DEVELOPING

EFFECTIVE
PARAGRAPH
BASIC STRUCTURE & CONSTRUCTION
WEEK 4 - ENGLISH
FOR HOUSE Giska Ayu Pradana, S.T., M.Sc
Jasmine Chanifah Uzdah Bachtiar, S.T., M. Arch
Ida Ayu Oka Suwati Sidemen, S.T., M.Sc.
Week 4
OUTLINE

01 Structure &
construction 02 What’s
paragraph?

How to

03 develop a
paragraph?
01 What’s
Structure &
construction
Vocabulary
 STRUCTURE
/strək(t)SHər/
Anything that is constructed or built from different
interrelated parts with a specific arrangement.

CONSTRUCTION
/kənˈstrəkSH(ə)n/
Construction is how something is built, the nature
of its structure. It covers the processes involved to
the end of building’s life. It typically starts with
planning, financing, and design, and continues until
the asset is built and ready for use.
SUPER-
STRUCTURE
/ˈso͞opərˌstrək(t)SHər/

An upward extension of an existing

structure above a baseline.

SUB-
STRUCTURE
/ˈsəbˌstrək(t)SHər/
An underlying or supporting
structures
FOUNDATION
/founˈdāSH(ə)n/
A lower portion of building
structure that transfers its gravity
loads to the earth
LOWER
COLUMN
/ˈlō(ə)r ˈkäləm/
A structural element that transmits
the weight of the structure above
to other structural elements
below through compression
PLINTH
BEAM
/plinTH bēm/
A reinforced beam constructed
between the wall and its
foundation. It distributes the load
of the wall over the foundation
evenly.
UPPER
COLUMN
/ˈəpərˈkäləm/
A structural element that transmits
the weight of the structure above
to other structural elements
below through compression
SECONDARY
BEAM
/ˈsekənˌderē bēm/

PRIMARY
BEAM
/ˈprīˌmerē bēm/
A main horizontal support of a
building that primarily resists loads
applied laterally to the beam's axis
by bending.
FLOOR
SLAB
/flôr slab/
Floor that has been formed using
concrete (and generally steel
reinforcement) and may form part
of the structure of a building.
ROOF
/ro͞of/
The external upper covering of a
building, including the frame for
supporting the roofing.
 How these
elements are
working?
The loads are transmitted
to the ground
underneath through
compression and bending
force
Concrete-frame
construction
Load-bearing masonry Steel-frame
construction construction
 Bamboo Timber-frame
construction construction
 A

B C What is it?
D A Floor slab

E
B Primary beam

C Secondary beam

D Column

E Wall
A B

What is it?
A Roof
C

B Beam

C Column

D
D Floor
02
What’s
Paragraph?
Structure
 What’s
Paragraph?
• Writing serves several purposes!
“A paragraph is a • Paragraph = a sentence or group of
sentences that support one main idea
group of sentences or • Has the unity and coherence of ideas
a single sentence that among sentences
• Paragraphs = organizational structure à
forms a unit” making it easier to follow the writer’s
purpose, thesis, and supporting points.
- Lunsford and Connors
 What’s
Paragraph?

• Paragraphs separate ideas into

logical, manageable chunks.
• Composing an effective paragraph
requires a similar method to
building a house
03 Developing
an effective
paragraph
Vocabulary // Reading // Structure
 Developing an
effective
paragraph
Effective paragraphs have four main
characteristics:

Topic
Unity
Sentence

Adequate
Coherence Development
Developing
paragraph:
structure
Topic Sentence

Link
Body

Concluding
Sentences
 Topic
Sentence
• Topic sentence guides the reader by
signposting what the paragraph is
about.
• An effective topic sentence combines
a main idea (the subject, or topic that
the writer is discussing) with
a controlling idea (the writer’s
personal attitude or opinion)
examples
Since immemorial time, humans have
constructed their shelter and homes using
timber.
Timber construction are on the rise due to
its environmental benefits
Timber’s structural performance
capabilities make it appropriate for a
broad range of applications
1. Timber has continued to play a fundamental
role in architecture and construction Which one is
2. There are amount of things that can go wrong the main &
during the construction process.
controlling
3. Due to growing concerns about climate change
and carbon emissions, wood has been regaining idea?
significance as an important building material
for the future
4. Buildings have always been used to represent
values.
5. During construction process, we need to
consider several structural challenges and
possibilities

