power, power spectral
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47 density, ban power and correlation coefficients.
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50 4.3 Batch Normalization (BN)
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52 In CNN, with the developing organization profundity, learning rate which manage the speed
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54 of inclination drop in normalized frameworks is additionally restricted by deviation due to the
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greatness of enactments developing exponentially and angle data turns out to be less
57 information delicate for normalized networks which limits potential learning rates. Therefore,
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 BN is adapted to enhance the generalization training of the normalizing inputs. Consequently,
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2 BN of the each dimensions are expressed in following eqn.(13),
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[ Ri  F ( Ri )]
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BN ( Ri )  (13)
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Var( Ri )
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1 l
Where, expectation and variance of the each EEG signals can be referred as F ( Ri )   Ri
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12 l i 1
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14 1 l
15 and Var( Ri )  
l i 1
[ Ri  F ( Ri )]2 respectively. Here, the BN is to normalize the features
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18 consists batch size mean 0 and variance 1.
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21 4.4 Classification
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23 After, finishing the pooling operation the output is passed through the fully connected layer
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25 here, ReLu activation function and updated in the fitness function of the bet optimization. To
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27 classify the depressed EEG signals from the collected EGG signal with the help of fitness
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29 function using following eqn. (14),
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32 F (d c )  { (tanh r ) * (tanh r ) *  (tanh r ) *  (tanh r ) *  (tanh r ) *  (tanh r )} (14)
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34
35  0.1Hz  4 Hz
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37  4 Hz  8Hz
38 
39 F (d c )   8Hz  13Hz (15)
40  13 Hz  30 Hz
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
 
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43 30 Hz  100 Hz
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46 Where,  , ,  ,  , and  is represented as rhythms of the heartbeat. Based on the rhythm
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48 classification depressed signal is classified. Expect this electric conductivity some abnormal
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50 activities occur in the brain.
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5 Result and discussion
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55 In this section, the developed method is validate with existing methodologies based on the EEG
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57 signal classification. Moreover, the Python implementation tool is used to implement the whole
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59 process effectively. Initially, the collated datasets are trained to the systems here, the training
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 data samples were collected from Kaggle database. Here, 2 male and 2 female data was
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2 collected.
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5 Start
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7 // standard dataset collected from
Initialize the input net source
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9 Design the proposed
10 CN-BO model
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12 Pre-processing
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15 Feature extraction selection
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18 Classification
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20 No
21 No No No
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23 Yes Yes No
24 Yes
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Update Bat fitness
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29 No
30 Depressed signal
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32 yes
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34 Finest output
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Yes
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37 stop
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40 Fig. 4 Flowchart of proposed CN-BO
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43 5.1 Case study
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EEG signals are represented as non-invasive models, which are used to observe the human
47 brain actions at different stages. Additionally, stress is the dominant mental illness it will affect
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49 the normal action of the human beings. Therefore, classifying the stress rate of the EEG signal
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51 is the most significant task.
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54 Moreover, five level classification of the EEG signals are illustrated in fig.5, which filtered
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with the help of MATLAB tool. Here, the reference EEG signals are given to the learning
57 mechanism to train and make the reference signals as the actual noise removal of the EEG
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 signal. Moreover, EEG signals are contaminated with unwanted noise from this fig.5 it’s
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2 clearly indicates amplitude between 10 to -10 which is higher than the noise component.
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34 Fig. 5 EEG rhythms separated using proposed CN-BO: delta (δ), theta (θ), alpha (α),
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36 beta (β), gamma (γ)
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38 EEG stress signal and EEG relaxed signal has been demonstrated in fig.6 and fig.7, that is
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40 sensitive to restrict the brain activity in stress response. The total stress score is determined as
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42 spectrum activation during the left or right stress presence, which is related with Beta and Alpha
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44 waves. Here, 15Hz to 20Hz ranges are expressed as Mid-range beta wave and it is enhance the
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46 anxiety as well as energy performance. 18Hz to 40Hz are high range beta waves that are
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associated with limited stress level.
