1

CHAPTER

Determinants

Minors and Cofactors

INTRODUCTION
Let ∆ be a determinant. Then minor of element aij, denoted by Mij
What is Determinant? is defined as the determinant of the submatrix obtained by deleting
ith row and jth column of ∆. Cofactor of element aij, denoted by Cij,
Let us consider the three variable equation,
is defined as Cij = (– 1)i+j Mij.
a1x + a2y + a3z = 0
a b c
b1x + b2y + b3z = 0
e.g. : ∆= p q r
c1x + c2y + c3z = 0
x y z
from above equations after eliminating x, y, z.
Determinant form can be represented as q r
M 11 = = qz − yr = C11 .
y z
C1 C2 C3
↓ ↓ ↓ a b
M 23 = = ay – bx, C23= – (ay – bx) = bx – ay.
R1 → a1 a2 a3 x y
R2 → b1 b2 b3
R3 → c1 c2 c3 Evaluation of Determinant
There are six ways to evaluate a determinant, three ways are with
It is a third order determinant having three rows and three columns. respect to rows and three ways are with respect to columns.
Determinant of a Square Matrix  a11 a12 a13 
Let A = [a]n×n be a n × n matrix. Determinant of A is defined as Let A =  a21 a22 a23 
|A| = |aij|n×n.  a31 a32 a33 
Determinant can be represented as det(A) or |A| or ∆ or D.
Let us evaluate with respect to R1
Element of a determinant is denoted by aij, where i and j represent
row and column number respectively. |A| or ∆ = a11C11 + a12 C12 + a13C13 (using first row).
 a11 a12 a13       = a11(–1)1 + 1 M11 + a12(–1)1+2 M12 + a13(–1)1+3 M13
 a23  be a third order square matrix,
Now, let A =  a21 a22
 a31 a32 a33  a22 a23 a a23 a a22
= a11 − a12 21 + a13 21
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
then determinant is
  = a11 (a22 × a33 – a32 × a23) – a12 (a21 × a33 – a31 × a23)
a11 a12 a13
| A |= a21 a22 a23 + a13 (a21 × a32 – a31 × a22)
a31 a32 a33 n
In general for a n × n matrix A, | A |= ∑ ai1Ci1 ,
a31 = element of third row and first column i =1

a12 = element of first row and second column Cij ≡ (–1)i+j Mij, where Cij is the cofactor of aij and Mij is the minor
of element aij this process is called determinant expansion by
 5 3 minors (or “Laplacian expansion by minors”, sometimes further
e.g. A =   , |A| = 20 + 3 = 23
 −1 4  shortened to simply “Laplacian expansion”).
Note:
1. A determinant of order three will have nine minors and each 2 3
(iv) Minor of 4 = = −2
minor will be determinant of order two and a determinant of 0 −1
an order four will have sixteen minors each minor will be
determinant of order three. Co-factor of 4 = (–1)2+1 (–2) = 2
2. Sum of product of element of any row (column) with their 1 3
(v) Minor of −5 = =−22
corresponding cofactors is equal to the value of determinant. 7 −1
3
Co-factor of –5 = (–1)2+2 (–22) = –22
i.e., D = a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13 = ∑ aij Cij , i = 1, 2, 3
j =1

a11 a12 a13

D = a21 a22 a23
Concept Application
a31 a32 a33
 
3. Sum of product of elements of any row (column) with a +1 a − 2
cofactors of corresponding elements of any other row 1. Evaluate
a + 2 a −1
(column) is ZERO. i.e. a11C12 + a12 C22 + a13C32 = 0. The
above result remain true for determinant of every order. (a) 2a2 (b) 0 (c) –3 (d) 3
4. While expanding, instead of multiplying by (–1)i+j, we 2. Write minor and cofactor along second column and
directly multiply by + 1 or –1 according to (i + j) even or odd. evaluate determinant w.r.t. third row.
1 3 1
2 −1 1
0 4 2

