The Valley Cathedral Academy, Inc.

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

1. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
U 1- 2. SAMPLING & SAMPLING
NI 2 DISTRIBUTION

T
TASK BASED LEARNING MODEL

GRADE ELEVEN
Learning Area STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Fourth Quarter – Second Semester
Module 1 Duration 5 Weeks

Topic/s Lesson 3: The Normal Distribution

Lesson 4: Random Sampling, Parameter and Statistic, and Sampling
Distribution of Statistics
Lesson 5: Finding the Mean & Variance of Sampling Distribution of the
Sample Means

Textbook: Statistics and Probability

Reference/s Statistics and Probability, Rex Bookstore
 Rene R. Belecina, Elisa S. Baccay, Efren B. Mateo 2016
Online  Statistics%20_%20Probability_Q3_Mod1_Random
Resources %20Variables%20and%20Probability%20Distributions.pdf
 Statistics%20_%20Probability_Q3_Mod2_Mean%20and
Resource/s: %20Variance%20of%20Discrete%20Random%20Variable
%20v2.pdf
 Statistics%20_%20Probability_Q3_Mod3_The%20Normal
%20Distribution.pdf
 Statistics%20_%20Probability_Q3_Mod4_Random
%20Sampling, %20Parameter%20and%20Statistic.pdf
 Statistics%20_%20Probability_Q3_Mod5_Finding%20the
%20Mean%20and%20Variance.pdf

Subject Teacher: MR. DAVE HOMER H. MORALES

3
WEEK
The Normal Distribution
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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to:

 illustrate a normal random variable and its characteristics (M11/12SP-IIIc-1);

 identify regions under the normal curve that correspond to different standard normal values (M11/12SP-IIc-
3);
 convert a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice versa (M11/12SP-IIIc-4);
 compute probabilities and percentiles using the standard normal distribution (M11/12SP-IIIc-d-1).

LESSON PROPER
O

Lesson
The Normal Distribution and
1 Its Properties

What’s In?
Aside from earnings and benefits,
certain deductions are usually taken
out before they
can receive their take-home pay.
Employers withhold or deduct taxes,
contributions for SSS,
Philhealth, and Pag-IBIG, and other
required deductions
Standard deductions are mandatory
and fixed amount or

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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

a percentage of the basic salary held

by any authority as a form of
necessary dues.
Directions: Anticipation-Reaction Guide. Complete the table by putting check as to AGREE or DISGAREE on
the corresponding columns for the following statements. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Statement Agree Disagree

1. The normal curve of the distribution is bell-shaped.

2. In a normal distribution, the mean, median and mode are of equal

values.

3. The normal curve gradually gets closer and closer to 0 on one

side.

4. The normal curve is symmetrical about the mean.

5. The distance between the two inflection points of the normal

curve is equal to the value of the mean.

The normal distribution is just one of the distributions to be discussed in this course. It is also considered as the
most important distribution in Statistics because it fits many real-life situations. This lesson will bring us a
deeper understanding of the normal distribution and its characteristics.

To give us a deeper understanding of the concept of the normal distribution, let us learn more about its
properties.
The following are the properties that can be observed from the graph of a normal distribution, also known
as Gaussian distribution.

1. The graph is a continuous curve and has a domain -∞ < X < ∞.

• This means that X may increase or decrease without bound.
2. The graph is asymptotic to the x-axis. The value of the variable gets closer and closer but will never
be equal to 0.
As the x gets larger and larger in the positive direction, the tail of the curve approaches but will never touch the
horizontal axis. The same thing when the x gets larger and larger in the negative direction.

3. The highest point on the curve occurs at x = µ (mean).

• The mean (µ) indicates the highest peak of the curve and is found at the center.

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• Take note that the mean is denoted by this symbol µ and the standard deviation is denoted
by this symbol .
• The median and mode of the distribution are also found at
the center of the graph. This indicates that in a normal
distribution, the mean, median and mode are equal.
4. The curve is symmetrical about the mean.
• This means that the curve will have balanced proportions
when cut in halves and the area under the curve to the right
of mean (50%) is equal to the area under the curve to the left
of the mean (50%).
5. The total area in the normal distribution under the curve is equal to 1.
• Since the mean divides the curve into halves, 50% of the area is to the right and 50% to its
left having a total of 100% or 1.
6. In general, the graph of a normal distribution is a bell-shaped curve
with two inflection points, one on the left and another on the right.
Inflection points are the points that mark the change in the curve’s
concavity.
• Inflection point is the point at which a change in the direction
of curve at mean minus standard deviation and mean
plus standard deviation.
• Note that each inflection point of the normal curve is one standard deviation away from the
mean.

