3. Formulation of astrategic design for carrving out evaluation.

Formulation and adoption of

the criteria of evaluation.
4. Systematic collection and classification of data.

5. Analysing the data and identifying the results of evaluation.

o. Validation of results on the basis of additional data or objective rationalism.
exercise.
7: rreparing the evaluation report and final conclusions of the evaluation
criteria. It has to be conducted
rolicy Evaluation is conducted in several ways on the basis of this
formulation and/or,
systematically either by the officiais or organizations involved in policy
interest organizations,
NAluation by an outside agency. Some agencies like media houses or public for
undertake policy evaluations
NGOS, researcher:s and the like, of their own
costs of the products or
ntity and quality of results achieved, assessment of social
objectives and
Servvered and the progress made towards the achievement of the desired
Public
goals. in this way Policy Evaluation serves an important social purpose. It also enables
Administration to learn both from its successes and failures.

Questions for Revision

.0BJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

A. Fillin the Blanks Questions

1. Each government carries out its agenda by and Public Policy.
2. In 1951 the book, The Policy Sience was written by and

3. Public Policy means a policy relating to and PublicDemands.

4. In the words of "The essene of public administration is policy making."
5. Public Policy is and result oriented.

6. Public Poliies are and on Public officials and they have to

implement it.
7. Public Policies give direction and necessary to Public officials.
 158
Public Policy : Concept and Approaches, Formulation,
8. Coercive of the state is at the back of Implementation Eonluatin
&

9. Public Policies have their formulation in with the help of some

advisors.
10. Public Policv formulation involves making of as wel as a
experts and
implementation. for its
11. Policy Formulation is alwavs inluenced by conditions and some
12. Policy formulation is alwavs in its objective.
13. In Public Administration plays a key role in the
Poliies. implementation of Public
14. The
is the chief policy making organ and
approves
plays a ker role in their impiementation. policies and
15. Policy Evaluation is which begins with policy formulation,
gets
and then evaluated by experts for its actual performance.
16. According to Pyes Policy Evaluation is learning about
implemented
of Public Policy.
17. Policy Evaluation heips the policy actors to make
process.
during policy implementation
18. Policy Evaluation involves an assessment of the of policy outcomes.
19. Policy formulation, implementation and evaluation are the
three
and
stages in the policy-making process.
20. The Policy Science perspective places emphasis upon the study and
of Public
Policies which enable the people to shape their future.
Answers 1.
Formulating and implementing, 2. Learner, Lasswell, 3. Public Interest, Public
Affairs, 4. Appleby, 5. Purposive, 6. Authoritative, Binding, 7. Frameworks of action,8. Power, Public
Policy, 9. Government Institutions, 10. Decisions, course of action, 11.
socio-economic, limitations,
12. Futureistic, 13. Civil Service, 14. the executive, the
legislature, Civil Service, 15. the final stage of
Public Policy, 16. consequences, 17. any course correction, 18. social utility, 19.
essential crucial,
20. development.

B. Very Short Answer/One Word Answer Questions

Q.1. Public Policy really means what?

Ans. Governmental Policies.
 tand Approaches,Formulattom, Implementation Evaluation
are formulated by whom?
PublicPolicies
PoliticalExecutive with the assistance of
the Civil Servants,
By hasobserved
Ans.
Who public Policy is not adecision it is acourse or
RichardRose
pattern of activity"
is always governed by what objective?
Publicpolicy
Ans.

PublicInterest
andI socio-economic development.
Ans.
"EssentiallyPublic Policy is always guided by what?
Q5.
objectives, purpose and expected results.
Its
Ans.
always consists of what?
Q6
Publicpolicy
public decisions and a course of action.
Ans. Aset of
Q.7. Whohas given Rationalist) Model of Public Policy Decision-making,
Ans. HerbertSimon.
in the implementation of Public Policies?
Q.8. Who play a key role
Ans. CivilServants.
Administration perform the prime function of what?
Q.9. Public
Public Policies.
Ans. Implementation of
Public Policy implementation involves what?
Q.10.
Ane Aset of operational decisions for undertaking the specified course of action.
0.11. Public Policy is backed by what ?
Ans. Coercive authority of the state.
0.12. Which is the third major stage of Public Policy ?
Ans. Policy Evaluation.
0. 13. Policy Evaluation can lead to what?
Ans. Course correction and some reforms.

Q.14. Policy Evaluation is governed by which objective ?

Ans. To ensure effectiveness and efficiency in securing the policy objectives and goals.
-. Multiple Choice Questions-Answer (MCQs)
Who popularized Policy Science perspective in social sciences?
(a) Lasswell (b) Lasswell and Kaplarn
(c) Lasswell and Learner (d) Lasswell and Simon
 as : (d) Goernment actor or a set of ators
isasold followed by an
Poliy
Public action
2.
(a)Fariiv Course of
(c)Government purosive concern.
Policyis a matter of(b)Appieby
wrote: probiem or
Who witha
3. dealing (d)Dror
in
(a) Anderson
gOvernment policy
orporateentity
(c)Berrard
(b) A
Policy is a: poliyof
4.
Public
some
ersons (d) A Policy?
poia ot
(a)A purse Public
witha featureof
poliv nota
(c)A foliowingis
the
Whichof purpsive interests
5. private
poi is oriented
(a)Pubiic result interestand
poi is both public
(b)Public relates to state
alwavs power ofthe
Polia coerive
(c) Public backed by
Polic is
(d) Public followingis corect :
ofthe decisions
6. Which setof poliv
policyis a action
(a) Public specifies a courseof
policy
(b)Public a public
purpose
policy always has
(c) Public
above was advocated by:
(d) All the PublicPolicy
Inrementalism Model of (b)Charles Lindblom
7. The
(a) Herbert Simon (d)Robert Michael
(c) David Easton some officials or bodies to
decision involves action by
observed : A policy
8. Who has
reject a preferred policy alternative."
approve, modify or (b)Barnard
(a) Appleby
(d) Rumki Basu
(c) R.K. Sapra is not valid :
implementation involves several steps which of the following
9. Policy concerned officials of a department or
and course of action to
(a) Issues of policy direction
government.

