4-Biocomposite Polymers2

RPP Polimer Alami-Ono Suparno -
Rekayasa Proses dan Produk Berbasis Polimer Alami

(TIN162B)
BIOCOMPOSITE POLYMERS
Ono Suparno
Program Studi Teknik Industri Pertanian

Sekolah Pascasarjana
Institut Pertanian Bogor
2023
Composite consists of two (or more)

distinct constituents or phases, which when
combined together result in a material with
entirely different properties from those of
the individual components.
A man-made composite would consist of a
reinforcement phase of stiff, strong material,
frequently fibrous in nature, embedded in a
continuous matrix phase.
RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno
1
Main functions of the matrix are to

transmit externally applied loads, via
shear stresses at the interface, to the
reinforcement and to protect the
reinforcement from environmental and
mechanical damage.
The advantage : the high strength and
stiffness of the fibres may be exploited.
A composite material comprising one or

more phase(s) derived from a biological
origin.
The reinforcement could include plant
fibres such as cotton, flax, hemp and
the like, or fibres from recycled wood or
waste paper, even by-products from food
crops, regenerated cellulose fibres
(viscose/rayon), natural ‘nano fibrils’ of
cellulose and chitin.
2
Matrices may be polymers, ideally derived

from renewable resources such as vegetable
oils or starches.
More commonly at the present time, synthetic,
fossil-derived polymers preponderate and
may be either ‘virgin’ or recycled
thermoplastics such as polyethylene,
polypropylene, polystyrene and polyvinyl
chloride, or ‘virgin’ thermosets such as
unsaturated polyesters, phenol formaldehyde,
isocyanates and epoxies.
Fibres provide strength and stiffness

and act as reinforcement in fibre-
reinforced composite materials;
ultimately the properties of a composite
are governed by the inherent properties
of these fibres.
Natural fibres can be subdivided into
vegetable, animal, mineral fibres.
3
The selection of suitable fibres is

determined by the required values of the
stiffness and tensile strength of a
composite, elongation at break, thermal
stability, adhesion of fibres and matrix,
dynamic and long-term behaviour, price
and processing costs.
Mechanical properties of some commercially important natural fibres and

comparison with man-made fibres
4
The matrix in a fibre-reinforced composite

holds the fibres together, transfers applied
loads to those fibres and protects them from
mechanical damage and other
environmental factors.
The matrix in most common traditional
composites comprises either a
thermoplastic (such as polyethylene) or
thermoset (such as unsaturated polyester)
polymer.
1. Fibre architecture
Fibre architecture (fibre geometry, fibre
orientation, packing arrangement, and fibre
volume fraction) controls many composite
properties, particularly mechanical properties.
Fibre volume fraction (Vf ) is the most
important factor.
The maximum Vf achievable is largely
governed by the orientation and packing
arrangement of the fibres.
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5
2. The fibre – matrix interface

The interface serves to transfer
externally applied loads to the
reinforcement via shear stresses over the
interface.
Good bonding is essential if stresses are
to be adequately transferred to the
reinforcement and hence provide a true
reinforcing function.
11
Owing to the general incompatibility

between natural fibres and most matrix
polymers à methods of promoting
adhesion are frequently needed:
chemical modification of the fibre prior
to composite manufacture and
introducing compatibilising agents to the
polymer/fibre mix during processing.
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6
1. Compounding and extrusion of thermoplastic

polymers and natural fibres
The thermoplastic polymer is heated, so that it
melts.
Wood fibre, in the form of flour, is added along with
other additives to improve the characteristics of
the resultant material.
Once the constituents have been thoroughly
mixed, the compound can be either extruded
directly in the final product or pelletised and
packed as a precursor to further extrusion or
injection moulding processes.
13
Limitation of compounding and

extrusion:
only relatively short fibres (which impart
limited reinforcement) can be used.
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2. Co-mingling of thermoplastic and natural

fibres
In the automotive industry, longer fibres from
flax, hemp, kenaf and cotton are frequently
used.
The fibres are mingled together with fibres of
the thermoplastic polymer being used as
reinforcement to form a non-woven ‘fleece’,
which is subsequently hot pressed to melt the
thermoplastic fibre thereby forming the
composite.
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The advantage of this approach:
longer fibres (with better reinforcement

potential) can be used.
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8
3. Processing of thermosetting polymer matrix

composites
Manufacturing techniques broadly mirror those
found in the ‘traditional’ composite industry,
which include both ‘open mould’ (e.g. hand
lay-up and spray-up) and ‘closed mould’
techniques (e.g. resin transfer moulding,
vacuum infusion and compression moulding).
17
A current barrier to the uptake of most current

thermosetting biopolymers is the high cure
temperatures needed (>150 °C) à limiting the
tooling and process options available; most
natural fibres cannot withstand processing
temperatures higher than 175 °C for
prolonged periods.
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9
Naturally derived polymers are usually

biodegradable
à biocomposites reinforced with natural
fibres à should be biodegradable
Biocomposites containing natural fibres
exhibit enhanced mechanical properties
and less expensive
19
Thederivation of the polymers from