7. Every normal curve corresponds to the “empirical rule”

(also called the 68 - 95 - 99.7% rule):
• about 68.3% of the area under the curve falls
within 1 standard deviation of the mean

• about 95.4% of the area under the curve falls

within 2 standard deviations of the mean

• about 99.7% of the area under the curve falls

within 3 standard deviations of the mean.

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Consider the following examples:

1. Suppose the mean is 60 and the standard deviation is 5, sketch a normal curve for the distribution.
This is how it would look like.

2. A continuous random variable X is normally distributed with a mean of 45 and standard deviation
of 6. Illustrate a normal curve and find the probability of the following:

a. P (39 < X < 51) = 68.3% c. P (X > 45) = 50%

*Since the area covered is 1 standard of the deviation to * Since the area covered is half
the left and to the right. curve.

b. P (33 < X < 63) = 97.55% d. P (X < 39) = 15.85%

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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Lesson
The Standard Normal
2 Distribution
The standard normal distribution, which is denoted by Z, is also a normal distribution having a
mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Since the normal distribution can have different values for its mean
and standard deviation, it can be standardized by setting the µ = 0 and the = 1.

As mentioned earlier, normal variable is standardized by setting the mean to 0 and standard
deviation to 1. This is for the purpose of simplifying the process in approximating areas for normal curves.
As shown below is the formula used to manually compute the approximate area.

However, this formula is seldom used because a table was created to summarize the approximate areas
under the standard normal curve and to further simplify the process. This table of probabilities is known as
the z- table.

The Z - Table
Let us get a closer look at the z-table. The outermost column and row represent the z-values. The
first two digits of the z-value are found in the leftmost column and the last digit (hundredth place) is found
on the first row.

Suppose the z-score is equal to 1.85, locate the first two digits 1.8 in the leftmost column and the
last digit, .05, can be located at the first row. Then find their intersection which gives the corresponding
area. Therefore, given z = 1.85, the area is equal to 0.9678.

Other Examples:

1. Find the area that corresponds to z = 2.67 Answer: 0.9962

2. Find the area that corresponds to z = 1.29 Answer: 0.9015
3. Find the area that corresponds to z = 3 Answer: 0.9987

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4. Find the area that corresponds to z = - 0.64 Answer: 0.2611

5. Find the area that corresponds to z = - 2.33 Answer: 0.0099

Note: The z-table used is the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of the Standard Normal Curve.

Now that you already know how to use the z-table to find the corresponding area for the z-score, let us
identify the regions under the nomal curve that corresponds to different standard normal values. In order to
find the regions, a probability notation is used.
The probability notation P(a < Z < b) indicates that the z-value is between a and b, P(Z > a) means z-value is
above a and P(Z < a) means z-value is below a. It would not matter whether we are considering P(Z < a) or P(Z
≤ a) or P(Z > a) or P(Z ≥ a). To illustrate, let us consider these examples:

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The Z- Score
The z-score is an essential component in standard normal distribution. This allows us to describe a given set of
data by finding the z-scores. This leads us to a question of how z-scores are identified?
Given a normal random variable X with mean (µ) and standrad deviation ( ), each value of x of the variable
can be transformed into z-scores using the formula,

To illustrate how the value of x can be converted in z-score, here are some examples.

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1. A random variable X has a mean of 6 and a standard deviation of 2. Find the corresponding z-score
for x = 11.