(b) Providing necessary information and funds

I1.Public
( d )A. Policy:
exercise (d),
10.
(b), 8.(d), 9. (c),
6. (d), 7.
(c)Aexpertexercise
political
An (b), 5. (c),
(a)
(a), 4. in
(b), 3. ANSWERS) a strong case
Learner made
2.
(c),
1. LINE
Answers: OR2 Lasswell and
ANSWER(1 Science".Harold special
SHORT Policy analyses as a
"The developing policy
ERY work, approach?
Q1.I ntheir concentrating on
which
favourof Approach
Science sciences," Administration? evaluation.
"Policy social Public implementationand
Ans. approachin help formulation,
Science can policy
HowPPolicy of public
0.2.
improve the quality PublicPolicy.
Itcan definitionsof policy.(Thomas Dye)
simple public objectives
two to do is a securing
0.3. Give governmentchoose action adopted for
Whatevereach of
Ans. (i) decisions and a course
of obstacles.
Publicpolicy is a set overcoming of
(iü) resources and
use of Policy.
by the
characteristics of Public
basic
Q.4. Write two affairs and public purpose.
relates to public
Ans. (1) It always result-oriented course of
action.
is a
(2) Public policy decisions. How?
and binding set of
Public policy is authoritative coercive power of the state.
D and
constitutional and legal authority
Ans. It is backed by
Policy?
6. What is the basic quality of Public problems, publ
needs, public
interest, public
80vernment policy focussed on public activities.
issues, public demands, public affairs or public
 Public Poli : Concgpt and Approaches, Formnlation,
162
Implementotion &
Q.7. What is the content of Public Policy?
socio-eonomic
Epaluatien
Ans. It is a set of decisions which is taken for securing objectives
defined course of action andallocated resoures.
by adopting a
Q. 8. Name six models/approaches of Public Policy.
Ans. (1) Institutional Approach. (2) Group Theory. (3) Elite Theory, (4) Rational
Approach, (5) Incremental Model and, (6)Svstem Theory. Decision Making
Q.9. Define Policy Implementation.
Ans. "The carrying out of the basic public policy whih a formulated and duly
decisions involving a set course of action for securing defined objectives. approved set of
Q. 10. What is the nature of Policy Implementation process?
Ans. It involves a set course of action needed for securing defined policy objectives.
Q. 11. What is Policy Evaluation?
Ans. Policy Evaluation involves getting information and data regarding the actual progress of
policy implementation and its impact on public life.
Q. 12. What is the purpose of policy evaluation?
Ans. To evaluate the quality and quantity of policy implementation with a view to make any
course correction or reform for securing effectively and efficiently all defined objectives.
Q. 13. What are the three main stages of Public Policy?
Ans. Public Policy formulation, Public Policy Implementation and Public Policy Evaluation.
Q. 14. What are the first three major steps before undertaking Public Policy Evaluation.
Ans. (i) ldentification of the purpose of evaluation,
(i) Identifying the scope and areas of evaluation, and
(iii) Formation of strategic design for carrying out evaluation.
Q. 15. What is the basic thinking behind rationalist model of policy -making?
Ans. Policy-making involves rational decision-making on the part of policy makers or decision
making actors.

SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS (ANSWERS IN 4-5 LINES)

Q. 1. What is the meaning of the public in the context of Public Policy?

Ans. The term Public denotes something which is not Private. It refers to public affairs or public
activity, publicproperty and public purpose. In the context of Public Administration, the
 &Evaluation
used for all Such
term
Publicis
Since the activities, actions and decisions 163
activitiesin society.
activities
and programmes are govern ment works for all the which relate to human
identified public policies, peopl
as e, its policies,
programmes.
public deisions,
decisions and public
is the meaning of term policyiin the
o2
What

'policy' comes both from

context of Public
Policy.
term the Greek
The word'Politia' which word Polis which means ity-state as wel
Ans.
the Latin means state/
be
defined as state or government
synonymous with governmental
government/Civil
Polity.
policy. Sometimes, the term In this way as
policy can
decision. The Oxford policy is used as
action'
defines Policy as 'a plan of Advanced Leamer's Dictionary
How Carl J Friedrich.defines Public Policy.