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 1
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17 Fig.6 EEG stress signal
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37 Fig.7 EEG relaxed signal
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59 Fig.8 Training and validation loss
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 1
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15 Fig.9 EEG signal before noise removal
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Fig.10 EEG signal after noise removal
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35 Brain waves are applicable to psychological wellness, as anomalies in mind working can
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37 impact the advancement of specific circumstances. For instance, when certain region of the
38 mind are over-excited, an individual might encounter nervousness, bad dreams or other rest
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40 issues, impulsivity, and hostility.
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43 5.2 Performance evaluation
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45 The developed CN-BO model is implemented in MATLAB platform and successive rate of the
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47 designed scheme was analyzed with comparison assessment in terms of, accuracy, AUC,
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49 specificity, sensitivity, SNR, MSE and computation time. The comparison techniques such as
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51 Machine learning-based multiscale entropy analysis (ML-MEA) [31], Grey Wolf Optimization
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53
(GWO) algorithm [32], Trait Anxiety Detection (TAD) replica [33], Empirical Mode of
54 Ensample Filter (EMEF) model [34], Multilayer LSTM network (M-LSTM) model [35],
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56 Single-Channel Seizure Detection (SCSD) strategy [36], Multichannel and Multivariate
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58 Iterative Filtering (MMIF) model [37].
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 5.2.1 Mean Square Error (MSE)
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3 In an EEG signal processing, Mean Square Error (MSE) is a common estimator parameter to
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improve the quality, which is fitted value of entire dependent non-variance signal. Moreover,
6 the optimal time frequency parameter functions are utilized to create the new confident
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8 intervals. Consequently, MSE calculation is mentioned in eqn. (16),
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11 1 n
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MSE   (Oi  Pi )
n i 1
(16)
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16 Where, n is represented as number of EEG signals, Oi is denotes observed EEG rhythms and
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18 is Pi predicted signals. Here, Fig demonstrates a comparison of proposed MSE performance
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with conventional models. The proposed CN-BO framework has been utilized to diagnose the
22 mental disorders like depression, stress, etc. Moreover, it has outperformed existing techniques
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24 such as ML-MEA, TFD, EMEF and M-LSTM. The proposed methodology has highest MSE
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26 of 0.011% for analyzing the mental disorders than the conventional ML-MEA (0.1474 %),
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28 TFD (0.21 %), EMEF (0.9 %) and M-LSTM (0.127) techniques has demonstrated in fig.11.
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 5.2.2. Execution time
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2 Execution time is the most important parameter to validate the software performance of the
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4 proposed CN-BO framework. Total time taken to finish the entire process successfully is
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6 referred as computation time of the proposed strategy. Here, the execution time is evaluated
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8 when the EEG signals are executed in the signal processing that is calculated in eqn.(17),
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11 Et  S (t )  E (t ) (17)
12 T (t )
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15 Where, S (t ) is represented as initial time of the process, E (t ) is finishing time of the process
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17 and T (t ) is total time. Here, computation time of the proposed CN-BO model is validated with
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19 other techniques such as GWO, SCSD, and MMIF. Consequently, the developed methodology
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21 has attained lower computation time as 0.45s for prediction the depressed EEG signal from the
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23 entire datasets. Furthermore, achieved computation time is compared to the conventional
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25 GWO (0.58s), SCSD (9.3s) and MMIF (3.05s) models. As a comparison results prove that
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27 proposed one is very effective than the other replicas. Comparisons are showed in fig.12.