Example in Problem Solving

1. The scores in the summative test of 11- STEM B are normally distributed with a mean of 65 and a standard
deviation of 12. Find the probability that some students got a score below 40. Solution:

The Percentile
A percentile is a measure used in statistics indicating the value below which a given percentage of
observations in a group of observations fall.
Imagine you took a standardized test and you scored 91 at the 89 th percentile. This means that 89% of the
examiners scored lower than 91 and 11% scored higher than 91. This explains that 89 th percentile is located

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where 89% of the total population lies below and 11% lies above that point. To illustrate the 89 th percentile
of the normal curve here are the steps:

1. Express the given percentage as probability, remember 89% is the same as

0.8900.
2. Using the z-table (Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of the Standard Normal Curve), locate
the area of 0.8900.
3. There is no area corresponding exactly to 0.8900. It is between of 0.8888 with a corresponding z -
score of 1.22 and 0.8907 with a corresponding z - score of 1.23. The nearest value to 0.8900 is
0.8888 and therefore, the distribution lies below z = 1.22.
4. Construct a normal curve and shade the region to the left of 1.22.

Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of the Standard Normal Curve

z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.519 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
9
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.559 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
6

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0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.598 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
7
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.636 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
8
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.673 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
6
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.708 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
8
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.742 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
2
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.773 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
4
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.802 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
3
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.828 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
9
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.853 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.874 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
9
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.894 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
4
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.911 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
5
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.926 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
5
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.939 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
4
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.950 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
5
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.959 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
9
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.967 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
8
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.974 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
4
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.979 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
8
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.984 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.987 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
8

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2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.990 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
6
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.992 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
9
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.994 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
6
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.996 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
0
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.997 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
0
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.997 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
8
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.998 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
4
3.0 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.998 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990
9
3.1 0.9990 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.999 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993
2
3.2 0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.999 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995
4
3.3 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996 0.999 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997
6
3.4 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.999 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998
7

Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of the Standard Normal Curve

z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
-3.4 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002
-3.3 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003
-3.2 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
-3.1 0.0010 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007
-3.0 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010
-2.9 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014
-2.8 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019
-2.7 0.0035 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
-2.6 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036
-2.5 0.0062 0.0060 0.0059 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048
-2.4 0.0082 0.0080 0.0078 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.0066 0.0064
-2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
-2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
-2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
-2.0 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183

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-1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
-1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
-1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
-1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
-1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
-1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
-1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
-1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
-1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
-1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
-0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
-0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
-0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
-0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
-0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
-0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
-0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
-0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
-0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641

ACTIVITY
Activity I: Complete the Table
Directions: Read the instructions given and write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
A. Complete the table by converting the given values into z-scores. Then find the corresponding area
using the z-table.

APPLICATION
Test II. Multiple Choice.
Directions: Choose the best answer and write the chosen letter on your answer sheets.
1. Which of the following denotes the standard normal distribution?
A. A C. Y
B. X D. Z

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2. Which of the following describes the standard normal distribution?

A. has a mean of zero (0) and a standard deviation of 1.
B. has a mean of 1 and a variance of zero (0).
C. has an area equal to 0.5.
D. cannot be used to approximate discrete probability distributions.

3. What is the formula in finding the z-score?

4. A random variable X has a mean of 4 and a standard deviation of 2. What is the corresponding z-score for x
= 7?
A. 0.5
B. 1.0
C. 1.5
D. 2

5. What is the area if the z - score given is -1.83?

A. 0.0344
B. 0.0336
C. 0.0329
D. 0.0322

6. What is the z-value if the area is 0.9608?

A. -1.76
B. -1.77
C. 1.76
D. 1.77

7. Using the standard normal curve, what is the approximate area of P(1.63 < Z < 2.79)?
A. 0.0049
B. 0.0490
C. 0.9484
D. 0.9974

8. The weights (in kg) of 11-STEM B follow a normal distribution and has a mean of 50 and a standard
deviation of 5. How many students have weights greater than 57? A. 1.4
B. 0.0808
C. 0.9192
D. 0.9332

9. What is the value of 97.5th percentile in a standard normal distribution?

A. -1.96
B. -1.97
C. 1.96
D. 1.97

10.What is the value of 67th percentile in a standard normal distribution?