CarlJ|Friedrich Public Policy as "a proposed

defines
Ans.
government within a given cOurse of action of a perSOn, or
environment, providing opportunities and obstacles
group
which the
policyis proposedto utilize and overcome in an effort
to reach goals or
In other words, Friedrich realize an objective
or purpose. conceptualises Policy as a course of action
Public
adopted by the government (or group or organization) for
o0als by utilizing resources and overcoming obstacles.
securing objectives or reaching
0.4. Briefly explain the meaning of Public Policy?
Dhlic Policy is a principled course of action and a set of decisions. It is a
systematically
defined course of action formulated and implemented by the government for
securing
some defined objectives and goals for the benefit of the people and their institutions and
organizations. Public Policy is considered strong when "it solves problems eficiently and
effectively, serves justice, supports governmental institutions and encourages active
citizenship."
Q.5. Give key features of Public Policy which bring out itsnature?
Ans. (1) Public Policy always refers to Public Affairs and Public Purposes. (2) Public Policy is
Purposive and Result-Oriented. (3) Public Policy is aSpecific Principled Course of Action.
(4) Public Policy has for its basis Public Interest or Public Demands or Public Needs. (5)
Fublic Policy is a set of Policy Decisions of Policy-Makers. (6) Public Policy is a Product of
Collective Decision-making. (7) Public Policies are Authoritative and Binding on Public
Omcials and they have to Implement these (8) Public Policy is backed by the Coercive
Power of Law.
Q.6. Discuss the significancelimportanceeof Public Policy.
Ans. Public Policies are always focused on public interest, public problems, public needs, public
 I64
Public Policy : Concept and Approaches, Formulation,
issues, public affairs and public activities. ,Imandplementation Evaluation
These are devices
towards the securing of a more healthy and prosperous future life
of mechani
the sms in
society. In fact, all Public Policies are formulated and implemented as
people directed
socio-economic development or change or transformation of the people. devices for their
Q.7. Briefly define the main themne of incremental Approach/Model
of
Public policy.
securing
Ans. Charles Lindblom advocates the Incrementalist Model of Public
to Lindblom "Policy makers always start with, (infact they have
accepted programmes and budget of the government and then try to add
Polalwaysicy-makistartng. Acwictohr)d,ing
to
and policies to the existing one. What actually goes on in new the
"incremnetalism".
government
pr ogr
administration a m me s
is
Q. 8. Define Policy Formulation.
Ans. Policy Formulation is a response of the government to meet the
coming from the environment. Several governmental officials, agencies and challenges demands
are involved in the policy-formulation process. Rumki Basu writes, and
involves actions by some officials persons or bodies to approve, modify "A
or
policyorgaideci
satisoinson
a reject preferred
policy alternative. When apreferred policy action/decision is approved, it takes
as a legislative enactment or the issuance of an executive order." such forms
Q.9. How Lindblom defines Public Policy Making?
Ans. Charles E. Lindblom writes that public policy-making is "an
extremely complex analytical
and political process to which there is no beginning and no end, and the
boundaries of
which are most uncertain and involve a set of complex force, and produce effects
called
policies." Further, "Policy-making is a continuous process and is characterized by
incrementalism-existing policies are modified, added, amended and rejected by every
government."
Q. 10. Briefly discuss the meaning of Policy Implementation.
Ans. Implementation is the next and very important next stage of policy formulation. Without
implementation, public policy remains only a piece of paper, useless and futile. In fact,
public policy is formulated only for securing some desired goals and objectives through its
implementation in actual practice. Policy implementation translates public policy into
action and reality. It is only an efficient and efective implementation of public policy that
leads to the securing of expected results and benefits for the society or the targeted group
of people.
Q. 11. According to Barreit and Fudge what are the essentiales of policy implementation?
Ans. Barrelt and Fudge observe that "the implementation of public policy involves, a sequent o
 Nlation Evauation
'triggered off by a policy
events
operationaltasks to be carried out deciasion, involving the
by
165

Coordinationactivity to ensure that

variety ot actors andtranslation of policy into
five essential
resources
conditions for
are
available and agencies and
things happen as substantial
successful and productivinetended."
What
are a
implementation?

According
to Christopher Hoodsthese are: poicy
An5. implementation is a product of a
1 ldeal unitary
ofauthority. army-ike organization with clear
2. Norms should be enforced and objectives given.
lines
3. People should be asked to do what they are told to do.
should be perfect communication within each and
4. There
involved in the implementations process. among all organízations
should be little pressure of time. For this
5. There
frame for action must be adhered to as for as
purpose right from day one time-
possible.
ESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS (LONG ANSWERTYPE QUESTIONS)
1. Discuss the meaning and nature of Public Policy Formulation.
.What is meant by Public Policy Implementation. Discuss its feature and
importance.
3 Explain the meaning and functions of Policy Evaluation.
4 Write short notes on any two of the following:
(a) Public Policy Formulation.
(b) Public Policy Implementation.
(c) Policy Evaluation.
(d) Significance of Public Policy.
5. Explain the concept of Public Policy and discuss its significance.
6. Discuss the meaning and relevance of Public Policy.
7. Define Public Policy. Discuss its nature.
. brnefly explain the major approaches and theories of Public Policy.
1. "Without systematic implementation Policy Formulation remains only in government
record." Explain.
10. Discuss the purpose, process and benefits of Policy Evaluation.
 Public.Administration (0) Nee Public Management (t) Neo Public Serotce Approach (83

, In the 196(0s in several newcountries began geting articulated for meeting new
changes.
In the eraof welfare state the call for came to the forefront.
and
RT Golemhiewsk observed, "The earlier dogmas of Public Administration
were found inadequate.
The issue of New Public Administration was discussed at the 1967.
The intellectual and administrators who attended the 1967 conference, agreed that Public
6.
Administration should pay increasing attention to and

7 must be one of the main theme of administrative ethics.

