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Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
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Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 387–395

7th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2022

7th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2022
Optimization of water filter station locations on polluted rivers of
Optimization of water filter station
Jakartalocations on polluted rivers of
Jakarta
Marcellino Vicasoa, Kevin Leonardo Kwantia, Arlexy Variana, Ivan Sebastian Edberta,
Marcellino Vicaso
Fabian
a
Surya , Kevin Leonardo
Pramudya b
, AlfiKwanti
a
, Arlexy
Y. Zakiyyah b Variana, Ivan
, Herolistra Sebastianb*Edberta,
Baskoroputro
Fabian Surya Pramudyab, Alfi Y. Zakiyyahb, Herolistra Baskoroputrob*
a
Computer Science Department,, School of Computer Science Bina Nusantara University,
a Anggrek
Computer Campus
Science Jl. Kebon
Department, Jeruk
, School of Raya No. 27
Computer Jakarta
Science 11530,
Bina Indonesia
Nusantara University,
b
Mathematics
Anggrek Department,
Campus Jl. ,Kebon
SchoolJeruk
of Computer
Raya No.Science Bina11530,
27 Jakarta Nusantara University,
Indonesia
b Anggrek Department,
Mathematics Campus Jl. ,Kebon
SchoolJeruk Raya No.Science
of Computer 27 Jakarta
Bina11530, Indonesia
Nusantara University,
Anggrek Campus Jl. Kebon Jeruk Raya No. 27 Jakarta 11530, Indonesia

Abstract
Abstract
Flooding has always been one of the challenging problems Jakarta faces for decades, damaging not only the infrastructure but also
the economic
Flooding aspectsbeen
has always of theonecity. Almost
of the every year,
challenging significant
problems Jakarta losses
facesare
forrecorded
decades, in both parts,
damaging notincluding for the residents
only the infrastructure but who
also
depend
the on it. One
economic of the
aspects repressive
of the steps for
city. Almost flood
every year,prevention
significant is losses
the placement of waste
are recorded filtering
in both parts,stations
including on for
the the
rivers in multiple
residents who
locations.
depend onAccording
it. One of theto the Ministrysteps
repressive of Environment and Forestry
for flood prevention is therepresentative
placement offor Jakarta,
waste therestations
filtering are currently
on the 28 waste
rivers filtering
in multiple
stations installed
locations. Accordingwithin Jakarta's
to the Ministry661.5 km2 region and
of Environment and13Forestry
rivers. Continuously
representative challenged
for Jakarta,withtherethe
areincreasing
currently 28amount
wasteoffiltering
waste,
flood prevention
stations installed efforts
within must include
Jakarta's 661.5installing
km2 region moreand filtering stations.
13 rivers. Therefore,challenged
Continuously studying the with optimum future station
the increasing amountlocation
of waste,to
minimize
flood the flooding
prevention effortshazard
must effectively becomes
include installing vital.
more This paper
filtering utilized
stations. the Hot Spot
Therefore, Spatial
studying theAnalysis
optimummethod
future to estimate
station several
location to
optimal areas
minimize that fit the
the flooding criterion
hazard of previously
effectively becomes built filtering
vital. stations.
This paper We the
utilized obtained the Spatial
Hot Spot local hotspot
Analysisstatistics
methodfor each parameter
to estimate several
from theareas
optimal Getis-Ord
that fitlocal statistics
the criterion ofequation.
previouslyInbuilt
addition, many
filtering necessary
stations. layers arethe
We obtained also utilized,
local hotspot such as volume
statistics of waste
for each filter
parameter
points,the
from population
Getis-Orddensity, and flood-affected
local statistics equation. Inareas datasets
addition, manyto roughly
necessary approximate
layers are the
alsoreal-world condition.
utilized, such Thisof
as volume study
wasteaims to
filter
providepopulation
points, recommendations
density, thatand can determine the
flood-affected optimal
areas datasetswaste filtering approximate
to roughly points and provide a better condition.
the real-world solution for Jakarta
This studyfrom
aimstheto
problemrecommendations
provide of the harmful amount of waste
that can in thetheriver
determine that could
optimal induce flooding
wastefiltering hazards.
points and provideThea result
better shows
solutionthat
forthe wastefrom
Jakarta filtering
the
stations in
problem of the
the 13 majoramount
harmful rivers inof Jakarta
waste inarethestill
rivernotthateffective.
could induceThis research helps to The
flooding hazards. showresult
the optimal
shows thatlocations suitable
the waste for
filtering
constructing
stations in the new13waste
majorfilters.
rivers in Jakarta are still not effective. This research helps to show the optimal locations suitable for
© 2022 Thenew
constructing Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
waste filters.
© 2023
2022TheTheAuthors. Published by by
Elsevier
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
© Authors. Published B.V. B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
ELSEVIER
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science and
and Computational
Peer-review
Computational under Intelligence
2022 2022
responsibility
Intelligence of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science
Keywords: Waste Filtering
and Computational Station; Location
Intelligence 2022Optimization Model; Hotspot Analysis; Flood Prevention System
Keywords: Waste Filtering Station; Location Optimization Model; Hotspot Analysis; Flood Prevention System

