DESIGN SUBMISSION FOR

REINFORCED SOIL WALL SYSTEM

CONSTRUCTION OF REINFORCED SOIL WALL FOR DALMIYA PRIVATE SIDING WITH WARF
WALL LOADING FACILITY FOR COAL DESPATCH FROM DALMIYA OCP AT SALANPUR AREA
OF ECL.

GCEPL/2023-24/RSW/ALLIED /ASANSOL/R0
 DESIGN SUBMISSION
FOR
REINFORCED SOIL WALL SYSTEM

PROPOSED DALMIYA PRIVATE SIDING

WITH WARF WALL LOADING FACILITY FOR
PROJECT
COAL DESPATCH FROM DALMIYA OCP AT
SALANPUR AREA OF ECL
CLIENT M/s EASTERN COAL FIELDS LTD.
EPC M/s ALLIED INFRASTRUCTURES &
CONTRACTOR PROJECTS PVT LTD
DESIGN
M/s RITES LTD.
CONSULTANT
SANCTIONING
M/s EASTERN RAILWAY
AUTHORITY
RS WALL
CONTRACTOR G-CUBE ENGINEERING PVT. LTD
 CONTENT

SR.NO DESCRIPTION
1 RS WALL SYSTEM

2 PANEL REINFORCEMENT DESIGN

3 REQUIRED SAFE BEARING CAPACITY

4 RS WALL DESIGN SUMMARY

5 RS WALL DESIGN
RS WALL SYSTEM
MSE WALL SYSTEM

The system proposed by us is a polyester geogrid as a reinforced soil in

the retaining wall with Pre-cast Concrete Fascia panels as facing units,
designing and constructed on the principle of Mechanically Stabilized
Earth Walls (MSE).

Reinforced Soil System

MSE walls comprise of some type of reinforcing element incorporated into
the fill soil in horizontal layers to help resist lateral earth pressure and to
assure stability of the structure. These systems are more flexible and
faster to construct than other available conventional systems of retaining
soil. A variety of facings can be used and the resulting aesthetic options
can be provided. The most popular facing currently are used for
Mechanically Stabilized Earth Wall (MSE) wall construction worldwide
is with Modular Concrete Block Units and Pre-cast Concrete Fascia
Panels. These are popular because of their aesthetic appeal, ease in
installation, higher durability and flexibility. This system of geogrid
reinforced segmental retaining walls is being used successfully worldwide
for over 15 to 20 years.

The Product: Polyester Geogrid

We propose the usage of Polyester Geogrid manufactured some of the
world’s most reputed Geogrid manufacturers with several decades of
track record. Geogrids like are uniaxial geogrid of polyester filaments
available in a range of strengths. It’s double weft structure of highly
oriented woven polyester strips provides powerful and dependable
reinforcement in demanding applications. These Geogrids are constructed
from highly oriented woven polyester filaments and is suitable to
reinforce most types of soils. With excellent low creep and high flexibility
of yarn based products and high long-term design strength make it an
ideal reinforcement for any type of reinforced soil structure.
These Geogrids meet the most stringent segmental retaining wall design
criteria of today’s engineers and contractors. They offer excellent in-soil
creep resistance, develop high block-to-grid connection strength, provide
a high long-term design strength thus reducing the total amount of
geogrid required and offer high modulus and low long-term tensile strain
compatible with the soil structure.
 Design Boundary Conditions:
The reinforced soil structure is analyzed as a Mechanically Stabilized
Earth (MSE) retaining wall. The reinforced structure proposed is a single
retaining wall with maximum exposed height depending upon site
conditions with min. 1.0 m embedment below the EGL.
The grade at the top and bottom of the MSE retaining wall is understood
to be level and the fascia of the reinforced wall is understood to be of
pre-cast concrete panels or pre-cast concrete blocks. The initial batter of
the wall is kept at 2 degrees (say) to the vertical. A live load surcharge of
24 kN/sqm (equivalent to 1.2m of fill as per IRC-78: 2000) for
approaches and for abutment wall is considered for design as per the
available data.

Design Methodology:
The design submission presented is based on the Federal Highway
Administration Code [FHWA–NHI–00-043] USA Design Manual for
Segmental Retaining Walls. A Tie-Back Wedge Method of internal stability
analysis and a Gravity-Mass external stability analysis is used and this is
consistent with current recommended practice in geotechnical
engineering. The Coulomb’s earth pressure theory is used for internal and
external stability analysis.

Soil Conditions and Fill Material Selection:

The properties of the soil in the reinforced zone, used in the design are as
follows:
Bulk Unit
Soil Friction Angle Cohesion
Weight
Bottom Ash Fill 30 degrees Ignored 16 kN/m3

Foundation soil 30 degree Ignored 18 kN/m3

The soil used as reinforced fill is well graded, free draining and particle
size should be < 15% finer than 75 micron sieve. The Reinforced soil
should also have Plasticity Index ≤ 6 and Cu > 2.
For the design of the structures, viz., the reinforced soil retaining wall,
the foundation soil is considered firm and stable. This eliminates the
possibility of exceeding ultimate limit state criteria for bearing and
instabilities extending below the reinforced structure. It is assumed that
the soils in the reinforced structure exhibit uniform strength properties
and is isotropic and homogeneous. Changes in these soil properties may
significantly affect the geogrid quantities and factors of safety with
respect to internal and external stability.
Foundation Details:
Due to its flexible nature, reinforced structure can tolerate much higher
deformations, without causing structural distresses. A level foundation
should be prepared after compacting the sub-grade by several passes of
roller. For the Precast Concrete panels of size [1580mm X 1580mm X
160mm] or [1600mm X 2000mm X 160mm] or modular blocks, a
200mm thick PCC foundation leveling pad in M20 grade concrete is
recommended.

The depth of embedment should be min. 1.0 m below EGL. Any soft
clayey strata, filled soil or weak stratum observed at the founding level
shall be replaced with granular material having angle of internal friction
not less than 32 degree.

For walls in locations where groundwater can result in build-up of

seepage/hydrostatic forces within the height of the reinforced soil mass,
a base drain that provides drainage beneath the MSE wall, that provides
drainage below and away from the reinforced soil foundation is strongly
recommended to ensure proper long-term functionality of the MSE wall.

The Safe bearing capacity shall be verified before placing the concrete for
leveling pad and should be more than or equal to the design requirement.

If the soil condition is such that the ground improvement is required, this
should be treated separately and is not covered under this submission.

Drainage Conditions:
600 mm wide drainage bay portion shall be filled with well-graded
aggregate of size ranging between 19.1 mm to 9.5 mm / A Geocomposite
Drain of the type Composite Drain 500 6HD-110P or equivalent should be
placed behind the facing unit to collect and drain away the excess water
in the reinforced zone. This Geocomposite should be placed just behind
the facing units up of the wall .It is recommended that non-woven
geotextile filter fabric be wrapped around a 150 mm diameter top half
perforated PVC drainage pipe and placed along the toe of wall for
drainage. The outlet for this arrangement will be at the end of the wall.

Design Points Needs to be confirmed at site

1. Reinforced Fill:
The Bottom Ash, which is proposed to be used as reinforced fill shall be
tested to ascertain the suitability for required quantity, grading, type and
availability of required quantity etc.
The reinforced soil is tested at two stages. The first stage is to ascertain
the suitability of the fill while the second stage to ensure that the backfill
envisaged in design is used during construction.
To ascertain the suitability of the fill, sample should be drawn from the
borrow area by drawing a grid of 25m c/c to full depth, logging sampling
for ascertaining suitability of borrow material as per MORT&H section
specifications. Following test shall be carried out as per Indian standards.

i. Sieve Analysis- IS :2720 Part-2 tests per 3000 cu.m of soil.

ii. Atterberg Limit Tests- IS :2720 Part 5-2 tests per 3000 cu.m of soil.
iii. Compaction Tests- IS:2720 relevant part corresponding to modified
as well as Standard Proctor Test -2 tests per 3000 cu.m of soil
iv. Direct Shear Tests- IS 2720 Part 13 & 39to ascertain the peak angle
of shearing resistance. The tests should be done at 95 percent of
modified Proctor Density at – 2 percent of OMC at a frequency of 1 per
3000 cu.m of fill.
During the construction the quality control should be exercised by
conducting one set of density test of 3000 sq.m of compacted area
considering the importance of compaction in reinforced soil walls. one set
shall consist of 6 tests. The density tests shall be carried out in
accordance with IS-2720 Part 28.
The fill material in the reinforced soil zone shall have drained or effective
angle of friction not less than 32 degrees, measured in accordance with
IS:2720 (Part 13), by conducting drained direct shear test.
The gradation of fill shall be as per following limits
Sieve Size Percentage Passing
75mm 100%
425 micron 0-60%
75 micron Less than 15%
PI ≤ 6

The fill material used in the reinforced soil zone shall be free from organic
or other deleterious materials and shall not react adversely (chemically,
electrically, biologically) with the reinforcement material/ Facia material.
Properties of fill soil in the reinforced zone, unreinforced zone (or retained
/ back fill) soil and foundation soil shall be determined accurately during
the construction phase , as per quality assurance plan and direction of
Engineers so as to ensure that these are the same as those considered in
the design.
2. Foundation Soil:-
The Safe bearing capacity shall be verified before placing the concrete for
leveling pad and should be more than or equal to the design requirement.

If the soil condition is such that the ground improvement is required, this
should be treated separately and is not covered under this submission.

3. Construction and Serviceability Tolerance

The construction tolerance shall be as per following
Grade of Facing Panel concrete –M35
Casting of the pre-cast RCC panels: All elements shall be manufactured
within the following tolerance.
• All dimensions within ± 5mm
• Evenness of front face : ± 5mm over 1500mm
• Difference between lengths of two diagonals: 5mm max.
• Thickness: +5mm (-) 0mm.
Tolerance of faces of Reinforced soil wall
Tolerance
Location of plane of structure ± 75mm
Bulging (vertical) and Bowing (Horizontal) ± 30mm in 4.5m template
Steps at joint ± 10mm
PANEL REINFORCEMENT DESIGN
 GEOGRID REINFORCED PANEL DESIGN

500 1000 500

400 P

800
P
400
wv kN/m
2000 BM diagram

P P wh kN/m

BM diagram
Introduction:

The fascia elements of Geogrid reinforced soil wall are reinforced concrete panels. The standard panel covers an effective area of
about 2 m x 1.60m. Geogrid is connected the panel by loop and toggle arrangement. Geogrid of different strength ranging from
60kN/m to 400kN/m are used for the construction of reinforced soil wall as per strength requirement depending on the loads for
different wall heights.

For the design and construction purpose the panels are distinguished as normal panels and heavy panels depending upon the
strength of Geogrid connected to the panel. Panels with Geogrid of strength less than or equal to 200kN/m are designated as
normal standard panels [S] and for panels with Geogrid of strength more than 200kN/m are designated as heavy panels [SH].

The panels are designed in two directions i.e., vertical plane and horizontal plane as one way spanning slabs. It considered that the
slabs shall resist a uniformly distributed soil pressure Wv in the vertical plane and Wh in horizontal plane. The Geogrid connections
to the panels are modeled as simple supports.

Design of standard normal and heavy panels by Limit State Method as per provisions of IS: 456 - 2000 has been presented herein.

Load on Panels:

As described above, for normal panels the maximum strength of Geogrid is 300kN/m and for heavy panels the maximum strength of
Geogrid is 400kN/m. Following minimum partial safety factors are considered in design.

Durability reduction factor (RFd) 1.10

Installation damage factor (Rfid) 1.07
Creep Reduction factor (RFc) 1.47
Minimum Factor of Safety (F.O.S) 1.5
width of grid 0.3 m

Characteristic Strength, Tult, kN/m 200 250

Characteristic Strength, Tult, kN 60 75
Long Term Design Strength, kN 34.68 43.35
LTDS = Tult/ (RFdxRFidxRFc)
Force in the reinfrocement F, (LTDS) 23.12 28.90

Page: 1/3
At each connection there are two Geogrid

Uniformly distributed load on panel in vertical plane, w v, kN/m:

For 300 kN Geogrid = 4*2*23.12/1.6 = 115.59 kN/m
For 400 kN Geogrid = 4*2*28.90/1.6 = 144.49 kN/m

Uniformly distributed load on panel in horizontal plane, w h, kN/m:

For 200 kN Geogrid = 4*2*23.12/2 = 92.48 kN/m
For 300 kN Geogrid = 4*2*28.90/2 = 115.59 kN/m

Bending moment and Shear Force

Vertical Plane:

P, support reaction = wv x 0.8

Bending moment at Support, BMs = wv x 0.4^2/2

Bending moment at Midspan, BMms = wv x 0.8^2/2 - P x 0.4

Shear force at Face of Support, SFs = wv x (0.4-t/2)

Shear force at Midspan, SFms = wv x 0.8 - P

P BMs BMms SFs SFms

kN kN.m kN.m kN kN
For 300 kN/m Geogrid 92.48 9.25 0.00 46.24 0
Horizontal Plane:

P, support reaction = wh x 1.0

Bending moment at Support, BMs = wh x 0.5^2/2

Bending moment at Midspan, BMms = wh x 1^2/2 - P x 0.5

Shear force at Face of Support, SFs = wh x (0.5)

Shear force at Midspan, SFms = wh x 1.0 - P

P BMs BMms SFs SFms

kN kN.m kN.m kN kN
For 300 kN/m Geogrid 92.48 11.56 0.00 46.24 0.00
Panel Details:
Total thickness of Panel : 180 mm
Thickness of asthetic design : 0 mm
Effective thickness of Panel : 180 mm
Characteristic Strength of Concrete : 35 N/sq.mm
Characteristic Strength of Steel : 500 N/sq.mm
Clear cover to the Reinforcement : 50 mm from Earth Side

Page: 2/3
Reinforcement Requirement:
For 200 kN Geogrid For 250 kN Geogrid
Vertical Horizontal Vertical Horizontal
Plane Plane Plane Plane
Bending Moment : 9.25 11.56 11.56 14.45 kN.m
Design Bending Moment : 13.87 17.34 17.34 21.67 kN.m
Effective depth, d : 126 118 125 115 mm
Width, b (perpendicular to plane): 2000 1600 2000 1600 mm
Area of steel required : 256.95 347.08 325.08 449.14 sq.mm
Minimum area of steel : 432.00 345.60 432.00 345.60 sq.mm (IS: 456, Cl. 26.5.2.1)
Provide : 10T8 8T8 10T10 8T10
Area of steel provided : 502.65 402.12 785.40 628.32
Check Ast provided > Ast Reqd : Safe Safe Safe Safe
Check for Shear:
For 200 kN Geogrid For 250 kN Geogrid
Vertical Horizontal Vertical Horizontal
Plane Plane Plane Plane
Maximum Shear Force : 46.24 46.24 57.80 57.80 kN
Design Shear Force : 69.36 69.36 86.70 86.70 kN
Effective depth, d : 126 118 125 115 mm
Width, b (perpendicular to plane): 2000 1600 2000 1600 mm
Shear Stress τ : 0.275 0.367 0.347 0.471 N/sq.mm
Percentage Steel provided : 0.199 0.213 0.314 0.341
K 1.280 1.280 1.280 1.280 N/sq mm
τc 0.330 0.340 0.403 0.418
Shear Strength of Concrete tck : 0.422 0.436 0.516 0.534 N/sq.mm (IS: 456, Cla. 40.2
Check K τc > τ Safe Safe Safe Safe and Table 19)

Page: 3/3
RS WALL DESIGN
SUMMARY
 DESIGN SUMMARY
GEOTECHNICAL INPUT PARAMETERS

g
Soil Data c' (kPa) f (Degree)
(kN/m3)
Reinforced fill (bottom Ash) 0 16.00 30.0
Retained Fill (bottom Ash) 0 16.00 30.0
Foundation Soil Properties 0 18.00 30.0
Seismic Zone III

DESIGN HEIGHT(m) 9.6 8.8 8 7.2 6.4 5.6

DESIGN SECTION DS 11 DS 10 DS 9 DS 8 DS 7 DS 6
TYPE LENGTH(m) TYPE LENGTH(m) TYPE LENGTH(m) TYPE LENGTH(m) TYPE LENGTH(m) TYPE LENGTH(m)
1 GU 250 7.70 GU 200 7.10 GU 200 6.50 GU 200 5.90 GU 200 5.30 GU 150 4.70
2 GU 200 6.80 GU 200 6.20 GU 200 5.60 GU 200 5.10 GU 150 4.50 GU 150 4.00
3 GU 200 6.80 GU 200 6.20 GU 200 5.60 GU 150 5.10 GU 150 4.50 GU 120 4.00
4 GU 200 6.80 GU 200 6.20 GU 150 5.60 GU 150 5.10 GU 120 4.50 GU 100 4.00
5 GU 200 6.80 GU 150 6.20 GU 150 5.60 GU 120 5.10 GU 100 4.50 GU 80 4.00
6 GU 150 6.80 GU 150 6.20 GU 120 5.60 GU 100 5.10 GU 80 4.50 GU 80 4.20
7 GU 150 6.80 GU 120 6.20 GU 100 5.60 GU 80 5.10 GU 80 4.70 GU 60 5.30
8 GU 120 6.80 GU 100 6.20 GU 80 5.60 GU 80 5.2 GU 60 5.80
9 GU 100 6.80 GU 80 6.20 GU 80 5.6 GU 60 6.3
10 GU 80 6.8 GU 80 6.20 GU 60 6.8
11 GU 80 6.8 GU 60 7.20
12 GU 60 7.7
REQ. SBC(kN/m2) 249.40 233.51 217.60 201.67 185.71 169.67

DESIGN HEIGHT(m) 4.8 4 3.2 2.4 1.6

DESIGN SECTION DS 5 DS 4 DS 3 DS 2 DS 1
TYPE LENGTH(m) TYPE LENGTH(m) TYPE LENGTH(m) TYPE LENGTH(m) TYPE LENGTH(m)
1 GU 150 4.20 GU 120 3.60 GU 100 3.10 GU 80 3.00 GU 80 3.00
2 GU 120 3.40 GU 100 3.00 GU 80 3.00 GU 80 3.00 GU 60 3.00
3 GU 100 3.40 GU 80 3.00 GU 80 3.00 GU 60 3.20
4 GU 80 3.40 GU 80 3.30 GU 60 3.80
5 GU 80 3.80 GU 60 4.30
256 GU 60 4.80
REQ. SBC(kN/m2) 151.15 134.67 115.62 91.28 71.04
REQUIRED SAFE BEARING CAPACITY
 REQUIRED SAFE BEARING CAPACITY

Due to its flexible nature, reinforced structure can tolerate much higher deformations, without causing structural distresses. Meyerhof stress, σv is the base
pressure at the founding level of RS wall, and thus is the safe bearing capacity requirement for the structure.The safe bearing capacity requirement at the
founding stratum indicated in design summary and drawings is on the basis of Meyerhof stress.

Soil Data c' (kPa) ϒ (kN/m3) ф (Degree)

Reinforced fill 0 16.00 30.0
Retained Fill 0 16.00 30.0
Foundation Soil 0 18.00 30.0
Embedment Depth 1.0 m

Calculated
Design Effective Block Required safe
Wall Height (m) L (m) e (m)
Section Width B= (L-2e)(m) Bearing Capacity
(kN/m2)
9.60 DS 11 7.70 0.93 5.85 249.40

8.80 DS 10 7.10 0.86 5.38 233.51

8.00 DS 9 6.50 0.80 4.91 217.60
7.20 DS 8 5.90 0.73 4.44 201.67
6.40 DS 7 5.30 0.66 3.97 185.71
5.60 DS 6 4.70 0.59 3.51 169.67
4.80 DS 5 4.20 0.51 3.18 151.15
4.00 DS 4 3.60 0.43 2.73 134.67
3.20 DS 3 3.10 0.34 2.42 115.62
2.40 DS 2 3.00 0.23 2.55 91.28
1.60 DS 1 3.00 0.13 2.73 71.04

SAMPLE CALCULATION :
For Height 9.60 m
Rv = Sum of Vertical Load 1458.60 kN/m2 As Per Design

Vertical Stress at the base of the wall (according to Meyerhof) :-

q = Rv / (L-2e) = 1458.60 = 249.40 kN/m2
5.85
For foundation soil:-
Beraing Capacity Factors Ø= 30.0 Degree
Nc = 30.14
Nq = 18.40
Nϒ = 22.40
water table correction 0.50

Ult. Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (qult)f = c Nc + gf d (Nq-1) w' + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng w'
(qult)f= 0 + 156.61 + 589.58
(qult)f = 746.19 kN/m2

qallow = qult / FOS = 746.19 = 298.47 kN/m2

2.5

qallow > qreq hence SAFE

RS WALL DESIGN
 DESIGN OF GEOGRID REINFORCED SOIL WALLS

Design Methodology

US Department of Transportation FHWA-NHI-00-043 Mechanically stabilized

earth walls and reinforced soil slopes design and construction guidelines

REINFORCED SOIL WALL HEIGHT 9.6 m

Document: GCEPL/2023-24/RSW/SALANPUR/9.6 m.
INPUT DATA
Wall Geometry
Design Height of wall, H 9.60 m
Height of the Wall (above the G.L.) H' 8.60 m
Depth of Embedment Dm 1.00 m

Pavement Thickness Trm 0.63 m

Average unit weight of pavement ϒrm 22 (kN/m3)

Total Struc./Mechanical Ht. of wall HT 10.23 m

Carriage way width Cb 9.00 m

Wall Inclinication
Measured from Vertical w 0 (Degrees)
Measured from Horizontal a 90 (Degrees)

Slopes
Front slope angle i 0 (Degrees)
Back slope angle b 0 (Degrees)

Input Soil Parameters (Long-term Stability)

Φ
Soil Data
c' (kPa) (Degree) ϒ (kN/m3)
Corelation of soil properties
for borrow-pit is essential at
Reinforced Infill Soil ( Soil 1) 0.00 30 16.00 site
Retained Soil (soil 2) 0.00 30 16.00
GI If Reqd (By Others), to meet min
Foundation Soil 0.00 30 18.00 criteria for SBC Reqd & post construction
settlement <100 mm

Input External Loads (Refer IRC:78-2000)

2
Dead Load Surcharge DL 13.75 (kN/m )
Live Load Surcharge LL 20.00 (kN/m2) (equivalent to 1.2m of fill as per IRC-78: 2000)
Crash barrier & Friction Slab Load SL 8.00 (kN/m2)

Width of fricition slab bF 2.00 m

Dis.from Wall Edge to Centre of SL, d 1.00 m
% coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Input Seismic Parameters

Seismic Zone III
Ground acceleration coefficient, α0 0.12
Wall acceleration coefficient, αm 0.160

Input facing Panel details

Type of fascia T- Panels
Height of facing panel 1.60 m
Width of facing panel 2.00 m
Thickness of facing panel 0.18 m
Grade of Concrete M 35
a) for Geosynthetics reinforcement :- (Partial material Factors)
Type: GU 60 GU 80 GU 100 GU 120 GU 150 GU 180 GU 200 GU 250 GU 300 GU 350
Index tensile strength
60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 150.00 180.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00
kN/m

Creep reduction factor, F-

1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47
creep

Manufacturing,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm11
Extrapolation of test data,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm12
Installation damage,
1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07
Fm21
Durability,
1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
Fm22

Global Reduction factor 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730
Long Term Design strength
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

T-available
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

width of Geogrid
0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
(m)
Coverage Ratio, Rc 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60

Coefficient of Pullout,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Ci
Coefficient of Direct Sliding,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Cds
Coefficient of interaction,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
a

Partial Safety Factors :-

In Static In Seismic

Partial Factor of safety against Bearing & Tilt 2.00 1.500

Partial Factor of safety against Overturning 2.00 1.500
Partial Factor of safety against Sliding 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against Rupture strength 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against connection strength at break 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against adherence 1.50 1.125
External Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Design Height of the Wall (Including Embedment) 9.60 m

Trial Length of Reinforcement 6.72 m 6.80 m

(Minimum Trial Length = Greater of 0.7H & 2.50m) (Refer, page-86, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Provided Length of Reinforcement 7.70 m

Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement 0.8 m

Earth Pressure Coefficient for External Stability :- (Refer, page-87, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Inclination of front face of wall, w = 0 Degree < 10 Degree
Ka = Tan2 (45 - f/2) = 0.3333

Calculations for Resisting & Driving Moments :-

Vertical Force (Rv):

weight of reinforced soil mass, [L*H*Ƴr] V1 1182.7 kN/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, [DL*L] V2 105.9 kN/m
Traffic surcharge [LL*L] V3 154.0 kN/m
weight of crash barrier [SL] V4 16.0 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rv 1458.6 kN/m
Horizontal Force (Rh):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, [0.5*ka*Ƴb* H2] H1 245.8 kN/m
due to Dead Load [ka*H*DL] H2 44.0 kN/m
due to Traffic surcharge [ka*H*LL] H3 64.0 kN/m
Total Horizontal force Rh 353.8 kN/m
 Resisting Moment (Mr):
weight of reinforced soil mass, V1*L/2 4553.5 kN-m/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, V2*L/2 407.6 kN-m/m
Traffic surcharge V3*L/2 592.9 kN-m/m
weight of crash barrier V4*bf/2 16.0 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 5570.0 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 4977.1 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment (Mo):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, H1*H/3 786.4 kN-m/m
due to Dead Load H2*H/2 211.2 kN-m/m
due to Traffic surcharge H3*H/2 307.2 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 1304.8 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 2.92 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 0.93 m

Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-

qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e) (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
qreq. = 249.40 kN/m2

249.40 249.40
kN/m2 kN/m2
7.70

Mayerhoff equivalent stress distribution

Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees
Bearing Capacity Factors Nc 30.14
Nq 18.40
Ng 22.40 (Refer, page-97, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
water table correction factor, w' = 0.5
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
= 0 + 589.58
(q)f = 589.58 kN/m2
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' Rh M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No.
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 1458.6 1304.6 353.8 4977.09 1304.83 0.93 249.404 589.58

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-

for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/6 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of e/L = 0.120 < 1/6 Safe

for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 2.00 (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of (qult)f / qreq = 2.36 >2 Safe

Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.50 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

m = Tanf = 0.578 (Refer, page-94, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 2.130 > 1.50 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 2

The value of Mr' / Mo = 3.81 >2 Safe
Internal Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Internal Stability Calculatios for tensile force, is explained at a particular depth of RE wall from the top,

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 8.40 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 6.80 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60
Check for Rupture of Reinforcement
The max.tensile force due to vertical loading due to self weight of fill plus surcharge loading :-
Tpj = Ka * σvj * Svj (Refer, page-109, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The maximum vertical stress svj 168.15 kN/m
The maximum tensile force Tpj 44.84 kN/m