exercise
example Five characteristics
Unlike the common column-beam define a good topic
system, in masonry, the walls will distribute the
load to the foundation and later into the sentence:
ground. The success of the structure is
provides an accurate indication of what will follow
determined by the geometry and arrangement in the rest of the paragraph.
of these structural walls, resisting the structure's
own weight and occupancy loads (vertical contains both a topic and a controlling
loads) as well as lateral loads caused by wind, idea/opinion
for example. It is essential that the vertical
planes work together so that the loads are clear and easy to follow
evenly distributed and that no wall becomes
does not include supporting details
too fragile. This is done through the correct
dimensioning of spans and spaces, and the engages the reader by using interesting vocabulary
placement of openings in suitable locations.
 exercise
The act of stacking stones to build walls was
used in iconic historical buildings such as the pyramids,
the Parthenon, the Great Wall of China, the Notre
Dame Cathedral, and many others. Some of these
buildings continue to intrigue researchers
regarding how they were built and how they still stand.
To draw a timeline of structural masonry is to
approach the history of architecture and its great
works. Briefly, masonry is a construction system in
Where is the which the walls of the building perform a structural
topic function, using masonry, bricks, or stones, in a way that
is self-supporting. Stacked in layers, the components
sentence? may or may not be connected by a binder (mortar)
that heavily influences the mechanical properties of
the wall. Such mortars can be made of lime, cement,
or synthetic adhesives.
 exercise There are many advantage of using masonry system.
Some of the main advantages are in the speed of construction;
reductions in the use of wood, steel, and concrete; saving time and
cost; highly organized construction sites; and good fire resistance.
This construction system also leads to a rationalization of the
project and especially other construction elements, such as
electrical and hydraulic installations. In addition, masonry has high
compressive strength and is often aesthetically attractive when left
uncoated.
Where is the Evidently, the supporting walls must not be removed
without the replacement by another element of equivalent
topic function, which can be a disadvantage, as it greatly reduces the
sentence? flexibility of the building and makes it almost impossible to make
radical changes to the original architectural layout. Another issue is
that masonry buildings do not fare well in areas with frequent
earthquakes. In these cases, it is essential to understand and
follow local legislation.
 exercise
Today, there are examples of load-bearing
masonry buildings reaching up to 28 floors high. The
system can be suitable for building types ranging from
small single-family buildings to large structures. In
general, the masonry project presupposes an
integration between all aspects of design and
construction, and the architects need
to show leadership and exercise control for the work to
Where is the be executed properly. Obviously, having the support of
structural engineers during the process is essential.
topic Masonry does not allow improvisation and design
sentence? changes during the construction work. Masonry is an
extremely old structural system that nonetheless,
through successive technological contributions, can be
highly desirable for the cities of the future.
 exercise
The project is developed in a 54 m2 bay, 12
meters wide and 4.5 meters deep. The facade is
made up of masonry which shows the construction
process of the wall decorated with clay crosspieces of
the time. The facade has two openings, one for the
access door and one for the window, both made of
slatted wood, the window with iron hinges. On the
Where is the interior, five of the interlocks of wooden logs have
deteriorated and the slab has collapsed. In the walls,
topic there are signs of cover-ups of masonry and on the
sentence? east side, there is a reinforced concrete mezzanine
supported by two walls where the bathroom is located.
Topic
Sentence

• Beginning à academic essays

• Middle à creative writing
• End à persuasive writing
• However, some well-organized paragraphs do
not contain a topic sentence at all. Instead of
being directly stated, the main idea is implied
in the content of the paragraph.
• Implied Topic Sentences à often used in
descriptive or narrative writing.
• Structure is how multiple parts hold together
• Construction is the process of making something
• Sub-structure = structure below the ground
• Super-structure = structure above the ground
• Basic structure & construction = foundation, plinth
beam, column, beam, floor plate & roof

• Developing paragraph = construction method

• A good paragraph à a topic sentence, body, analysis
and link.
• Topic sentence = main idea + controlling idea
• Topic sentences may be placed at the beginning,
middle, or end of a paragraph.
Key Takeaways
THANK
YOU
Any questions?