3. The sum of the product of the elements of any row of
3 1 6 a determinant A with the corresponding cofactor of
Example 1: Evaluate determinant 5 7 4 with respect the same row is always equal to
to C1 7 3 0 A
(a) |A| (b) (c) 1 (d) 0
3 1 6 2
7 4 1 6 1 6
Sol. 5 7 4 = 3 −5 +7 a1 b1 c1
3 0 3 0 7 4
7 3 0 4. If D = a 2 b2 c2
= 3(0 – 12) –5 (0 – 18) +7(4 – 42) = –212 a3 b3 c3

Example 2: Find the Co-factors of then D can not be (where Ai, Bi and Ci (i = 1, 2, 3)
denote cofactors of ai, bi and ci respectively).
a11, a12, a13, a21, a22 for A = [aij] given by,
(a) c1C1 + c2C2 + c3C3 (b) a1A1 + a2A2 + a3A3
1 2 3 
(c) a2A1 + b2B1 + c2C1 (d) a1A1 + b1B1 + c1C1
A  4 −5 6 
= 5. The cofactor of the element ‘4’ in the determinant
7 0 −1 1 3 5 1
2 3 4 2
−5 6 is
Sol. (i) Minor
= of 1 = 5 8 0 1 1
0 −1
0 2 1 1
Co-factor of 1 = (–1)1+1 5 = 5 (a) 4 (b) 10 (c) – 10 (d) –4
4 6
(ii) Minor of 2 = =−4 − 42 =−46 5 6 3
7 −1
6. If A = −4 3 2 , then cofactors of the elements
Co-factor of 2 = (–1)1+2 (–46) = 46
−4 −7 3
4 −5
(iii) Minor
= of 3 = 35 of second row are
7 0
(a) 39, –3, 11 (b) –39, 3, 11
Co-factor of 3 = (–1)1+3 35 = 35 (c) –39, 27, 11 (d) –39, –3, 11

2 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 a1 b1 c1
TRANSPOSE OF A DETERMINANT
i.e., D
= a=
1 b1 c1 0.
The transpose of a determinant is the determinant of transpose of a3 b3 c3
the corresponding matrix.
7. If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed as
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
a sum of two terms then the determinant can be expressed as
=D a2 b2 =
c2 ⇒ D′ b1 b2 b3 the sum of two determinants, i.e., (Sum Property),
a3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3
a1 + x b1 + y c1 + z a1 b1 c1 x y z
Properties of Determinant a2 b=
2 c2 a2 b2 c2 + a2 b2 c2
1. |A| = |A′| for any square matrix A. a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
i.e., the value of a determinant remains unaltered, if the rows 8. The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the
& columns are interchanged (Reflection Property), elements of any row (or column) a constant multiple of
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3 the corresponding elements of any other row (or column)
i.e., D= a2 b2 c2 = b1 b2 b3 = D′ (Invariance Property),

a3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3 a1 b1 c1
2. If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, i.e., D1 a2
= b2 c2 C1 → C1 + λC2 + µC3
the value of determinant is changed in sign only (Switching a3 b3 c3
Property).
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2 a1 + λ b1 + µc1 b1 c1
= e.g., Let D1 a= b2 c2 and D2 a1 b1 c1 D=
and 2 a2 + λ b2 + µc2 b2 c2 .
2

a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 + λ b3 + µc3 b3 c3

Then D2 = – D1 Then D2 = D1
3. Let λ be a scalar, then λ |A| is obtained by multiplying any 9. The determinant of upper and lower triangular matrix is equal
one row (or any one column) of |A| by λ (Scalar Multiple to product of it’s diagonal elements
Property) a1 b1 c1
a1 b1 c1 Ka1 Kb1 Kc1 i.e. D =
= 0 b2 c2 a1b2 c3
=D1 a=
2 b2 c2 and D2 a2 b2 c2 0 0 c3
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
Then D2 = KD1
SOME SPECIAL DETERMINANT
Note: |λA| = λn |A|, when A = [aij]n.
1 x x2
4. A skew-symmetric matrix of odd order has determinant value
zero. 1. 1 y y 2 =( x − y )( y − z )( z − x)
Note: For the determinant where aij = –aji for all i & j 1 z z2
(i) Diagonal elements are zero.
1 x x3
aii = –ajj (for diagonal elements) ⇒ 2aii = 0 ⇒ aii = 0
2. 1 y y 3 = ( x − y )( y − z )( z − x)( x + y + z )
(ii) If the order of above determinant is ODD then its value 1 z z3
0 a −b
1 x2 x3
is ZERO e.g., −a 0 0
c =
3. 1 y 2 y 3 = ( x − y )( y − z )( z − x)( xy + yz + zx)
b −c 0
1 z2 z3
5. If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row or
column, then its value is zero (All Zero Property), a b c
4. b c a= 3abc − a 3 − b3 − c 3
0 0 0
c a b
= i.e., D a= 2 b2 c2 0.
a3 b3 c3      = –(a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)