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A. -0.43
B. -0.44
C. 0.43
D. 0.44

WEEK
Random Sampling,Parameter and Statistic,
4 and Sampling Distribution of Statistics
By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to:
 illustrate random sampling; (M11/12SP-IIId-2)
 distinguish between parameter and statistic; (M11/12SP-IIId-3)
 identify sampling distribution of statistics (sample mean).(M11/12SP-IIId-4)

LESSON PROPER

Lesson
Random Sampling
1

If a researcher wants to observe, examine or test a theory or hypothesis, he will consider the problem by
selecting a section of the population of the study using a method called random sampling. In random sampling,
all subjects in the population listed in the study have the same chances of being chosen for the survey. This
means that, ultimately, each member of the sample retains characteristics, or impartial characteristics, of the
population. With random sampling, the conclusions of the post-hypothesis tests applied to the sample selection
will apply to the entire population as well. This is due to the fact that the selection of the sample essentially
represents the characteristics of the population from which it is obtained, since each member of the sample was
drawn unbiased from the population data. When bias in sample selection is avoided, the results of a particular
study are considered more conclusive and the error is minimized.

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The population refers to the whole group under study or investigation. In research, the population does
not always refer to people. It may mean a group containing elements of anything you want to study, such as
objects, events, organizations, countries, species, organisms, etc.
A sample is a subset taken from a population, either by random sampling or by non-random sampling. A
sample is a representation of the population where it is hoped that valid conclusions will be drawn from the
population.

Random sampling is a selection of n elements derived from the N population, which is the subject of an
investigation or experiment, where each point of the sample has an equal chance of being selected using the
appropriate sampling technique.
Types of Random Sampling Techniques
1. Lottery sampling is a sampling technique in which each member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected. An instance of this is when members of the population have their names represented
by small pieces of paper that are then randomly mixed together and picked out. In the sample, the members
selected will be included.
2. Systematic sampling is a sampling technique in which members of the population are listed and samples
are selected at intervals called sample intervals. In this technique, every nth item in the list will be selected from
a randomly selected starting point. For example, if we want to draw a 200 sample from a population of 6,000,
we can select every 3rd person in the list. In practice, the numbers between 1 and 30 will be chosen randomly to
act as the starting point.
3. Stratified random sampling is a sampling procedure in which members of the population are grouped on
the basis of their homogeneity. This technique is used when there are a number of distinct subgroups in the
population within which full representation is required. The sample is constructed by classifying the population
into subpopulations or strata on the basis of certain characteristics of the population, such as age, gender or
socio-economic status. The selection of elements is then done separately from within each stratum, usually by
random or systematic sampling methods.
Example:
Using stratified random sampling, select a sample of 400 students from the population which are grouped
according to the cities they come from. The table shows the number of students per city.
City Population (N)
A 12,000
B 10,000
C 4,000
D 2,000
Solution:

To determine the number of students to be taken as sample from each city, we divide the number of students per city by
total population (N= 28,000) multiply the result by the total sample size (n= 400).

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City Population (N) Sample (n)

A 12,000 12,000
28,000 x (400)= 171
B 10,000 10,000
28,000x (400)= 143
C 4,000 4,000
x (400)= 57
28,000
D 2,000 2,000
4. x (400)= 29 Cluster
28,000
sampling is
sometimes referred to as area sampling and applied on a geographical basis. Generally, first sampling is
performed at higher levels
before going down to lower levels. For
example, samples Lesson 2 Parameter and Statistic are taken randomly
from the provinces first, followed by
cities, municipalities or barangays, and then from households.
5. Multi-stage sampling uses a combination of different sampling techniques. For example, when selecting
respondents for a national election survey, we can use the lottery method first for regions and cities. We can
then use stratified sampling to determine the number of respondents from selected areas and clusters.

A parameter is a descriptive population measure. It is a measure of the characteristics of the entire

population (a mass of all the units under consideration that share common characteristics) based on all the
elements within that population.
Example:
1. All people living in one city, all-male teenagers worldwide, all elements in a shopping cart, and
all students in a classroom.
2. The researcher interviewed all the students of a school for their favorite apparel brand.
Statistic is the number that describes the sample. It can be calculated and observed directly. The statistic
is a characteristic of a population or sample group. You will get the sample statistic when you collect the sample
and calculate the standard deviation and the mean. You can use sample statistic to draw certain conclusions
about the entire population.

Example:
1. Fifty percent of people living in the U.S. agree with the latest health care proposal. Researchers can’t ask
hundreds of millions of people if they agree, so they take samples or part of the population and calculate the
rest.