The dispersion with Dj 6.20

The maximum tensile force due to external loading Tsj 0.34 kN/m

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 45.18 kN/m

for Geogrids
Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 200.00 kN/m
Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 115.59 kN/m

Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47

Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFc x RFid xTmax ] 1.53 > 1.50 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = F* g hj Le C Rc a
Tmax (Refer, page-112, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
F* = Ci Tan φ = 0.46 C = 2
scale correction factor, a = 0.80

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside failure wedge,

Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 6.11 (page-113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Pullout resistance Tjr = (F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 401.18
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 8.88 > 1.50 Safe
External Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Peak ground acceleration Ah 0.12

Max. wall acceleration coefficient for external Stability Am(ext) 0.1596
Max. wall acceleration coefficient for internal Stability Am(int) 0.1596
Vertical Seismic Coefficient av 0.00
Seismic Inertia Angle (External Stability) q(ext) 9.07 Degrees
Seismic Inertia Angle (Internal Stability) q(int) 9.07 Degrees

Seismic Earth Pressure :- As per Mononobe - Okabe expression :- (Refer, page-100, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

cos2 (f - ψ - 90 - Ɵ)
KAE =
sin(f+b) sin(f-ψ -b) 2
cosψ cos2(90-Ɵ) cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) 1 +
cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) cos(b-90+Ɵ)

Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient , if Am> 0 (Kae) 0.440

if Am = 0 (Kae) 0.333
Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient Increment (DKdyn) 0.1070

Required factor of safety for sesmic loading 75% of static FOS

Height of Re wall (Including Embedment) H 9.60 m

Length of reinforcement L 7.70 m

Total Vertical force Rv 1458.6 kN/m

Total Vertical force (without live load) Rv' 1304.6 kN/m
Horizontal force in static condition Rhstatic 353.8 kN/m

Horizontal Siesmic Thrust (Refer, page-98 & 113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Horizontal Inertia force 0.5 Am Ƴr H2 PIR 117.67 kN/m
Seismic thrust, 0.5 [0.5 (DKdyn) Ƴf H2] 0.5 PAE 39.46 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rhstatic + PIR + 0.5PAE Rh 510.9 kN/m

Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 5570.0 kN-m/m

Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 4977.1 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment due to loads in static cond. Mo 1304.8 kN-m/m
adding seismic effect to the overurning moments
Due to horizontal Inertia force PIR * H/2 564.82 kN-m/m
Due to seismic thrust, 0.5 PAE * 0.6 H 227.29 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 2096.9 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 2.38 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 1.47 m
Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-
qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e)
qreq. = 306.29 kN/m2
Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees Bearing Capacity Factors :- Nc 30.14
Ng 22.40
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng
= 0 + 480.08
2
(q)f = 480.08 kN/m
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No. Rh (kN/m)
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 1458.6 1304.6 510.9 4977.09 2096.94 1.469 306.29 480.08

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-
for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/4
The value of e/L = 0.191 < 1/4 Safe
for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 1.50
The ult. Bearing capacity of stabilized soil, (qu)f = 480.08 kN/m2
The Required Bearing capacity of soil, qreq = 306.287 kN/m2
The value of (qult)f / qreq = 1.57 > 1.50 Safe
Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.125
m = Tanf = 0.578
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 1.475 > 1.125 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 1.50

The value of Mr' / Mo = 2.37 > 1.50 Safe

Internal Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 8.40 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 6.80 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 45.18 kN/m

Seismic loads produce an Internal force PI acting horizontally in addition to static force,
PI = Wa Am (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
2
where, Wa - weight of the active zone = [0.5 Ƴr tan (45-f/2) H ]
Dynamic increment induced by Inertia force PI in the different R/f Proportional to their Resistant area on
load per unit wall width basis - Tmd = PI * Lej / ∑Lej (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Mass of the wedge [0.5 gr tan (45-f/2) H2] W 425.67
Seismic force acting per unit width of wall, Am W PI 67.94 kN/m
Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone Lej 6.11 m
∑ Lej 50.14
Dynamic increment,directly induced by Inertia force
Tmd 8.27 kN/m
PI * Lej / ∑Lej

Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 200.00 kN/m

Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 115.59 kN/m
Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47
Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFid x [RFc x Tmax + Tmd] ] 1.36 > 1.125 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = (0.8F*) g hj Le C Rc a / Tmax

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside

Failure wedge, Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 6.11
Pullout resistance Tjr = (0.80F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 320.95
Tj 53.46
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 6.00 > 1.125 Safe
External Stability Calculation - (static condition)

Reinforcement Layout Details OVERTURNING SLIDING

Provided
Layer No R vj R hj Mr (kN- Mo e Remark
zj hj S vj Length e/L Remark Remark
from (kN/m) (kN/m) m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/6] Mr / Mo FOS
(m) (m) (m) (m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 2] [FOS ≥ 1.5]
bottom

1 0.40 9.20 0.80 7.70 1255.82 329.21 4779.36 1168.27 0.97 0.127 SAFE 4.09 SAFE 1.76 SAFE

2 1.20 8.40 0.80 6.80 1023.85 282.66 3433.23 923.75 0.95 0.140 SAFE 3.72 SAFE 1.67 SAFE

3 2.00 7.60 0.80 6.80 936.74 239.53 3137.29 715.10 0.81 0.120 SAFE 4.39 SAFE 1.81 SAFE

4 2.80 6.80 0.80 6.80 849.63 199.81 2841.36 539.60 0.69 0.102 SAFE 5.27 SAFE 1.96 SAFE

5 3.60 6.00 0.80 6.80 762.53 163.50 2545.42 394.50 0.58 0.085 SAFE 6.45 SAFE 2.16 SAFE

6 4.40 5.20 0.80 6.80 675.44 130.61 2249.48 277.08 0.48 0.071 SAFE 8.12 SAFE 2.39 SAFE

7 5.20 4.40 0.80 6.80 588.36 101.13 1953.55 184.62 0.39 0.058 SAFE 10.58 SAFE 2.69 SAFE

8 6.00 3.60 0.80 6.80 501.28 75.06 1657.61 114.37 0.32 0.047 SAFE 14.49 SAFE 3.09 SAFE

9 6.80 2.80 0.80 6.80 414.20 52.41 1361.68 63.61 0.27 0.039 SAFE 21.41 SAFE 3.65 SAFE

10 7.60 2.00 0.80 6.80 327.14 33.17 1065.74 29.61 0.23 0.034 SAFE 35.99 SAFE 4.56 SAFE

11 8.40 1.20 0.80 6.80 240.08 17.34 769.80 9.64 0.23 0.034 SAFE 79.89 SAFE 6.40 SAFE

12 9.20 0.40 0.80 7.70 171.16 4.93 605.35 0.96 0.32 0.041 SAFE 632.62 SAFE 16.05 SAFE

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Check For External Sliding - [ seismic condition]

Reinforcement Layout Details Rhj (kN)

Mo Mr
OVERTURNING SLIDING
Rvj e Remark
Layer zj hj Svj L (kN- (kN- e/L Remark Remark
Rh(static) Rh(dyn.) Rhj (kN) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/4] Mr / Mo FOS
No (m) (m) (m) (m) m/m) m/m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 1.5] [FOS ≥ 1.125]

1 0.40 9.20 0.80 7.70 329.21 144.31 473.52 1255.82 1865.43 4779.36 1.53 0.199 SAFE 2.56 SAFE 1.23 SAFE
2 1.20 8.40 0.80 6.80 282.66 120.30 402.96 1023.85 1454.40 3433.23 1.47 0.216 SAFE 2.36 SAFE 1.17 SAFE
3 2.00 7.60 0.80 6.80 239.53 98.48 338.01 936.74 1108.12 3137.29 1.23 0.181 SAFE 2.82 SAFE 1.28 SAFE
4 2.80 6.80 0.80 6.80 199.81 78.84 278.64 849.63 821.11 2841.36 1.02 0.150 SAFE 3.45 SAFE 1.41 SAFE
5 3.60 6.00 0.80 6.80 163.50 61.38 224.88 762.53 587.88 2545.42 0.83 0.122 SAFE 4.32 SAFE 1.57 SAFE
6 4.40 5.20 0.80 6.80 130.61 46.10 176.71 675.44 402.97 2249.48 0.67 0.098 SAFE 5.56 SAFE 1.77 SAFE
7 5.20 4.40 0.80 6.80 101.13 33.01 134.13 588.36 260.88 1953.55 0.52 0.077 SAFE 7.46 SAFE 2.03 SAFE
8 6.00 3.60 0.80 6.80 75.06 22.10 97.16 501.28 156.14 1657.61 0.40 0.060 SAFE 10.56 SAFE 2.38 SAFE
9 6.80 2.80 0.80 6.80 52.41 13.37 65.77 414.20 83.27 1361.68 0.31 0.046 SAFE 16.26 SAFE 2.91 SAFE
10 7.60 2.00 0.80 6.80 33.17 6.82 39.99 327.14 36.77 1065.74 0.25 0.037 SAFE 28.76 SAFE 3.78 SAFE
11 8.40 1.20 0.80 6.80 17.34 2.46 19.80 240.08 11.18 769.80 0.24 0.035 SAFE 68.12 SAFE 5.60 SAFE
12 9.20 0.40 0.80 7.70 4.93 0.27 5.20 171.16 1.01 605.35 0.32 0.041 SAFE 588.99 SAFE 15.21 SAFE
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall - (static condition)

Coefficient of Active Earth Pressure (Int.Stab) Ka 0.333

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Reinforcement Layout Details Reinf. Properties Adherence of Reinforcement

T max Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L svj Dj T pj T sj T ult PSF avail Lej Remark
(kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.5] Tjr PSF avail
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN) (m) [FOS ≥ 1.5]

1 0.40 9.20 0.80 7.70 180.95 6.60 48.25 0.32 48.58 250.00 144.49 1.78 SAFE 7.47 533.0 10.97 SAFE

2 1.20 8.40 0.80 6.80 168.15 6.20 44.84 0.34 45.18 200.00 115.59 1.53 SAFE 6.11 401.2 8.88 SAFE

3 2.00 7.60 0.80 6.80 155.35 5.80 41.43 0.37 41.79 200.00 115.59 1.66 SAFE 5.65 338.8 8.11 SAFE

4 2.80 6.80 0.80 6.80 142.55 5.40 38.01 0.40 38.41 200.00 115.59 1.81 SAFE 5.18 281.7 7.33 SAFE

5 3.60 6.00 0.80 6.80 129.75 5.00 34.60 0.43 35.03 200.00 115.59 1.98 SAFE 4.72 229.8 6.56 SAFE

6 4.40 5.20 0.80 6.80 116.95 4.60 31.19 0.46 31.65 150.00 86.70 1.64 SAFE 4.26 183.1 5.79 SAFE

7 5.20 4.40 0.80 6.80 104.15 4.20 27.77 0.51 28.28 150.00 86.70 1.84 SAFE 3.80 141.7 5.01 SAFE

8 6.00 3.60 0.80 6.80 91.35 3.80 24.36 0.56 24.92 120.00 69.36 1.67 SAFE 3.34 105.5 4.23 SAFE

9 6.80 2.80 0.80 6.80 78.55 3.40 20.95 0.63 21.57 100.00 57.80 1.61 SAFE 2.87 74.6 3.46 SAFE

10 7.60 2.00 0.80 6.80 65.75 3.00 17.53 0.71 18.24 80.00 46.24 1.52 SAFE 2.41 48.9 2.68 SAFE

11 8.40 1.20 0.80 6.80 52.95 2.60 14.12 0.82 14.94 80.00 46.24 1.86 SAFE 1.95 28.5 1.91 SAFE

12 9.20 0.40 0.80 7.70 40.15 2.20 10.71 0.97 11.68 60.00 34.68 1.78 SAFE 2.39 21.3 1.83 SAFE

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall- [ seismic condition]

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Internal Inertial Force Due to the Weight of the Infill within the Active Zone PI = 67.94 kN

Reinforcement Layout Details Provided Geogrid Adherence of Reinforcement

Tj T md T max Remark Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L Lej T ult PSF avail
(kN) (kN) (kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.125] Tjr PSF avail [FOS ≥
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN)
1.125]

1 0.40 9.20 0.80 7.70 7.47 48.58 10.12 58.70 250.00 144.49 1.56 SAFE 426.4 7.27 SAFE

2 1.20 8.40 0.80 6.80 6.11 45.18 8.27 53.46 200.00 115.59 1.36 SAFE 320.9 6.00 SAFE

3 2.00 7.60 0.80 6.80 5.65 41.79 7.65 49.44 200.00 115.59 1.48 SAFE 271.0 5.48 SAFE

4 2.80 6.80 0.80 6.80 5.18 38.41 7.02 45.43 200.00 115.59 1.61 SAFE 225.3 4.96 SAFE

5 3.60 6.00 0.80 6.80 4.72 35.03 6.40 41.42 200.00 115.59 1.76 SAFE 183.8 4.44 SAFE

6 4.40 5.20 0.80 6.80 4.26 31.65 5.77 37.42 150.00 86.70 1.46 SAFE 146.5 3.91 SAFE

7 5.20 4.40 0.80 6.80 3.80 28.28 5.15 33.43 150.00 86.70 1.64 SAFE 113.4 3.39 SAFE

8 6.00 3.60 0.80 6.80 3.34 24.92 4.52 29.44 120.00 69.36 1.49 SAFE 84.4 2.87 SAFE

9 6.80 2.80 0.80 6.80 2.87 21.57 3.89 25.47 100.00 57.80 1.43 SAFE 59.7 2.34 SAFE

10 7.60 2.00 0.80 6.80 2.41 18.24 3.27 21.51 80.00 46.24 1.36 SAFE 39.1 1.82 SAFE

11 8.40 1.20 0.80 6.80 1.95 14.94 2.64 17.58 80.00 46.24 1.66 SAFE 22.8 1.30 SAFE

12 9.20 0.40 0.80 7.70 2.39 11.68 3.24 14.91 60.00 34.68 1.50 SAFE 17.1 1.14 SAFE

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 Height of the Wall = 9.60 m

Length Tult Td
Layer No. zj Type of Geogrid
(m) (kN/m) (kN/m)

1 0.40 7.70 250.00 144.49 GU 250

2 1.20 6.80 200.00 115.59 GU 200

3 2.00 6.80 200.00 115.59 GU 200

4 2.80 6.80 200.00 115.59 GU 200

5 3.60 6.80 200.00 115.59 GU 200

6 4.40 6.80 150.00 86.70 GU 150

7 5.20 6.80 150.00 86.70 GU 150

8 6.00 6.80 120.00 69.36 GU 120

9 6.80 6.80 100.00 57.80 GU 100

10 7.60 6.80 80.00 46.24 GU 80

11 8.40 6.80 80.00 46.24 GU 80

12 9.20 7.70 60.00 34.68 GU 60

- - - - - -

- - - - - -
- - - - - -

- - - - - -
- - - - - -
- - - - - -

- - - - - -
- - - - - -

- - - - - -

Notes:
1. Reinforcement layers are seqenced from bottom to top. Layer no. 1 is the bottom most.
2. zj is the height of the jth layer measured from top of levelling pad
3. Tult is the short-term peak tensile strength of the geogrid
4. TD is the long-term design strength of the geogrid
 DESIGN OF GEOGRID REINFORCED SOIL WALLS

Design Methodology

US Department of Transportation FHWA-NHI-00-043 Mechanically stabilized

earth walls and reinforced soil slopes design and construction guidelines

REINFORCED SOIL WALL HEIGHT 8.8 m

Document: GCEPL/2023-24/RSW/SALANPUR/8.8 m.
INPUT DATA
Wall Geometry
Design Height of wall, H 8.80 m
Height of the Wall (above the G.L.) H' 7.80 m
Depth of Embedment Dm 1.00 m

Pavement Thickness Trm 0.63 m

Average unit weight of pavement ϒrm 22 (kN/m3)

Total Struc./Mechanical Ht. of wall HT 9.43 m

Carriage way width Cb 9.00 m

Wall Inclinication
Measured from Vertical w 0 (Degrees)
Measured from Horizontal a 90 (Degrees)

Slopes
Front slope angle i 0 (Degrees)
Back slope angle b 0 (Degrees)

Input Soil Parameters (Long-term Stability)

Φ
Soil Data
c' (kPa) (Degree) ϒ (kN/m3)
Corelation of soil properties
for borrow-pit is essential at
Reinforced Infill Soil ( Soil 1) 0.00 30 16.00 site
Retained Soil (soil 2) 0.00 30 16.00
GI If Reqd (By Others), to meet min
Foundation Soil 0.00 30 18.00 criteria for SBC Reqd & post construction
settlement <100 mm

Input External Loads (Refer IRC:78-2000)

2
Dead Load Surcharge DL 13.75 (kN/m )
Live Load Surcharge LL 20.00 (kN/m2) (equivalent to 1.2m of fill as per IRC-78: 2000)
Crash barrier & Friction Slab Load SL 8.00 (kN/m2)

Width of fricition slab bF 2.00 m

Dis.from Wall Edge to Centre of SL, d 1.00 m
% coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Input Seismic Parameters

Seismic Zone III
Ground acceleration coefficient, α0 0.12
Wall acceleration coefficient, αm 0.160

Input facing Panel details

Type of fascia T- Panels
Height of facing panel 1.60 m
Width of facing panel 2.00 m
Thickness of facing panel 0.18 m
Grade of Concrete M 35
a) for Geosynthetics reinforcement :- ( Partial material Factors)
Type: GU 60 GU 80 GU 100 GU 120 GU 150 GU 180 GU 200 GU 250 GU 300 GU 350
Index tensile strength
60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 150.00 180.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00
kN/m

Creep reduction factor, F-

1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47
creep

Manufacturing,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm11
Extrapolation of test data,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm12
Installation damage,
1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07
Fm21
Durability,
1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
Fm22

Global Reduction factor 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730
Long Term Design strength
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

T-available
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

width of Geogrid
0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
(m)
Coverage Ratio, Rc 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60

Coefficient of Pullout,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Ci
Coefficient of Direct Sliding,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Cds
Coefficient of interaction,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
a

Partial Safety Factors :-

In Static In Seismic

Partial Factor of safety against Bearing & Tilt 2.00 1.500

Partial Factor of safety against Overturning 2.00 1.500
Partial Factor of safety against Sliding 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against Rupture strength 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against connection strength at break 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against adherence 1.50 1.125
External Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Design Height of the Wall (Including Embedment) 8.80 m

Trial Length of Reinforcement 6.16 m 6.20 m

(Minimum Trial Length = Greater of 0.7H & 2.50m) (Refer, page-86, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Provided Length of Reinforcement 7.10 m

Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement 0.8 m

Earth Pressure Coefficient for External Stability :- (Refer, page-87, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Inclination of front face of wall, w = 0 Degree < 10 Degree
Ka = Tan2 (45 - f/2) = 0.3333

Calculations for Resisting & Driving Moments :-

Vertical Force (Rv):

weight of reinforced soil mass, [L*H*Ƴr] V1 999.7 kN/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, [DL*L] V2 97.6 kN/m
Traffic surcharge [LL*L] V3 142.0 kN/m
weight of crash barrier [SL] V4 16.0 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rv 1255.3 kN/m
Horizontal Force (Rh):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, [0.5*ka*Ƴb* H2] H1 206.5 kN/m
due to Dead Load [ka*H*DL] H2 40.3 kN/m
due to Traffic surcharge [ka*H*LL] H3 58.7 kN/m
Total Horizontal force Rh 305.5 kN/m
 Resisting Moment (Mr):
weight of reinforced soil mass, V1*L/2 3548.9 kN-m/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, V2*L/2 346.6 kN-m/m
Traffic surcharge V3*L/2 504.1 kN-m/m
weight of crash barrier V4*bf/2 16.0 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 4415.5 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 3911.4 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment (Mo):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, H1*H/3 605.8 kN-m/m
due to Dead Load H2*H/2 177.5 kN-m/m
due to Traffic surcharge H3*H/2 258.1 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 1041.4 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 2.69 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 0.86 m

Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-

qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e) (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
qreq. = 233.51 kN/m2

233.51 233.51
kN/m2 kN/m2
7.10

Mayerhoff equivalent stress distribution

Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees
Bearing Capacity Factors Nc 30.14
Nq 18.40
Ng 22.40 (Refer, page-97, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
water table correction factor, w' = 0.5
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
= 0 + 541.95
(q)f = 541.95 kN/m2
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' Rh M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No.
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 1255.3 1113.3 305.5 3911.43 1041.35 0.86 233.507 541.95

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-

for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/6 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of e/L = 0.121 < 1/6 Safe

for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 2.00 (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of (qult)f / qreq = 2.32 >2 Safe

Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.50 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

m = Tanf = 0.578 (Refer, page-94, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 2.105 > 1.50 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 2

The value of Mr' / Mo = 3.76 >2 Safe
Internal Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Internal Stability Calculatios for tensile force, is explained at a particular depth of RE wall from the top,

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 7.60 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 6.20 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60
Check for Rupture of Reinforcement
The max.tensile force due to vertical loading due to self weight of fill plus surcharge loading :-
Tpj = Ka * σvj * Svj (Refer, page-109, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The maximum vertical stress svj 155.35 kN/m
The maximum tensile force Tpj 41.43 kN/m

The dispersion with Dj 5.80

The maximum tensile force due to external loading Tsj 0.37 kN/m

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 41.79 kN/m

for Geogrids
Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 200.00 kN/m
Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 115.59 kN/m

Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47

Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFc x RFid xTmax ] 1.66 > 1.50 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = F* g hj Le C Rc a
Tmax (Refer, page-112, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
F* = Ci Tan φ = 0.46 C = 2
scale correction factor, a = 0.80

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside failure wedge,

Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 5.51 (page-113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Pullout resistance Tjr = (F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 330.51
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 7.91 > 1.50 Safe
External Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Peak ground acceleration Ah 0.12

Max. wall acceleration coefficient for external Stability Am(ext) 0.1596
Max. wall acceleration coefficient for internal Stability Am(int) 0.1596
Vertical Seismic Coefficient av 0.00
Seismic Inertia Angle (External Stability) q(ext) 9.07 Degrees
Seismic Inertia Angle (Internal Stability) q(int) 9.07 Degrees

Seismic Earth Pressure :- As per Mononobe - Okabe expression :- (Refer, page-100, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

cos2 (f - ψ - 90 - Ɵ)
KAE =
sin(f+b) sin(f-ψ -b) 2
cosψ cos2(90-Ɵ) cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) 1 +
cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) cos(b-90+Ɵ)

Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient , if Am> 0 (Kae) 0.440

if Am = 0 (Kae) 0.333
Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient Increment (DKdyn) 0.1070

Required factor of safety for sesmic loading 75% of static FOS

Height of Re wall (Including Embedment) H 8.80 m

Length of reinforcement L 7.10 m

Total Vertical force Rv 1255.3 kN/m

Total Vertical force (without live load) Rv' 1113.3 kN/m
Horizontal force in static condition Rhstatic 305.5 kN/m

Horizontal Siesmic Thrust (Refer, page-98 & 113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Horizontal Inertia force 0.5 Am Ƴr H2 PIR 98.88 kN/m
Seismic thrust, 0.5 [0.5 (DKdyn) Ƴf H2] 0.5 PAE 33.16 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rhstatic + PIR + 0.5PAE Rh 437.5 kN/m

Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 4415.5 kN-m/m

Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 3911.4 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment due to loads in static cond. Mo 1041.4 kN-m/m
adding seismic effect to the overurning moments
Due to horizontal Inertia force PIR * H/2 435.05 kN-m/m
Due to seismic thrust, 0.5 PAE * 0.6 H 175.07 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 1651.5 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 2.20 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 1.35 m
Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-
qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e)
qreq. = 285.05 kN/m2
Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees Bearing Capacity Factors :- Nc 30.14
Ng 22.40
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng
= 0 + 443.95
2
(q)f = 443.95 kN/m
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No. Rh (kN/m)
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 1255.3 1113.3 437.5 3911.43 1651.48 1.348 285.05 443.95

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-
for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/4
The value of e/L = 0.190 < 1/4 Safe
for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 1.50
The ult. Bearing capacity of stabilized soil, (qu)f = 443.95 kN/m2
The Required Bearing capacity of soil, qreq = 285.050 kN/m2
The value of (qult)f / qreq = 1.56 > 1.50 Safe
Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.125
m = Tanf = 0.578
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 1.470 > 1.125 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 1.50

The value of Mr' / Mo = 2.37 > 1.50 Safe

Internal Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 7.60 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 6.20 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 41.79 kN/m

Seismic loads produce an Internal force PI acting horizontally in addition to static force,
PI = Wa Am (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
2
where, Wa - weight of the active zone = [0.5 Ƴr tan (45-f/2) H ]
Dynamic increment induced by Inertia force PI in the different R/f Proportional to their Resistant area on
load per unit wall width basis - Tmd = PI * Lej / ∑Lej (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Mass of the wedge [0.5 gr tan (45-f/2) H2] W 357.68
Seismic force acting per unit width of wall, Am W PI 57.09 kN/m
Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone Lej 5.51 m
∑ Lej 42.16
Dynamic increment,directly induced by Inertia force
Tmd 7.46 kN/m
PI * Lej / ∑Lej

Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 200.00 kN/m

Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 115.59 kN/m
Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47
Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFid x [RFc x Tmax + Tmd] ] 1.48 > 1.125 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = (0.8F*) g hj Le C Rc a / Tmax

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside

Failure wedge, Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 5.51
Pullout resistance Tjr = (0.80F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 264.41
Tj 49.25
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 5.37 > 1.125 Safe
External Stability Calculation - (static condition)

Reinforcement Layout Details OVERTURNING SLIDING

Provided
Layer No R vj R hj Mr (kN- Mo e Remark
zj hj S vj Length e/L Remark Remark
from (kN/m) (kN/m) m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/6] Mr / Mo FOS
(m) (m) (m) (m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 2] [FOS ≥ 1.5]
bottom

1 0.40 8.40 0.80 7.10 1068.29 282.66 3742.12 923.75 0.91 0.128 SAFE 4.05 SAFE 1.75 SAFE

2 1.20 7.60 0.80 6.20 855.53 239.53 2609.43 715.10 0.89 0.143 SAFE 3.65 SAFE 1.65 SAFE

3 2.00 6.80 0.80 6.20 776.10 199.81 2363.41 539.60 0.75 0.121 SAFE 4.38 SAFE 1.79 SAFE

4 2.80 6.00 0.80 6.20 696.68 163.50 2117.40 394.50 0.63 0.101 SAFE 5.37 SAFE 1.97 SAFE

5 3.60 5.20 0.80 6.20 617.27 130.61 1871.38 277.08 0.52 0.083 SAFE 6.75 SAFE 2.18 SAFE

6 4.40 4.40 0.80 6.20 537.87 101.13 1625.36 184.62 0.42 0.068 SAFE 8.80 SAFE 2.46 SAFE

7 5.20 3.60 0.80 6.20 458.47 75.06 1379.35 114.37 0.34 0.055 SAFE 12.06 SAFE 2.82 SAFE

8 6.00 2.80 0.80 6.20 379.07 52.41 1133.33 63.61 0.28 0.045 SAFE 17.82 SAFE 3.34 SAFE

9 6.80 2.00 0.80 6.20 299.69 33.17 887.32 29.61 0.24 0.038 SAFE 29.97 SAFE 4.18 SAFE

10 7.60 1.20 0.80 6.20 220.31 17.34 641.30 9.64 0.23 0.038 SAFE 66.55 SAFE 5.87 SAFE

11 8.40 0.40 0.80 7.20 161.08 4.93 530.29 0.96 0.31 0.044 SAFE 554.18 SAFE 15.11 SAFE

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Check For External Sliding - [ seismic condition]