a b c
6. If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical
(or proportional), then its value is zero (Proportionality or Note: If a, b, c > 0, then b c a < 0
Repetition Property), c a b

Determinants 3
 FACTOR THEOREM = (a – b) (b – c) [ab2 + abc + ac2 + b3 + b2c + bc2 – a2b
– a2c – ab2 – abc – b3 – b2c]
Use of factor theorem to find the value of determinant. If by = (a – b) (b – c) [c(ab + bc + ca) – a(ab + bc + ca)]
putting x = a the value of a determinant vanishes then (x − a) is a = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca)
factor of the determinant.

Concept Application

a b c x y z x 2y z
Example 3: Simplify b c a 7. If ∆ = p q r then 2 p 4q 2r is equal to
c a b a b c a 2b c

Sol. Using R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 (a) ∆2 (b) 4∆ (c) 3∆ (d) ∆/2

a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c 8. Using properties of determinants prove that

= b c a sin 2 A sin A cos A cos 2 A

c a b sin 2 B sin B cos B cos 2 B =
sin 2 C sin C cos C cos 2 C

1 1 1
– sin (A – B) sin (B – C) sin (C – A).
= (a + b + c) b c a
Given that A + B + C = π
c a b
9. Show that x = 2 is a root of the equation
Apply C1→ C1 – C2, C2 → C2 – C3 x −6 −1
0 0 1 2 −3 x x − 3 = 0
= (a + b + c) b − c c − a a −3 2 x x + 2
c−a a −b b
10. If the value of xyz = – 2007 and
= (a + b + c) ((b – c) (a – b) – (c – a)2) a+x b c
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc – ca – b2 – c2 + 2ca – a2) = ∆ a b + y= c 0
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2– c2) a b c + z

≡ 3abc–a3–b3–c3
then the value of ayz + bzx + cxy is
a b c (a) 2007 (b) –2007
Example 4: Simplify a b c 2 2 2
(c) 0 (d) None of these
bc ca ab a1 b1 c1
Sol. Since detereminant is equal to 11. If ∆ = a2 b2 c2 and Ai, Bi, Ci denote the cofactors
a 2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 a3 b3 c3
1 abc 3
= a3 b3 c3 = a b3 c3 of ai, bi, ci , for i = 1, 2, 3 respectively, then the value
abc abc A1 B1 C1
abc abc abc 1 1 1
of the determinant A2 B2 C2 is
Apply C1 → C1 – C2, C2 → C2 – C3
A3 B3 C3
a 2 − b2 b2 − c2 c2 (a) ∆ (b) ∆2 (c) ∆3 (d) 0
3 3 3 3 3
=a −b b −c c
1 log x y log x z
0 0 1
=12. ∆ log
= y x 1 log y z
a+b b+c c 2
log z x log z y 1
2 2 2 2 3
= (a − b)(b − c) a + ab + b b + bc + c c (a) logx y logy z logz x (b) 1
0 0 1 (c) 0 (d) None of these