2. Researcher interviewed the 70% of covid-19 survivors.

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Lesson Sampling Distribution of the

3 Sample Means

A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 10 and 12. Consider samples of size 2 that can be
drawn from this population. A. How many possible samples can be drawn?
To answer this, use the formula NCn (the number of N objects taken n at a time), where N is the total
population and n is the sample to be taken out of the population,
In this case N= 5 and n= 2
5C2 = 10
So, there are 10 possible samples to be drawn.

B. Construct the sampling distribution of sample means.

List all the possible outcome and get the mean of every sample.

Sample Sample mean

2, 3 2.5
2, 4 3
2, 6 4
2, 10 6
2, 12 7
3, 10 6.5
3, 6 4.5
3, 12 7.5
6, 10 8
6, 12 9

Observe that the means vary from sample to sample. Thus, any mean based on the sample drawn from
a population is expected to assume different values for samples.

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C. This time, let us make a probability distribution of the sample means. This probability distribution is called
the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sample mean Probability

2.5 or 0.1
3 or 0.1
4 or 0.1
4.5 or 0.1
6 or 0.1
6.5 or 0.1
7 or 0.1
7.5 or 0.1
8 or 0.1
9 or 0.1
1
Observe that all sample means appeared only one; thus, their probability is P(x) = or 0.1
10
A sampling distribution of sample mean is a frequency distribution using the means computed from all
possible random samples of a specific size taken from a population.
Construct a sampling distribution of sample mean for the set of data below.
86 88 90 95 98
Consider a sample size of 3 that can be drawn from a population.

A. How many possible samples can be drawn?

To answer this, use the formula NCn, where N is the total population and n is the sample to be taken out
of the population,
In this case N= 5 and n= 3
5C3 = 10

So, there are 10 possible samples to be drawn.

B. Construct the sampling distribution of sample means.

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List all the possible outcome and get the mean of every sample.
Sample Sample mean
86, 88, 90 88
86, 90, 95 90
86, 90, 98 91
86, 90, 95 90
86, 90, 98 91
86, 95, 98 93
88, 90, 95 91
88, 90, 98 92
88, 95, 98 94
90, 95, 98 94

C. This time, let us make a probability distribution of the sample means. This probability distribution is called,
the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Sample mean Probability
88
or 0.1
90
or 0.2
91
or 0.3
92
or 0.1
93
or 0.1
94
or 0.2

1
Observe that 88, 92 and 93 appeared only once; thus their probability is P(x)= or 0.1. Since 90 and 94
10
2 3
appeared twice, their probability is P(x)= or 0.2. While 91 appeared thrice, their probability is P(x)= or
10 10
0.3.

Observe that the total probability of all sample means must be equal to 1.

ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY I: MULTIPLE CHOICE; Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. It refers to the entire group that is under study or investigation.

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A. population
B. sample
C. random sampling
D. subset

2. It is a subset taken from a population, either by random or nonrandom sampling techniques.

A. population
B. sample
C. random sampling
D. lottery sampling

3. What sampling technique in which members of the population are listed and samples are selected in intervals
called sample intervals.
A. systematic sampling
B. lottery sampling
C. stratified random sampling
D. quota sampling

4. It is sometimes called area sampling, it applies on a geographical basis.

A. systematic sampling
B. lottery sampling
C. stratified random sampling
D. cluster sampling

5. It refers to a part of the sampling technique where each sample point has an equal chance of being selected.
A. systematic sampling
B. lottery sampling
C. random sampling
D. quota sampling

Activity II: Classification

Decide whether the statement describes a parameter or statistic. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The average income of 40 out of 100 households in a certain Barangay is P 12, 213.00 a month.
2. Percentage of red cars in the Philippines.
3. Number of senior high schools in Region 3.
4. A recent survey of a sample of 250 high school students reported the average weight of 54.3 kg.
5. Average age of students in East High School.

APPLICATION
Test I: Fill in the Blank
Direction: Complete the statement by filling in the blank. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

A ___________ is a frequency distribution using the means computed from all possible random samples of a
specific size taken from a population. To get the possible samples use the formula ______, where N is the
________ and n is the ____ size to be taken. The total probability of the sample mean must be equal to ____.