Reinforcement Layout Details Rhj (kN)

Mo Mr
OVERTURNING SLIDING
Rvj e Remark
Layer zj hj Svj L (kN- (kN- e/L Remark Remark
Rh(static) Rh(dyn.) Rhj (kN) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/4] Mr / Mo FOS
No (m) (m) (m) (m) m/m) m/m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 1.5] [FOS ≥ 1.125]

1 0.40 8.40 0.80 7.10 282.66 120.30 402.96 1068.29 1454.40 3742.12 1.41 0.198 SAFE 2.57 SAFE 1.23 SAFE
2 1.20 7.60 0.80 6.20 239.53 98.48 338.01 855.53 1108.12 2609.43 1.35 0.217 SAFE 2.35 SAFE 1.17 SAFE
3 2.00 6.80 0.80 6.20 199.81 78.84 278.64 776.10 821.11 2363.41 1.11 0.179 SAFE 2.87 SAFE 1.29 SAFE
4 2.80 6.00 0.80 6.20 163.50 61.38 224.88 696.68 587.88 2117.40 0.90 0.146 SAFE 3.59 SAFE 1.43 SAFE
5 3.60 5.20 0.80 6.20 130.61 46.10 176.71 617.27 402.97 1871.38 0.72 0.116 SAFE 4.62 SAFE 1.61 SAFE
6 4.40 4.40 0.80 6.20 101.13 33.01 134.13 537.87 260.88 1625.36 0.56 0.091 SAFE 6.20 SAFE 1.85 SAFE
7 5.20 3.60 0.80 6.20 75.06 22.10 97.16 458.47 156.14 1379.35 0.43 0.070 SAFE 8.78 SAFE 2.18 SAFE
8 6.00 2.80 0.80 6.20 52.41 13.37 65.77 379.07 83.27 1133.33 0.33 0.053 SAFE 13.51 SAFE 2.66 SAFE
9 6.80 2.00 0.80 6.20 33.17 6.82 39.99 299.69 36.77 887.32 0.26 0.042 SAFE 23.91 SAFE 3.46 SAFE
10 7.60 1.20 0.80 6.20 17.34 2.46 19.80 220.31 11.18 641.30 0.24 0.039 SAFE 56.63 SAFE 5.14 SAFE
11 8.40 0.40 0.80 7.20 4.93 0.27 5.20 161.08 1.01 530.29 0.31 0.044 SAFE 514.98 SAFE 14.32 SAFE
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall - (static condition)

Coefficient of Active Earth Pressure (Int.Stab) Ka 0.333

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Reinforcement Layout Details Reinf. Properties Adherence of Reinforcement

T max Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L svj Dj T pj T sj T ult PSF avail Lej Remark
(kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.5] Tjr PSF avail
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN) (m) [FOS ≥ 1.5]

1 0.40 8.40 0.80 7.10 168.15 6.20 44.84 0.34 45.18 200.00 115.59 1.53 SAFE 6.87 451.2 9.99 SAFE

2 1.20 7.60 0.80 6.20 155.35 5.80 41.43 0.37 41.79 200.00 115.59 1.66 SAFE 5.51 330.5 7.91 SAFE

3 2.00 6.80 0.80 6.20 142.55 5.40 38.01 0.40 38.41 200.00 115.59 1.81 SAFE 5.05 274.2 7.14 SAFE

4 2.80 6.00 0.80 6.20 129.75 5.00 34.60 0.43 35.03 200.00 115.59 1.98 SAFE 4.58 223.0 6.37 SAFE

5 3.60 5.20 0.80 6.20 116.95 4.60 31.19 0.46 31.65 150.00 86.70 1.64 SAFE 4.12 177.2 5.60 SAFE

6 4.40 4.40 0.80 6.20 104.15 4.20 27.77 0.51 28.28 150.00 86.70 1.84 SAFE 3.66 136.6 4.83 SAFE

7 5.20 3.60 0.80 6.20 91.35 3.80 24.36 0.56 24.92 120.00 69.36 1.67 SAFE 3.20 101.2 4.06 SAFE

8 6.00 2.80 0.80 6.20 78.55 3.40 20.95 0.63 21.57 100.00 57.80 1.61 SAFE 2.74 71.0 3.29 SAFE

9 6.80 2.00 0.80 6.20 65.75 3.00 17.53 0.71 18.24 80.00 46.24 1.52 SAFE 2.27 46.1 2.53 SAFE

10 7.60 1.20 0.80 6.20 52.95 2.60 14.12 0.82 14.94 80.00 46.24 1.86 SAFE 1.81 26.5 1.77 SAFE

11 8.40 0.40 0.80 7.20 40.15 2.20 10.71 0.97 11.68 60.00 34.68 1.78 SAFE 2.35 21.0 1.80 SAFE

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall- [ seismic condition]

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Internal Inertial Force Due to the Weight of the Infill within the Active Zone PI = 57.09 kN

Reinforcement Layout Details Provided Geogrid Adherence of Reinforcement

Tj T md T max Remark Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L Lej T ult PSF avail
(kN) (kN) (kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.125] Tjr PSF avail [FOS ≥
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN)
1.125]

1 0.40 8.40 0.80 7.10 6.87 45.18 9.30 54.49 200.00 115.59 1.35 SAFE 361.0 6.63 SAFE

2 1.20 7.60 0.80 6.20 5.51 41.79 7.46 49.25 200.00 115.59 1.48 SAFE 264.4 5.37 SAFE

3 2.00 6.80 0.80 6.20 5.05 38.41 6.83 45.24 200.00 115.59 1.61 SAFE 219.3 4.85 SAFE

4 2.80 6.00 0.80 6.20 4.58 35.03 6.21 41.23 200.00 115.59 1.77 SAFE 178.4 4.33 SAFE

5 3.60 5.20 0.80 6.20 4.12 31.65 5.58 37.23 150.00 86.70 1.47 SAFE 141.7 3.81 SAFE

6 4.40 4.40 0.80 6.20 3.66 28.28 4.96 33.24 150.00 86.70 1.64 SAFE 109.2 3.29 SAFE

7 5.20 3.60 0.80 6.20 3.20 24.92 4.33 29.25 120.00 69.36 1.49 SAFE 80.9 2.77 SAFE

8 6.00 2.80 0.80 6.20 2.74 21.57 3.70 25.28 100.00 57.80 1.44 SAFE 56.8 2.25 SAFE

9 6.80 2.00 0.80 6.20 2.27 18.24 3.08 21.32 80.00 46.24 1.36 SAFE 36.9 1.73 SAFE

10 7.60 1.20 0.80 6.20 1.81 14.94 2.45 17.39 80.00 46.24 1.67 SAFE 21.2 1.22 SAFE

11 8.40 0.40 0.80 7.20 2.35 11.68 3.18 14.86 60.00 34.68 1.50 SAFE 16.8 1.13 SAFE

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 Height of the Wall = 8.80 m

Length Tult Td
Layer No. zj Type of Geogrid
(m) (kN/m) (kN/m)

1 0.40 7.10 200.00 115.59 GU 200

2 1.20 6.20 200.00 115.59 GU 200

3 2.00 6.20 200.00 115.59 GU 200

4 2.80 6.20 200.00 115.59 GU 200

5 3.60 6.20 150.00 86.70 GU 150

6 4.40 6.20 150.00 86.70 GU 150

7 5.20 6.20 120.00 69.36 GU 120

8 6.00 6.20 100.00 57.80 GU 100

9 6.80 6.20 80.00 46.24 GU 80

10 7.60 6.20 80.00 46.24 GU 80

11 8.40 7.20 60.00 34.68 GU 60

- - - - - -
- - - - - -

- - - - - -
- - - - - -

- - - - - -
- - - - - -
- - - - - -

- - - - - -
- - - - - -

- - - - - -

Notes:
1. Reinforcement layers are seqenced from bottom to top. Layer no. 1 is the bottom most.
2. zj is the height of the jth layer measured from top of levelling pad
3. Tult is the short-term peak tensile strength of the geogrid
4. TD is the long-term design strength of the geogrid
 DESIGN OF GEOGRID REINFORCED SOIL WALLS

Design Methodology

US Department of Transportation FHWA-NHI-00-043 Mechanically stabilized

earth walls and reinforced soil slopes design and construction guidelines

REINFORCED SOIL WALL HEIGHT 8 m

Document: GCEPL/2023-24/RSW/SALANPUR/8 m.
INPUT DATA
Wall Geometry
Design Height of wall, H 8.00 m
Height of the Wall (above the G.L.) H' 7.00 m
Depth of Embedment Dm 1.00 m

Pavement Thickness Trm 0.63 m

Average unit weight of pavement ϒrm 22 (kN/m3)

Total Struc./Mechanical Ht. of wall HT 8.63 m

Carriage way width Cb 9.00 m

Wall Inclinication
Measured from Vertical w 0 (Degrees)
Measured from Horizontal a 90 (Degrees)

Slopes
Front slope angle i 0 (Degrees)
Back slope angle b 0 (Degrees)

Input Soil Parameters (Long-term Stability)

Φ
Soil Data
c' (kPa) (Degree) ϒ (kN/m3)
Corelation of soil properties
for borrow-pit is essential at
Reinforced Infill Soil ( Soil 1) 0.00 30 16.00 site
Retained Soil (soil 2) 0.00 30 16.00
GI If Reqd (By Others), to meet min
Foundation Soil 0.00 30 18.00 criteria for SBC Reqd & post construction
settlement <100 mm

Input External Loads (Refer IRC:78-2000)

2
Dead Load Surcharge DL 13.75 (kN/m )
Live Load Surcharge LL 20.00 (kN/m2) (equivalent to 1.2m of fill as per IRC-78: 2000)
Crash barrier & Friction Slab Load SL 8.00 (kN/m2)

Width of fricition slab bF 2.00 m

Dis.from Wall Edge to Centre of SL, d 1.00 m
% coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Input Seismic Parameters

Seismic Zone III
Ground acceleration coefficient, α0 0.12
Wall acceleration coefficient, αm 0.160

Input facing Panel details

Type of fascia T- Panels
Height of facing panel 1.60 m
Width of facing panel 2.00 m
Thickness of facing panel 0.18 m
Grade of Concrete M 35
a) for Geosynthetics reinforcement :- ( Partial material Factors)
Type: GU 60 GU 80 GU 100 GU 120 GU 150 GU 180 GU 200 GU 250 GU 300 GU 350
Index tensile strength
60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 150.00 180.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00
kN/m

Creep reduction factor, F-

1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47
creep

Manufacturing,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm11
Extrapolation of test data,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm12
Installation damage,
1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07
Fm21
Durability,
1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
Fm22

Global Reduction factor 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730
Long Term Design strength
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

T-available
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

width of Geogrid
0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
(m)
Coverage Ratio, Rc 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60

Coefficient of Pullout,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Ci
Coefficient of Direct Sliding,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Cds
Coefficient of interaction,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
a

Partial Safety Factors :-

In Static In Seismic

Partial Factor of safety against Bearing & Tilt 2.00 1.500

Partial Factor of safety against Overturning 2.00 1.500
Partial Factor of safety against Sliding 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against Rupture strength 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against connection strength at break 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against adherence 1.50 1.125
External Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Design Height of the Wall (Including Embedment) 8.00 m

Trial Length of Reinforcement 5.60 m 5.60 m

(Minimum Trial Length = Greater of 0.7H & 2.50m) (Refer, page-86, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Provided Length of Reinforcement 6.50 m

Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement 0.8 m

Earth Pressure Coefficient for External Stability :- (Refer, page-87, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Inclination of front face of wall, w = 0 Degree < 10 Degree
Ka = Tan2 (45 - f/2) = 0.3333

Calculations for Resisting & Driving Moments :-

Vertical Force (Rv):

weight of reinforced soil mass, [L*H*Ƴr] V1 832.0 kN/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, [DL*L] V2 89.4 kN/m
Traffic surcharge [LL*L] V3 130.0 kN/m
weight of crash barrier [SL] V4 16.0 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rv 1067.4 kN/m
Horizontal Force (Rh):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, [0.5*ka*Ƴb* H2] H1 170.7 kN/m
due to Dead Load [ka*H*DL] H2 36.7 kN/m
due to Traffic surcharge [ka*H*LL] H3 53.3 kN/m
Total Horizontal force Rh 260.7 kN/m
 Resisting Moment (Mr):
weight of reinforced soil mass, V1*L/2 2704.0 kN-m/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, V2*L/2 290.5 kN-m/m
Traffic surcharge V3*L/2 422.5 kN-m/m
weight of crash barrier V4*bf/2 16.0 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 3433.0 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 3010.5 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment (Mo):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, H1*H/3 455.1 kN-m/m
due to Dead Load H2*H/2 146.7 kN-m/m
due to Traffic surcharge H3*H/2 213.3 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 815.1 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 2.45 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 0.80 m

Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-

qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e) (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
qreq. = 217.60 kN/m2

217.60 217.60
kN/m2 kN/m2
6.50

Mayerhoff equivalent stress distribution

Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees
Bearing Capacity Factors Nc 30.14
Nq 18.40
Ng 22.40 (Refer, page-97, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
water table correction factor, w' = 0.5
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
= 0 + 494.50
(q)f = 494.50 kN/m2
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' Rh M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No.
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 1067.4 937.4 260.7 3010.47 815.11 0.80 217.600 494.50

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-

for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/6 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of e/L = 0.123 < 1/6 Safe

for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 2.00 (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of (qult)f / qreq = 2.27 >2 Safe

Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.50 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

m = Tanf = 0.578 (Refer, page-94, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 2.077 > 1.50 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 2

The value of Mr' / Mo = 3.69 >2 Safe
Internal Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Internal Stability Calculatios for tensile force, is explained at a particular depth of RE wall from the top,

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 6.80 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 5.60 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60
Check for Rupture of Reinforcement
The max.tensile force due to vertical loading due to self weight of fill plus surcharge loading :-
Tpj = Ka * σvj * Svj (Refer, page-109, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The maximum vertical stress svj 142.55 kN/m
The maximum tensile force Tpj 38.01 kN/m

The dispersion with Dj 5.40

The maximum tensile force due to external loading Tsj 0.40 kN/m

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 38.41 kN/m

for Geogrids
Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 200.00 kN/m
Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 115.59 kN/m

Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47

Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFc x RFid xTmax ] 1.81 > 1.50 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = F* g hj Le C Rc a
Tmax (Refer, page-112, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
F* = Ci Tan φ = 0.46 C = 2
scale correction factor, a = 0.80

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside failure wedge,

Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 4.91 (page-113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Pullout resistance Tjr = (F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 266.65
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 6.94 > 1.50 Safe
External Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Peak ground acceleration Ah 0.12

Max. wall acceleration coefficient for external Stability Am(ext) 0.1596
Max. wall acceleration coefficient for internal Stability Am(int) 0.1596
Vertical Seismic Coefficient av 0.00
Seismic Inertia Angle (External Stability) q(ext) 9.07 Degrees
Seismic Inertia Angle (Internal Stability) q(int) 9.07 Degrees

Seismic Earth Pressure :- As per Mononobe - Okabe expression :- (Refer, page-100, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

cos2 (f - ψ - 90 - Ɵ)
KAE =
sin(f+b) sin(f-ψ -b) 2
cosψ cos2(90-Ɵ) cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) 1 +
cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) cos(b-90+Ɵ)

Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient , if Am> 0 (Kae) 0.440

if Am = 0 (Kae) 0.333
Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient Increment (DKdyn) 0.1070

Required factor of safety for sesmic loading 75% of static FOS

Height of Re wall (Including Embedment) H 8.00 m

Length of reinforcement L 6.50 m

Total Vertical force Rv 1067.4 kN/m

Total Vertical force (without live load) Rv' 937.4 kN/m
Horizontal force in static condition Rhstatic 260.7 kN/m

Horizontal Siesmic Thrust (Refer, page-98 & 113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Horizontal Inertia force 0.5 Am Ƴr H2 PIR 81.72 kN/m
Seismic thrust, 0.5 [0.5 (DKdyn) Ƴf H2] 0.5 PAE 27.40 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rhstatic + PIR + 0.5PAE Rh 369.8 kN/m

Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 3433.0 kN-m/m

Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 3010.5 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment due to loads in static cond. Mo 815.1 kN-m/m
adding seismic effect to the overurning moments
Due to horizontal Inertia force PIR * H/2 326.86 kN-m/m
Due to seismic thrust, 0.5 PAE * 0.6 H 131.53 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 1273.5 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 2.02 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 1.23 m
Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-
qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e)
qreq. = 263.79 kN/m2
Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees Bearing Capacity Factors :- Nc 30.14
Ng 22.40
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng
= 0 + 407.91
2
(q)f = 407.91 kN/m
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No. Rh (kN/m)
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 1067.4 937.4 369.8 3010.47 1273.51 1.227 263.79 407.91

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-
for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/4
The value of e/L = 0.189 < 1/4 Safe
for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 1.50
The ult. Bearing capacity of stabilized soil, (qu)f = 407.91 kN/m2
The Required Bearing capacity of soil, qreq = 263.790 kN/m2
The value of (qult)f / qreq = 1.55 > 1.50 Safe
Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.125
m = Tanf = 0.578
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 1.464 > 1.125 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 1.50

The value of Mr' / Mo = 2.36 > 1.50 Safe

Internal Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 6.80 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 5.60 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 38.41 kN/m

Seismic loads produce an Internal force PI acting horizontally in addition to static force,
PI = Wa Am (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
2
where, Wa - weight of the active zone = [0.5 Ƴr tan (45-f/2) H ]
Dynamic increment induced by Inertia force PI in the different R/f Proportional to their Resistant area on
load per unit wall width basis - Tmd = PI * Lej / ∑Lej (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Mass of the wedge [0.5 gr tan (45-f/2) H2] W 295.60
Seismic force acting per unit width of wall, Am W PI 47.18 kN/m
Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone Lej 4.91 m
∑ Lej 35.01
Dynamic increment,directly induced by Inertia force
Tmd 6.61 kN/m
PI * Lej / ∑Lej

Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 200.00 kN/m

Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 115.59 kN/m
Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47
Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFid x [RFc x Tmax + Tmd] ] 1.62 > 1.125 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = (0.8F*) g hj Le C Rc a / Tmax

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside

Failure wedge, Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 4.91
Pullout resistance Tjr = (0.80F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 213.32
Tj 45.02
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 4.74 > 1.125 Safe
External Stability Calculation - (static condition)

Reinforcement Layout Details OVERTURNING SLIDING

Provided
Layer No R vj R hj Mr (kN- Mo e Remark
zj hj S vj Length e/L Remark Remark
from (kN/m) (kN/m) m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/6] Mr / Mo FOS
(m) (m) (m) (m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 2] [FOS ≥ 1.5]
bottom

1 0.40 7.60 0.80 6.50 896.13 239.53 2867.27 715.10 0.85 0.131 SAFE 4.01 SAFE 1.73 SAFE

2 1.20 6.80 0.80 5.60 702.57 199.81 1929.58 539.60 0.82 0.147 SAFE 3.58 SAFE 1.62 SAFE

3 2.00 6.00 0.80 5.60 630.83 163.50 1728.88 394.50 0.68 0.122 SAFE 4.38 SAFE 1.78 SAFE

4 2.80 5.20 0.80 5.60 559.10 130.61 1528.18 277.08 0.56 0.100 SAFE 5.52 SAFE 1.98 SAFE

5 3.60 4.40 0.80 5.60 487.38 101.13 1327.47 184.62 0.46 0.081 SAFE 7.19 SAFE 2.23 SAFE

6 4.40 3.60 0.80 5.60 415.66 75.06 1126.77 114.37 0.36 0.065 SAFE 9.85 SAFE 2.56 SAFE

7 5.20 2.80 0.80 5.60 343.94 52.41 926.06 63.61 0.29 0.052 SAFE 14.56 SAFE 3.03 SAFE

8 6.00 2.00 0.80 5.60 272.24 33.17 725.36 29.61 0.24 0.044 SAFE 24.50 SAFE 3.79 SAFE

9 6.80 1.20 0.80 5.60 200.54 17.34 524.66 9.64 0.23 0.041 SAFE 54.45 SAFE 5.34 SAFE

10 7.60 0.40 0.80 6.80 153.02 4.93 473.87 0.96 0.31 0.046 SAFE 495.22 SAFE 14.35 SAFE

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Check For External Sliding - [ seismic condition]

Reinforcement Layout Details Rhj (kN)

Mo Mr
OVERTURNING SLIDING
Rvj e Remark
Layer zj hj Svj L (kN- (kN- e/L Remark Remark
Rh(static) Rh(dyn.) Rhj (kN) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/4] Mr / Mo FOS
No (m) (m) (m) (m) m/m) m/m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 1.5] [FOS ≥ 1.125]

1 0.40 7.60 0.80 6.50 239.53 98.48 338.01 896.13 1108.12 2867.27 1.29 0.198 SAFE 2.58 SAFE 1.23 SAFE
2 1.20 6.80 0.80 5.60 199.81 78.84 278.64 702.57 821.11 1929.58 1.22 0.218 SAFE 2.34 SAFE 1.17 SAFE
3 2.00 6.00 0.80 5.60 163.50 61.38 224.88 630.83 587.88 1728.88 0.99 0.177 SAFE 2.93 SAFE 1.30 SAFE
4 2.80 5.20 0.80 5.60 130.61 46.10 176.71 559.10 402.97 1528.18 0.79 0.141 SAFE 3.77 SAFE 1.46 SAFE
5 3.60 4.40 0.80 5.60 101.13 33.01 134.13 487.38 260.88 1327.47 0.61 0.109 SAFE 5.06 SAFE 1.68 SAFE
6 4.40 3.60 0.80 5.60 75.06 22.10 97.16 415.66 156.14 1126.77 0.46 0.083 SAFE 7.17 SAFE 1.98 SAFE
7 5.20 2.80 0.80 5.60 52.41 13.37 65.77 343.94 83.27 926.06 0.35 0.062 SAFE 11.03 SAFE 2.42 SAFE
8 6.00 2.00 0.80 5.60 33.17 6.82 39.99 272.24 36.77 725.36 0.27 0.048 SAFE 19.51 SAFE 3.15 SAFE
9 6.80 1.20 0.80 5.60 17.34 2.46 19.80 200.54 11.18 524.66 0.24 0.043 SAFE 46.20 SAFE 4.68 SAFE
10 7.60 0.40 0.80 6.80 4.93 0.27 5.20 153.02 1.01 473.87 0.31 0.046 SAFE 459.35 SAFE 13.60 SAFE
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall - (static condition)

Coefficient of Active Earth Pressure (Int.Stab) Ka 0.333

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Reinforcement Layout Details Reinf. Properties Adherence of Reinforcement

T max Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L svj Dj T pj T sj T ult PSF avail Lej Remark
(kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.5] Tjr PSF avail
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN) (m) [FOS ≥ 1.5]

1 0.40 7.60 0.80 6.50 155.35 5.80 41.43 0.37 41.79 200.00 115.59 1.66 SAFE 6.27 376.2 9.00 SAFE

2 1.20 6.80 0.80 5.60 142.55 5.40 38.01 0.40 38.41 200.00 115.59 1.81 SAFE 4.91 266.7 6.94 SAFE

3 2.00 6.00 0.80 5.60 129.75 5.00 34.60 0.43 35.03 200.00 115.59 1.98 SAFE 4.45 216.3 6.18 SAFE

4 2.80 5.20 0.80 5.60 116.95 4.60 31.19 0.46 31.65 150.00 86.70 1.64 SAFE 3.98 171.2 5.41 SAFE

5 3.60 4.40 0.80 5.60 104.15 4.20 27.77 0.51 28.28 150.00 86.70 1.84 SAFE 3.52 131.4 4.65 SAFE

6 4.40 3.60 0.80 5.60 91.35 3.80 24.36 0.56 24.92 120.00 69.36 1.67 SAFE 3.06 96.8 3.88 SAFE

7 5.20 2.80 0.80 5.60 78.55 3.40 20.95 0.63 21.57 100.00 57.80 1.61 SAFE 2.60 67.4 3.13 SAFE

8 6.00 2.00 0.80 5.60 65.75 3.00 17.53 0.71 18.24 80.00 46.24 1.52 SAFE 2.14 43.3 2.37 SAFE

9 6.80 1.20 0.80 5.60 52.95 2.60 14.12 0.82 14.94 80.00 46.24 1.86 SAFE 1.67 24.5 1.64 SAFE

10 7.60 0.40 0.80 6.80 40.15 2.20 10.71 0.97 11.68 60.00 34.68 1.78 SAFE 2.41 21.6 1.85 SAFE

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall- [ seismic condition]

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Internal Inertial Force Due to the Weight of the Infill within the Active Zone PI = 47.18 kN

Reinforcement Layout Details Provided Geogrid Adherence of Reinforcement

Tj T md T max Remark Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L Lej T ult PSF avail
(kN) (kN) (kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.125] Tjr PSF avail [FOS ≥
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN)
1.125]

1 0.40 7.60 0.80 6.50 6.27 41.79 8.45 50.24 200.00 115.59 1.46 SAFE 301.0 5.99 SAFE

2 1.20 6.80 0.80 5.60 4.91 38.41 6.61 45.02 200.00 115.59 1.62 SAFE 213.3 4.74 SAFE

3 2.00 6.00 0.80 5.60 4.45 35.03 5.99 41.02 200.00 115.59 1.77 SAFE 173.1 4.22 SAFE

4 2.80 5.20 0.80 5.60 3.98 31.65 5.37 37.02 150.00 86.70 1.47 SAFE 137.0 3.70 SAFE

5 3.60 4.40 0.80 5.60 3.52 28.28 4.75 33.03 150.00 86.70 1.65 SAFE 105.1 3.18 SAFE

6 4.40 3.60 0.80 5.60 3.06 24.92 4.12 29.04 120.00 69.36 1.50 SAFE 77.4 2.67 SAFE

7 5.20 2.80 0.80 5.60 2.60 21.57 3.50 25.08 100.00 57.80 1.45 SAFE 54.0 2.15 SAFE

8 6.00 2.00 0.80 5.60 2.14 18.24 2.88 21.12 80.00 46.24 1.37 SAFE 34.7 1.64 SAFE

9 6.80 1.20 0.80 5.60 1.67 14.94 2.26 17.20 80.00 46.24 1.68 SAFE 19.6 1.14 SAFE

10 7.60 0.40 0.80 6.80 2.41 11.68 3.25 14.93 60.00 34.68 1.50 SAFE 17.2 1.16 SAFE

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 Height of the Wall = 8.00 m