8. After the Philadelphia Conference another conference was held at in

9. In 1968, emphasis was placed on Approach in Public Administration.

new
0. In late 1960s and 1970s the discipline of Public Administration experienceed several
charges and gave rise to a movement in favour of
1. Minnowbrook Iand II conferences were held in and
on
12. The Minnowbrook I conference placed the focus of Public Administration

13. The second Minnowbrook Conference placed emphasis on

word and it meant
14. After Minnowbrook II Conference the LPG became a buzz

meant
15. Minnowbrook III Conference (2008) advocated 3 Es which

16. Minnowbrook I Conference strongly advocated

17. Two current major features of Public Administration are
and in their
18. New Public Management Approach was elaborated by
work Reinventing Government.
19. The five salient features of NPM were listed by
Administration to
20. NPM seeks to reform and shift traditional Public
in Public
21. In fact NPM stands for incorporation of principal features of
Administration.
22. NPM upheld the of Public Administration.
and
23. The term New PublicService was coined by
24. The principal maxim of New Public Service approach has been
 184
() New Public Administration (t) New Public Management ()
25. The NPS New Publie
Z6. The main
advocates
question
and
in NPS is how to make
ofcitizens, community andd Service Approach
Public Administration civil
need and aspirations.
27. The first person to use
socito etcitizens
y.
the term New Public
Answers 1. New
Management was
Challenges, Public Administration, 2. Public
Administration, 4. economy, efficiency, 5. Philadelphia Conference, 6. Social Administration,
3.
7. Social Equity, 8.
12. Minnowbrook, 1968, 9. Nornmative, 10. New Public Issues, Social New Public
14.
Change, Relevance, Social Equity and Values, 13.
Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation, 15.
Administration.
11. 1968,
New Public Management, 2008, Problems,
16. Structural, Functional Economy
reforms, second generation reforms, 17. Efficiency and
Responsiveness, 18. David Osborn, Ted Gaeblar, 19. The OECD, 20 New Change
21. Private
Administration,
Public
and
EfAdmifenctiisvteranteisve,
22, Distinct ldentity, 23. Denhardt and
steering, 25. Democratic Governance, Service, 26. Denhardt, 24. Management
Systerm,
Responsive, 27. Christopher Hood.Serving rather than
B. One Word Answer Question or Very Short answer Question
Q. 1. Name two recent approaches to Public
Administration.
Ans. NPM & NPS (New Public
Management Approach New Public Service Approach)
Q. 2. The changes which were sought to be
made in Public Administration during
were named as what ? 1960-1970
Ans. New Public Administration (NPA)
Q.3. Name the two major conferences held in 1967 and 1968.
Ans. Philadelphia Conference and Minnowbrook Conference I.
Q.4. How many Minnowbrook Conferences have been held till date.
Ans. Three:Minnowbrook I, II and II.
Q.5. When did the New Public Management Approach began getting popular?
Ans. In 1990s.
0.6. Who was the first scholar who used the term New Public Management?
Ans. Christopher Hood.
Q.7. What was the name of the book written by David Osborn and Ted Geblar in 1992?
Ans. "Reinventing Government"
Q.8. New Public Management approach advocates what?
Ans. Public Administration should work as entrepreneurial administration.
 Admintstratton
( ) New Approach
185
shoujd be the focus of Public
what Administration?
to NPM Efficiency and Effectiveness.
According
Économny,
a 9 Three Es-
t o NPM
howshould Public Administration function?
According
Ans. AsBusiness Administration.
10. typeoftransformation of the prevailing bureaucratic
a
advocated what government?
Ans.
1
a1 1 .N P M Entrepreneurial government.
Transformationinto
the two main goals
of NPM?
been
What have Administration as Public
Management.
Ans.

12. work Public

Q
(1)To Management Techniques in it Public Administration.
Ans. of Business
Use
(ü) approach is becoming very popular in this 21" century?
Which new
Approach(NPSA)
Q13. Public Seervice
New NPSA.
Ans. three key patrons of
names of
Give
Q14. Denhardt, Denhardt, Bourgon.
Administration?
Ans.
advocates what as the basic features of Public
NPSA
. 15. Democratic Good Governance and Serving the citizens, community and civil
Values,
Ans.
society.
For Public Administration the guiding principle must be
Accordingto NPSA,
Q.16.
Serving and not steering.
Ans.
to NPSA is the nature of
accountability of Public Administration?
What according
0. 17. Complex and Multi-dimensional.
Public Administration function?
Ans.
to NPSA, how should
0. 18. According
working democratically.
Ans. Thinking strategically and
basic role of Public Administration ?
is the
0.19. According to NPSA, what
effective way.
Ans. Service to citizens in an efficient and
members of civilservice should act?
Q. 20.- NPSA wants as to how should
Ans. As efficient Public Servants.

SnoRT QUESTION-ANSWERS (ANSWERS IN ONE OR TWO LINES)

and
Administration advocated by intellectuals
Q.1. When was the need for New Public
thinkers? in
of several big challenges
Ans. Several big changes in the world after 1945 and the emergence
186
() New Publie Administration (t) New Public Management (Hi) New Publte
the post-war period, the need for a New Public Administration was made
Seroice Approach
scholars. by several
Q.2. How was the post-war environment described by R.T. Golembiewsk?
Ans. "1960s were like a war period in Public Administration. The earlier
Consequently dogmas
of the
discipline were found inadequate and incomplete. New
Administration was advocated. Public
Q.3. What was meant by New Public Administration?
Ans. It reflected the general agreement in favour of new changes and reforms in
the theory and
practice of Public Administration.

