Velimor Almonte

College of Arts and Science MATH056: Ordinary Differential Equations

Mathematics and Science Cluster Topic: Basic Concepts

1.2 Forms of Differential Equations

Basic Concepts in
Differential Equations

ODEs
Velimor Almonte
Objectives

1. classify a differential equation by its type,

order, degree, or linearity;
2. transform a differential equation in
differential form, standard form, or normal
form into another form;
Objectives

3. eliminate all the arbitrary constants in

a family of functions to obtain a
corresponding differential equation; &
4. formulate proportionality problems
from various fields.
Forms of a Differential
Equation

FOODEs
Forms

An FOODE of the form

𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
is said to be in differential form.

𝑑𝑦
An FOODE of the form = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
is said to be in normal form.
Forms

An FOODE of the form

′
𝑎1 𝑥 𝑦 +𝑎0 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥)
is said to be in linear form.

′
An FOODE of the form 𝑦 + 𝑝 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑞(𝑥)
is said to be in standard form (i.e., linear and
monic, the leading coefficient is 1)
 Differential Normal Linear form Linear form
form form non-standard standard

𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑦
2𝑦 ′′′ + = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑦
=𝑦
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 ′ − 2𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑥
Differential form to normal form

𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (differential form)

𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (transposition)
𝑑𝑦 (divide by dx both
𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 sides)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦
=− (divide by N(x, y)
𝑑𝑥 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 both sides)

𝑑𝑦 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦
∴ = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = −
𝑑𝑥 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦
Differential form to 𝑑𝑦
normal form. 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 −4𝑥𝑦 =− 𝑥+𝑦
𝑑𝑥

𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑦
=0 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −4𝑥𝑦
1
𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 4𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦
− =0 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4𝑥𝑦
Normal form to 4𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
Differential form.

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦
= (transposition, done right to left)
𝑑𝑥 4𝑥𝑦 OR

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 (cross-
= 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 4𝑥𝑦 multiply)

(transposition, done left to right)

4𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Standardized form FOODE
𝑎1 𝑥 𝑦 ′ +𝑎0 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥) (linear form)

𝑎1 𝑥 𝑦 ′ +𝑎0 𝑥 𝑦 𝑅(𝑥)
= (divide both sides
𝑎1 𝑥 𝑎1 𝑥 by 𝑎1 𝑥 - the
coefficient of y’)
𝑎1 𝑥 𝑦 ′ 𝑎0 𝑥 𝑦 𝑅(𝑥) (simplify)
+ =
𝑎1 𝑥 1 𝑎1 𝑥 𝑎1 𝑥
′ 𝑎0 𝑥
𝑦 + 𝑝 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑞(𝑥) where 𝑝 𝑥 = 𝑎1 𝑥
and
𝑅 𝑥
𝑞 𝑥 = .
𝑎1 𝑥
Linear non-standard 1 3
to standard form. 𝑦′ + 𝑦=
2𝑥 2
′
𝑦
2𝑦 + = 3
𝑥 Coefficient is 1

′ 𝑦
2𝑦 +
𝑥=3
2 2
′
𝑦 3
𝑦 + =
2𝑥 2
Differential form to −4𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 2
=0
linear form. −4𝑥
2
𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥
𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑦′ + =0
−4𝑥
𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
=0 ′
𝑦 − + =0
𝑑𝑥 4𝑥 2
2 1
𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4𝑥𝑑𝑦
− =0 ′
1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦=−
4𝑥 2
2
𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑥
−4𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 = 0
See accompanying slide for
additional worked examples

End