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 19. If a, b, c > 0 & x, y, z ∈ R, then the determinant
 a b c
Let a matrix is given by A =  p q r  and
13.  (a x + a − x ) 2 (a x − a − x ) 2 1
  (b y + b − y ) 2 (b y − b − y ) 2 1 =
 x y z 
(c z + c − z ) 2 (c z − c − z ) 2 1
 p + x q + y r + z
suppose that det. A = 6. If B =
 a + x b + y c + z (a) axbycz (b) a−xb−yc−z
 
then  a + p b + q c + r  (c) a2xb2yc2z (d) Zero
20. Let
(a) det. B = 6 (b) det. B = –6
b+c a b (b + c) 2 a 2 bc
(c) det. B = 12 (d) det. B = –12
(c + a ) 2 b 2 ca .
c + a c a and D2 =
D1 =
b1 + c1 c1 + a1 a1 + b1
a+b b c (a + b) 2 c 2 ab
14. The determinant b2 + c2 c2 + a2 a2 + b2 =
b3 + c3 c3 + a3 a3 + b3 The divisor which is common to both D1 and D2 is
(a) (a – b) (b) (ab + bc + ca)
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 (c) a + b + c (d) (c + a)
(a) a2 b2 c2 (b) 2 a2 b2 c2
−x a b
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
21. Let a, b > 0 and=
∆ b − x a , then
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a b −x
(c) 3 a2 b2 c2 (d) 4 a2 b2 c2
(a) a + b – x is a factor of ∆
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 (b) x2 + (a + b)x + a2 + b2 – ab is a factor of ∆
15. The determinant  (c) ∆ = 0 has three real roots
b c bα + c (d) a – b + x is a factor of ∆
= ∆ c d cα + d is equal to 0, if 22. The determinant
bα + c cα + d aα 3 − cα a 2 (1 + x) ab ac
2
(a) b, c, d are in A.P. =∆
ab b (1 + x) bc is divisible by
(b) b, d, c are in G.P. ac bc c 2 (1 + x)
(c) b, c, d are in H.P.
(d) α is a root of ax3 – bx2 – 3cx – d = 0 (a) x – 3 (b) (1 + x)2
(c) x2 (d) x2 + 1
16. The digits A, B, C are such that three digit number A88,
6B8, 86C are divisible by 72, then the determinant  1 sin θ 1 
23. Let A =−  sin θ  , where 0 ≤ θ < 2π,
A 6 8  sin θ 1
8 B 6 is divisible by  −1 − sin θ 1 
8 8 C then
(a) Det (A) = 0 (b) Det A ∈ (0, ∞)
(a) 72 (b) 144 (c) 288 (d) 1216
(c) Det (A) ∈ [2, 4] (d) Det A ∈ [2, ∞)
17. Three distinct points P(3u2, 2u3); Q(3v2, 2v3) and
24. If a1, a2, a3, ..., an are in G.P., then the determinant
R(3w2, 2w3) are collinear then
(a) uv + vw + wu = 0 log an log an +1 log an +2
(b) uv + vw + wu = 3 ∆ = log an + 3 log an +4 log an +5 is equal to
(c) uv + vw + wu = 2 log an +6 log an +7 log an +8
(d) uv + ww + wu = 1
25. The number of distinct real roots of
18. The absolute value of the determinant sin x cos x cos x
−1 2 1
cos x sin x cos x = 0
3 + 2 2 2 + 2 2 1 is cos x cos x sin x
3− 2 2 2 − 2 2 1
π π
in the interval – ≤ x ≤ is
(a) 16 2 (b) 8 2 (c) 8 (d) 4 2 4 4

Determinants 5
 ADDITION OF TWO DETERMINANT LIMIT OF A DETERMINANT
The sum of two determinants, can be expressed as ADVANCED LEARNING
a1 b1 c1 x y z a1 + x b1 + y c1 + z
f ( x) g ( x) h ( x)
a2 b2 c2 + a2 b2 c2 = a2 b2 c2
Let ∆( x) = ( x) m ( x) n ( x) , then
a3 b3
c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
u ( x) v ( x) w ( x)