* Corresponding author.
h.baskoroputro@binus.ac.id
E-mail address:author.
* Corresponding
E-mail address: h.baskoroputro@binus.ac.id

1877-0509 © 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.

This is an ©
1877-0509 open access
2022 The article under
Authors. the CCby
Published BY-NC-ND
ELSEVIERlicense
B.V. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under
This is an open responsibility
access of the scientific
article under CC BY-NC-NDcommittee of the
license 7th International Conference on Computer Science and
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Computational Intelligence
Peer-review under 2022 of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science and
responsibility
Computational Intelligence 2022
1877-0509 © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational
Intelligence 2022
10.1016/j.procs.2022.12.150
388 Marcellino Vicaso et al. / Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 387–395
382 Vicaso et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000

1. Introduction

Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia located on Java Island and crossed by thirteen rivers.[1] As the capital city,
Jakarta continues to face many problems every year. Flooding has always been one of the most challenging problems
to be solved, especially during rainy seasons. According to Ginting,[2] flooding has become one of Indonesia's national
issues due to the frequency of floods in Jakarta, where flooding has become an annual schedule for everyrainfall event.
One of the leading causes of flooding is the amount of waste polluting Jakarta's rivers. The waste eventually creates
an overflow of water on the surfaces of the rivers, which reduces the ability of the rivers to accommodate the excessive
rainwaters during rainy seasons, resulting in flooding.
Flood is one of the disasters people fear most because flood comes with a high-water discharge, inundated with a
high level for a long time.[3] Floods also carry waste material that interferes with people's activities. In addition, floods
affect pristine water quality in a particular area. The water quality in rivers can be measured using Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD), the amount of oxygen used by microorganisms to decompose organic matter in water over five
days.[2] Lower BOD content indicates that the organic pollution content in the river is low3. Chemical OxygenDemand
(COD) is used to measure the water quality in rivers. The amount of oxygen needed to oxidize organic materials
chemically.[4] One of the studiesconducted by Rachmawati et al.[5] on the Krukut river showsthat the water quality in
the Krukut river is terrible, with BOD levels ranging from 2.63-9.72 mg/L, which no longer meets the water quality
standards of class I and class II. Furthermore, the water in the Krukut river does not meet the criteria to drink as raw
drinking water, and the level of COD ranges from more than 25 mg/L, which does not meet the standard quality.
One of the solutions to overcome the waste problem in Jakarta rivers is the placement of river waste filtering stations.
In Jakarta, there are already 28 (twenty-eight) river waste filtering stations placed over all 13 rivers that cross Jakarta.
However, the placement and operation of the river waste filtering station are not as effective and optimal enough as it
is currently, as shown by the research conducted on the Krukut river by Rachmawati et al.[5] Therefore, to increase
the effectiveness of the river waste filtering station as a solution to the flooding problems of Jakarta. Consequently, it
is necessary to place more river waste filtering stations at optimal locations where the river waste filtering station can
optimally filter as much waste as possible from the rivers.
One of the techniques used to find the optimal locations for river waste filtering stations is Hotspot spatial analysis.
Hot spot analysis is a spatial analysis and mapping technique interested in identifying the clustering of spatial
phenomena such as points in a map that refers to locations of events or objects.[6] In this study, the researcher
recommends determining the optimal waste filtering points and providing a better solution for Jakarta. Therefore, this
study will use hotspot analysis to cluster points in the map that can be stated as optimal waste filtering points.