Q.4. When was Philadelphia Conference held and what new changes in
Administration were debated? Public
Ans. Philadelphia Conference was held in 1967. It advocated that Public
Administration
give increased attention to soial problems and should accept social equality as a should
major
theme.

Q.5. When was Minnowbrook Conference- I, held?

Ans. It was held in 1968.

Q.6. What was the main change that Minnowbrook Conference-I advocated?
Ans. Adoption of Normative Approach in place of the value-free efficiency approach of classical
theory of Public Administration.
Q.7. Name any two salient features of New Public Administration.
Ans. (i) Emphasis on change and administrative responsiveness.
(ii) Rationally, Relevance and Value-based Public Administration.
Q.8. Explain the major difference between Old Public Administration and New Public
Administration.

Ans. Where as old public administration stressed the values of neutrality, efficiency, and
effectiveness, the New Public Administration stressed normative approach and study of
equity, social problems and challenges.
Q.9. When did New PublicManagement (NPM) began gaining increasing attention?
Ans. In 1990s several thinkers like Christopher Hood, David Osburn and Ted Ggaebler began
using the New Public Management approach in their studies in Public Administration.
 Admin t Service Approach
of
wasthe
main theme New Public
Public AdministrationManagement Approach?
187
advocatedthat
NPM Private Administration and should use
Ans.
being
usedin
to be
Business manager ial
the focus areas of Marnagernent. techniques which were
-NPM, what were
a 11. Under
Public
(elimination of waste),
Efficiency Admiofnistration?
Ans.
Economy
citizens)
and Effectiveness (Use of (streamlfor ininsecuring
resources g services being rendered to
problems). targets and
Which New Approach
has been overcoming
o 12. times.
becoming more and more popular in
contemporary
New Public Service Approach has been
Ans.
The becoming more and more popuiar in the 21*
century.
focus of New Public
What isthe major Service Approach?
Q13.
TheNew PublicService Approach advocates that the focus of
Ans.
to citizens, community and civil
Public Administration must
be service society, democratic governance and values.
Q.14. What according to Denhardt and Denhardt should guide the work of Civil Service?

Ans. (i) To build collaborative relationship with citizens and their

nd responsibilities, (i1) to disseminate
groups, (ü) to enCourage
intormation to public discourse, and (iv) to
involve citizens in government activity.

0.15. How New Public Service Approach (NPSA) is different from New Public Management
Approach (NPM).

Ans. While NPM concentrates on relation between public managers and customers/cients and
upholds individual self-interests and markets principles, NPSA focuses on citizens,
community, civilsociety/democratic governance and values in Public Administration.

SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS (ANSWERS IN 4 TO 5LINES)

Q.1. In 1947 what was advocated by Robert A Dahl regarding the study of Public
Administration?
Ans. In 1947, Robert Dahl came out with his ideas on the importance and nature of rubie
haministration. He wrote "the study of Public Administration must become much more
techniques
vad based ; the discipline resting not only on narrowly defined knowledge of and
sociological, economic
d Processes but rather extending to the varving historical,
other conditioning factors".
 188
) Nee Pubtic Admintstbration (1) Ne Pbic
Management (t) Nee Publie
Q2 When and why was the need for New Public Administration felt?
Sereiee Approach
Ans. During late 1960s and early 1970s the need for New ublic
Golemhiewsk wrote. "The 1960s were like a war period in the Administration was felt. RI
realm of
Administration. The earlier dogmas of Public Administration 'economy' and Pubiic
were found inadequate and incomplete objectives of administrative activity.
'ef i ency
of a New PublicAdministration was advocated."

Q.3. What was three main observations were made at Philadelphia Conference
Development
1967
Ans.
changes in Public Administration.
regarding
(a) Public Administration shouid pay increased attention to the social
squalor, unemployment poverty, environment pollution and degradation.problems like
(b) The study of Public Administration should also include social equality as one
themes.
of its

(c) Administrative ethics should place due emphasis on educational programme.

This was
essential for preventing or minimising the chances oft malpractices and corruption.
Q.4. What was the major recommendation made by the Minnowbrook IConference 19682
Ans. In this conference, the participants advocated a normative approach in place of the valuo
free efficiency approach of the classical theory. This normative approach stressed that the
purpose of governmental administration should be the reduction of social, economic and
psychic suffering arnd the enhancement of life opportunities for both the employees of the
government as well as for the ordinary citizens.

Q.5. What was meant by Social Equity as afeature of New Public Administration?
Ans. The New Public Administration regarded social equity as the most common vehicle for
guiding the process of human development. As such, the realisation of social equity should
be the purpose of Public Administration. Social equity means that Administration should
become the champion of the under-privileged sections of the socdety. It must become an
active agent of socio-economic change and transformation of society.
Q.6. "New Public Administration places emphasis on Education in Public Administration."
Comment in 5 lines.