Length Tult Td
Layer No. zj Type of Geogrid
(m) (kN/m) (kN/m)

1 0.40 6.50 200.00 115.59 GU 200

2 1.20 5.60 200.00 115.59 GU 200

3 2.00 5.60 200.00 115.59 GU 200

4 2.80 5.60 150.00 86.70 GU 150

5 3.60 5.60 150.00 86.70 GU 150

6 4.40 5.60 120.00 69.36 GU 120

7 5.20 5.60 100.00 57.80 GU 100

8 6.00 5.60 80.00 46.24 GU 80

9 6.80 5.60 80.00 46.24 GU 80

10 7.60 6.80 60.00 34.68 GU 60

- - - - - -

- - - - - -
- - - - - -

- - - - - -
- - - - - -

- - - - - -
- - - - - -
- - - - - -

- - - - - -
- - - - - -

- - - - - -

Notes:
1. Reinforcement layers are seqenced from bottom to top. Layer no. 1 is the bottom most.
2. zj is the height of the jth layer measured from top of levelling pad
3. Tult is the short-term peak tensile strength of the geogrid
4. TD is the long-term design strength of the geogrid
 DESIGN OF GEOGRID REINFORCED SOIL WALLS

Design Methodology

US Department of Transportation FHWA-NHI-00-043 Mechanically stabilized

earth walls and reinforced soil slopes design and construction guidelines

REINFORCED SOIL WALL HEIGHT 7.2 m

Document: GCEPL/2023-24/RSW/SALANPUR/7.2 m.
INPUT DATA
Wall Geometry
Design Height of wall, H 7.20 m
Height of the Wall (above the G.L.) H' 6.20 m
Depth of Embedment Dm 1.00 m

Pavement Thickness Trm 0.63 m

Average unit weight of pavement ϒrm 22 (kN/m3)

Total Struc./Mechanical Ht. of wall HT 7.83 m

Carriage way width Cb 9.00 m

Wall Inclinication
Measured from Vertical w 0 (Degrees)
Measured from Horizontal a 90 (Degrees)

Slopes
Front slope angle i 0 (Degrees)
Back slope angle b 0 (Degrees)

Input Soil Parameters (Long-term Stability)

Φ
Soil Data
c' (kPa) (Degree) ϒ (kN/m3)
Corelation of soil properties
for borrow-pit is essential at
Reinforced Infill Soil ( Soil 1) 0.00 30 16.00 site
Retained Soil (soil 2) 0.00 30 16.00
GI If Reqd (By Others), to meet min
Foundation Soil 0.00 30 18.00 criteria for SBC Reqd & post construction
settlement <100 mm

Input External Loads (Refer IRC:78-2000)

2
Dead Load Surcharge DL 13.75 (kN/m )
Live Load Surcharge LL 20.00 (kN/m2) (equivalent to 1.2m of fill as per IRC-78: 2000)
Crash barrier & Friction Slab Load SL 8.00 (kN/m2)

Width of fricition slab bF 2.00 m

Dis.from Wall Edge to Centre of SL, d 1.00 m
% coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Input Seismic Parameters

Seismic Zone III
Ground acceleration coefficient, α0 0.12
Wall acceleration coefficient, αm 0.160

Input facing Panel details

Type of fascia T- Panels
Height of facing panel 1.60 m
Width of facing panel 2.00 m
Thickness of facing panel 0.18 m
Grade of Concrete M 35
a) for Geosynthetics reinforcement :- ( Partial material Factors)
Type: GU 60 GU 80 GU 100 GU 120 GU 150 GU 180 GU 200 GU 250 GU 300 GU 350
Index tensile strength
60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 150.00 180.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00
kN/m

Creep reduction factor, F-

1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47
creep

Manufacturing,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm11
Extrapolation of test data,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm12
Installation damage,
1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07
Fm21
Durability,
1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
Fm22

Global Reduction factor 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730
Long Term Design strength
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

T-available
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

width of Geogrid
0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
(m)
Coverage Ratio, Rc 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60

Coefficient of Pullout,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Ci
Coefficient of Direct Sliding,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Cds
Coefficient of interaction,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
a

Partial Safety Factors :-

In Static In Seismic

Partial Factor of safety against Bearing & Tilt 2.00 1.500

Partial Factor of safety against Overturning 2.00 1.500
Partial Factor of safety against Sliding 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against Rupture strength 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against connection strength at break 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against adherence 1.50 1.125
External Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Design Height of the Wall (Including Embedment) 7.20 m

Trial Length of Reinforcement 5.04 m 5.10 m

(Minimum Trial Length = Greater of 0.7H & 2.50m) (Refer, page-86, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Provided Length of Reinforcement 5.90 m

Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement 0.8 m

Earth Pressure Coefficient for External Stability :- (Refer, page-87, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Inclination of front face of wall, w = 0 Degree < 10 Degree
Ka = Tan2 (45 - f/2) = 0.3333

Calculations for Resisting & Driving Moments :-

Vertical Force (Rv):

weight of reinforced soil mass, [L*H*Ƴr] V1 679.7 kN/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, [DL*L] V2 81.1 kN/m
Traffic surcharge [LL*L] V3 118.0 kN/m
weight of crash barrier [SL] V4 16.0 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rv 894.8 kN/m
Horizontal Force (Rh):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, [0.5*ka*Ƴb* H2] H1 138.2 kN/m
due to Dead Load [ka*H*DL] H2 33.0 kN/m
due to Traffic surcharge [ka*H*LL] H3 48.0 kN/m
Total Horizontal force Rh 219.2 kN/m
 Resisting Moment (Mr):
weight of reinforced soil mass, V1*L/2 2005.1 kN-m/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, V2*L/2 239.3 kN-m/m
Traffic surcharge V3*L/2 348.1 kN-m/m
weight of crash barrier V4*bf/2 16.0 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 2608.5 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 2260.4 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment (Mo):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, H1*H/3 331.8 kN-m/m
due to Dead Load H2*H/2 118.8 kN-m/m
due to Traffic surcharge H3*H/2 172.8 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 623.4 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 2.22 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 0.73 m

Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-

qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e) (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
qreq. = 201.67 kN/m2

201.67 201.67
kN/m2 kN/m2
5.90

Mayerhoff equivalent stress distribution

Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees
Bearing Capacity Factors Nc 30.14
Nq 18.40
Ng 22.40 (Refer, page-97, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
water table correction factor, w' = 0.5
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
= 0 + 447.29
(q)f = 447.29 kN/m2
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' Rh M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No.
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 894.8 776.8 219.2 2260.37 623.38 0.73 201.672 447.29

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-

for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/6 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of e/L = 0.124 < 1/6 Safe

for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 2.00 (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of (qult)f / qreq = 2.22 >2 Safe

Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.50 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

m = Tanf = 0.578 (Refer, page-94, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 2.047 > 1.50 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 2

The value of Mr' / Mo = 3.63 >2 Safe
Internal Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Internal Stability Calculatios for tensile force, is explained at a particular depth of RE wall from the top,

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 6.00 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 5.10 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60
Check for Rupture of Reinforcement
The max.tensile force due to vertical loading due to self weight of fill plus surcharge loading :-
Tpj = Ka * σvj * Svj (Refer, page-109, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The maximum vertical stress svj 129.75 kN/m
The maximum tensile force Tpj 34.60 kN/m

The dispersion with Dj 5.00

The maximum tensile force due to external loading Tsj 0.43 kN/m

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 35.03 kN/m

for Geogrids
Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 200.00 kN/m
Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 115.59 kN/m

Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47

Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFc x RFid xTmax ] 1.98 > 1.50 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = F* g hj Le C Rc a
Tmax (Refer, page-112, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
F* = Ci Tan φ = 0.46 C = 2
scale correction factor, a = 0.80

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside failure wedge,

Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 4.41 (page-113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Pullout resistance Tjr = (F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 214.47
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 6.12 > 1.50 Safe
External Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Peak ground acceleration Ah 0.12

Max. wall acceleration coefficient for external Stability Am(ext) 0.1596
Max. wall acceleration coefficient for internal Stability Am(int) 0.1596
Vertical Seismic Coefficient av 0.00
Seismic Inertia Angle (External Stability) q(ext) 9.07 Degrees
Seismic Inertia Angle (Internal Stability) q(int) 9.07 Degrees

Seismic Earth Pressure :- As per Mononobe - Okabe expression :- (Refer, page-100, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

cos2 (f - ψ - 90 - Ɵ)
KAE =
sin(f+b) sin(f-ψ -b) 2
cosψ cos2(90-Ɵ) cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) 1 +
cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) cos(b-90+Ɵ)

Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient , if Am> 0 (Kae) 0.440

if Am = 0 (Kae) 0.333
Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient Increment (DKdyn) 0.1070

Required factor of safety for sesmic loading 75% of static FOS

Height of Re wall (Including Embedment) H 7.20 m

Length of reinforcement L 5.90 m

Total Vertical force Rv 894.8 kN/m

Total Vertical force (without live load) Rv' 776.8 kN/m
Horizontal force in static condition Rhstatic 219.2 kN/m

Horizontal Siesmic Thrust (Refer, page-98 & 113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Horizontal Inertia force 0.5 Am Ƴr H2 PIR 66.19 kN/m
Seismic thrust, 0.5 [0.5 (DKdyn) Ƴf H2] 0.5 PAE 22.20 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rhstatic + PIR + 0.5PAE Rh 307.6 kN/m

Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 2608.5 kN-m/m

Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 2260.4 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment due to loads in static cond. Mo 623.4 kN-m/m
adding seismic effect to the overurning moments
Due to horizontal Inertia force PIR * H/2 238.28 kN-m/m
Due to seismic thrust, 0.5 PAE * 0.6 H 95.89 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 957.5 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 1.85 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 1.10 m
Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-
qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e)
qreq. = 242.49 kN/m2
Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees Bearing Capacity Factors :- Nc 30.14
Ng 22.40
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng
= 0 + 372.00
2
(q)f = 372.00 kN/m
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No. Rh (kN/m)
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 894.8 776.8 307.6 2260.37 957.55 1.105 242.49 372.00

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-
for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/4
The value of e/L = 0.187 < 1/4 Safe
for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 1.50
The ult. Bearing capacity of stabilized soil, (qu)f = 372.00 kN/m2
The Required Bearing capacity of soil, qreq = 242.492 kN/m2
The value of (qult)f / qreq = 1.53 > 1.50 Safe
Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.125
m = Tanf = 0.578
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 1.459 > 1.125 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 1.50

The value of Mr' / Mo = 2.36 > 1.50 Safe

Internal Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 6.00 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 5.10 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 35.03 kN/m

Seismic loads produce an Internal force PI acting horizontally in addition to static force,
PI = Wa Am (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
2
where, Wa - weight of the active zone = [0.5 Ƴr tan (45-f/2) H ]
Dynamic increment induced by Inertia force PI in the different R/f Proportional to their Resistant area on
load per unit wall width basis - Tmd = PI * Lej / ∑Lej (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Mass of the wedge [0.5 gr tan (45-f/2) H2] W 239.44
Seismic force acting per unit width of wall, Am W PI 38.21 kN/m
Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone Lej 4.41 m
∑ Lej 29.29
Dynamic increment,directly induced by Inertia force
Tmd 5.75 kN/m
PI * Lej / ∑Lej

Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 200.00 kN/m

Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 115.59 kN/m
Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47
Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFid x [RFc x Tmax + Tmd] ] 1.78 > 1.125 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = (0.8F*) g hj Le C Rc a / Tmax

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside

Failure wedge, Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 4.41
Pullout resistance Tjr = (0.80F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 171.58
Tj 40.78
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 4.21 > 1.125 Safe
External Stability Calculation - (static condition)

Reinforcement Layout Details OVERTURNING SLIDING

Provided
Layer No R vj R hj Mr (kN- Mo e Remark
zj hj S vj Length e/L Remark Remark
from (kN/m) (kN/m) m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/6] Mr / Mo FOS
(m) (m) (m) (m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 2] [FOS ≥ 1.5]
bottom

1 0.40 6.80 0.80 5.90 739.34 199.81 2140.98 539.60 0.78 0.133 SAFE 3.97 SAFE 1.71 SAFE

2 1.20 6.00 0.80 5.10 575.96 163.50 1435.30 394.50 0.74 0.146 SAFE 3.64 SAFE 1.63 SAFE

3 2.00 5.20 0.80 5.10 510.63 130.61 1268.83 277.08 0.61 0.119 SAFE 4.58 SAFE 1.81 SAFE

4 2.80 4.40 0.80 5.10 445.30 101.13 1102.37 184.62 0.49 0.096 SAFE 5.97 SAFE 2.03 SAFE

5 3.60 3.60 0.80 5.10 379.98 75.06 935.91 114.37 0.39 0.076 SAFE 8.18 SAFE 2.34 SAFE

6 4.40 2.80 0.80 5.10 314.67 52.41 769.44 63.61 0.31 0.060 SAFE 12.10 SAFE 2.77 SAFE

7 5.20 2.00 0.80 5.10 249.36 33.17 602.98 29.61 0.25 0.049 SAFE 20.36 SAFE 3.47 SAFE

8 6.00 1.20 0.80 5.20 187.36 17.34 453.48 9.64 0.23 0.044 SAFE 47.06 SAFE 4.99 SAFE

9 6.80 0.40 0.80 6.30 142.95 4.93 407.88 0.96 0.30 0.048 SAFE 426.25 SAFE 13.41 SAFE

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Check For External Sliding - [ seismic condition]

Reinforcement Layout Details Rhj (kN)

Mo Mr
OVERTURNING SLIDING
Rvj e Remark
Layer zj hj Svj L (kN- (kN- e/L Remark Remark
Rh(static) Rh(dyn.) Rhj (kN) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/4] Mr / Mo FOS
No (m) (m) (m) (m) m/m) m/m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 1.5] [FOS ≥ 1.125]

1 0.40 6.80 0.80 5.90 199.81 78.84 278.64 739.34 821.11 2140.98 1.16 0.197 SAFE 2.60 SAFE 1.23 SAFE
2 1.20 6.00 0.80 5.10 163.50 61.38 224.88 575.96 587.88 1435.30 1.08 0.212 SAFE 2.43 SAFE 1.18 SAFE
3 2.00 5.20 0.80 5.10 130.61 46.10 176.71 510.63 402.97 1268.83 0.85 0.168 SAFE 3.13 SAFE 1.34 SAFE
4 2.80 4.40 0.80 5.10 101.13 33.01 134.13 445.30 260.88 1102.37 0.66 0.129 SAFE 4.19 SAFE 1.53 SAFE
5 3.60 3.60 0.80 5.10 75.06 22.10 97.16 379.98 156.14 935.91 0.50 0.098 SAFE 5.94 SAFE 1.81 SAFE
6 4.40 2.80 0.80 5.10 52.41 13.37 65.77 314.67 83.27 769.44 0.37 0.072 SAFE 9.14 SAFE 2.21 SAFE
7 5.20 2.00 0.80 5.10 33.17 6.82 39.99 249.36 36.77 602.98 0.28 0.055 SAFE 16.18 SAFE 2.88 SAFE
8 6.00 1.20 0.80 5.20 17.34 2.46 19.80 187.36 11.18 453.48 0.24 0.046 SAFE 39.84 SAFE 4.37 SAFE
9 6.80 0.40 0.80 6.30 4.93 0.27 5.20 142.95 1.01 407.88 0.30 0.048 SAFE 394.28 SAFE 12.70 SAFE
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall - (static condition)

Coefficient of Active Earth Pressure (Int.Stab) Ka 0.333

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Reinforcement Layout Details Reinf. Properties Adherence of Reinforcement

T max Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L svj Dj T pj T sj T ult PSF avail Lej Remark
(kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.5] Tjr PSF avail
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN) (m) [FOS ≥ 1.5]

1 0.40 6.80 0.80 5.90 142.55 5.40 38.01 0.40 38.41 200.00 115.59 1.81 SAFE 5.67 308.1 8.02 SAFE

2 1.20 6.00 0.80 5.10 129.75 5.00 34.60 0.43 35.03 200.00 115.59 1.98 SAFE 4.41 214.5 6.12 SAFE

3 2.00 5.20 0.80 5.10 116.95 4.60 31.19 0.46 31.65 150.00 86.70 1.64 SAFE 3.95 169.6 5.36 SAFE

4 2.80 4.40 0.80 5.10 104.15 4.20 27.77 0.51 28.28 150.00 86.70 1.84 SAFE 3.48 130.0 4.60 SAFE

5 3.60 3.60 0.80 5.10 91.35 3.80 24.36 0.56 24.92 120.00 69.36 1.67 SAFE 3.02 95.6 3.84 SAFE

6 4.40 2.80 0.80 5.10 78.55 3.40 20.95 0.63 21.57 100.00 57.80 1.61 SAFE 2.56 66.5 3.08 SAFE

7 5.20 2.00 0.80 5.10 65.75 3.00 17.53 0.71 18.24 80.00 46.24 1.52 SAFE 2.10 42.6 2.33 SAFE

8 6.00 1.20 0.80 5.20 52.95 2.60 14.12 0.82 14.94 80.00 46.24 1.86 SAFE 1.74 25.4 1.70 SAFE

9 6.80 0.40 0.80 6.30 40.15 2.20 10.71 0.97 11.68 60.00 34.68 1.78 SAFE 2.37 21.2 1.82 SAFE

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall- [ seismic condition]

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Internal Inertial Force Due to the Weight of the Infill within the Active Zone PI = 38.21 kN

Reinforcement Layout Details Provided Geogrid Adherence of Reinforcement

Tj T md T max Remark Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L Lej T ult PSF avail
(kN) (kN) (kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.125] Tjr PSF avail [FOS ≥
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN)
1.125]

1 0.40 6.80 0.80 5.90 5.67 38.41 7.40 45.80 200.00 115.59 1.60 SAFE 246.4 5.38 SAFE

2 1.20 6.00 0.80 5.10 4.41 35.03 5.75 40.78 200.00 115.59 1.78 SAFE 171.6 4.21 SAFE

3 2.00 5.20 0.80 5.10 3.95 31.65 5.15 36.80 150.00 86.70 1.48 SAFE 135.7 3.69 SAFE

4 2.80 4.40 0.80 5.10 3.48 28.28 4.54 32.83 150.00 86.70 1.66 SAFE 104.0 3.17 SAFE

5 3.60 3.60 0.80 5.10 3.02 24.92 3.94 28.86 120.00 69.36 1.51 SAFE 76.5 2.65 SAFE

6 4.40 2.80 0.80 5.10 2.56 21.57 3.34 24.91 100.00 57.80 1.45 SAFE 53.2 2.13 SAFE

7 5.20 2.00 0.80 5.10 2.10 18.24 2.74 20.98 80.00 46.24 1.38 SAFE 34.0 1.62 SAFE

8 6.00 1.20 0.80 5.20 1.74 14.94 2.26 17.21 80.00 46.24 1.68 SAFE 20.3 1.18 SAFE

9 6.80 0.40 0.80 6.30 2.37 11.68 3.10 14.77 60.00 34.68 1.51 SAFE 17.0 1.15 SAFE

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 Height of the Wall = 7.20 m

Length Tult Td
Layer No. zj Type of Geogrid
(m) (kN/m) (kN/m)

1 0.40 5.90 200.00 115.59 GU 200

2 1.20 5.10 200.00 115.59 GU 200

3 2.00 5.10 150.00 86.70 GU 150

4 2.80 5.10 150.00 86.70 GU 150

5 3.60 5.10 120.00 69.36 GU 120

6 4.40 5.10 100.00 57.80 GU 100

7 5.20 5.10 80.00 46.24 GU 80

8 6.00 5.20 80.00 46.24 GU 80

9 6.80 6.30 60.00 34.68 GU 60

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Notes:
1. Reinforcement layers are seqenced from bottom to top. Layer no. 1 is the bottom most.
2. zj is the height of the jth layer measured from top of levelling pad
3. Tult is the short-term peak tensile strength of the geogrid
4. TD is the long-term design strength of the geogrid
 DESIGN OF GEOGRID REINFORCED SOIL WALLS

Design Methodology

US Department of Transportation FHWA-NHI-00-043 Mechanically stabilized

earth walls and reinforced soil slopes design and construction guidelines

REINFORCED SOIL WALL HEIGHT 6.4 m

Document: GCEPL/2023-24/RSW/SALANPUR/6.4 m.
INPUT DATA
Wall Geometry
Design Height of wall, H 6.40 m
Height of the Wall (above the G.L.) H' 5.40 m
Depth of Embedment Dm 1.00 m

Pavement Thickness Trm 0.63 m

Average unit weight of pavement ϒrm 22 (kN/m3)

Total Struc./Mechanical Ht. of wall HT 7.03 m

Carriage way width Cb 9.00 m

Wall Inclinication
Measured from Vertical w 0 (Degrees)
Measured from Horizontal a 90 (Degrees)

Slopes
Front slope angle i 0 (Degrees)
Back slope angle b 0 (Degrees)

Input Soil Parameters (Long-term Stability)

Φ
Soil Data
c' (kPa) (Degree) ϒ (kN/m3)
Corelation of soil properties
for borrow-pit is essential at
Reinforced Infill Soil ( Soil 1) 0.00 30 16.00 site
Retained Soil (soil 2) 0.00 30 16.00
GI If Reqd (By Others), to meet min
Foundation Soil 0.00 30 18.00 criteria for SBC Reqd & post construction
settlement <100 mm

Input External Loads (Refer IRC:78-2000)

2
Dead Load Surcharge DL 13.75 (kN/m )
Live Load Surcharge LL 20.00 (kN/m2) (equivalent to 1.2m of fill as per IRC-78: 2000)
Crash barrier & Friction Slab Load SL 8.00 (kN/m2)

Width of fricition slab bF 2.00 m

Dis.from Wall Edge to Centre of SL, d 1.00 m
% coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Input Seismic Parameters

Seismic Zone III
Ground acceleration coefficient, α0 0.12
Wall acceleration coefficient, αm 0.160

Input facing Panel details

Type of fascia T- Panels
Height of facing panel 1.60 m
Width of facing panel 2.00 m
Thickness of facing panel 0.18 m
Grade of Concrete M 35
a) for Geosynthetics reinforcement :- ( Partial material Factors)
Type: GU 60 GU 80 GU 100 GU 120 GU 150 GU 180 GU 200 GU 250 GU 300 GU 350
Index tensile strength
60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 150.00 180.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00
kN/m

Creep reduction factor, F-

1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47
creep

Manufacturing,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm11
Extrapolation of test data,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm12
Installation damage,
1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07
Fm21
Durability,
1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
Fm22

Global Reduction factor 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730
Long Term Design strength
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

T-available
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

width of Geogrid
0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
(m)
Coverage Ratio, Rc 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60

Coefficient of Pullout,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Ci
Coefficient of Direct Sliding,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Cds
Coefficient of interaction,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
a

Partial Safety Factors :-

In Static In Seismic

Partial Factor of safety against Bearing & Tilt 2.00 1.500

Partial Factor of safety against Overturning 2.00 1.500
Partial Factor of safety against Sliding 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against Rupture strength 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against connection strength at break 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against adherence 1.50 1.125
External Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Design Height of the Wall (Including Embedment) 6.40 m

Trial Length of Reinforcement 4.48 m 4.50 m

(Minimum Trial Length = Greater of 0.7H & 2.50m) (Refer, page-86, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Provided Length of Reinforcement 5.30 m

Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement 0.8 m

Earth Pressure Coefficient for External Stability :- (Refer, page-87, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Inclination of front face of wall, w = 0 Degree < 10 Degree
Ka = Tan2 (45 - f/2) = 0.3333

Calculations for Resisting & Driving Moments :-

Vertical Force (Rv):

weight of reinforced soil mass, [L*H*Ƴr] V1 542.7 kN/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, [DL*L] V2 72.9 kN/m
Traffic surcharge [LL*L] V3 106.0 kN/m
weight of crash barrier [SL] V4 16.0 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rv 737.6 kN/m
Horizontal Force (Rh):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, [0.5*ka*Ƴb* H2] H1 109.2 kN/m
due to Dead Load [ka*H*DL] H2 29.3 kN/m
due to Traffic surcharge [ka*H*LL] H3 42.7 kN/m
Total Horizontal force Rh 181.2 kN/m
 Resisting Moment (Mr):
weight of reinforced soil mass, V1*L/2 1438.2 kN-m/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, V2*L/2 193.1 kN-m/m
Traffic surcharge V3*L/2 280.9 kN-m/m
weight of crash barrier V4*bf/2 16.0 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 1928.2 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 1647.3 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment (Mo):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, H1*H/3 233.0 kN-m/m
due to Dead Load H2*H/2 93.9 kN-m/m
due to Traffic surcharge H3*H/2 136.5 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 463.4 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 1.99 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 0.66 m

Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-

qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e) (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
qreq. = 185.71 kN/m2

185.71 185.71
kN/m2 kN/m2
5.30

Mayerhoff equivalent stress distribution

Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees
Bearing Capacity Factors Nc 30.14
Nq 18.40
Ng 22.40 (Refer, page-97, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
water table correction factor, w' = 0.5
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
= 0 + 400.41
(q)f = 400.41 kN/m2
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' Rh M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No.
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 737.6 631.6 181.2 1647.33 463.42 0.66 185.705 400.41

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-

for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/6 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of e/L = 0.125 < 1/6 Safe

for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 2.00 (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of (qult)f / qreq = 2.16 >2 Safe

Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.50 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

m = Tanf = 0.578 (Refer, page-94, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 2.013 > 1.50 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 2

The value of Mr' / Mo = 3.55 >2 Safe
Internal Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Internal Stability Calculatios for tensile force, is explained at a particular depth of RE wall from the top,

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 5.20 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 4.50 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60
Check for Rupture of Reinforcement
The max.tensile force due to vertical loading due to self weight of fill plus surcharge loading :-
Tpj = Ka * σvj * Svj (Refer, page-109, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The maximum vertical stress svj 116.95 kN/m
The maximum tensile force Tpj 31.19 kN/m

The dispersion with Dj 4.60

The maximum tensile force due to external loading Tsj 0.46 kN/m

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 31.65 kN/m

for Geogrids
Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 150.00 kN/m
Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 86.70 kN/m

Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47

Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFc x RFid xTmax ] 1.64 > 1.50 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = F* g hj Le C Rc a
Tmax (Refer, page-112, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
F* = Ci Tan φ = 0.46 C = 2
scale correction factor, a = 0.80

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside failure wedge,

Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 3.81 (page-113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Pullout resistance Tjr = (F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 163.66
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 5.17 > 1.50 Safe
External Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Peak ground acceleration Ah 0.12

Max. wall acceleration coefficient for external Stability Am(ext) 0.1596
Max. wall acceleration coefficient for internal Stability Am(int) 0.1596
Vertical Seismic Coefficient av 0.00
Seismic Inertia Angle (External Stability) q(ext) 9.07 Degrees
Seismic Inertia Angle (Internal Stability) q(int) 9.07 Degrees

Seismic Earth Pressure :- As per Mononobe - Okabe expression :- (Refer, page-100, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

cos2 (f - ψ - 90 - Ɵ)
KAE =
sin(f+b) sin(f-ψ -b) 2
cosψ cos2(90-Ɵ) cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) 1 +
cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) cos(b-90+Ɵ)

Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient , if Am> 0 (Kae) 0.440

if Am = 0 (Kae) 0.333
Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient Increment (DKdyn) 0.1070

Required factor of safety for sesmic loading 75% of static FOS

Height of Re wall (Including Embedment) H 6.40 m

Length of reinforcement L 5.30 m

Total Vertical force Rv 737.6 kN/m

Total Vertical force (without live load) Rv' 631.6 kN/m
Horizontal force in static condition Rhstatic 181.2 kN/m

Horizontal Siesmic Thrust (Refer, page-98 & 113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Horizontal Inertia force 0.5 Am Ƴr H2 PIR 52.30 kN/m
Seismic thrust, 0.5 [0.5 (DKdyn) Ƴf H2] 0.5 PAE 17.54 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rhstatic + PIR + 0.5PAE Rh 251.1 kN/m

Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 1928.2 kN-m/m

Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 1647.3 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment due to loads in static cond. Mo 463.4 kN-m/m
adding seismic effect to the overurning moments
Due to horizontal Inertia force PIR * H/2 167.35 kN-m/m
Due to seismic thrust, 0.5 PAE * 0.6 H 67.34 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 698.1 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 1.67 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 0.98 m
Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-
qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e)
qreq. = 221.14 kN/m2
Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees Bearing Capacity Factors :- Nc 30.14
Ng 22.40
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng
= 0 + 336.25
2
(q)f = 336.25 kN/m
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No. Rh (kN/m)
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 737.6 631.6 251.1 1647.33 698.11 0.982 221.14 336.25

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-
for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/4
The value of e/L = 0.185 < 1/4 Safe
for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 1.50
The ult. Bearing capacity of stabilized soil, (qu)f = 336.25 kN/m2
The Required Bearing capacity of soil, qreq = 221.137 kN/m2
The value of (qult)f / qreq = 1.52 > 1.50 Safe
Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.125
m = Tanf = 0.578
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 1.453 > 1.125 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 1.50

The value of Mr' / Mo = 2.36 > 1.50 Safe

Internal Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 5.20 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 4.50 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 31.65 kN/m

Seismic loads produce an Internal force PI acting horizontally in addition to static force,
PI = Wa Am (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
2
where, Wa - weight of the active zone = [0.5 Ƴr tan (45-f/2) H ]
Dynamic increment induced by Inertia force PI in the different R/f Proportional to their Resistant area on
load per unit wall width basis - Tmd = PI * Lej / ∑Lej (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Mass of the wedge [0.5 gr tan (45-f/2) H2] W 189.19
Seismic force acting per unit width of wall, Am W PI 30.19 kN/m
Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone Lej 3.81 m
∑ Lej 23.52
Dynamic increment,directly induced by Inertia force
Tmd 4.89 kN/m
PI * Lej / ∑Lej

Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 150.00 kN/m

Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 86.70 kN/m
Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47
Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFid x [RFc x Tmax + Tmd] ] 1.49 > 1.125 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = (0.8F*) g hj Le C Rc a / Tmax

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside

Failure wedge, Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 3.81
Pullout resistance Tjr = (0.80F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 130.93
Tj 36.54
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 3.58 > 1.125 Safe
External Stability Calculation - (static condition)

Reinforcement Layout Details OVERTURNING SLIDING

Provided
Layer No R vj R hj Mr (kN- Mo e Remark
zj hj S vj Length e/L Remark Remark
from (kN/m) (kN/m) m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/6] Mr / Mo FOS
(m) (m) (m) (m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 2] [FOS ≥ 1.5]
bottom

1 0.40 6.00 0.80 5.30 597.91 163.50 1549.44 394.50 0.72 0.136 SAFE 3.93 SAFE 1.69 SAFE

2 1.20 5.20 0.80 4.50 452.46 130.61 989.62 277.08 0.68 0.150 SAFE 3.57 SAFE 1.60 SAFE

3 2.00 4.40 0.80 4.50 394.81 101.13 860.02 184.62 0.54 0.120 SAFE 4.66 SAFE 1.80 SAFE

4 2.80 3.60 0.80 4.50 337.17 75.06 730.42 114.37 0.42 0.094 SAFE 6.39 SAFE 2.08 SAFE

5 3.60 2.80 0.80 4.50 279.54 52.41 600.82 63.61 0.33 0.073 SAFE 9.44 SAFE 2.46 SAFE

6 4.40 2.00 0.80 4.50 221.91 33.17 471.22 29.61 0.26 0.058 SAFE 15.91 SAFE 3.09 SAFE

7 5.20 1.20 0.80 4.70 170.88 17.34 371.93 9.64 0.23 0.049 SAFE 38.60 SAFE 4.55 SAFE

8 6.00 0.40 0.80 5.80 132.87 4.93 346.92 0.96 0.30 0.051 SAFE 362.55 SAFE 12.46 SAFE

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Check For External Sliding - [ seismic condition]

Reinforcement Layout Details Rhj (kN)

Mo Mr
OVERTURNING SLIDING
Rvj e Remark
Layer zj hj Svj L (kN- (kN- e/L Remark Remark
Rh(static) Rh(dyn.) Rhj (kN) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/4] Mr / Mo FOS
No (m) (m) (m) (m) m/m) m/m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 1.5] [FOS ≥ 1.125]

1 0.40 6.00 0.80 5.30 163.50 61.38 224.88 597.91 587.88 1549.44 1.04 0.197 SAFE 2.62 SAFE 1.23 SAFE
2 1.20 5.20 0.80 4.50 130.61 46.10 176.71 452.46 402.97 989.62 0.95 0.212 SAFE 2.44 SAFE 1.18 SAFE
3 2.00 4.40 0.80 4.50 101.13 33.01 134.13 394.81 260.88 860.02 0.73 0.163 SAFE 3.27 SAFE 1.36 SAFE
4 2.80 3.60 0.80 4.50 75.06 22.10 97.16 337.17 156.14 730.42 0.55 0.122 SAFE 4.63 SAFE 1.60 SAFE
5 3.60 2.80 0.80 4.50 52.41 13.37 65.77 279.54 83.27 600.82 0.40 0.089 SAFE 7.12 SAFE 1.96 SAFE
6 4.40 2.00 0.80 4.50 33.17 6.82 39.99 221.91 36.77 471.22 0.29 0.065 SAFE 12.60 SAFE 2.56 SAFE
7 5.20 1.20 0.80 4.70 17.34 2.46 19.80 170.88 11.18 371.93 0.24 0.051 SAFE 32.54 SAFE 3.99 SAFE
8 6.00 0.40 0.80 5.80 4.93 0.27 5.20 132.87 1.01 346.92 0.30 0.051 SAFE 334.18 SAFE 11.81 SAFE
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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall - (static condition)

Coefficient of Active Earth Pressure (Int.Stab) Ka 0.333

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Reinforcement Layout Details Reinf. Properties Adherence of Reinforcement

T max Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L svj Dj T pj T sj T ult PSF avail Lej Remark
(kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.5] Tjr PSF avail
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN) (m) [FOS ≥ 1.5]

1 0.40 6.00 0.80 5.30 129.75 5.00 34.60 0.43 35.03 200.00 115.59 1.98 SAFE 5.07 246.7 7.04 SAFE

2 1.20 5.20 0.80 4.50 116.95 4.60 31.19 0.46 31.65 150.00 86.70 1.64 SAFE 3.81 163.7 5.17 SAFE

3 2.00 4.40 0.80 4.50 104.15 4.20 27.77 0.51 28.28 150.00 86.70 1.84 SAFE 3.35 124.8 4.41 SAFE

4 2.80 3.60 0.80 4.50 91.35 3.80 24.36 0.56 24.92 120.00 69.36 1.67 SAFE 2.88 91.2 3.66 SAFE

5 3.60 2.80 0.80 4.50 78.55 3.40 20.95 0.63 21.57 100.00 57.80 1.61 SAFE 2.42 62.9 2.91 SAFE

6 4.40 2.00 0.80 4.50 65.75 3.00 17.53 0.71 18.24 80.00 46.24 1.52 SAFE 1.96 39.8 2.18 SAFE

7 5.20 1.20 0.80 4.70 52.95 2.60 14.12 0.82 14.94 80.00 46.24 1.86 SAFE 1.70 24.8 1.66 SAFE

8 6.00 0.40 0.80 5.80 40.15 2.20 10.71 0.97 11.68 60.00 34.68 1.78 SAFE 2.34 20.9 1.79 SAFE

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Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall- [ seismic condition]

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Internal Inertial Force Due to the Weight of the Infill within the Active Zone PI = 30.19 kN

Reinforcement Layout Details Provided Geogrid Adherence of Reinforcement

Tj T md T max Remark Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L Lej T ult PSF avail
(kN) (kN) (kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.125] Tjr PSF avail [FOS ≥
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN)
1.125]

1 0.40 6.00 0.80 5.30 5.07 35.03 6.51 41.53 200.00 115.59 1.76 SAFE 197.3 4.75 SAFE

2 1.20 5.20 0.80 4.50 3.81 31.65 4.89 36.54 150.00 86.70 1.49 SAFE 130.9 3.58 SAFE

3 2.00 4.40 0.80 4.50 3.35 28.28 4.29 32.58 150.00 86.70 1.67 SAFE 99.9 3.07 SAFE

4 2.80 3.60 0.80 4.50 2.88 24.92 3.70 28.62 120.00 69.36 1.52 SAFE 73.0 2.55 SAFE

5 3.60 2.80 0.80 4.50 2.42 21.57 3.11 24.68 100.00 57.80 1.46 SAFE 50.3 2.04 SAFE

6 4.40 2.00 0.80 4.50 1.96 18.24 2.52 20.76 80.00 46.24 1.39 SAFE 31.8 1.53 SAFE

7 5.20 1.20 0.80 4.70 1.70 14.94 2.18 17.12 80.00 46.24 1.69 SAFE 19.8 1.16 SAFE

8 6.00 0.40 0.80 5.80 2.34 11.68 3.00 14.68 60.00 34.68 1.52 SAFE 16.7 1.14 SAFE

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 Height of the Wall = 6.40 m

Length Tult Td
Layer No. zj Type of Geogrid
(m) (kN/m) (kN/m)

1 0.40 5.30 200.00 115.59 GU 200

2 1.20 4.50 150.00 86.70 GU 150

3 2.00 4.50 150.00 86.70 GU 150

4 2.80 4.50 120.00 69.36 GU 120

5 3.60 4.50 100.00 57.80 GU 100

6 4.40 4.50 80.00 46.24 GU 80

7 5.20 4.70 80.00 46.24 GU 80

8 6.00 5.80 60.00 34.68 GU 60

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- - - - - -

Notes:
1. Reinforcement layers are seqenced from bottom to top. Layer no. 1 is the bottom most.
2. zj is the height of the jth layer measured from top of levelling pad
3. Tult is the short-term peak tensile strength of the geogrid
4. TD is the long-term design strength of the geogrid
 DESIGN OF GEOGRID REINFORCED SOIL WALLS

Design Methodology

US Department of Transportation FHWA-NHI-00-043 Mechanically stabilized

earth walls and reinforced soil slopes design and construction guidelines

REINFORCED SOIL WALL HEIGHT 5.6 m

Document: GCEPL/2023-24/RSW/SALANPUR/5.6 m.
INPUT DATA
Wall Geometry
Design Height of wall, H 5.60 m
Height of the Wall (above the G.L.) H' 4.60 m
Depth of Embedment Dm 1.00 m

Pavement Thickness Trm 0.63 m

Average unit weight of pavement ϒrm 22 (kN/m3)

Total Struc./Mechanical Ht. of wall HT 6.23 m

Carriage way width Cb 9.00 m

Wall Inclinication
Measured from Vertical w 0 (Degrees)
Measured from Horizontal a 90 (Degrees)

Slopes
Front slope angle i 0 (Degrees)
Back slope angle b 0 (Degrees)

Input Soil Parameters (Long-term Stability)

Φ
Soil Data
c' (kPa) (Degree) ϒ (kN/m3)
Corelation of soil properties
for borrow-pit is essential at
Reinforced Infill Soil ( Soil 1) 0.00 30 16.00 site
Retained Soil (soil 2) 0.00 30 16.00
GI If Reqd (By Others), to meet min
Foundation Soil 0.00 30 18.00 criteria for SBC Reqd & post construction
settlement <100 mm

Input External Loads (Refer IRC:78-2000)

2
Dead Load Surcharge DL 13.75 (kN/m )
Live Load Surcharge LL 20.00 (kN/m2) (equivalent to 1.2m of fill as per IRC-78: 2000)
Crash barrier & Friction Slab Load SL 8.00 (kN/m2)

Width of fricition slab bF 2.00 m

Dis.from Wall Edge to Centre of SL, d 1.00 m
% coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Input Seismic Parameters

Seismic Zone III
Ground acceleration coefficient, α0 0.12
Wall acceleration coefficient, αm 0.160

Input facing Panel details

Type of fascia T- Panels
Height of facing panel 1.60 m
Width of facing panel 2.00 m
Thickness of facing panel 0.18 m
Grade of Concrete M 35
a) for Geosynthetics reinforcement :- ( Partial material Factors)
Type: GU 60 GU 80 GU 100 GU 120 GU 150 GU 180 GU 200 GU 250 GU 300 GU 350
Index tensile strength
60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 150.00 180.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00
kN/m

Creep reduction factor, F-

1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47
creep

Manufacturing,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm11
Extrapolation of test data,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm12
Installation damage,
1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07
Fm21
Durability,
1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
Fm22

Global Reduction factor 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730
Long Term Design strength
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

T-available
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

width of Geogrid
0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
(m)
Coverage Ratio, Rc 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60

Coefficient of Pullout,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Ci
Coefficient of Direct Sliding,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Cds
Coefficient of interaction,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
a

Partial Safety Factors :-

In Static In Seismic

Partial Factor of safety against Bearing & Tilt 2.00 1.500

Partial Factor of safety against Overturning 2.00 1.500
Partial Factor of safety against Sliding 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against Rupture strength 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against connection strength at break 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against adherence 1.50 1.125
External Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Design Height of the Wall (Including Embedment) 5.60 m

Trial Length of Reinforcement 3.92 m 4.00 m

(Minimum Trial Length = Greater of 0.7H & 2.50m) (Refer, page-86, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Provided Length of Reinforcement 4.70 m

Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement 0.8 m

Earth Pressure Coefficient for External Stability :- (Refer, page-87, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Inclination of front face of wall, w = 0 Degree < 10 Degree
Ka = Tan2 (45 - f/2) = 0.3333

Calculations for Resisting & Driving Moments :-

Vertical Force (Rv):

weight of reinforced soil mass, [L*H*Ƴr] V1 421.1 kN/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, [DL*L] V2 64.6 kN/m
Traffic surcharge [LL*L] V3 94.0 kN/m
weight of crash barrier [SL] V4 16.0 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rv 595.7 kN/m
Horizontal Force (Rh):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, [0.5*ka*Ƴb* H2] H1 83.6 kN/m
due to Dead Load [ka*H*DL] H2 25.7 kN/m
due to Traffic surcharge [ka*H*LL] H3 37.3 kN/m
Total Horizontal force Rh 146.6 kN/m
 Resisting Moment (Mr):
weight of reinforced soil mass, V1*L/2 989.6 kN-m/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, V2*L/2 151.9 kN-m/m
Traffic surcharge V3*L/2 220.9 kN-m/m
weight of crash barrier V4*bf/2 16.0 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 1378.4 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 1157.5 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment (Mo):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, H1*H/3 156.1 kN-m/m
due to Dead Load H2*H/2 71.9 kN-m/m
due to Traffic surcharge H3*H/2 104.5 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 332.5 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 1.76 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 0.59 m

Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-

qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e) (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
qreq. = 169.67 kN/m2

169.67 169.67
kN/m2 kN/m2
4.70

Mayerhoff equivalent stress distribution

Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees
Bearing Capacity Factors Nc 30.14
Nq 18.40
Ng 22.40 (Refer, page-97, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
water table correction factor, w' = 0.5
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
= 0 + 353.97
(q)f = 353.97 kN/m2
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' Rh M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No.
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 595.7 501.7 146.6 1157.50 332.50 0.59 169.669 353.97

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-

for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/6 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of e/L = 0.126 < 1/6 Safe

for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 2.00 (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of (qult)f / qreq = 2.09 >2 Safe

Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.50 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

m = Tanf = 0.578 (Refer, page-94, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 1.977 > 1.50 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 2

The value of Mr' / Mo = 3.48 >2 Safe
Internal Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Internal Stability Calculatios for tensile force, is explained at a particular depth of RE wall from the top,

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 4.40 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 4.00 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60
Check for Rupture of Reinforcement
The max.tensile force due to vertical loading due to self weight of fill plus surcharge loading :-
Tpj = Ka * σvj * Svj (Refer, page-109, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The maximum vertical stress svj 104.15 kN/m
The maximum tensile force Tpj 27.77 kN/m

The dispersion with Dj 4.20

The maximum tensile force due to external loading Tsj 0.51 kN/m

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 28.28 kN/m

for Geogrids
Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 150.00 kN/m
Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 86.70 kN/m

Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47

Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFc x RFid xTmax ] 1.84 > 1.50 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = F* g hj Le C Rc a
Tmax (Refer, page-112, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
F* = Ci Tan φ = 0.46 C = 2
scale correction factor, a = 0.80

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside failure wedge,

Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 3.31 (page-113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Pullout resistance Tjr = (F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 123.40
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 4.36 > 1.50 Safe
External Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Peak ground acceleration Ah 0.12

Max. wall acceleration coefficient for external Stability Am(ext) 0.1596
Max. wall acceleration coefficient for internal Stability Am(int) 0.1596
Vertical Seismic Coefficient av 0.00
Seismic Inertia Angle (External Stability) q(ext) 9.07 Degrees
Seismic Inertia Angle (Internal Stability) q(int) 9.07 Degrees

Seismic Earth Pressure :- As per Mononobe - Okabe expression :- (Refer, page-100, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

cos2 (f - ψ - 90 - Ɵ)
KAE =
sin(f+b) sin(f-ψ -b) 2
cosψ cos2(90-Ɵ) cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) 1 +
cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) cos(b-90+Ɵ)

Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient , if Am> 0 (Kae) 0.440

if Am = 0 (Kae) 0.333
Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient Increment (DKdyn) 0.1070

Required factor of safety for sesmic loading 75% of static FOS

Height of Re wall (Including Embedment) H 5.60 m

Length of reinforcement L 4.70 m

Total Vertical force Rv 595.7 kN/m

Total Vertical force (without live load) Rv' 501.7 kN/m
Horizontal force in static condition Rhstatic 146.6 kN/m

Horizontal Siesmic Thrust (Refer, page-98 & 113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Horizontal Inertia force 0.5 Am Ƴr H2 PIR 40.04 kN/m
Seismic thrust, 0.5 [0.5 (DKdyn) Ƴf H2] 0.5 PAE 13.43 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rhstatic + PIR + 0.5PAE Rh 200.1 kN/m

Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 1378.4 kN-m/m

Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 1157.5 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment due to loads in static cond. Mo 332.5 kN-m/m
adding seismic effect to the overurning moments
Due to horizontal Inertia force PIR * H/2 112.11 kN-m/m
Due to seismic thrust, 0.5 PAE * 0.6 H 45.12 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 489.7 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 1.49 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 0.86 m
Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-
qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e)
qreq. = 199.69 kN/m2
Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees Bearing Capacity Factors :- Nc 30.14
Ng 22.40
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng
= 0 + 300.76
2
(q)f = 300.76 kN/m
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No. Rh (kN/m)
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 595.7 501.7 200.1 1157.50 489.73 0.858 199.69 300.76

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-
for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/4
The value of e/L = 0.183 < 1/4 Safe
for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 1.50
The ult. Bearing capacity of stabilized soil, (qu)f = 300.76 kN/m2
The Required Bearing capacity of soil, qreq = 199.688 kN/m2
The value of (qult)f / qreq = 1.51 > 1.50 Safe
Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.125
m = Tanf = 0.578
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 1.448 > 1.125 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 1.50

The value of Mr' / Mo = 2.36 > 1.50 Safe

Internal Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 4.40 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 4.00 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 28.28 kN/m

Seismic loads produce an Internal force PI acting horizontally in addition to static force,
PI = Wa Am (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
2
where, Wa - weight of the active zone = [0.5 Ƴr tan (45-f/2) H ]
Dynamic increment induced by Inertia force PI in the different R/f Proportional to their Resistant area on
load per unit wall width basis - Tmd = PI * Lej / ∑Lej (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Mass of the wedge [0.5 gr tan (45-f/2) H2] W 144.85
Seismic force acting per unit width of wall, Am W PI 23.12 kN/m
Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone Lej 3.31 m
∑ Lej 18.88
Dynamic increment,directly induced by Inertia force
Tmd 4.05 kN/m
PI * Lej / ∑Lej

Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 150.00 kN/m

Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 86.70 kN/m
Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47
Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFid x [RFc x Tmax + Tmd] ] 1.68 > 1.125 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = (0.8F*) g hj Le C Rc a / Tmax

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside

Failure wedge, Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 3.31
Pullout resistance Tjr = (0.80F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 98.72
Tj 32.33
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 3.05 > 1.125 Safe
External Stability Calculation - (static condition)

Reinforcement Layout Details OVERTURNING SLIDING

Provided
Layer No R vj R hj Mr (kN- Mo e Remark
zj hj S vj Length e/L Remark Remark
from (kN/m) (kN/m) m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/6] Mr / Mo FOS
(m) (m) (m) (m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 2] [FOS ≥ 1.5]
bottom

1 0.40 5.20 0.80 4.70 471.85 130.61 1078.81 277.08 0.65 0.138 SAFE 3.89 SAFE 1.67 SAFE

2 1.20 4.40 0.80 4.00 352.74 101.13 681.20 184.62 0.59 0.148 SAFE 3.69 SAFE 1.61 SAFE

3 2.00 3.60 0.80 4.00 301.50 75.06 578.80 114.37 0.46 0.115 SAFE 5.06 SAFE 1.86 SAFE

4 2.80 2.80 0.80 4.00 250.26 52.41 476.40 63.61 0.35 0.088 SAFE 7.49 SAFE 2.21 SAFE

5 3.60 2.00 0.80 4.00 199.04 33.17 374.00 29.61 0.27 0.067 SAFE 12.63 SAFE 2.77 SAFE

6 4.40 1.20 0.80 4.20 154.41 17.34 298.62 9.64 0.23 0.054 SAFE 30.99 SAFE 4.11 SAFE

7 5.20 0.40 0.80 5.30 122.80 4.93 291.01 0.96 0.29 0.054 SAFE 304.12 SAFE 11.52 SAFE

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Check For External Sliding - [ seismic condition]

Reinforcement Layout Details Rhj (kN)

Mo Mr
OVERTURNING SLIDING
Rvj e Remark
Layer zj hj Svj L (kN- (kN- e/L Remark Remark
Rh(static) Rh(dyn.) Rhj (kN) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/4] Mr / Mo FOS
No (m) (m) (m) (m) m/m) m/m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 1.5] [FOS ≥ 1.125]

1 0.40 5.20 0.80 4.70 130.61 46.10 176.71 471.85 402.97 1078.81 0.92 0.195 SAFE 2.66 SAFE 1.23 SAFE
2 1.20 4.40 0.80 4.00 101.13 33.01 134.13 352.74 260.88 681.20 0.81 0.202 SAFE 2.58 SAFE 1.22 SAFE
3 2.00 3.60 0.80 4.00 75.06 22.10 97.16 301.50 156.14 578.80 0.60 0.150 SAFE 3.66 SAFE 1.43 SAFE
4 2.80 2.80 0.80 4.00 52.41 13.37 65.77 250.26 83.27 476.40 0.43 0.107 SAFE 5.63 SAFE 1.76 SAFE
5 3.60 2.00 0.80 4.00 33.17 6.82 39.99 199.04 36.77 374.00 0.31 0.076 SAFE 9.95 SAFE 2.30 SAFE
6 4.40 1.20 0.80 4.20 17.34 2.46 19.80 154.41 11.18 298.62 0.24 0.057 SAFE 25.99 SAFE 3.60 SAFE
7 5.20 0.40 0.80 5.30 4.93 0.27 5.20 122.80 1.01 291.01 0.29 0.054 SAFE 279.05 SAFE 10.91 SAFE
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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall - (static condition)

Coefficient of Active Earth Pressure (Int.Stab) Ka 0.333

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Reinforcement Layout Details Reinf. Properties Adherence of Reinforcement

T max Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L svj Dj T pj T sj T ult PSF avail Lej Remark
(kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.5] Tjr PSF avail
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN) (m) [FOS ≥ 1.5]

1 0.40 5.20 0.80 4.70 116.95 4.60 31.19 0.46 31.65 150.00 86.70 1.64 SAFE 4.47 192.1 6.07 SAFE

2 1.20 4.40 0.80 4.00 104.15 4.20 27.77 0.51 28.28 150.00 86.70 1.84 SAFE 3.31 123.4 4.36 SAFE

3 2.00 3.60 0.80 4.00 91.35 3.80 24.36 0.56 24.92 120.00 69.36 1.67 SAFE 2.85 90.0 3.61 SAFE

4 2.80 2.80 0.80 4.00 78.55 3.40 20.95 0.63 21.57 100.00 57.80 1.61 SAFE 2.38 61.9 2.87 SAFE

5 3.60 2.00 0.80 4.00 65.75 3.00 17.53 0.71 18.24 80.00 46.24 1.52 SAFE 1.92 39.0 2.14 SAFE

6 4.40 1.20 0.80 4.20 52.95 2.60 14.12 0.82 14.94 80.00 46.24 1.86 SAFE 1.66 24.2 1.62 SAFE

7 5.20 0.40 0.80 5.30 40.15 2.20 10.71 0.97 11.68 60.00 34.68 1.78 SAFE 2.30 20.5 1.76 SAFE

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Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall- [ seismic condition]