2. Data

The water quality of the rivers of Jakarta is still poor. The appropriatedistribution of waste filtering on the river is
one of the answers to this problem. We analyze several datasets such as river flow, volume of average waste filtered,
flooding, population density, and waste filtering station locations.

Fig. 1 Jakarta Area

Fig. 1 shows the regional distribution area in Jakarta. DKI Jakarta Province area has 664.50 square kilometers[7]
and an ocean area of 6,977.5 km2 and recorded ±110 islands scattered in the Thousand Islands.[8] Administratively,
DKI Jakarta Province is divided into five municipalities and one administrative district, namely Central Jakarta with
 Marcellino Vicaso et al. / Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 387–395 389
Vicaso et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000 383

a land area of 47.90 km2; North Jakarta with a land area of 154.01 km2, West Jakarta with a land area of 126.15 km 2;
South Jakarta with a land area of 145.73 km2; East Jakarta with a land area of 187.73 km2 and Thousand Islands
Administrative Regency.[9]

Table 1. Dataset

Dataset Description

River in Jakarta Map of river structure in Jakarta

River Waste Filter The river waste filter location on

Jakarta

population density population density map in Jakarta

the average volume of filtered the average volume of waste in

waste Jakarta, this data is monthly data

Table 1 is the dataset needed to continue analyzing the optimal point of the river waste filter. In this study, the
researcher used data obtained from Jakarta Open Data to collect the location of waste filters on rivers in 202010, Jakarta
flooding data in 2020,[11] Jakarta river-based map,[12] and Jakarta population density from Indonesia Central Bureau
of Statistics (BPS).[13] River data in Jakarta to determine the position and the location of waters in Jakarta. This river
data is necessary because this analysis depends on the site of the river. From the dataset, there are 28 waste filtering in
Jakarta’s rivers. This dataset help researcher quickly determines the waste filters with an optimal point.

3. Methodology

In this paper, the researchers used Getis-Ord local statistic equation to cluster the high and low value. The first step
is to calculate the hotspot and use a spatial statistical model for flood location and population density inside the Jakarta
Province boundary. Then, the researchers obtained the local hotspot statistics for each parameter from the Getis-Ord
local statistics equation[14]:

∑𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑗𝑗=1 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖,𝑗𝑗 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 − 𝑥𝑥̅ ∑𝑗𝑗=1 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖,𝑗𝑗
𝐺𝐺𝑖𝑖∗ = 2
(1)
∑𝑛𝑛 2 𝑛𝑛
√⌈𝑛𝑛 𝑗𝑗=1 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖,𝑗𝑗 −(∑𝑗𝑗=1 𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖,𝑗𝑗) ⌉
𝑆𝑆
𝑛𝑛−1

where 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗 is the attribute value for feature 𝑗𝑗,𝑤𝑤𝑖𝑖,𝑗𝑗 is the spatial weight between feature 𝑖𝑖 and 𝑗𝑗, 𝑛𝑛 is equal to the total
number of features class. Equations (1), (2), and (3) are the Getis-Ord local statistic equation.