MULTIPLICATION OF TWO DETERMINANT lim f ( x) lim g ( x) lim h ( x)

x→a x→a x→a

If A and B are two square matrices of same order, then lim ∆( x) =lim  ( x) lim m ( x) lim n ( x) ,
x→a x→a x→a x→a

|AB| = |A| |B|. lim u ( x) lim v ( x) lim w ( x)

x→a x→a x→a
a1 b1 1 m1 a1 1 + b1  2 a1 m1 + b1 m2
× = provided each of nine limiting values exist finitely.
a2 b2  2 m2 a2 1 + b2  2 a2 m1 + b2 m2
For order 3 × 3
a1 b1 c1 1 m1 n1
a2 b2 c2 ×  2 m2 n2
a3 b3 c3  3 m3 n3 1 2 3 0
Example 5: Find the value of −1 3 × −1 4 and prove
a11 + b1 2 + c1 3 a1m1 + b1m2 + c1m3 a1n1 + b1n2 + c1n3
= a2 1 + b2  2 + c2  3 a2 m1 + b2 m2 + c2 m3 a2 n1 + b2 n2 + c2 n3 1 8
that it is equal to −6 12 .
a3 1 + b3  2 + c3  3 a3 m1 + b3 m2 + c3 m3 a3 n1 + b3 n2 + c3 n3
We can also multiply rows by column or columns by rows or 1 2 3 0
columns by columns. Sol. −1 3 × −1 4

Note: As |A| = |A′|, we have |A| |B| = |AB′| (row - row method) 1× 3 − 2 × 1 1× 0 + 2 × 4 1 8
= = = 60
|A| |B| = |A′B| (column - column method) −1× 3 + 3 × (−1) −1× 0 + 3 × 4 −6 12
|A| |B| = |A′B′| (column - row method) Example 6: Prove that
Theorem a1 x1 + b1 y1 a1 x2 + b1 y2 a1 x3 + b1 y3
If D' is the determinant formed by replacing the elements of a a2 x1 + b2 y1 a2 x2 + b2 y2 0
a2 x3 + b2 y3 =
determinant D of order n by their corresponding cofactor then |D'| a3 x1 + b3 y1 a3 x2 + b3 y2 a3 x3 + b3 y3
= |D|n–1 (D' is called the reciprocal determinant)
Sol. Given determinant can be splitted into product of two
determinant
SUMMATION OF DETERMINANTS a1 x1 + b1 y1 a1 x2 + b1 y2 a1 x3 + b1 y3
i.e., a2 x1 + b2 y1 a2 x2 + b2 y2 a2 x3 + b2 y3
f(r) g (r ) h(r ) a3 x1 + b3 y1 a3 x2 + b3 y2 a3 x3 + b3 y3
Let ∆(r ) =a1 a2 a3 where a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, b3 are
a1 b1 c1 x1 x2 x3
b1 b2 b3
= a2 b2 c2 × y1 y2 y3 = 0
constants independent of r, then a3 b3 c3 0 0 0
n n n

∑ f ( r ) ∑ g ( r ) ∑ h( r ) (a1 − b1 ) 2 (a1 − b2 ) 2 (a1 − b3 ) 2
n
=r 1=r 1=r 1 Example 7: Prove that (a − b ) 2 (a2 − b2 ) 2 (a2 − b3 ) 2
2 1
∑ ∆(r ) = a
r =1
1 a2 a3
(a3 − b1 ) 2 (a3 − b2 ) 2 (a3 − b3 ) 2
b1 b2 b3
= 2(a1 – a2) (a2 – a3) (a3 – a1) (b1 – b2) (b2 – b3)
   (b3 – b1).
Here the functions of r can be the elements of only one row or (a1 − b1 ) 2 (a1 − b2 ) 2 (a1 − b3 ) 2
column. None of the elements other than that row or column Sol. (a − b ) 2 (a2 − b2 ) 2 (a2 − b3 ) 2
should be dependent on r. If more than one column or row have 2 1

elements dependent on r then first expand the determinant and (a3 − b1 ) 2 (a3 − b2 ) 2 (a3 − b3 ) 2
then find the summation.