Test II: Probability Solving

Construct a sampling distribution of sample mean and answer the questions on your answer sheet.

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Samples of 3 cards are drawn from a population of five cards numbered from 1-5.
1. How many are the possible outcomes?

2. What are the possible means?

3. What is the probability of getting 4 as a mean?

4. What is the probability of getting 2 as a mean?

5. What is the probability of getting 3.33 as a mean?

WEEK Finding the Mean and the Variance

5 of the Sampling Distribution of the
Sample Means
By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to:
 find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean (M11/12SP-IIId-5);
 define the sampling distribution of the sample mean for normal population when the variance is: (a) known; (b)
unknown (M11/12SP-IIIe-1).

LESSON PROPER

Recognize that the sampling distribution of the sample means is definitely the probability
distribution of the sample means, which also implies that the sample is the random variable in this
probability distribution. But since the sampling distribution of the means is the probability distribution
of the random variable X, we could perhaps calculate its mean and variance.

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In this lesson, we shall solve for the mean in the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means and
investigate some of its important properties along with the definition for normal population when the variance is
known and unknown.

Situation: It is Monday! Harvey is very enthusiastic and challenged for his Modular Distance Learning
(MDL) experience at Week 5 in Statistics and Probability. His encounter with past quarters and
modules justifies his excitement in learning more about the core subject. He chose the MDL's Digital
Module Scheme because it is more practical to his condition.
On the other hand, his mobile phone notified him that Module 5 of Statistics and Probability had been
posted to their Facebook Learning Space, ready to be accessed and downloaded. Surprisingly, there's a
problem with Harvey. He forgot his 5-digit smartphone passcode!
Let us help Harvey decode his passcode by reviewing the past lesson on the introduction of sampling
distribution of sample means.
Direction: On your answer sheets, copy the Code Table and review the concepts of the previous lesson
by completing the paragraphs and tables provided. Link them to the corresponding number in the Code
Table.

Code Table:
CODE
ANSWER 602.720 3.727 24.550 13.889 5.860

Concept 1 Reviewer: Recall that the Variance (𝛔𝟐) and the Standard deviation (𝛔) of ungrouped data are
computed by using the formulas presented on the next page, respectively.

Concept 1 Example:
Given the set of data: X = { 2, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13 }, complete the corresponding table and compute for the
variance and standard deviation.

X X2
2 4
5 25

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6 36
9 81
11 121
13 169
Total: 46 Total: 436

Concept 2 Reviewer: Recall that the Mean (𝛍) or the Expected Value E(X) of a discreet probability distribution
is computed using the formula presented below.
𝝁 = 𝑬(𝑿) = 𝚺[𝑿 ∙ 𝑷(𝑿)]
where:
μ = mean
E(X) = expected value
X = value of the random variable
P(X) = probability value of the random variable

Concept 2 Example:
Find the mean or the expected value of the given probability distribution below.

X P(X) X • P(X)
0 0.100 0.000
2 0.150 0.300
4 0.200 0.800
5 0.140 0.700
6 0.150 0.900
8 0.090 0.720
11 0.030 0.330
15 0.050 0.750
14 0.050 0.700

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16 0.030 0.480
18 0.010 0.180
46 1.000 5.860

Mean or Expected Value:

𝜇 = 𝐸(𝑋) = Σ[𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)]

𝜇 =𝐸(𝑋)=(𝟑)

Concept 3 Reviewer:

Recall that the Variance (𝛔𝟐) and the Standard deviation (𝛔) of probability distribution are
computed by using the formulas presented below, respectively.

where: where:

σ2 = variance σ = standard deviation

X = score or value X = score or value

P(X) = probability value of the P(X) = probability value of the
random variable random variable
μ = mean or expected value μ = mean or expected value

Concept 3 Example:
Compute the variance and standard deviation of the given probability distribution below.

X X2 P(X) X2 • P(X)
0 0 0.100 0.000
2 4 0.150 1.200
4 16 0.200 12.800
5 25 0.140 17.500
6 36 0.150 32.400
8 64 0.090 46.080
11 121 0.030 39.930
15 225 0.050 168.750
14 196 0.050 137.200
16 256 0.030 122.880
18 324 0.010 58.320

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46 1 267 1.000 637.060

Congratulations! You accessed Harvey’s smartphone. Now, Module 5 of his subject, Statistics and
Probability, can be made available and downloaded. Let us continue to help Harvey explore his learning
experience through this module!
The next part of this module will be a brief and simple discussion of the lesson. This will be followed
by a series of formative assessment activities. Hey, just boost it up!