renewable resource and their specific
properties including biodegradability:
à Biocomposites have been the subject
of international research since at the
mid-1990s
à Practical application: interior
automotive components and housing
for notebook computers
20
10
The need for structural materials with

good durability, good mechanical
properties, low weight à fibre
composites
Natural fibres à potential to substitute
for glass fibres (when specific
mechanical properties are considered)
21
Advantages Disadvantages
Low weight Moisture absorption à
Low density fibre swelling
High specific properties Low thermal resistance
Low cost Local or seasonal variation
Non-abrasive processing in quality
characteristics Tendency to agglomerate
Lack of residue upon during processing
incineration
Available from renewable
resources
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11
1. Green composites à environmentally

friendly composites
2. Hybrid composites à the incorporation
of several different types of fibres into a
single matrix.
3. Textile composites à the formation of
textile that have superior mechanical
properties
23
Research on the reinforcement of PHAs with

natural fibre such as cellulose and pineapple
fibre
à general finding:
fibre reinforcement à modulus ↑, elongation
at break ↓
PLA-jute composites (Plakett et al. 2003):
• the composites had higher tensile modulus and
strength
• the samples were brittle
24
12
Tensile strength of compression-moulded jute-PLA

composites
25
Models are used to simulate the

mechanical properties of biocomposites
à help in the interpretation of
experimental results
A database of model parameters for
natural fibre composites would be
helpful for the future selection ad use of
these materials in practical applications
26
13
Processingcan influence polymer

degradation and may also alter the
length and diameter of natural fibres
• PHB starts to degrade at temperature above the
melting point producing crotonic acid and other
volatiles à MW of PHB ↓
• Fibre length distribution changed
27
The mechanical properties of

biocomposites depend on the properties
of the constituent fibre and the polymer
matrix, as well as the fibre-matrix
interfacial shear strength (IFSS)
Interfacial adhesion ↑ à tensile and
flexural strength ↑
28
14
Tensile fracture surface of a compression-moulded PHB-

jute composite showing jute fibre bundless and void spaces
at the fibre-polymer interface (x 800)
(Plakett ad Anderson 2002)
29
The use of nanoclays in biopolymer

reinforcement has received considerable
attention
Montmorillonite (MMT) is a type of clay
nanofiller that has been widely examined
TPS composite with MMT à reduced
water permeability, increased elongation
at break and tensile strength
30
15
Nanoclay morphology
31
Improve processing through design of

new elements for twin-screw extrusion of
natural fibre-biopolymer combinations
Improve understanding of biocomposite
fracture mechanisms
Studies of biocomposite ageing
behaviour
Studies on thermal degradation of
biocomposites
32
16
Investigation of nanocomposites
combining natural fibres with inorganic
fillers (e.g. nanoclays)
Continued investigtion of methods for
characterisation of nanocomposites
Examination of recyclability
33
Thank you for your attention

Selamat belajar dan berkarya
ono.suparno@apps.ipb.ac.id
www.osuparno.com
34
17

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RPP Polimer Alami-Ono Suparno -

Rekayasa Proses dan Produk Berbasis Polimer Alami

Program Studi Teknik Industri Pertanian

 Composite consists of two (or more)

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

 Main functions of the matrix are to

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

A composite material comprising one or

 Matrices may be polymers, ideally derived

 Fibres provide strength and stiffness

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

 The selection of suitable fibres is

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

Mechanical properties of some commercially important natural fibres and

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

 The matrix in a fibre-reinforced composite

2. The fibre – matrix interface

 Owing to the general incompatibility

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

1. Compounding and extrusion of thermoplastic

 Limitation of compounding and

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

2. Co-mingling of thermoplastic and natural

 The advantage of this approach:

longer fibres (with better reinforcement

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

3. Processing of thermosetting polymer matrix

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

A current barrier to the uptake of most current

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

 Naturally derived polymers are usually

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

 Thederivation of the polymers from

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

 The need for structural materials with

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

1. Green composites à environmentally

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

 Research on the reinforcement of PHAs with

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

Tensile strength of compression-moulded jute-PLA

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

 Models are used to simulate the

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

 Processingcan influence polymer

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

 The mechanical properties of

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

Tensile fracture surface of a compression-moulded PHB-

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

 The use of nanoclays in biopolymer

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

 Improve processing through design of

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

Thank you for your attention

RPP Polimer Alami (TIN162B) - Ono Suparno

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Composite consists of two (or more)

Main functions of the matrix are to

A composite material comprising one or

Matrices may be polymers, ideally derived

Fibres provide strength and stiffness

The selection of suitable fibres is

The matrix in a fibre-reinforced composite

Owing to the general incompatibility

Limitation of compounding and

The advantage of this approach:

A current barrier to the uptake of most current

Naturally derived polymers are usually

Thederivation of the polymers from

The need for structural materials with

Research on the reinforcement of PHAs with

Models are used to simulate the

Processingcan influence polymer

The mechanical properties of

The use of nanoclays in biopolymer

Improve processing through design of