Ans. Public Administration has been enriched by several streams of knowledge. The
management approach, the human relations approach, the policy science approach and
the public participative or choice approach continue tocontribute to its growth. The study
 Administration with the help of Appronch
Public has been a sSOurce of enrichrnent these and sevetal
f
approaches tor the other scientific and
further.Forthis educationin the discipline. These are to be tradiional
discipline is essential.

Public Administration justifies the need

for
encouraged
How
Administration? the study of
22 values in Public
Public Administration is
New normative approach and outlook. The
The Minnowbrook Conference clearly declared
in
Ans.
the In fact, it is
impossible. neither possible nor
that
vaiue-reutral public parti pants at
desirable. Publhc admi nistr ation is
responsibilityto promote the Administrationof the asoial
has
roleandconcern itself with values.
Ithas
to
socio-economic-cultural development people
Christopher Hood explained the concept of New Public Management.
How
Q8
Christopher Hood became the first person to use the term New Public
Ans. Public Management for
All Seasons. He used
this term for
Management in his
Article:
of Public Administration and Business/Private Management involving suggesting
use of amanagerial
synthesis
techniques of private administration in Public:Administration for effidently andefectively

securingthe goals defined and specified by public poliies.

were the salient
elements of NPM? What were the goals of NPM?
0.9. What
Public Administration,
like Business Management must keep in focus three goals
Ans. (elimination of waste), (iü) Effiiency (streamliring of services being rendered
() Economy
(iii) Effectiveness (use of resources for securing tarzets as well as for
to citizens, and
populariy referred to as EEE ie. 3Es of New
Overcoming problems). These came to be
advocates a case for market- oriented management of
Public Management. NPM strongly
efficiency for governments.
public policies for securing greater cost
basic features of NPM as specified by RA WRhodes?
0. 10. What were the five
Features of NPM:
R.A.W. Rhodes writes that the following are Key
Ans.
Management, Performance Appraisal and Eficiency.
1. Focus on
public bureaucracies into agencies (Decentralisation).
2. Disaggregating of Approach
contracting out to foster competition (Market
Quasi-Markets and
3. The use of
and Competitiveness in NPM) being: Value for Money. (Economy and
and the motto
*.Emphasis on cost cutting
(De-bureaucratisation)
Efectiveness) limited-term contracts
(Results),
Emphasis upon output targets
freedom of management.
monetary incentives and
 190 () New Public Admintstration (t) New Public Management (t4) New
Pubiic Seroice
Q. 11. What is the central theme of NPM?
Appronch
Ans. NPM secks totranstorm bureaucratic government into an
replacing bureaucratic mechanism with market mechanism and entrepreneurial
citizens. "Public Administration as Public Management must be orienting gitovernment by
goverrned by tthoewards the
of providing all publicservices to the citizens is an efficient and effective
the applied side of Public Administration. It recognizes the merit of way'
Business .It ob i
deec
n t
otve
es
AdministrMaatiorang.ement
and advocates the use of its managerialtechniques andtools in Public
DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS (LARGE ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS)
1. What is meant by New Public Administration ? Examine its features.
2. Discuss the contribution of Philadelphia and Minnowbrook Conferernces toward the
of New Public Administration. Discuss its salient features. growth
3. Briefly discuss the chief characteristics of New Public Administration.
4. What is meant by New Public Management? Discuss its central theme.
5. Define New Public Management. What are its key features? How has it influenced tha
discipline of Public Administration.
6. Explain the meaning and nature of New Public Service Approach.
7. Explain the factors which led to the birth of New Public Service Approach in Public
Administration. How has been it different fromn New Public Management and Old Public
Administration?

8. Write acomprehensive note on New Public Service Approach with particular reference to
the views of Denhardt and Denhardt, and explain how is it different from NPM?
 Administration.
Public in women oflow behind factor basic the been has 14.

areas
of participation
all in women Tor ensure Administration
must Public 13.
views full implementation
keep must
in policy-making
and All 12.

securing for need Administration

the focuses
on Public perspective
in Feminist 11.
governance. government
and
imum Administration
been has Public principle
of particular theIndia, Currently
in 10.
cio-economic-politics
lopment
of demands essentially governance Good
all
9.

ndling andactions their for required

beto officials
are Accountability
of
means 8.
and
characterized
by governance for governance
astands adjective
of Good
an as 7.
round all Governance
involves Good 6.
development.
resources
for country's management
and of the execrated
in is
which manner
in "Thegovernance
as good defined 1982 report Bank World The 5.
country.
controls
the andgoverns latter the which government
by of Governanceis 4.

ments interpretationof basiofs the of alotherjudiciary upon

state.
one
the
its and
of
and makes machinery/organisation mean government
we By 3.
which state of
needgovernance
we more need not do We 2.
good want we more need not do We 1.
Questions Blanks the inFil A.
QUESTIONS TYPE
OBJECTIVE