∑𝑛𝑛
𝑗𝑗=1 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗
𝑋𝑋̅ = (2)
𝑛𝑛

∑𝑛𝑛 2
𝑗𝑗=1 𝑥𝑥𝑗𝑗
𝑆𝑆 = √ − (𝑋𝑋̅ )2 (3)
𝑛𝑛

Getis-Ord 𝐺𝐺𝑖𝑖∗ statistic measures the intensity of clustering of high and low values (i.e., counts points of optimal
waste filtering) based on its density and neighboring[15] weight in certain areas known as “Hot Spot” and “Cold Spot.”
Hot Spots are defined as areas in which the species have reciprocal effects on each other’s fitness. Cold Spots, in
contrast, are defined as regions in which the fitness of at most one of the two species depends on interactions with the
second species[16]. The Hot Spot will have a high value and be surrounded by other features with high values and
390 Marcellino Vicaso et al. / Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 387–395
384 Vicaso et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000

vice versa for the Cold Spot.

∗
The result of 𝐺𝐺𝑖𝑖 is the estimated value in the z-axis for each pixelor point, thus requiring no further calculation. The
∗
𝐺𝐺𝑖𝑖 calculation returned a z-score for each feature in the dataset. The larger the z-scores represent statistically
significant hot spot cluster, and the smaller the z-scores represent statisticallysignificant cold spot cluster. Nonetheless,
both groups represent a high density of a feature value in certain areas.

4. Result and Discussion

Determining the location of the waste filter in the river is essential. Knowing the area is one way to deal with
flooding because floods are caused by overflowing river water inundated with waste. The focus of this research is to
analyse the existing waste filter in Jakarta and determine additional points for the location of the waste filter. Initial
research is toexamine population density. The consideration is that the higher the population density, the greater the
volume of wasteproduced.

Fig. 2 Population Density

In Fig. 2., we can see the population density of the Jakarta region. The red area on the figure represents hot spots
that show a high population density. In contrast, the blue area on the figure represents cold spots, which offers a low
population density. From this figure, most areas with high population density are located near the center of the Jakarta
region. Meanwhile, mostareas with low population density are located near the bordersof the Jakarta region. Johar Baru
is one of the areas with the most significant population density in Jakarta. From Fig.2, the largest Hot Spot percentage
is with 99%, namely in Johar Baru and Semper Barat, followed by areas with 95 % Hot Spot, Penggilingan and West
Cengkareng. Also, areas with the largest Cold Spot percentage, 99%, are Rorotan and West Cilandak; followed by
areas with 95% Cold Spots Pekayon and Jagakarsa.

Fig. 3. Jakarta Flood Map

 Marcellino Vicaso et al. / Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 387–395 391
Vicaso et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000 385

Fig. 3 shows the distribution points of floods that hit Jakarta in January - July 2020, where the flood was quite
severe. Areas severely affected by floods are in West Jakarta, while regions relatively safe from flooding are in Central
Jakarta. Fig. 3 shows that the downstream area is not much affected by the flood, while the upstream area is quite a lot
affected by the flood.

Fig. 4. Jakarta Flood Hotspot Map

Fig. 4 shows the hot spots of flooding in Jakarta. The red area in the figure represents areas with many flooding
incidents. The blue area in the figure represents cold spot areas in which said the area does not experience many
flooding incidents. From Fig. 4, it can be concluded that areas in North Jakarta, West Jakarta, East Jakarta, and South
Jakarta are high-priority areas. These areas are constantly experiencing flooding incidents as mostthe hot spots 95%
and hot spots 99% areas were in these regions whereas, Central Jakarta rarely experiences flooding incidents, thus
creating no hot spot area in Central Jakarta.

Fig. 5 River Waste Filter Locations

392 Marcellino Vicaso et al. / Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 387–395
386 Vicaso et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000

Fig. 6 Average waste filtered per month in each waste facility

Fig. 5 shows all locations of each waste filteringstation and the river flow in Jakarta. There are 28 waste filters spread
across five Jakarta regions. Central Jakarta contains three waste filters, North Jakarta has ten waste filters, West Jakarta
contains six waste filters, South Jakarta contains four waste filters, and EastJakarta contains five waste filters.
The average amount of waste filtered in Jakarta is 145m³ permonth. This number can be found by calculating the
amountof waste filtered in each location in that year divided by 12. For example, Fig. 6 shows the top contributors
among waste filters are TB Simatupang, located in South Jakarta with 20m³ worth of waste filtered per month, Hek
Keramat Jati located in East Jakarta with 12m³ costs of waste filtered per month, and Kali Cipanang-Tol Jagorawi
located in East Jakarta with 10m³ worth of waste filtered per month.