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Internal Inertial Force Due to the Weight of the Infill within the Active Zone PI = 23.12 kN

Reinforcement Layout Details Provided Geogrid Adherence of Reinforcement

Tj T md T max Remark Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L Lej T ult PSF avail
(kN) (kN) (kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.125] Tjr PSF avail [FOS ≥
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN)
1.125]

1 0.40 5.20 0.80 4.70 4.47 31.65 5.47 37.12 150.00 86.70 1.47 SAFE 153.7 4.14 SAFE

2 1.20 4.40 0.80 4.00 3.31 28.28 4.05 32.33 150.00 86.70 1.68 SAFE 98.7 3.05 SAFE

3 2.00 3.60 0.80 4.00 2.85 24.92 3.48 28.40 120.00 69.36 1.52 SAFE 72.0 2.54 SAFE

4 2.80 2.80 0.80 4.00 2.38 21.57 2.92 24.49 100.00 57.80 1.47 SAFE 49.5 2.02 SAFE

5 3.60 2.00 0.80 4.00 1.92 18.24 2.35 20.60 80.00 46.24 1.40 SAFE 31.2 1.51 SAFE

6 4.40 1.20 0.80 4.20 1.66 14.94 2.03 16.97 80.00 46.24 1.70 SAFE 19.4 1.14 SAFE

7 5.20 0.40 0.80 5.30 2.30 11.68 2.81 14.49 60.00 34.68 1.53 SAFE 16.4 1.13 SAFE

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 Height of the Wall = 5.60 m

Length Tult Td
Layer No. zj Type of Geogrid
(m) (kN/m) (kN/m)

1 0.40 4.70 150.00 86.70 GU 150

2 1.20 4.00 150.00 86.70 GU 150

3 2.00 4.00 120.00 69.36 GU 120

4 2.80 4.00 100.00 57.80 GU 100

5 3.60 4.00 80.00 46.24 GU 80

6 4.40 4.20 80.00 46.24 GU 80

7 5.20 5.30 60.00 34.68 GU 60

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Notes:
1. Reinforcement layers are seqenced from bottom to top. Layer no. 1 is the bottom most.
2. zj is the height of the jth layer measured from top of levelling pad
3. Tult is the short-term peak tensile strength of the geogrid
4. TD is the long-term design strength of the geogrid
 DESIGN OF GEOGRID REINFORCED SOIL WALLS

Design Methodology

US Department of Transportation FHWA-NHI-00-043 Mechanically stabilized

earth walls and reinforced soil slopes design and construction guidelines

REINFORCED SOIL WALL HEIGHT 4.8 m

Document: GCEPL/2023-24/RSW/SALANPUR/4.8 m.
INPUT DATA
Wall Geometry
Design Height of wall, H 4.80 m
Height of the Wall (above the G.L.) H' 3.80 m
Depth of Embedment Dm 1.00 m

Pavement Thickness Trm 0.63 m

Average unit weight of pavement ϒrm 22 (kN/m3)

Total Struc./Mechanical Ht. of wall HT 5.43 m

Carriage way width Cb 9.00 m

Wall Inclinication
Measured from Vertical w 0 (Degrees)
Measured from Horizontal a 90 (Degrees)

Slopes
Front slope angle i 0 (Degrees)
Back slope angle b 0 (Degrees)

Input Soil Parameters (Long-term Stability)

Φ
Soil Data
c' (kPa) (Degree) ϒ (kN/m3)
Corelation of soil properties
for borrow-pit is essential at
Reinforced Infill Soil ( Soil 1) 0.00 30 16.00 site
Retained Soil (soil 2) 0.00 30 16.00
GI If Reqd (By Others), to meet min
Foundation Soil 0.00 30 18.00 criteria for SBC Reqd & post construction
settlement <100 mm

Input External Loads (Refer IRC:78-2000)

2
Dead Load Surcharge DL 13.75 (kN/m )
Live Load Surcharge LL 20.00 (kN/m2) (equivalent to 1.2m of fill as per IRC-78: 2000)
Crash barrier & Friction Slab Load SL 8.00 (kN/m2)

Width of fricition slab bF 2.00 m

Dis.from Wall Edge to Centre of SL, d 1.00 m
% coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Input Seismic Parameters

Seismic Zone III
Ground acceleration coefficient, α0 0.12
Wall acceleration coefficient, αm 0.160

Input facing Panel details

Type of fascia T- Panels
Height of facing panel 1.60 m
Width of facing panel 2.00 m
Thickness of facing panel 0.18 m
Grade of Concrete M 35
a) for Geosynthetics reinforcement :- ( Partial material Factors)
Type: GU 60 GU 80 GU 100 GU 120 GU 150 GU 180 GU 200 GU 250 GU 300 GU 350
Index tensile strength
60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 150.00 180.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00
kN/m

Creep reduction factor, F-

1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47
creep

Manufacturing,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm11
Extrapolation of test data,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm12
Installation damage,
1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07
Fm21
Durability,
1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
Fm22

Global Reduction factor 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730
Long Term Design strength
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

T-available
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

width of Geogrid
0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
(m)
Coverage Ratio, Rc 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60

Coefficient of Pullout,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Ci
Coefficient of Direct Sliding,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Cds
Coefficient of interaction,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
a

Partial Safety Factors :-

In Static In Seismic

Partial Factor of safety against Bearing & Tilt 2.00 1.500

Partial Factor of safety against Overturning 2.00 1.500
Partial Factor of safety against Sliding 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against Rupture strength 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against connection strength at break 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against adherence 1.50 1.125
External Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Design Height of the Wall (Including Embedment) 4.80 m

Trial Length of Reinforcement 3.36 m 3.40 m

(Minimum Trial Length = Greater of 0.7H & 2.50m) (Refer, page-86, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Provided Length of Reinforcement 4.20 m

Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement 0.8 m

Earth Pressure Coefficient for External Stability :- (Refer, page-87, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Inclination of front face of wall, w = 0 Degree < 10 Degree
Ka = Tan2 (45 - f/2) = 0.3333

Calculations for Resisting & Driving Moments :-

Vertical Force (Rv):

weight of reinforced soil mass, [L*H*Ƴr] V1 322.6 kN/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, [DL*L] V2 57.8 kN/m
Traffic surcharge [LL*L] V3 84.0 kN/m
weight of crash barrier [SL] V4 16.0 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rv 480.3 kN/m
Horizontal Force (Rh):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, [0.5*ka*Ƴb* H2] H1 61.4 kN/m
due to Dead Load [ka*H*DL] H2 22.0 kN/m
due to Traffic surcharge [ka*H*LL] H3 32.0 kN/m
Total Horizontal force Rh 115.4 kN/m
 Resisting Moment (Mr):
weight of reinforced soil mass, V1*L/2 677.4 kN-m/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, V2*L/2 121.3 kN-m/m
Traffic surcharge V3*L/2 176.4 kN-m/m
weight of crash barrier V4*bf/2 16.0 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 991.1 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 814.7 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment (Mo):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, H1*H/3 98.3 kN-m/m
due to Dead Load H2*H/2 52.8 kN-m/m
due to Traffic surcharge H3*H/2 76.8 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 227.9 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 1.59 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 0.51 m

Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-

qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e) (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
qreq. = 151.15 kN/m2

151.15 151.15
kN/m2 kN/m2
4.20

Mayerhoff equivalent stress distribution

Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees
Bearing Capacity Factors Nc 30.14
Nq 18.40
Ng 22.40 (Refer, page-97, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
water table correction factor, w' = 0.5
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
= 0 + 320.35
(q)f = 320.35 kN/m2
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' Rh M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No.
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 480.3 396.3 115.4 814.65 227.90 0.51 151.149 320.35

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-

for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/6 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of e/L = 0.122 < 1/6 Safe

for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 2.00 (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of (qult)f / qreq = 2.12 >2 Safe

Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.50 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

m = Tanf = 0.578 (Refer, page-94, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 1.983 > 1.50 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 2

The value of Mr' / Mo = 3.57 >2 Safe
Internal Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Internal Stability Calculatios for tensile force, is explained at a particular depth of RE wall from the top,

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 3.60 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 3.40 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60
Check for Rupture of Reinforcement
The max.tensile force due to vertical loading due to self weight of fill plus surcharge loading :-
Tpj = Ka * σvj * Svj (Refer, page-109, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The maximum vertical stress svj 91.35 kN/m
The maximum tensile force Tpj 24.36 kN/m

The dispersion with Dj 3.80

The maximum tensile force due to external loading Tsj 0.56 kN/m

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 24.92 kN/m

for Geogrids
Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 120.00 kN/m
Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 69.36 kN/m

Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47

Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFc x RFid xTmax ] 1.67 > 1.50 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = F* g hj Le C Rc a
Tmax (Refer, page-112, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
F* = Ci Tan φ = 0.46 C = 2
scale correction factor, a = 0.80

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside failure wedge,

Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 2.71 (page-113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Pullout resistance Tjr = (F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 85.65
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 3.44 > 1.50 Safe
External Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Peak ground acceleration Ah 0.12

Max. wall acceleration coefficient for external Stability Am(ext) 0.1596
Max. wall acceleration coefficient for internal Stability Am(int) 0.1596
Vertical Seismic Coefficient av 0.00
Seismic Inertia Angle (External Stability) q(ext) 9.07 Degrees
Seismic Inertia Angle (Internal Stability) q(int) 9.07 Degrees

Seismic Earth Pressure :- As per Mononobe - Okabe expression :- (Refer, page-100, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

cos2 (f - ψ - 90 - Ɵ)
KAE =
sin(f+b) sin(f-ψ -b) 2
cosψ cos2(90-Ɵ) cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) 1 +
cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) cos(b-90+Ɵ)

Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient , if Am> 0 (Kae) 0.440

if Am = 0 (Kae) 0.333
Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient Increment (DKdyn) 0.1070

Required factor of safety for sesmic loading 75% of static FOS

Height of Re wall (Including Embedment) H 4.80 m

Length of reinforcement L 4.20 m

Total Vertical force Rv 480.3 kN/m

Total Vertical force (without live load) Rv' 396.3 kN/m
Horizontal force in static condition Rhstatic 115.4 kN/m

Horizontal Siesmic Thrust (Refer, page-98 & 113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Horizontal Inertia force 0.5 Am Ƴr H2 PIR 29.42 kN/m
Seismic thrust, 0.5 [0.5 (DKdyn) Ƴf H2] 0.5 PAE 9.86 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rhstatic + PIR + 0.5PAE Rh 154.7 kN/m

Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 991.1 kN-m/m

Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 814.7 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment due to loads in static cond. Mo 227.9 kN-m/m
adding seismic effect to the overurning moments
Due to horizontal Inertia force PIR * H/2 70.60 kN-m/m
Due to seismic thrust, 0.5 PAE * 0.6 H 28.41 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 326.9 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 1.38 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 0.72 m
Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-
qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e)
qreq. = 173.68 kN/m2
Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees Bearing Capacity Factors :- Nc 30.14
Ng 22.40
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng
= 0 + 278.79
2
(q)f = 278.79 kN/m
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No. Rh (kN/m)
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 480.3 396.3 154.7 814.65 326.92 0.717 173.68 278.79

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-
for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/4
The value of e/L = 0.171 < 1/4 Safe
for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 1.50
The ult. Bearing capacity of stabilized soil, (qu)f = 278.79 kN/m2
The Required Bearing capacity of soil, qreq = 173.683 kN/m2
The value of (qult)f / qreq = 1.61 > 1.50 Safe
Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.125
m = Tanf = 0.578
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 1.480 > 1.125 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 1.50

The value of Mr' / Mo = 2.49 > 1.50 Safe

Internal Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 3.60 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 3.40 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 24.92 kN/m

Seismic loads produce an Internal force PI acting horizontally in addition to static force,
PI = Wa Am (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
2
where, Wa - weight of the active zone = [0.5 Ƴr tan (45-f/2) H ]
Dynamic increment induced by Inertia force PI in the different R/f Proportional to their Resistant area on
load per unit wall width basis - Tmd = PI * Lej / ∑Lej (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Mass of the wedge [0.5 gr tan (45-f/2) H2] W 106.42
Seismic force acting per unit width of wall, Am W PI 16.98 kN/m
Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone Lej 2.71 m
∑ Lej 14.69
Dynamic increment,directly induced by Inertia force
Tmd 3.13 kN/m
PI * Lej / ∑Lej

Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 120.00 kN/m

Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 69.36 kN/m
Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47
Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFid x [RFc x Tmax + Tmd] ] 1.54 > 1.125 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = (0.8F*) g hj Le C Rc a / Tmax

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside

Failure wedge, Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 2.71
Pullout resistance Tjr = (0.80F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 68.52
Tj 28.05
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 2.44 > 1.125 Safe
External Stability Calculation - (static condition)

Reinforcement Layout Details OVERTURNING SLIDING

Provided
Layer No R vj R hj Mr (kN- Mo e Remark
zj hj S vj Length e/L Remark Remark
from (kN/m) (kN/m) m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/6] Mr / Mo FOS
(m) (m) (m) (m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 2] [FOS ≥ 1.5]
bottom

1 0.40 4.40 0.80 4.20 369.57 101.13 750.20 184.62 0.57 0.136 SAFE 4.06 SAFE 1.69 SAFE

2 1.20 3.60 0.80 3.40 258.69 75.06 420.40 114.37 0.52 0.152 SAFE 3.68 SAFE 1.59 SAFE

3 2.00 2.80 0.80 3.40 215.13 52.41 346.42 63.61 0.39 0.113 SAFE 5.45 SAFE 1.90 SAFE

4 2.80 2.00 0.80 3.40 171.59 33.17 272.44 29.61 0.28 0.084 SAFE 9.20 SAFE 2.39 SAFE

5 3.60 1.20 0.80 3.80 141.23 17.34 245.90 9.64 0.23 0.060 SAFE 25.52 SAFE 3.76 SAFE

6 4.40 0.40 0.80 4.80 112.72 4.93 240.13 0.96 0.28 0.058 SAFE 250.95 SAFE 10.57 SAFE

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Check For External Sliding - [ seismic condition]

Reinforcement Layout Details Rhj (kN)

Mo Mr
OVERTURNING SLIDING
Rvj e Remark
Layer zj hj Svj L (kN- (kN- e/L Remark Remark
Rh(static) Rh(dyn.) Rhj (kN) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/4] Mr / Mo FOS
No (m) (m) (m) (m) m/m) m/m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 1.5] [FOS ≥ 1.125]

1 0.40 4.40 0.80 4.20 101.13 33.01 134.13 369.57 260.88 750.20 0.78 0.185 SAFE 2.84 SAFE 1.27 SAFE
2 1.20 3.60 0.80 3.40 75.06 22.10 97.16 258.69 156.14 420.40 0.68 0.200 SAFE 2.64 SAFE 1.23 SAFE
3 2.00 2.80 0.80 3.40 52.41 13.37 65.77 215.13 83.27 346.42 0.48 0.140 SAFE 4.06 SAFE 1.51 SAFE
4 2.80 2.00 0.80 3.40 33.17 6.82 39.99 171.59 36.77 272.44 0.33 0.096 SAFE 7.19 SAFE 1.98 SAFE
5 3.60 1.20 0.80 3.80 17.34 2.46 19.80 141.23 11.18 245.90 0.24 0.063 SAFE 21.27 SAFE 3.30 SAFE
6 4.40 0.40 0.80 4.80 4.93 0.27 5.20 112.72 1.01 240.13 0.28 0.058 SAFE 228.88 SAFE 10.02 SAFE
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Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall - (static condition)

Coefficient of Active Earth Pressure (Int.Stab) Ka 0.333

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Reinforcement Layout Details Reinf. Properties Adherence of Reinforcement

T max Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L svj Dj T pj T sj T ult PSF avail Lej Remark
(kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.5] Tjr PSF avail
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN) (m) [FOS ≥ 1.5]

1 0.40 4.40 0.80 4.20 104.15 4.20 27.77 0.51 28.28 150.00 86.70 1.84 SAFE 3.97 148.1 5.24 SAFE

2 1.20 3.60 0.80 3.40 91.35 3.80 24.36 0.56 24.92 120.00 69.36 1.67 SAFE 2.71 85.6 3.44 SAFE

3 2.00 2.80 0.80 3.40 78.55 3.40 20.95 0.63 21.57 100.00 57.80 1.61 SAFE 2.25 58.3 2.70 SAFE

4 2.80 2.00 0.80 3.40 65.75 3.00 17.53 0.71 18.24 80.00 46.24 1.52 SAFE 1.78 36.2 1.98 SAFE

5 3.60 1.20 0.80 3.80 52.95 2.60 14.12 0.82 14.94 80.00 46.24 1.86 SAFE 1.72 25.2 1.68 SAFE

6 4.40 0.40 0.80 4.80 40.15 2.20 10.71 0.97 11.68 60.00 34.68 1.78 SAFE 2.26 20.2 1.73 SAFE

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Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall- [ seismic condition]

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Internal Inertial Force Due to the Weight of the Infill within the Active Zone PI = 16.98 kN

Reinforcement Layout Details Provided Geogrid Adherence of Reinforcement

Tj T md T max Remark Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L Lej T ult PSF avail
(kN) (kN) (kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.125] Tjr PSF avail [FOS ≥
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN)
1.125]

1 0.40 4.40 0.80 4.20 3.97 28.28 4.59 32.87 150.00 86.70 1.66 SAFE 118.5 3.60 SAFE

2 1.20 3.60 0.80 3.40 2.71 24.92 3.13 28.05 120.00 69.36 1.54 SAFE 68.5 2.44 SAFE

3 2.00 2.80 0.80 3.40 2.25 21.57 2.60 24.17 100.00 57.80 1.49 SAFE 46.6 1.93 SAFE

4 2.80 2.00 0.80 3.40 1.78 18.24 2.06 20.31 80.00 46.24 1.41 SAFE 28.9 1.43 SAFE

5 3.60 1.20 0.80 3.80 1.72 14.94 1.99 16.93 80.00 46.24 1.70 SAFE 20.1 1.19 SAFE

6 4.40 0.40 0.80 4.80 2.26 11.68 2.61 14.29 60.00 34.68 1.55 SAFE 16.2 1.13 SAFE

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 Height of the Wall = 4.80 m

Length Tult Td
Layer No. zj Type of Geogrid
(m) (kN/m) (kN/m)

1 0.40 4.20 150.00 86.70 GU 150

2 1.20 3.40 120.00 69.36 GU 120

3 2.00 3.40 100.00 57.80 GU 100

4 2.80 3.40 80.00 46.24 GU 80

5 3.60 3.80 80.00 46.24 GU 80

6 4.40 4.80 60.00 34.68 GU 60

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Notes:
1. Reinforcement layers are seqenced from bottom to top. Layer no. 1 is the bottom most.
2. zj is the height of the jth layer measured from top of levelling pad
3. Tult is the short-term peak tensile strength of the geogrid
4. TD is the long-term design strength of the geogrid
 DESIGN OF GEOGRID REINFORCED SOIL WALLS

Design Methodology

US Department of Transportation FHWA-NHI-00-043 Mechanically stabilized

earth walls and reinforced soil slopes design and construction guidelines

REINFORCED SOIL WALL HEIGHT 4 m

Document: GCEPL/2023-24/RSW/SALANPUR/4 m.
INPUT DATA
Wall Geometry
Design Height of wall, H 4.00 m
Height of the Wall (above the G.L.) H' 3.00 m
Depth of Embedment Dm 1.00 m

Pavement Thickness Trm 0.63 m

Average unit weight of pavement ϒrm 22 (kN/m3)

Total Struc./Mechanical Ht. of wall HT 4.63 m

Carriage way width Cb 9.00 m

Wall Inclinication
Measured from Vertical w 0 (Degrees)
Measured from Horizontal a 90 (Degrees)

Slopes
Front slope angle i 0 (Degrees)
Back slope angle b 0 (Degrees)

Input Soil Parameters (Long-term Stability)

Φ
Soil Data
c' (kPa) (Degree) ϒ (kN/m3)
Corelation of soil properties
for borrow-pit is essential at
Reinforced Infill Soil ( Soil 1) 0.00 30 16.00 site
Retained Soil (soil 2) 0.00 30 16.00
GI If Reqd (By Others), to meet min
Foundation Soil 0.00 30 18.00 criteria for SBC Reqd & post construction
settlement <100 mm

Input External Loads (Refer IRC:78-2000)

2
Dead Load Surcharge DL 13.75 (kN/m )
Live Load Surcharge LL 20.00 (kN/m2) (equivalent to 1.2m of fill as per IRC-78: 2000)
Crash barrier & Friction Slab Load SL 8.00 (kN/m2)

Width of fricition slab bF 2.00 m

Dis.from Wall Edge to Centre of SL, d 1.00 m
% coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Input Seismic Parameters

Seismic Zone III
Ground acceleration coefficient, α0 0.12
Wall acceleration coefficient, αm 0.160

Input facing Panel details

Type of fascia T- Panels
Height of facing panel 1.60 m
Width of facing panel 2.00 m
Thickness of facing panel 0.18 m
Grade of Concrete M 35
a) for Geosynthetics reinforcement :- ( Partial material Factors)
Type: GU 60 GU 80 GU 100 GU 120 GU 150 GU 180 GU 200 GU 250 GU 300 GU 350
Index tensile strength
60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 150.00 180.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00
kN/m

Creep reduction factor, F-

1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47
creep

Manufacturing,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm11
Extrapolation of test data,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm12
Installation damage,
1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07
Fm21
Durability,
1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
Fm22

Global Reduction factor 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730
Long Term Design strength
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

T-available
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

width of Geogrid
0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
(m)
Coverage Ratio, Rc 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60

Coefficient of Pullout,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Ci
Coefficient of Direct Sliding,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Cds
Coefficient of interaction,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
a

Partial Safety Factors :-

In Static In Seismic

Partial Factor of safety against Bearing & Tilt 2.00 1.500

Partial Factor of safety against Overturning 2.00 1.500
Partial Factor of safety against Sliding 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against Rupture strength 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against connection strength at break 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against adherence 1.50 1.125
External Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Design Height of the Wall (Including Embedment) 4.00 m

Trial Length of Reinforcement 2.80 m 2.80 m

(Minimum Trial Length = Greater of 0.7H & 2.50m) (Refer, page-86, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Provided Length of Reinforcement 3.60 m

Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement 0.8 m

Earth Pressure Coefficient for External Stability :- (Refer, page-87, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Inclination of front face of wall, w = 0 Degree < 10 Degree
Ka = Tan2 (45 - f/2) = 0.3333

Calculations for Resisting & Driving Moments :-

Vertical Force (Rv):

weight of reinforced soil mass, [L*H*Ƴr] V1 230.4 kN/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, [DL*L] V2 49.5 kN/m
Traffic surcharge [LL*L] V3 72.0 kN/m
weight of crash barrier [SL] V4 16.0 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rv 367.9 kN/m
Horizontal Force (Rh):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, [0.5*ka*Ƴb* H2] H1 42.7 kN/m
due to Dead Load [ka*H*DL] H2 18.3 kN/m
due to Traffic surcharge [ka*H*LL] H3 26.7 kN/m
Total Horizontal force Rh 87.7 kN/m
 Resisting Moment (Mr):
weight of reinforced soil mass, V1*L/2 414.7 kN-m/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, V2*L/2 89.1 kN-m/m
Traffic surcharge V3*L/2 129.6 kN-m/m
weight of crash barrier V4*bf/2 16.0 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 649.4 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 519.8 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment (Mo):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, H1*H/3 56.9 kN-m/m
due to Dead Load H2*H/2 36.7 kN-m/m
due to Traffic surcharge H3*H/2 53.3 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 146.9 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 1.37 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 0.43 m

Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-

qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e) (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
qreq. = 134.67 kN/m2

134.67 134.67
kN/m2 kN/m2
3.60

Mayerhoff equivalent stress distribution

Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees
Bearing Capacity Factors Nc 30.14
Nq 18.40
Ng 22.40 (Refer, page-97, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
water table correction factor, w' = 0.5
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
= 0 + 275.41
(q)f = 275.41 kN/m2
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' Rh M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No.
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 367.9 295.9 87.7 519.82 146.89 0.43 134.669 275.41

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-

for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/6 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of e/L = 0.121 < 1/6 Safe

for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 2.00 (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of (qult)f / qreq = 2.05 >2 Safe

Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.50 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

m = Tanf = 0.578 (Refer, page-94, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 1.950 > 1.50 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 2

The value of Mr' / Mo = 3.54 >2 Safe
Internal Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Internal Stability Calculatios for tensile force, is explained at a particular depth of RE wall from the top,

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 2.80 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 3.00 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60
Check for Rupture of Reinforcement
The max.tensile force due to vertical loading due to self weight of fill plus surcharge loading :-
Tpj = Ka * σvj * Svj (Refer, page-109, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The maximum vertical stress svj 78.55 kN/m
The maximum tensile force Tpj 20.95 kN/m

The dispersion with Dj 3.40

The maximum tensile force due to external loading Tsj 0.63 kN/m

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 21.57 kN/m

for Geogrids
Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 100.00 kN/m
Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 57.80 kN/m

Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47

Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFc x RFid xTmax ] 1.61 > 1.50 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = F* g hj Le C Rc a
Tmax (Refer, page-112, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
F* = Ci Tan φ = 0.46 C = 2
scale correction factor, a = 0.80

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside failure wedge,

Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 2.31 (page-113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Pullout resistance Tjr = (F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 59.90
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 2.78 > 1.50 Safe
External Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Peak ground acceleration Ah 0.12

Max. wall acceleration coefficient for external Stability Am(ext) 0.1596
Max. wall acceleration coefficient for internal Stability Am(int) 0.1596
Vertical Seismic Coefficient av 0.00
Seismic Inertia Angle (External Stability) q(ext) 9.07 Degrees
Seismic Inertia Angle (Internal Stability) q(int) 9.07 Degrees

Seismic Earth Pressure :- As per Mononobe - Okabe expression :- (Refer, page-100, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

cos2 (f - ψ - 90 - Ɵ)
KAE =
sin(f+b) sin(f-ψ -b) 2
cosψ cos2(90-Ɵ) cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) 1 +
cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) cos(b-90+Ɵ)

Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient , if Am> 0 (Kae) 0.440

if Am = 0 (Kae) 0.333
Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient Increment (DKdyn) 0.1070

Required factor of safety for sesmic loading 75% of static FOS

Height of Re wall (Including Embedment) H 4.00 m

Length of reinforcement L 3.60 m

Total Vertical force Rv 367.9 kN/m

Total Vertical force (without live load) Rv' 295.9 kN/m
Horizontal force in static condition Rhstatic 87.7 kN/m

Horizontal Siesmic Thrust (Refer, page-98 & 113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Horizontal Inertia force 0.5 Am Ƴr H2 PIR 20.43 kN/m
Seismic thrust, 0.5 [0.5 (DKdyn) Ƴf H2] 0.5 PAE 6.85 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rhstatic + PIR + 0.5PAE Rh 114.9 kN/m

Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 649.4 kN-m/m

Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 519.8 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment due to loads in static cond. Mo 146.9 kN-m/m
adding seismic effect to the overurning moments
Due to horizontal Inertia force PIR * H/2 40.86 kN-m/m
Due to seismic thrust, 0.5 PAE * 0.6 H 16.44 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 204.2 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 1.21 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 0.59 m
Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-
qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e)
qreq. = 152.00 kN/m2
Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees Bearing Capacity Factors :- Nc 30.14
Ng 22.40
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng
= 0 + 244.00
2
(q)f = 244.00 kN/m
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No. Rh (kN/m)
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 367.9 295.9 114.9 519.82 204.19 0.590 152.00 244.00

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-
for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/4
The value of e/L = 0.164 < 1/4 Safe
for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 1.50
The ult. Bearing capacity of stabilized soil, (qu)f = 244.00 kN/m2
The Required Bearing capacity of soil, qreq = 152.000 kN/m2
The value of (qult)f / qreq = 1.61 > 1.50 Safe
Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.125
m = Tanf = 0.578
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 1.487 > 1.125 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 1.50

The value of Mr' / Mo = 2.55 > 1.50 Safe

Internal Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 2.80 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 3.00 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 21.57 kN/m

Seismic loads produce an Internal force PI acting horizontally in addition to static force,
PI = Wa Am (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
2
where, Wa - weight of the active zone = [0.5 Ƴr tan (45-f/2) H ]
Dynamic increment induced by Inertia force PI in the different R/f Proportional to their Resistant area on
load per unit wall width basis - Tmd = PI * Lej / ∑Lej (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Mass of the wedge [0.5 gr tan (45-f/2) H2] W 73.90
Seismic force acting per unit width of wall, Am W PI 11.79 kN/m
Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone Lej 2.31 m
∑ Lej 11.43
Dynamic increment,directly induced by Inertia force
Tmd 2.38 kN/m
PI * Lej / ∑Lej

Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 100.00 kN/m

Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 57.80 kN/m
Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47
Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFid x [RFc x Tmax + Tmd] ] 1.50 > 1.125 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = (0.8F*) g hj Le C Rc a / Tmax

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside

Failure wedge, Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 2.31
Pullout resistance Tjr = (0.80F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 47.92
Tj 23.96
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 2.00 > 1.125 Safe
External Stability Calculation - (static condition)

Reinforcement Layout Details OVERTURNING SLIDING

Provided
Layer No R vj R hj Mr (kN- Mo e Remark
zj hj S vj Length e/L Remark Remark
from (kN/m) (kN/m) m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/6] Mr / Mo FOS
(m) (m) (m) (m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 2] [FOS ≥ 1.5]
bottom

1 0.40 3.60 0.80 3.60 272.96 75.06 470.35 114.37 0.50 0.138 SAFE 4.11 SAFE 1.68 SAFE

2 1.20 2.80 0.80 3.00 191.71 52.41 271.48 63.61 0.42 0.139 SAFE 4.27 SAFE 1.69 SAFE

3 2.00 2.00 0.80 3.00 153.29 33.17 213.88 29.61 0.30 0.099 SAFE 7.22 SAFE 2.14 SAFE

4 2.80 1.20 0.80 3.30 124.75 17.34 187.41 9.64 0.22 0.068 SAFE 19.45 SAFE 3.32 SAFE

5 3.60 0.40 0.80 4.30 102.65 4.93 194.29 0.96 0.27 0.062 SAFE 203.04 SAFE 9.63 SAFE

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Check For External Sliding - [ seismic condition]

Reinforcement Layout Details Rhj (kN)

Mo Mr
OVERTURNING SLIDING
Rvj e Remark
Layer zj hj Svj L (kN- (kN- e/L Remark Remark
Rh(static) Rh(dyn.) Rhj (kN) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/4] Mr / Mo FOS
No (m) (m) (m) (m) m/m) m/m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 1.5] [FOS ≥ 1.125]

1 0.40 3.60 0.80 3.60 75.06 22.10 97.16 272.96 156.14 470.35 0.65 0.180 SAFE 2.96 SAFE 1.30 SAFE
2 1.20 2.80 0.80 3.00 52.41 13.37 65.77 191.71 83.27 271.48 0.52 0.173 SAFE 3.16 SAFE 1.35 SAFE
3 2.00 2.00 0.80 3.00 33.17 6.82 39.99 153.29 36.77 213.88 0.34 0.115 SAFE 5.60 SAFE 1.77 SAFE
4 2.80 1.20 0.80 3.30 17.34 2.46 19.80 124.75 11.18 187.41 0.24 0.072 SAFE 16.04 SAFE 2.91 SAFE
5 3.60 0.40 0.80 4.30 4.93 0.27 5.20 102.65 1.01 194.29 0.27 0.062 SAFE 183.68 SAFE 9.12 SAFE
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Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall - (static condition)

Coefficient of Active Earth Pressure (Int.Stab) Ka 0.333

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Reinforcement Layout Details Reinf. Properties Adherence of Reinforcement

T max Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L svj Dj T pj T sj T ult PSF avail Lej Remark
(kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.5] Tjr PSF avail
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN) (m) [FOS ≥ 1.5]

1 0.40 3.60 0.80 3.60 91.35 3.80 24.36 0.56 24.92 120.00 69.36 1.67 SAFE 3.37 106.6 4.28 SAFE

2 1.20 2.80 0.80 3.00 78.55 3.40 20.95 0.63 21.57 100.00 57.80 1.61 SAFE 2.31 59.9 2.78 SAFE

3 2.00 2.00 0.80 3.00 65.75 3.00 17.53 0.71 18.24 80.00 46.24 1.52 SAFE 1.85 37.4 2.05 SAFE

4 2.80 1.20 0.80 3.30 52.95 2.60 14.12 0.82 14.94 80.00 46.24 1.86 SAFE 1.68 24.6 1.65 SAFE

5 3.60 0.40 0.80 4.30 40.15 2.20 10.71 0.97 11.68 60.00 34.68 1.78 SAFE 2.22 19.8 1.70 SAFE

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Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall- [ seismic condition]

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Internal Inertial Force Due to the Weight of the Infill within the Active Zone PI = 11.79 kN

Reinforcement Layout Details Provided Geogrid Adherence of Reinforcement

Tj T md T max Remark Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L Lej T ult PSF avail
(kN) (kN) (kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.125] Tjr PSF avail [FOS ≥
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN)
1.125]

1 0.40 3.60 0.80 3.60 3.37 24.92 3.48 28.40 120.00 69.36 1.53 SAFE 85.3 3.00 SAFE

2 1.20 2.80 0.80 3.00 2.31 21.57 2.38 23.96 100.00 57.80 1.50 SAFE 47.9 2.00 SAFE

3 2.00 2.00 0.80 3.00 1.85 18.24 1.90 20.15 80.00 46.24 1.42 SAFE 29.9 1.49 SAFE

4 2.80 1.20 0.80 3.30 1.68 14.94 1.74 16.68 80.00 46.24 1.72 SAFE 19.7 1.18 SAFE

5 3.60 0.40 0.80 4.30 2.22 11.68 2.29 13.97 60.00 34.68 1.57 SAFE 15.9 1.14 SAFE

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 Height of the Wall = 4.00 m

Length Tult Td
Layer No. zj Type of Geogrid
(m) (kN/m) (kN/m)

1 0.40 3.60 120.00 69.36 GU 120

2 1.20 3.00 100.00 57.80 GU 100

3 2.00 3.00 80.00 46.24 GU 80

4 2.80 3.30 80.00 46.24 GU 80

5 3.60 4.30 60.00 34.68 GU 60

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Notes:
1. Reinforcement layers are seqenced from bottom to top. Layer no. 1 is the bottom most.
2. zj is the height of the jth layer measured from top of levelling pad
3. Tult is the short-term peak tensile strength of the geogrid
4. TD is the long-term design strength of the geogrid
 DESIGN OF GEOGRID REINFORCED SOIL WALLS

Design Methodology

US Department of Transportation FHWA-NHI-00-043 Mechanically stabilized

earth walls and reinforced soil slopes design and construction guidelines

REINFORCED SOIL WALL HEIGHT 3.2 m

Document: GCEPL/2023-24/RSW/SALANPUR/3.2 m.
INPUT DATA
Wall Geometry
Design Height of wall, H 3.20 m
Height of the Wall (above the G.L.) H' 2.20 m
Depth of Embedment Dm 1.00 m

Pavement Thickness Trm 0.63 m

Average unit weight of pavement ϒrm 22 (kN/m3)

Total Struc./Mechanical Ht. of wall HT 3.83 m

Carriage way width Cb 9.00 m

Wall Inclinication
Measured from Vertical w 0 (Degrees)
Measured from Horizontal a 90 (Degrees)

Slopes
Front slope angle i 0 (Degrees)
Back slope angle b 0 (Degrees)

Input Soil Parameters (Long-term Stability)

Φ
Soil Data
c' (kPa) (Degree) ϒ (kN/m3)
Corelation of soil properties
for borrow-pit is essential at
Reinforced Infill Soil ( Soil 1) 0.00 30 16.00 site
Retained Soil (soil 2) 0.00 30 16.00
GI If Reqd (By Others), to meet min
Foundation Soil 0.00 30 18.00 criteria for SBC Reqd & post construction
settlement <100 mm

Input External Loads (Refer IRC:78-2000)

2
Dead Load Surcharge DL 13.75 (kN/m )
Live Load Surcharge LL 20.00 (kN/m2) (equivalent to 1.2m of fill as per IRC-78: 2000)
Crash barrier & Friction Slab Load SL 8.00 (kN/m2)

Width of fricition slab bF 2.00 m

Dis.from Wall Edge to Centre of SL, d 1.00 m
% coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Input Seismic Parameters

Seismic Zone III
Ground acceleration coefficient, α0 0.12
Wall acceleration coefficient, αm 0.160

Input facing Panel details

Type of fascia T- Panels
Height of facing panel 1.60 m
Width of facing panel 2.00 m
Thickness of facing panel 0.18 m
Grade of Concrete M 35
a) for Geosynthetics reinforcement :- ( Partial material Factors)
Type: GU 60 GU 80 GU 100 GU 120 GU 150 GU 180 GU 200 GU 250 GU 300 GU 350
Index tensile strength
60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 150.00 180.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00
kN/m

Creep reduction factor, F-

1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47
creep

Manufacturing,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm11
Extrapolation of test data,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm12
Installation damage,
1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07
Fm21
Durability,
1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
Fm22

Global Reduction factor 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730
Long Term Design strength
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

T-available
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

width of Geogrid
0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
(m)
Coverage Ratio, Rc 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60

Coefficient of Pullout,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Ci
Coefficient of Direct Sliding,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Cds
Coefficient of interaction,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
a

Partial Safety Factors :-

In Static In Seismic

Partial Factor of safety against Bearing & Tilt 2.00 1.500

Partial Factor of safety against Overturning 2.00 1.500
Partial Factor of safety against Sliding 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against Rupture strength 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against connection strength at break 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against adherence 1.50 1.125
External Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Design Height of the Wall (Including Embedment) 3.20 m

Trial Length of Reinforcement 2.50 m 2.50 m

(Minimum Trial Length = Greater of 0.7H & 2.50m) (Refer, page-86, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Provided Length of Reinforcement 3.10 m

Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement 0.8 m

Earth Pressure Coefficient for External Stability :- (Refer, page-87, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Inclination of front face of wall, w = 0 Degree < 10 Degree
Ka = Tan2 (45 - f/2) = 0.3333

Calculations for Resisting & Driving Moments :-

Vertical Force (Rv):

weight of reinforced soil mass, [L*H*Ƴr] V1 158.7 kN/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, [DL*L] V2 42.6 kN/m
Traffic surcharge [LL*L] V3 62.0 kN/m
weight of crash barrier [SL] V4 16.0 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rv 279.3 kN/m
Horizontal Force (Rh):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, [0.5*ka*Ƴb* H2] H1 27.3 kN/m
due to Dead Load [ka*H*DL] H2 14.7 kN/m
due to Traffic surcharge [ka*H*LL] H3 21.3 kN/m
Total Horizontal force Rh 63.3 kN/m
 Resisting Moment (Mr):
weight of reinforced soil mass, V1*L/2 246.0 kN-m/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, V2*L/2 66.1 kN-m/m
Traffic surcharge V3*L/2 96.1 kN-m/m
weight of crash barrier V4*bf/2 16.0 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 424.2 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 328.1 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment (Mo):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, H1*H/3 29.1 kN-m/m
due to Dead Load H2*H/2 23.5 kN-m/m
due to Traffic surcharge H3*H/2 34.1 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 86.7 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 1.21 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 0.34 m

Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-

qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e) (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
qreq. = 115.62 kN/m2

115.62 115.62
kN/m2 kN/m2
3.10

Mayerhoff equivalent stress distribution

Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees
Bearing Capacity Factors Nc 30.14
Nq 18.40
Ng 22.40 (Refer, page-97, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
water table correction factor, w' = 0.5
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
= 0 + 243.57
(q)f = 243.57 kN/m2
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' Rh M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No.
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 279.3 217.3 63.3 328.08 86.73 0.34 115.620 243.57

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-

for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/6 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of e/L = 0.110 < 1/6 Safe

for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 2.00 (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of (qult)f / qreq = 2.11 >2 Safe

Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.50 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

m = Tanf = 0.578 (Refer, page-94, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 1.983 > 1.50 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 2

The value of Mr' / Mo = 3.78 >2 Safe
Internal Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Internal Stability Calculatios for tensile force, is explained at a particular depth of RE wall from the top,

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 2.00 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 3.00 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60
Check for Rupture of Reinforcement
The max.tensile force due to vertical loading due to self weight of fill plus surcharge loading :-
Tpj = Ka * σvj * Svj (Refer, page-109, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The maximum vertical stress svj 65.75 kN/m
The maximum tensile force Tpj 17.53 kN/m

The dispersion with Dj 3.00

The maximum tensile force due to external loading Tsj 0.71 kN/m

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 18.24 kN/m

for Geogrids
Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 80.00 kN/m
Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 46.24 kN/m

Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47

Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFc x RFid xTmax ] 1.52 > 1.50 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = F* g hj Le C Rc a
Tmax (Refer, page-112, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
F* = Ci Tan φ = 0.46 C = 2
scale correction factor, a = 0.80

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside failure wedge,

Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 2.31 (page-113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Pullout resistance Tjr = (F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 46.80
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 2.57 > 1.50 Safe
External Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Peak ground acceleration Ah 0.12

Max. wall acceleration coefficient for external Stability Am(ext) 0.1596
Max. wall acceleration coefficient for internal Stability Am(int) 0.1596
Vertical Seismic Coefficient av 0.00
Seismic Inertia Angle (External Stability) q(ext) 9.07 Degrees
Seismic Inertia Angle (Internal Stability) q(int) 9.07 Degrees

Seismic Earth Pressure :- As per Mononobe - Okabe expression :- (Refer, page-100, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

cos2 (f - ψ - 90 - Ɵ)
KAE =
sin(f+b) sin(f-ψ -b) 2
cosψ cos2(90-Ɵ) cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) 1 +
cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) cos(b-90+Ɵ)

Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient , if Am> 0 (Kae) 0.440

if Am = 0 (Kae) 0.333
Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient Increment (DKdyn) 0.1070

Required factor of safety for sesmic loading 75% of static FOS

Height of Re wall (Including Embedment) H 3.20 m

Length of reinforcement L 3.10 m

Total Vertical force Rv 279.3 kN/m

Total Vertical force (without live load) Rv' 217.3 kN/m
Horizontal force in static condition Rhstatic 63.3 kN/m

Horizontal Siesmic Thrust (Refer, page-98 & 113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Horizontal Inertia force 0.5 Am Ƴr H2 PIR 13.07 kN/m
Seismic thrust, 0.5 [0.5 (DKdyn) Ƴf H2] 0.5 PAE 4.38 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rhstatic + PIR + 0.5PAE Rh 80.8 kN/m

Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 424.2 kN-m/m

Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 328.1 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment due to loads in static cond. Mo 86.7 kN-m/m
adding seismic effect to the overurning moments
Due to horizontal Inertia force PIR * H/2 20.92 kN-m/m
Due to seismic thrust, 0.5 PAE * 0.6 H 8.42 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 116.1 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 1.10 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 0.45 m
Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-
qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e)
qreq. = 126.63 kN/m2
Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees Bearing Capacity Factors :- Nc 30.14
Ng 22.40
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng
= 0 + 222.39
2
(q)f = 222.39 kN/m
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No. Rh (kN/m)
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 279.3 217.3 80.8 328.08 116.06 0.447 126.63 222.39

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-
for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/4
The value of e/L = 0.144 < 1/4 Safe
for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 1.50
The ult. Bearing capacity of stabilized soil, (qu)f = 222.39 kN/m2
The Required Bearing capacity of soil, qreq = 126.628 kN/m2
The value of (qult)f / qreq = 1.76 > 1.50 Safe
Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.125
m = Tanf = 0.578
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 1.554 > 1.125 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 1.50

The value of Mr' / Mo = 2.83 > 1.50 Safe

Internal Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 2.00 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 3.00 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 18.24 kN/m

Seismic loads produce an Internal force PI acting horizontally in addition to static force,
PI = Wa Am (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
2
where, Wa - weight of the active zone = [0.5 Ƴr tan (45-f/2) H ]
Dynamic increment induced by Inertia force PI in the different R/f Proportional to their Resistant area on
load per unit wall width basis - Tmd = PI * Lej / ∑Lej (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Mass of the wedge [0.5 gr tan (45-f/2) H2] W 47.30
Seismic force acting per unit width of wall, Am W PI 7.55 kN/m
Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone Lej 2.31 m
∑ Lej 9.20
Dynamic increment,directly induced by Inertia force
Tmd 1.89 kN/m
PI * Lej / ∑Lej

Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 80.00 kN/m

Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 46.24 kN/m
Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47
Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFid x [RFc x Tmax + Tmd] ] 1.42 > 1.125 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = (0.8F*) g hj Le C Rc a / Tmax

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside

Failure wedge, Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 2.31
Pullout resistance Tjr = (0.80F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 37.44
Tj 20.14
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 1.86 > 1.125 Safe
External Stability Calculation - (static condition)

Reinforcement Layout Details OVERTURNING SLIDING

Provided
Layer No R vj R hj Mr (kN- Mo e Remark
zj hj S vj Length e/L Remark Remark
from (kN/m) (kN/m) m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/6] Mr / Mo FOS
(m) (m) (m) (m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 2] [FOS ≥ 1.5]
bottom

1 0.40 2.80 0.80 3.10 197.57 52.41 289.33 63.61 0.41 0.131 SAFE 4.55 SAFE 1.74 SAFE

2 1.20 2.00 0.80 3.00 153.29 33.17 213.88 29.61 0.30 0.099 SAFE 7.22 SAFE 2.14 SAFE

3 2.00 1.20 0.80 3.00 114.87 17.34 156.28 9.64 0.22 0.074 SAFE 16.22 SAFE 3.06 SAFE

4 2.80 0.40 0.80 3.80 92.57 4.93 153.48 0.96 0.25 0.066 SAFE 160.40 SAFE 8.68 SAFE

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Check For External Sliding - [ seismic condition]

Reinforcement Layout Details Rhj (kN)

Mo Mr
OVERTURNING SLIDING
Rvj e Remark
Layer zj hj Svj L (kN- (kN- e/L Remark Remark
Rh(static) Rh(dyn.) Rhj (kN) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/4] Mr / Mo FOS
No (m) (m) (m) (m) m/m) m/m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 1.5] [FOS ≥ 1.125]

1 0.40 2.80 0.80 3.10 52.41 13.37 65.77 197.57 83.27 289.33 0.51 0.164 SAFE 3.38 SAFE 1.39 SAFE
2 1.20 2.00 0.80 3.00 33.17 6.82 39.99 153.29 36.77 213.88 0.34 0.115 SAFE 5.60 SAFE 1.77 SAFE
3 2.00 1.20 0.80 3.00 17.34 2.46 19.80 114.87 11.18 156.28 0.24 0.079 SAFE 13.26 SAFE 2.68 SAFE
4 2.80 0.40 0.80 3.80 4.93 0.27 5.20 92.57 1.01 153.48 0.25 0.067 SAFE 143.45 SAFE 8.23 SAFE
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Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall - (static condition)

Coefficient of Active Earth Pressure (Int.Stab) Ka 0.333

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Reinforcement Layout Details Reinf. Properties Adherence of Reinforcement

T max Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L svj Dj T pj T sj T ult PSF avail Lej Remark
(kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.5] Tjr PSF avail
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN) (m) [FOS ≥ 1.5]

1 0.40 2.80 0.80 3.10 78.55 3.40 20.95 0.63 21.57 100.00 57.80 1.61 SAFE 2.87 74.5 3.45 SAFE

2 1.20 2.00 0.80 3.00 65.75 3.00 17.53 0.71 18.24 80.00 46.24 1.52 SAFE 2.31 46.8 2.57 SAFE

3 2.00 1.20 0.80 3.00 52.95 2.60 14.12 0.82 14.94 80.00 46.24 1.86 SAFE 1.85 27.0 1.80 SAFE

4 2.80 0.40 0.80 3.80 40.15 2.20 10.71 0.97 11.68 60.00 34.68 1.78 SAFE 2.18 19.5 1.67 SAFE

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Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall- [ seismic condition]

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Internal Inertial Force Due to the Weight of the Infill within the Active Zone PI = 7.55 kN

Reinforcement Layout Details Provided Geogrid Adherence of Reinforcement

Tj T md T max Remark Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L Lej T ult PSF avail
(kN) (kN) (kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.125] Tjr PSF avail [FOS ≥
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN)
1.125]

1 0.40 2.80 0.80 3.10 2.87 21.57 2.35 23.93 100.00 57.80 1.50 SAFE 59.6 2.49 SAFE

2 1.20 2.00 0.80 3.00 2.31 18.24 1.89 20.14 80.00 46.24 1.42 SAFE 37.4 1.86 SAFE

3 2.00 1.20 0.80 3.00 1.85 14.94 1.51 16.45 80.00 46.24 1.74 SAFE 21.6 1.31 SAFE

4 2.80 0.40 0.80 3.80 2.18 11.68 1.79 13.47 60.00 34.68 1.61 SAFE 15.6 1.16 SAFE

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 Height of the Wall = 3.20 m

Length Tult Td
Layer No. zj Type of Geogrid
(m) (kN/m) (kN/m)

1 0.40 3.10 100.00 57.80 GU 100

2 1.20 3.00 80.00 46.24 GU 80

3 2.00 3.00 80.00 46.24 GU 80

4 2.80 3.80 60.00 34.68 GU 60

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1. Reinforcement layers are seqenced from bottom to top. Layer no. 1 is the bottom most.
2. zj is the height of the jth layer measured from top of levelling pad
3. Tult is the short-term peak tensile strength of the geogrid
4. TD is the long-term design strength of the geogrid
 DESIGN OF GEOGRID REINFORCED SOIL WALLS

Design Methodology

US Department of Transportation FHWA-NHI-00-043 Mechanically stabilized

earth walls and reinforced soil slopes design and construction guidelines

REINFORCED SOIL WALL HEIGHT 2.4 m

Document: GCEPL/2023-24/RSW/SALANPUR/2.4 m.
INPUT DATA
Wall Geometry
Design Height of wall, H 2.40 m
Height of the Wall (above the G.L.) H' 1.40 m
Depth of Embedment Dm 1.00 m

Pavement Thickness Trm 0.63 m

Average unit weight of pavement ϒrm 22 (kN/m3)

Total Struc./Mechanical Ht. of wall HT 3.03 m

Carriage way width Cb 9.00 m

Wall Inclinication
Measured from Vertical w 0 (Degrees)
Measured from Horizontal a 90 (Degrees)

Slopes
Front slope angle i 0 (Degrees)
Back slope angle b 0 (Degrees)

Input Soil Parameters (Long-term Stability)

Φ
Soil Data
c' (kPa) (Degree) ϒ (kN/m3)
Corelation of soil properties
for borrow-pit is essential at
Reinforced Infill Soil ( Soil 1) 0.00 30 16.00 site
Retained Soil (soil 2) 0.00 30 16.00
GI If Reqd (By Others), to meet min
Foundation Soil 0.00 30 18.00 criteria for SBC Reqd & post construction
settlement <100 mm

Input External Loads (Refer IRC:78-2000)

2
Dead Load Surcharge DL 13.75 (kN/m )
Live Load Surcharge LL 20.00 (kN/m2) (equivalent to 1.2m of fill as per IRC-78: 2000)
Crash barrier & Friction Slab Load SL 8.00 (kN/m2)

Width of fricition slab bF 2.00 m

Dis.from Wall Edge to Centre of SL, d 1.00 m
% coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Input Seismic Parameters

Seismic Zone III
Ground acceleration coefficient, α0 0.12
Wall acceleration coefficient, αm 0.160

Input facing Panel details

Type of fascia T- Panels
Height of facing panel 1.60 m
Width of facing panel 2.00 m
Thickness of facing panel 0.18 m
Grade of Concrete M 35
a) for Geosynthetics reinforcement :- ( Partial material Factors)
Type: GU 60 GU 80 GU 100 GU 120 GU 150 GU 180 GU 200 GU 250 GU 300 GU 350
Index tensile strength
60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 150.00 180.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00
kN/m

Creep reduction factor, F-

1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47
creep

Manufacturing,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm11
Extrapolation of test data,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm12
Installation damage,
1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07
Fm21
Durability,
1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
Fm22

Global Reduction factor 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730
Long Term Design strength
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

T-available
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

width of Geogrid
0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
(m)
Coverage Ratio, Rc 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60

Coefficient of Pullout,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Ci
Coefficient of Direct Sliding,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Cds
Coefficient of interaction,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
a

Partial Safety Factors :-

In Static In Seismic

Partial Factor of safety against Bearing & Tilt 2.00 1.500

Partial Factor of safety against Overturning 2.00 1.500
Partial Factor of safety against Sliding 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against Rupture strength 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against connection strength at break 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against adherence 1.50 1.125
External Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Design Height of the Wall (Including Embedment) 2.40 m

Trial Length of Reinforcement 2.50 m 2.50 m

(Minimum Trial Length = Greater of 0.7H & 2.50m) (Refer, page-86, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Provided Length of Reinforcement 3.00 m

Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement 0.8 m

Earth Pressure Coefficient for External Stability :- (Refer, page-87, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Inclination of front face of wall, w = 0 Degree < 10 Degree
Ka = Tan2 (45 - f/2) = 0.3333