Revision Questions
for
vernance
Perspectinive
Feminist Governance
Il. and Good . 214
 Administration.
Public about
information allpeople the availability
to Secretiveness, Minimum Ans.
Administration? Transparency
in by
meant What
is 10. e
Law. of
Rule and Rights Human foRespect
r Competence
and Accountability, Legitimacy, Ans.
characterized
wit?h Governanceis Good OECD According
to Q.9.
maladministraion. Misgovernance
or Ans.
what? opposite
of governance
the is Good 8.Q.
resources. national management
all of value-based effective
and Efficient, Ans.
what?involve Governance
tohas Good Q.7.
citizens.
of development
all welfare and round securing
all certain
fovalues
r on Governance
based Ans.
words. simple Governance
in Good Define Q.6.
government. activity
of the or
part action Governance
the is Ans.
governance? government
and relationship
of the What
is Q.5.
company. organisation
or controlling
an governing
or activity
of "The Ans.
Governance? definesDictionary Learners Oxford How Q.4.
Governance. Good governance
but mere Not Ans.
Governance? Good principle
of cardinal the is
What 0.3.
Citizens.Participative and Alert Active, Ans.
essentially Governance
what? needs Good 2.0.
citizens. development
all of round Securing
all Ans.
objective. which governed
by governance
is Good 0.1.
Question answer Short Very Question
or Answer Word One R

Feminist. Masculine
and Opposite, (16)
empowerment, Women Participation,
(15) domination, Male Governance,
ation, (14) equally.,
unities, Equal Perspective,
(13) Genderempowerment,
(12) women and equity justice,
Gender, Maxinum,
(11) (10)Citizens, Inclusive, (9Funds,
) Public
Answerable, (*LaW,(8)
Management, Development economic Power, (4)
ability, (7) (6social,
) and (5) Part, Action
Policies, Public and Laws Governance,
(3) Good Governance, 2. Government, 1.
Answers

approaches. approaches:
and
two with living beenAdministration
has Public perspective
in Gender 16.

areas
of all in
priority
to prinmary give
Administration
must Public 15
Governance Good L
215 Governance Perspective
in Feminist I1. and
 development. efficient Productive (d)
citizens. development
all equitable environment
for sustaining
an andCreating (c)
Policies Public sound Making (b)
development Equitable (a)
terms
ofGovernance
in Good definedPublication Bank World A 2.
development Unhindered (d)
costs. development
all at securing
total Efficiency
in (c)
all. ofSocio-economic
development Value-based (b)
Developmernt Total (a)
authority exercise
of governance
the means Good 1.
lead
to must
MCQs Question Choice Multiple C.
equal and Full Ans.
Governance. in participation
women of
perspective Feminist 19. Q.
whatdemands
?
Administration. Public domination
in Male Ans.
Public perspective
of Feminist 18. Q.
Administration
totally is
what? opposed
to
Liberal
Radical Feminism
and Marxist Feminism, Ans.
Feminism. Q.
th3e are Which 17.
Feminism? of major
forms
empowerment liberation
and women effective
soCiety. movements
in Feminism demands
of The Ans.
organising by met becan
aged widespread, the can How 16. Q.
Feminism objectives
of
achieved? be
liquidate to every there
need is Above
society. patriarchy
in secured becan These Ans.
through
social
legal desired andreforms the are What 15. Q.
nstitutional and advocated means
Feminists
for the by polity.
objectives? securing
their
freedoms rights, equal secure To Ans.
opportunities and What 14. Q.
donomy society, women tor idea central the is
in Feminism? of Ans.
Patriarchy.
13. Q.
totally Feminismis
what? opposed
to
Ans.
Feminism. Radical
12. Q.
extreme the Which
is
Feminism? form
of Ans.
Male-domination
society
or in
patriarchy. Feninism 11. Q.
basically is
protest a
what? against
216

Good I.
 evil All (d) system Patrilocal (c)
traditions social
domination Women (b) system. marriage The (a)
toend wantsFemninism
an 9.
above the All (d)
limitations
allfrom woman Luberation
of (
riminations traditions, social evil unnatural
and
and women. and opportunities
men for Equal (b)
women and men forights
r Equal (a)
advocates Feminism 8.
Aristocracy (d)
Oligarchy (c)
Monarchy (b) Patriarchy (a)
opposedto Feminismis 7.
Women. of
Rule (d)
Liberation Women (c)
between
the Equality (b)
individduals two male
as and female
menagainst women Rights
of (a)
supports : Feminism 6.
Administration. Public Active (d)
Modernisation, (c)
development. andgrowth process,
Effective (b)
Service. Public by Managemnent
affairs state of
(a)
through
Development
all of
partrnership.Public-Private
increasingly
what?involve
towards action contemporary
times In E
ermance Good objective
of thesecuring
of the
above. the All (d)

sustainable incusive
and Al
citizens. all ofsocio-economic
development
Inclusive 4)
participation. development
citizen through
inclusive All (2)
developmentsocio-economic
Govermance Good A
lead
to must
Moderrnisation (d)
authority. Centralisation
of and
(c)
Equity. Social Participation
and
Citizen
(b)
Aountability
Responsiveness. and
Transparency (a)
Rule
of and 3.
Law. Which
following the of
Governance? Good element
of key nota is
Governance
Feminist and
I.
Gonernance Perspective
in
217
 discriminations
soin inequalities
and based gender
domination, male system
of the of
freedom
of andequality rights, securing
of
and women the forstands Feminism
it Ans.
end an
Feminism? is
What Q.7.
areas.socio-economic
target real ffunds
or saveddiverting and
administrative
expets resources
and national saving machinery
for government ofLess Ans.
De-bureauratisation? Downsizing
and meant
by is
What Q.6.
ruled. and rulers between
the relationship nature
of Deciding
the (ii)
citizen) (among
al benefits distributionof Determining
the (ü)
function. operation economic whichenvironment
in Estabilishing
the (i) Ans.
Governance? Good
providing
nistration
for Public functions
of essential three whichspecified OECD The Q.5.
development. socio-economic conducive
for environment maintenance
the of
and creation
of of Resources,
the ensuring Authority
and Management
of sound and
Participation,
Equity Citizens
Responsibilities, Transparency, Law, Accountability,
of
Rule Ans.
Governance? Good elements
of keypositive basic the are What Q.4.
citizens." development
all of inclusive economic social round securing
all of
process theengaged
in working, effectiveness
in efficiency
and norms, values, based
on "It Ans.
Govenance? Good by
meant What
is Q.3.
government. ofaction
part is government
because
it
important
than more andbroader governance
1s important
yet are bothAlthough Ans.

government? governance
or important more andbroader Which
is Q.2.
country. the rules controls
and machinery
with
Government
hjs government. the quality
of activity
or action
or Governance
the is Ans.