Illustrative Example:
The following table gives the sum of tutorial rate of six teachers in Central Luzon per month. Suppose
that random samples of size 4 are taken from this population of six teachers, do the following tasks.
Teacher Tutorial Rate (in thousand pesos) X
A 8
B 12
C 16
D 20
E 24
F 28
1. Solve for the mean of the population μ.
2. Solve for the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means μx.̄
3. Compare μ and μx̅.
4. Solve for the variance (σ2) and the standard deviation (σ) of the population.
5. Solve the variance (σ2x̅) and the standard deviation (σx̅) of the sampling distribution of the sample
means μx̅.
6. Compare σ and σx̅.
Solutions:

1. The population mean μ is solved as follows.

Therefore, the population mean of the tutorial rates of the select teachers in Central Luzon is 18
thousand pesos per month.

2. To solve for the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means, the following steps are
to be considered.

a. Identify the possible samples of size 4 and compute their individual means.

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Sample Mean
Possible Sample
𝐗̅
8, 12, 16, 20 14
8, 12, 16, 24 15
8, 12, 16, 28 16
8, 12, 20, 24 16
8, 12, 20, 28 17
8, 12, 24, 28 18
8, 16, 20, 24 17
8, 16, 20, 28 18
8, 16, 24, 28 19
8, 20, 24, 28 20
12, 16, 20, 24 18
12, 16, 20, 28 19
12, 16, 24, 28 20
12, 20, 24, 28 21
16, 20, 24, 28 22
b. Construct the sampling distribution table for the sample means and multiply the sample means to their
probabilities.
Sample Mean Frequency Probability
𝐗 ̅• P (𝐗 ̅)
𝐗̅ F P (𝐗 ̅)
14 1 1/15 14/15
15 1 1/15 15/15
16 2 2/15 32/15
17 2 2/15 34/15
18 3 3/15 54/15
19 2 2/15 38/15
20 2 2/15 40/15
21 1 1/15 21/15
22 1 1/15 22/15
Total 15 15/15 or 1 270/15 = 18
Solve for the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means by using the following formula;
𝜇𝑥 ̅ = Σ[𝑋 ̅ • 𝑃(𝑋 ̅)].
𝜇𝑥 = Σ[𝑋 ̅ •𝑃(𝑋 ̅)] =270/15
= 18
Therefore, the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is 18.

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3. The population mean μ is 18 and the mean of the sample means μx̅ is
18. Therefore, μ = μx̅.
4. To solve for the variance (σ2) and the standard deviation (σ) of the population, the given table below
will be utilized.

X X2
8 64
12 144
16 256
20 400
24 576
28 784
108 2,224

5. To solve for the variance (σ2x ̅) and the standard deviation (σx ̅) of the sampling distribution of the sample
means, the following steps are to be considered.
a. The following formula will be utilized to solve for the variance (σ 2x )̅ and the standard deviation (σx )̅ of the
sampling distribution of the sample means.

b. Construct the sampling distribution table for the sample means, square the sample means and
multiply the result to the probabilities.

Sample Mean Probability

𝐗̅ 𝐗 2̅ P (𝐗 ̅) 𝐗 2̅ • P (𝐗 ̅)

14 196 1/15 196/15

15 225 1/15 225/15
16 256 2/15 512/15
17 289 2/15 578/15
18 324 3/15 972/15

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19 361 2/15 722/15

20 400 2/15 800/15
21 441 1/15 441/15
22 484 1/15 484/15
Total 2 976 15/15 or 1 4 930/15 or 328.67

c. Solve for the variance and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means by
using the given formula.

Therefore, the variance and the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means are 4.67 and
2.16, respectively.

6. The variance of the population and sample mean are equal with the value of 4.67. The standard deviation of
the population is 6.83 and standard deviation of the sample means is 2.16. Therefore, σ ≠ σx ̅.

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