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58 Fig.12 Comparison of execution time
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60 5.2.3 Signal to noise ratio (SNR)
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 SNR s the ratio of signal power to the noise power thee tow parameters are manly based on the
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2 dimensionless ratio. Moreover, fig illustrates that the comparative study of the proposed SNR
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4 against traditional techniques. The developed CN-BO replica attained SNR has been analyzed
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with EEG rhythms and it’s validate with previous techniques EMEF, M-LSTM and MMIF. As
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7 a results proposed CN-BO methodology has higher SNR of 59dB than the recent EMEF (57.38
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9 dB), M-LSTM (23.35 dB) and MMIF (49.50 dB) techniques. This comparisons depicts
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11 effectiveness of the proposed strategy is EEG signal processing with finest SNR performance.
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51 Fig.13 Comparison of SNR
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53 5.3 Discussion
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55 Proposed and traditional methodologies for analysing the brain disorders and rhythms.
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57 Moreover, evaluating reveals that the selected CN-BO algorithm is compared to existing
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 methods in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and AUC. The existing methods are
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2 CAD, DL and SVM models that are demonstrated in fig.14 and table.1.
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Fig.14 Overall performance comparison
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37 Therefore, the stress rate is classified based on the EEG waveforms such as alpha, beta, gamma,
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39 delta and of each varying signals while changes in the EEG signal. Thus the developed CN-
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41 BO framework attains better results to classify stress rate.
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44 Table.1 State of art comparison
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46 Author name Methodology Descriptions Performance
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48 and citation
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50 Lorenzo Santos Computer-Aided Low pass filters are Accuracy:93.42%
51 et al. [17] Diagnosis (CAD) with used to attain the
52 Sensitivity:87.27%
53 health control channels higher accuracy, 7
54 electrodes are used,
55 Specificity:96.73%
56 and binary
57 classification is used AUC:95.67%
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 as classification
1 phase
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4 Shu Lih Oh et Deep Learning (DL) 14 healthy subjects, Accuracy:98.07%
5 al.[18] modules 14 Schizophrenia
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(SZ) patients EEG Sensitivity:97.32%
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8 signals and 11 layer Specificity: 98.17%
9 CNN, automatically
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11 extract the features AUC:98.45%
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13 Jason et al. [19] Support Vector Machine 40 SZ subjects and Accuracy:93.00%
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(SVM) 12 healthy
community (HC) Sensitivity:94.00%
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17 subjects and 4
18 Specificity:92.00
19 processing stages
20 AUC:98.31%
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22 This work This paper introduced a Accuracy:98.9
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24 novel Convolution
25 Network with bat Sensitivity:99.1
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Optimization (CN-BO) Specificity:99
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28 framework
29 AUC:98
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34 6 Conclusion
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36 This paper mainly presents the analysis of EEG signal processing with in that we combine
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38 various components to enhance the performance of the signal processing system. Discrete
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40 Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Wavelet Multi-Resolution (WMR) Analysis is used to adapt
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the pre-processing stage and feature extraction process. Finally, this all components are enabled
43 as CN-BO framework to obtain lot of successful EEG signal processing. In the classification
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45 layer, initiate the bat optimization fitness function for enhancing the classification accuracy of
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47 the stress rate. Finally, the developed CN-BO technique classifies the stress rate of patient with
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49 the normal dataset. Furthermore, developed technique gained accuracy is 98.9%, recall is
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51 99.1%, specificity is 99%, and AUC is 98%, SNR is 59dB, MSE is 0.011and computation time
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is 0.45s. Thus the developed technique has achieved better results for classifying stress rate
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54 while comparing other existing techniques.
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57 Compliance with Ethical Standards
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60 Conflict of interest
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 The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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2 Human and Animal Rights
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4 This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of
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6 the authors.
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8 Informed Consent
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10 Informed consent does not apply as this was a retrospective review with no identifying patient
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12 information.
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14 Funding: Not applicable
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16 Conflicts of interest Statement: Not applicable
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18 Consent to participate: Not applicable
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21 Consent for publication: Not applicable
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23 Availability of data and material:
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25 Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this
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27
study.
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29 Code availability: Not applicable
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