Governance between difference the What

is Q1.
Government? and
Lines) 2in Questions
3to(Answer Answer Short D.

(a), 7.(b), (d),

(a) 5.
6. (d),
4. (c), (b),2. Answers
3. :1.
(a) 10. (b), 8.(d),9.
soity. violene
in of
End (d)
P'roperty. Private Abolition
of (c)
family from
all free women Making (b)
responsibilifies.
male-domination against Revolt (a)
rnance society. in
fostands
r Feminism Radical 10.

Perspectin
ive Feminist Governance Good 1 218
Ii. and
 Management, Sector Public (i)
mensions: key four its terms
ofGovernance
in Goodidentified Bank World the 1989, InAns.
dimensions? key four which Governance
with identifical
Good Bank World 1989 InQ.3.
management. development 'sound equated
with Governance
becan
Good way, development.
this In resources
for social economic
and country's a of
ement the exercised
in power
is which manner
in "theGovernance
as Good defined
report Bank World a society.
1982, In their and people the of socio-economic
development
securing
the effective
in andefficient being quality
of the has and norms values
or
goals
of
isGovernance
which defined
as simply very Governance
becan Good Ans.
certain on based
Governance? Good What
is Q.2.
development. of securing
goals the resources
for
theexercised
for is which
power method
by
onomic and socialcountry's management
of
Government. thanmeaning wider management.
ahas It government of
process
or the is It
thactivity
e of quality
or faculty
or Governance
the is Ans.
system or Government.
method ais It
Governance? meant
by is
What Q.1.
lines Answer
4-5 Questions Short E.

movemnents.
encouraging legislation
and required passing
women effective well-organised
and
socialmeaningful through secured has women.
be to It developmentof and
reforms
by Ans.
ofempowermernt,
welfare promotion emancipation, equality, favours rightly Feminism
secured? Feminism be objectives
of the can How 1 . 0.
male-domination. from them freeing thus and women amongdependence
self-confidence arousing at injustices.
aims It inequalities
and restraints made
self and
for Feminism
the stands movement, a AsAns.
unnatural
marn all from womenemancipation
of
movement? Feminism
aas objective
of central the What
is 10. 0.
inequality. significance
and
woman position
of the patriarchal
system, realities.
aIn soCial
iess continues
beto
ofone
crimes repression
and Exploitation, society.dominated
sad the been have women againsts
oppressed most constitute
the women believes Feminism
that Ans.
maie present the class
in
society? womenin position of describes
the Feminism How 0.9.
relations. political andcultural economic, social, areas
of all in gender
equality
securing eliminated
for betohas whichpatriarchy characterised
by is Modern
society
social, aldominance
l over male meansPatriarchy Ans.
elations.. political andcultural economic
Feminists? the opposed
by itis
why Patriarchy
and is
What 8.0.

Governance Perspective
in Feminist Governance
I.and Cood
219
 socio-economic
uiyequality, securing
Comment. country." the justice
in and
for means essential most Governance
the is "Good 15.
male and male bothcitizens participate
it. in
all only possible Governance
ree youGovernance.
Do Perspective is Good that new the with
in Feminist Importance
of anmeani
d ng Discuss
opportunities Administration."
Explain. Public dimension
14.
role and
of equalsecuring of al women
in
for steps essential al Governance
involves "Good 13.
Governance Perspective
in Feminist Theme
of (d)
Difference Gender and Sex (c)
Patriarchy (b)
Feminism Marxist (a)
following: tof
wo any on the notes brief Write
Governance. 12.
Perspective
in Feminist thrust
of and nature examine
the Critically 11.
Feminism. evaluationof critical Attempta 10.
ve? secure
its to
want does HowFeminism.
it features
of main examine
the Critically 9.
Feminism Radical Feminism
and Liberal features of salient theDiscuss 8.
Governance. Perspective of Feminist
ories
ot Discuss
the Governance? Perspectives
of Feminist theme
of central the isWhat 7.
minism of salient Discuss difference. Sex-Gender
features ExplainFeminism? What
is 6.
Governance. perspective
in Feminist Explain
the 5.
statesmen. andscholars various
OECD Bank, World identified
by Governance
as Good elements
of key the Describe 4.
Mis-governance. opposite
of Governance is Good
M
Sav, to
valid it isfar Governance.
How Good Government
and Governance, Define 3.
Governance. Good features
of elements
and main thDiscuss
e 2.
elements? key its arGovernance?
e What Good meaning
of the is
What I.

nce in Questions) Answer (LongQuestions Descriptive F.

Perspective Feminist Governance Good I. 222
Il. and