Fig. 7. Overlay flood with population density

 Marcellino Vicaso et al. / Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 387–395 393
Vicaso et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000 387

Fig. 8. The Analysis of waste filter locations based on the waste filter points, population density and flood-affected area.

Fig. 7. is the map data that has been overlaid with flood data in Jakarta and population density in Jakarta. Overlay
analysis is a process in geographic information systems (GIS) for acquiring new information by stacking or
overlapping information from two maps or two or more spatial data.
The result from analyzing the data is that the hotspot points show areas with dense populations and are affected by
flooding where the location is marked on the map with red color. For example, Fig. 7 shows the color points where
the area is blue (Cold Spot), indicating the region is still safe, and red / faded red (Hot Spot), telling the part is
vulnerable.
According to Fig. 8, based on overlay data on the volume of waste filter points, population density, and flood-
affected areas, an analysis of the optimal waste filter location points can be carried out. The analysis takes into
consideration the effect of the river flood, population density, and filtered waste per month in each area. The study
results indicate that the optimal location for waste collection facilities is in South Jakarta. In fact, the South Jakarta
area is affected by flooding and the massive volume of filtered waste.

Fig. 9. Recommendation for Waste Filter Stations Locations

Fig. 9. is the map of the results from the analysis where the researcher determines some suitable areas for building
a new waste filter in the Jakarta River. Researchers have determined West Jakarta, South Jakarta, and East Jakarta
394 Marcellino Vicaso et al. / Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 387–395
388 Vicaso et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000

from the map. The researchers chose the West Jakarta area because of the map overlay results in Fig. 8, where the red
hotspot is prone to flooding, close to Soekarno Hatta International Airport. On the other hand, the researcher chose the
area around East Jakarta from the overlay map because of the lack of waste filters in the East Jakarta area. Meanwhile,
the area is prone to flooding and is densely populated.
The data shows that the South Jakarta River is the largest producer of waste, and if seen from the flood data, South
Jakarta is also prone to flooding. Therefore, according to Fig. 9, the researcher suggests for additional waste filter
station. The first location is in the border area between Jagakarsa (South Jakarta) and Pasar Rebo (East Jakarta). The
second point location is the border area between Cengkareng and Kalideres (West Jakarta). This area is near the airport.
Finally, the thirdpoint location is Cilincing (North Jakarta) and Cakung (East Jakarta). This is the area with a massive
volume of flooding.

5. Conclusion

In conclusion, there are 28 river waste filters in Jakarta, 13 ofthem located in major rivers in Jakarta. However, the
analysis shows that waste filtering in the Jakarta area is still not effective enough. One of the reasons is that many
locations accommodate large amounts of waste without a waste filter nearby. Therefore, using the hotspot analysis
method in densely populated areas in Jakarta helps determine the flood-affected areas and the volume of waste filters
per month in the river waste filter in Jakarta. Furthermore, Hot Spot helps find the optimal location suitable for
constructing a new waste filter in the river. This research shows that the areas ideal for building new waste filters in
rivers are West Jakarta, South Jakarta, and North Jakarta.

Acknowledgment

This work is supported by the Research and Technology Transfer Office, Bina Nusantara University as part of the
Penelitian Internasional Binus: Optimasi Graf Neural Networks pada Data Sains project, with contract number No.
017/VR.RTT/III/2021 and contract date 22 Maret 2021. The data used in this research are publicly available through
DKI Jakarta Provincial Government repository of https://data.jakarta.go.id/. We are also grateful to ESRI – Indonesia
for the support in this research internship program and for providing essential GIS tools through their partnership with
Geo-AI Research and Innovation Laboratory, School of Computer Science, Bina Nusantara University.

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