Calculations for Resisting & Driving Moments :-

Vertical Force (Rv):

weight of reinforced soil mass, [L*H*Ƴr] V1 115.2 kN/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, [DL*L] V2 41.3 kN/m
Traffic surcharge [LL*L] V3 60.0 kN/m
weight of crash barrier [SL] V4 16.0 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rv 232.5 kN/m
Horizontal Force (Rh):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, [0.5*ka*Ƴb* H2] H1 15.4 kN/m
due to Dead Load [ka*H*DL] H2 11.0 kN/m
due to Traffic surcharge [ka*H*LL] H3 16.0 kN/m
Total Horizontal force Rh 42.4 kN/m
 Resisting Moment (Mr):
weight of reinforced soil mass, V1*L/2 172.8 kN-m/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, V2*L/2 61.9 kN-m/m
Traffic surcharge V3*L/2 90.0 kN-m/m
weight of crash barrier V4*bf/2 16.0 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 340.7 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 250.7 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment (Mo):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, H1*H/3 12.3 kN-m/m
due to Dead Load H2*H/2 13.2 kN-m/m
due to Traffic surcharge H3*H/2 19.2 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 44.7 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 1.27 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 0.23 m

Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-

qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e) (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
qreq. = 91.28 kN/m2

91.28 91.28
kN/m2 kN/m2
3.00

Mayerhoff equivalent stress distribution

Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees
Bearing Capacity Factors Nc 30.14
Nq 18.40
Ng 22.40 (Refer, page-97, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
water table correction factor, w' = 0.5
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
= 0 + 256.73
(q)f = 256.73 kN/m2
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' Rh M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No.
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 232.5 172.5 42.4 250.68 44.69 0.23 91.276 256.73

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-

for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/6 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of e/L = 0.076 < 1/6 Safe

for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 2.00 (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of (qult)f / qreq = 2.81 >2 Safe

Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.50 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

m = Tanf = 0.578 (Refer, page-94, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 2.352 > 1.50 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 2

The value of Mr' / Mo = 5.61 >2 Safe
Internal Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Internal Stability Calculatios for tensile force, is explained at a particular depth of RE wall from the top,

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 1.20 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 3.00 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60
Check for Rupture of Reinforcement
The max.tensile force due to vertical loading due to self weight of fill plus surcharge loading :-
Tpj = Ka * σvj * Svj (Refer, page-109, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The maximum vertical stress svj 52.95 kN/m
The maximum tensile force Tpj 14.12 kN/m

The dispersion with Dj 2.60

The maximum tensile force due to external loading Tsj 0.82 kN/m

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 14.94 kN/m

for Geogrids
Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 80.00 kN/m
Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 46.24 kN/m

Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47

Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFc x RFid xTmax ] 1.86 > 1.50 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = F* g hj Le C Rc a
Tmax (Refer, page-112, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
F* = Ci Tan φ = 0.46 C = 2
scale correction factor, a = 0.80

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside failure wedge,

Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 2.31 (page-113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Pullout resistance Tjr = (F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 33.71
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 2.26 > 1.50 Safe
External Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Peak ground acceleration Ah 0.12

Max. wall acceleration coefficient for external Stability Am(ext) 0.1596
Max. wall acceleration coefficient for internal Stability Am(int) 0.1596
Vertical Seismic Coefficient av 0.00
Seismic Inertia Angle (External Stability) q(ext) 9.07 Degrees
Seismic Inertia Angle (Internal Stability) q(int) 9.07 Degrees

Seismic Earth Pressure :- As per Mononobe - Okabe expression :- (Refer, page-100, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

cos2 (f - ψ - 90 - Ɵ)
KAE =
sin(f+b) sin(f-ψ -b) 2
cosψ cos2(90-Ɵ) cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) 1 +
cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) cos(b-90+Ɵ)

Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient , if Am> 0 (Kae) 0.440

if Am = 0 (Kae) 0.333
Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient Increment (DKdyn) 0.1070

Required factor of safety for sesmic loading 75% of static FOS

Height of Re wall (Including Embedment) H 2.40 m

Length of reinforcement L 3.00 m

Total Vertical force Rv 232.5 kN/m

Total Vertical force (without live load) Rv' 172.5 kN/m
Horizontal force in static condition Rhstatic 42.4 kN/m

Horizontal Siesmic Thrust (Refer, page-98 & 113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Horizontal Inertia force 0.5 Am Ƴr H2 PIR 7.35 kN/m
Seismic thrust, 0.5 [0.5 (DKdyn) Ƴf H2] 0.5 PAE 2.47 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rhstatic + PIR + 0.5PAE Rh 52.2 kN/m

Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 340.7 kN-m/m

Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 250.7 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment due to loads in static cond. Mo 44.7 kN-m/m
adding seismic effect to the overurning moments
Due to horizontal Inertia force PIR * H/2 8.83 kN-m/m
Due to seismic thrust, 0.5 PAE * 0.6 H 3.55 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 57.1 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 1.22 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 0.28 m
Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-
qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e)
qreq. = 95.26 kN/m2
Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees Bearing Capacity Factors :- Nc 30.14
Ng 22.40
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng
= 0 + 246.00
2
(q)f = 246.00 kN/m
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No. Rh (kN/m)
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 232.5 172.5 52.2 250.68 57.06 0.280 95.26 246.00

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-
for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/4
The value of e/L = 0.093 < 1/4 Safe
for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 1.50
The ult. Bearing capacity of stabilized soil, (qu)f = 246.00 kN/m2
The Required Bearing capacity of soil, qreq = 95.259 kN/m2
The value of (qult)f / qreq = 2.58 > 1.50 Safe
Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.125
m = Tanf = 0.578
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 1.909 > 1.125 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 1.50

The value of Mr' / Mo = 4.39 > 1.50 Safe

Internal Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 1.20 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 3.00 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 14.94 kN/m

Seismic loads produce an Internal force PI acting horizontally in addition to static force,
PI = Wa Am (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
2
where, Wa - weight of the active zone = [0.5 Ƴr tan (45-f/2) H ]
Dynamic increment induced by Inertia force PI in the different R/f Proportional to their Resistant area on
load per unit wall width basis - Tmd = PI * Lej / ∑Lej (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Mass of the wedge [0.5 gr tan (45-f/2) H2] W 26.60
Seismic force acting per unit width of wall, Am W PI 4.25 kN/m
Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone Lej 2.31 m
∑ Lej 7.12
Dynamic increment,directly induced by Inertia force
Tmd 1.38 kN/m
PI * Lej / ∑Lej

Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 80.00 kN/m

Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 46.24 kN/m
Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47
Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFid x [RFc x Tmax + Tmd] ] 1.75 > 1.125 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = (0.8F*) g hj Le C Rc a / Tmax

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside

Failure wedge, Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 2.31
Pullout resistance Tjr = (0.80F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 26.97
Tj 16.32
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 1.65 > 1.125 Safe
External Stability Calculation - (static condition)

Reinforcement Layout Details OVERTURNING SLIDING

Provided
Layer No R vj R hj Mr (kN- Mo e Remark
zj hj S vj Length e/L Remark Remark
from (kN/m) (kN/m) m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/6] Mr / Mo FOS
(m) (m) (m) (m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 2] [FOS ≥ 1.5]
bottom

1 0.40 2.00 0.80 3.00 153.29 33.17 213.88 29.61 0.30 0.099 SAFE 7.22 SAFE 2.14 SAFE

2 1.20 1.20 0.80 3.00 114.87 17.34 156.28 9.64 0.22 0.074 SAFE 16.22 SAFE 3.06 SAFE

3 2.00 0.40 0.80 3.20 80.48 4.93 111.17 0.96 0.23 0.072 SAFE 116.18 SAFE 7.55 SAFE

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Check For External Sliding - [ seismic condition]

Reinforcement Layout Details Rhj (kN)

Mo Mr
OVERTURNING SLIDING
Rvj e Remark
Layer zj hj Svj L (kN- (kN- e/L Remark Remark
Rh(static) Rh(dyn.) Rhj (kN) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/4] Mr / Mo FOS
No (m) (m) (m) (m) m/m) m/m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 1.5] [FOS ≥ 1.125]

1 0.40 2.00 0.80 3.00 33.17 6.82 39.99 153.29 36.77 213.88 0.34 0.115 SAFE 5.60 SAFE 1.77 SAFE
2 1.20 1.20 0.80 3.00 17.34 2.46 19.80 114.87 11.18 156.28 0.24 0.079 SAFE 13.26 SAFE 2.68 SAFE
3 2.00 0.40 0.80 3.20 4.93 0.27 5.20 80.48 1.01 111.17 0.23 0.072 SAFE 101.72 SAFE 7.15 SAFE
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Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall - (static condition)

Coefficient of Active Earth Pressure (Int.Stab) Ka 0.333

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Reinforcement Layout Details Reinf. Properties Adherence of Reinforcement

T max Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L svj Dj T pj T sj T ult PSF avail Lej Remark
(kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.5] Tjr PSF avail
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN) (m) [FOS ≥ 1.5]

1 0.40 2.00 0.80 3.00 65.75 3.00 17.53 0.71 18.24 80.00 46.24 1.52 SAFE 2.77 56.2 3.08 SAFE

2 1.20 1.20 0.80 3.00 52.95 2.60 14.12 0.82 14.94 80.00 46.24 1.86 SAFE 2.31 33.7 2.26 SAFE

3 2.00 0.40 0.80 3.20 40.15 2.20 10.71 0.97 11.68 60.00 34.68 1.78 SAFE 2.05 18.3 1.57 SAFE

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Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall- [ seismic condition]

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Internal Inertial Force Due to the Weight of the Infill within the Active Zone PI = 4.25 kN

Reinforcement Layout Details Provided Geogrid Adherence of Reinforcement

Tj T md T max Remark Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L Lej T ult PSF avail
(kN) (kN) (kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.125] Tjr PSF avail [FOS ≥
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN)
1.125]

1 0.40 2.00 0.80 3.00 2.77 18.24 1.65 19.90 80.00 46.24 1.43 SAFE 44.9 2.26 SAFE

2 1.20 1.20 0.80 3.00 2.31 14.94 1.38 16.32 80.00 46.24 1.75 SAFE 27.0 1.65 SAFE

3 2.00 0.40 0.80 3.20 2.05 11.68 1.22 12.90 60.00 34.68 1.66 SAFE 14.6 1.13 SAFE

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 Height of the Wall = 2.40 m

Length Tult Td
Layer No. zj Type of Geogrid
(m) (kN/m) (kN/m)

1 0.40 3.00 80.00 46.24 GU 80

2 1.20 3.00 80.00 46.24 GU 80

3 2.00 3.20 60.00 34.68 GU 60

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Notes:
1. Reinforcement layers are seqenced from bottom to top. Layer no. 1 is the bottom most.
2. zj is the height of the jth layer measured from top of levelling pad
3. Tult is the short-term peak tensile strength of the geogrid
4. TD is the long-term design strength of the geogrid
 DESIGN OF GEOGRID REINFORCED SOIL WALLS

Design Methodology

US Department of Transportation FHWA-NHI-00-043 Mechanically stabilized

earth walls and reinforced soil slopes design and construction guidelines

REINFORCED SOIL WALL HEIGHT 1.6 m

Document: GCEPL/2023-24/RSW/SALANPUR/1.6 m.
INPUT DATA
Wall Geometry
Design Height of wall, H 1.60 m
Height of the Wall (above the G.L.) H' 0.60 m
Depth of Embedment Dm 1.00 m

Pavement Thickness Trm 0.63 m

Average unit weight of pavement ϒrm 22 (kN/m3)

Total Struc./Mechanical Ht. of wall HT 2.23 m

Carriage way width Cb 9.00 m

Wall Inclinication
Measured from Vertical w 0 (Degrees)
Measured from Horizontal a 90 (Degrees)

Slopes
Front slope angle i 0 (Degrees)
Back slope angle b 0 (Degrees)

Input Soil Parameters (Long-term Stability)

Φ
Soil Data
c' (kPa) (Degree) ϒ (kN/m3)
Corelation of soil properties
for borrow-pit is essential at
Reinforced Infill Soil ( Soil 1) 0.00 30 16.00 site
Retained Soil (soil 2) 0.00 30 16.00
GI If Reqd (By Others), to meet min
Foundation Soil 0.00 30 18.00 criteria for SBC Reqd & post construction
settlement <100 mm

Input External Loads (Refer IRC:78-2000)

2
Dead Load Surcharge DL 13.75 (kN/m )
Live Load Surcharge LL 20.00 (kN/m2) (equivalent to 1.2m of fill as per IRC-78: 2000)
Crash barrier & Friction Slab Load SL 8.00 (kN/m2)

Width of fricition slab bF 2.00 m

Dis.from Wall Edge to Centre of SL, d 1.00 m
% coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Input Seismic Parameters

Seismic Zone III
Ground acceleration coefficient, α0 0.12
Wall acceleration coefficient, αm 0.160

Input facing Panel details

Type of fascia T- Panels
Height of facing panel 1.60 m
Width of facing panel 2.00 m
Thickness of facing panel 0.18 m
Grade of Concrete M 35
a) for Geosynthetics reinforcement :- ( Partial material Factors)
Type: GU 60 GU 80 GU 100 GU 120 GU 150 GU 180 GU 200 GU 250 GU 300 GU 350
Index tensile strength
60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 150.00 180.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00
kN/m

Creep reduction factor, F-

1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47
creep

Manufacturing,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm11
Extrapolation of test data,
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Fm12
Installation damage,
1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.07
Fm21
Durability,
1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
Fm22

Global Reduction factor 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730 1.730
Long Term Design strength
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

T-available
34.68 46.24 57.80 69.36 86.70 104.03 115.59 144.49 173.39 202.29
kN/m

width of Geogrid
0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
(m)
Coverage Ratio, Rc 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60

Coefficient of Pullout,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Ci
Coefficient of Direct Sliding,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Cds
Coefficient of interaction,
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
a

Partial Safety Factors :-

In Static In Seismic

Partial Factor of safety against Bearing & Tilt 2.00 1.500

Partial Factor of safety against Overturning 2.00 1.500
Partial Factor of safety against Sliding 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against Rupture strength 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against connection strength at break 1.50 1.125
Partial Factor of safety against adherence 1.50 1.125
External Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Design Height of the Wall (Including Embedment) 1.60 m

Trial Length of Reinforcement 2.50 m 2.50 m

(Minimum Trial Length = Greater of 0.7H & 2.50m) (Refer, page-86, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Provided Length of Reinforcement 3.00 m

Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement 0.8 m

Earth Pressure Coefficient for External Stability :- (Refer, page-87, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Inclination of front face of wall, w = 0 Degree < 10 Degree
Ka = Tan2 (45 - f/2) = 0.3333

Calculations for Resisting & Driving Moments :-

Vertical Force (Rv):

weight of reinforced soil mass, [L*H*Ƴr] V1 76.8 kN/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, [DL*L] V2 41.3 kN/m
Traffic surcharge [LL*L] V3 60.0 kN/m
weight of crash barrier [SL] V4 16.0 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rv 194.1 kN/m
Horizontal Force (Rh):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, [0.5*ka*Ƴb* H2] H1 6.8 kN/m
due to Dead Load [ka*H*DL] H2 7.3 kN/m
due to Traffic surcharge [ka*H*LL] H3 10.7 kN/m
Total Horizontal force Rh 24.8 kN/m
 Resisting Moment (Mr):
weight of reinforced soil mass, V1*L/2 115.2 kN-m/m
weight of fill on top of the reinforced soil mass, V2*L/2 61.9 kN-m/m
Traffic surcharge V3*L/2 90.0 kN-m/m
weight of crash barrier V4*bf/2 16.0 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 283.1 kN-m/m
Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 193.1 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment (Mo):
Soil behind reinforced soil mass, H1*H/3 3.6 kN-m/m
due to Dead Load H2*H/2 5.9 kN-m/m
due to Traffic surcharge H3*H/2 8.5 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 18.0 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 1.37 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 0.13 m

Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-

qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e) (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
qreq. = 71.04 kN/m2

71.04 71.04
kN/m2 kN/m2
3.00

Mayerhoff equivalent stress distribution

Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees
Bearing Capacity Factors Nc 30.14
Nq 18.40
Ng 22.40 (Refer, page-97, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
water table correction factor, w' = 0.5
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
= 0 + 275.38
(q)f = 275.38 kN/m2
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' Rh M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No.
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 194.1 134.1 24.8 193.08 18.04 0.13 71.039 275.38

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-

for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/6 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of e/L = 0.045 < 1/6 Safe

for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 2.00 (Refer, page-95, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

The value of (qult)f / qreq = 3.88 >2 Safe

Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.50 (Refer, page-92, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

m = Tanf = 0.578 (Refer, page-94, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 3.119 > 1.50 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 2

The value of Mr' / Mo = 10.70 >2 Safe
Internal Stability Calculation [in static condition]

Internal Stability Calculatios for tensile force, is explained at a particular depth of RE wall from the top,

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 0.40 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 3.00 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60
Check for Rupture of Reinforcement
The max.tensile force due to vertical loading due to self weight of fill plus surcharge loading :-
Tpj = Ka * σvj * Svj (Refer, page-109, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
The maximum vertical stress svj 40.15 kN/m
The maximum tensile force Tpj 10.71 kN/m

The dispersion with Dj 2.20

The maximum tensile force due to external loading Tsj 0.97 kN/m

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 11.68 kN/m

for Geogrids
Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 60.00 kN/m
Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 34.68 kN/m

Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47

Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFc x RFid xTmax ] 1.78 > 1.50 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = F* g hj Le C Rc a
Tmax (Refer, page-112, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
F* = Ci Tan φ = 0.46 C = 2
scale correction factor, a = 0.80

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside failure wedge,

Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 2.31 (page-113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Pullout resistance Tjr = (F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 20.61
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 1.77 > 1.50 Safe
External Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Peak ground acceleration Ah 0.12

Max. wall acceleration coefficient for external Stability Am(ext) 0.1596
Max. wall acceleration coefficient for internal Stability Am(int) 0.1596
Vertical Seismic Coefficient av 0.00
Seismic Inertia Angle (External Stability) q(ext) 9.07 Degrees
Seismic Inertia Angle (Internal Stability) q(int) 9.07 Degrees

Seismic Earth Pressure :- As per Mononobe - Okabe expression :- (Refer, page-100, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

cos2 (f - ψ - 90 - Ɵ)
KAE =
sin(f+b) sin(f-ψ -b) 2
cosψ cos2(90-Ɵ) cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) 1 +
cos(b+90-Ɵ+ψ ) cos(b-90+Ɵ)

Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient , if Am> 0 (Kae) 0.440

if Am = 0 (Kae) 0.333
Dynamic Earth Pressure Coefficient Increment (DKdyn) 0.1070

Required factor of safety for sesmic loading 75% of static FOS

Height of Re wall (Including Embedment) H 1.60 m

Length of reinforcement L 3.00 m

Total Vertical force Rv 194.1 kN/m

Total Vertical force (without live load) Rv' 134.1 kN/m
Horizontal force in static condition Rhstatic 24.8 kN/m

Horizontal Siesmic Thrust (Refer, page-98 & 113, FHWA-NHI-00-043)

Horizontal Inertia force 0.5 Am Ƴr H2 PIR 3.27 kN/m
Seismic thrust, 0.5 [0.5 (DKdyn) Ƴf H2] 0.5 PAE 1.10 kN/m
Total Vertical force Rhstatic + PIR + 0.5PAE Rh 29.2 kN/m

Total Resisting Moment ∑Mr 283.1 kN-m/m

Total Resisting Moment (without Live Load) ∑Mr' 193.1 kN-m/m
Overturning Moment due to loads in static cond. Mo 18.0 kN-m/m
adding seismic effect to the overurning moments
Due to horizontal Inertia force PIR * H/2 2.61 kN-m/m
Due to seismic thrust, 0.5 PAE * 0.6 H 1.05 kN-m/m
Total Overturning Moment ∑Mo 21.7 kN-m/m
Resulting Force acts to a distance of the toe of the wall :-
X = [ Mr - Mo ] / Rv = 1.35 m
Eccentricity , e = L/2 - X = 0.15 m
Vertical stress at the base of the wall ( according to Mayerhof ) :-
qreq. = Rv / (L - 2e)
qreq. = 72.04 kN/m2
Bearing Capacity of Stabilized Soil :-
for f = 30 Degrees Bearing Capacity Factors :- Nc 30.14
Ng 22.40
Factored Bearing Capacity of foundation soil (q)f = c Nc + 0.5(L-2e) gf Ng
= 0 + 271.57
2
(q)f = 271.57 kN/m
Summary Table :-

Rv Rv' M'r Mo e qreq qult

S.No. Rh (kN/m)
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN-m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)

1 194.1 134.1 29.2 193.08 21.71 0.153 72.04 271.57

Stability Check for Bearing Capacity :-
for eccentricity, e/L ≤ 1/4
The value of e/L = 0.051 < 1/4 Safe
for Bearing Capacity, (qu)f / qreq ≥ 1.50
The ult. Bearing capacity of stabilized soil, (qu)f = 271.57 kN/m2
The Required Bearing capacity of soil, qreq = 72.036 kN/m2
The value of (qult)f / qreq = 3.77 > 1.50 Safe
Stability Check for Sliding :- Rv' m / Rh ≥ 1.125
m = Tanf = 0.578
The value of Rv' m / Rh = 2.653 > 1.125 Safe

Stability Check for Overturning :- Mr' / Mo ≥ 1.50

The value of Mr' / Mo = 8.89 > 1.50 Safe

Internal Stability Calculation [in seismic condition]

Depth of the reinforcement layer hj 0.40 m

Length of the reinforcement layer Lj 3.00 m
Vertical spacing b/w reinforcement Svj 0.80 m
Coverage ratio Rc 0.60

The max. limit state tensile force Tmax 11.68 kN/m

Seismic loads produce an Internal force PI acting horizontally in addition to static force,
PI = Wa Am (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
2
where, Wa - weight of the active zone = [0.5 Ƴr tan (45-f/2) H ]
Dynamic increment induced by Inertia force PI in the different R/f Proportional to their Resistant area on
load per unit wall width basis - Tmd = PI * Lej / ∑Lej (Refer, page-114, FHWA-NHI-00-043)
Mass of the wedge [0.5 gr tan (45-f/2) H2] W 11.82
Seismic force acting per unit width of wall, Am W PI 1.89 kN/m
Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone Lej 2.31 m
∑ Lej 5.08
Dynamic increment,directly induced by Inertia force
Tmd 0.86 kN/m
PI * Lej / ∑Lej

Ultimate tensile strength of reinforcement Tult 60.00 kN/m

Allowabe tensile strength of reinforcement Td 34.68 kN/m
Creep reduction factor RFc 1.47
Installation damage factor Rfid 1.07
Durability factor RFd 1.10
Partial Safety Factor [Tult x Rc]/[RFd x RFid x [RFc x Tmax + Tmd] ] 1.70 > 1.125 Safe

Check for Adherence of Reinforcement

FSPo = (0.8F*) g hj Le C Rc a / Tmax

Length of reinforcement in the resistant zone outside

Failure wedge, Lej = L - (H - hj) x tan (45 - ϕ/2) 2.31
Pullout resistance Tjr = (0.80F*) (ϒ) (hj) (Le) C (Rc) (α) 16.49
Tj 12.53
Partial Safety Factor Tjr / Tmax 1.32 > 1.125 Safe
External Stability Calculation - (static condition)

Reinforcement Layout Details OVERTURNING SLIDING

Provided
Layer No R vj R hj Mr (kN- Mo e Remark
zj hj S vj Length e/L Remark Remark
from (kN/m) (kN/m) m/m) (kN-m/m) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/6] Mr / Mo FOS
(m) (m) (m) (m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 2] [FOS ≥ 1.5]
bottom

1 0.40 1.20 0.80 3.00 114.87 17.34 156.28 9.64 0.22 0.074 SAFE 16.22 SAFE 3.06 SAFE

2 1.20 0.40 0.80 3.00 76.45 4.93 98.68 0.96 0.22 0.074 SAFE 103.12 SAFE 7.17 SAFE

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Check For External Sliding - [ seismic condition]

Reinforcement Layout Details Rhj (kN)

Mo Mr
OVERTURNING SLIDING
Rvj e Remark
Layer zj hj Svj L (kN- (kN- e/L Remark Remark
Rh(static) Rh(dyn.) Rhj (kN) (m) [e/L ≤ 1/4] Mr / Mo FOS
No (m) (m) (m) (m) m/m) m/m) [Mr / Mo ≥ 1.5] [FOS ≥ 1.125]

1 0.40 1.20 0.80 3.00 17.34 2.46 19.80 114.87 11.18 156.28 0.24 0.079 SAFE 13.26 SAFE 2.68 SAFE
2 1.20 0.40 0.80 3.00 4.93 0.27 5.20 76.45 1.01 98.68 0.22 0.074 SAFE 89.41 SAFE 6.79 SAFE
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Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall - (static condition)

Coefficient of Active Earth Pressure (Int.Stab) Ka 0.333

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Reinforcement Layout Details Reinf. Properties Adherence of Reinforcement

T max Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L svj Dj T pj T sj T ult PSF avail Lej Remark
(kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.5] Tjr PSF avail
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN) (m) [FOS ≥ 1.5]

1 0.40 1.20 0.80 3.00 52.95 2.60 14.12 0.82 14.94 80.00 46.24 1.86 SAFE 2.77 40.5 2.71 SAFE

2 1.20 0.40 0.80 3.00 40.15 2.20 10.71 0.97 11.68 60.00 34.68 1.78 SAFE 2.31 20.6 1.77 SAFE

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Internal Stability Calculation for RE wall- [ seismic condition]

% Coverage of Geogrid Rc 0.60

Internal Inertial Force Due to the Weight of the Infill within the Active Zone PI = 1.89 kN

Reinforcement Layout Details Provided Geogrid Adherence of Reinforcement

Tj T md T max Remark Remark
Layer zj hj S vj L Lej T ult PSF avail
(kN) (kN) (kN) TD (kN) [FOS ≥ 1.125] Tjr PSF avail [FOS ≥
No (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN)
1.125]

1 0.40 1.20 0.80 3.00 2.77 14.94 1.03 15.97 80.00 46.24 1.77 SAFE 32.4 2.03 SAFE

2 1.20 0.40 0.80 3.00 2.31 11.68 0.86 12.53 60.00 34.68 1.70 SAFE 16.5 1.32 SAFE

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 Height of the Wall = 1.60 m

Length Tult Td
Layer No. zj Type of Geogrid
(m) (kN/m) (kN/m)

1 0.40 3.00 80.00 46.24 GU 80

2 1.20 3.00 60.00 34.68 GU 60

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Notes:
1. Reinforcement layers are seqenced from bottom to top. Layer no. 1 is the bottom most.
2. zj is the height of the jth layer measured from top of levelling pad
3. Tult is the short-term peak tensile strength of the geogrid
4. TD is the long-term design strength of the geogrid