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 a12 + b12 − 2a1b1 a12 + b2 2 − 2a1b2 a12 + b32 − 2a1b3 29. The determinant
= a2 2 + b12 − 2a2 b1 a2 2 + b2 2 − 2a2 b2 a2 2 + b32 − 2a2 b3 cos ( x − y ) cos ( y − z ) cos ( z − x)
cos ( x + y ) cos ( y + z ) cos ( z + x) =
a32 + b12 − 2a3b1 a32 + b2 2 − 2a3b2 a32 + b32 − 2a3b3
sin ( x + y ) sin ( y + z ) sin ( z + x)
a12 1 −2a1 1 1 1
(a) 2 sin (x − y) sin (y − z) sin (z − x)
= a2 1 −2a2 × b12
2
b2 2 b32 (b) −2 sin (x − y) sin (y − z) sin (z − x)
a32 1 −2a3 b1 b2 b3 (c) 2 cos (x − y) cos (y − z) cos (z − x)
(d) −2 cos (x − y) cos (y − z) cos (z − x)
Note: The above problem can also be solved using factor
theorem method.
2 r − 1 n Cr 2r
Example 8: Evaluate
n DIFFERENTIATION OF DETERMINANT
∑
r =1
x 2
cos θ y
n2 2n –1 2n +1 – 2 f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) f 3 ( x)
n n n Let ∆( x) =g1 ( x) g 2 ( x) g3 ( x)
r 1
∑ (2r − 1) ∑
r 1= r 1
n
Cr ∑2 r

h1 ( x) h2 ( x) h3 ( x)
n= =
Sol.
= ∑ Dr r =1
x 2
cos θ y
f1′( x) f 2′( x) f 3′( x)
n2 2n − 1 2n +1 − 2
Then ∆′( x) = g1 ( x) g 2 ( x) g3 ( x)
h1 ( x) h2 ( x) h3 ( x)
n2 2n − 1 2n +1 − 2
= x cos 2 θ y =0 f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) f 3 ( x) f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) f 3 ( x)
n2 n n +1
2 −1 2 − 2 + g1′( x) g 2′ ( x) g3′ ( x) + g1 ( x) g 2 ( x) g3 ( x)
r −1 1 0 h1 ( x) h2 ( x) h3 ( x) h1′( x) h2′ ( x) h3′ ( x)
n

Example
= 9: If ∆ r 2 r 3 + r , find ∑∆.
r =1
r Note: We can differentiate a determinant columnwise also.
r + 1 −1 −2
Sol. On expansion of determinant, we get
INTEGRATION OF A DETERMINANT
Dr = (r –1) (3 – r) + 7 + r2 + 4r = 8r + 4
n
ADVANCED LEARNING
⇒ ∑ ∆=
r 4n(n + 2)
r =1
f ( x ) g ( x ) h( x )
Let ∆( x) = a1 b1 c1 where a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2 are
a2 b2 c2
Concept Application constants independent of x. Hence
b b b

26. Prove that ∫a

f ( x) dx ∫
a
g ( x) dx ∫
a
h( x) dx
b
2 a+b+c+d ab + cd
a + b + c + d 2(a + b)(c + d ) ab(c + d ) + cd (a + b) =0
∫ ∆( x) dx =a1 b1 c1
a
a2 b2 c2
ab + cd ab(c + d ) + cd (a + b) 2abcd
Note: If more than one row or one column are function of x then
(a − 1) n 6 first expand the determinant and then integrate it.
2
27. Let ∆ a = (a −1) 2n 2 4n − 2 show that
(a − 1)3 3n3 3n 2 − 3n
n

∑∆ a =c, a constant.

a =1

cos x x sec x
f ( x) 3 2 1
28. Let f ( x) = 2sin x x2 2 x . Then, find lim .
x →0 x Example 10: If f ( x) = 6 x
2
2 x3 x 4 , then find the
tan x x sec x
1 a a2
(a) –2 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 1 value of f ′′(a).

Determinants 7
 3 2 1
Sol. 12 x 6 x 2
f ′( x) = 4 x3 α 2 − 1 β2 − 2 γ 2 − 3
1 a a2 = 6 4 3
1 1 1
3 2 1 2 3 4
f ′′( x) = 12 12 x 12 x 2
1 a a2 α 2 − 1 β2 − 2 γ 2 − 3
1
= = 6 4 3 0
3 2 1 12
6 4 3
⇒ f ′′(a ) 12
= = 1 a a 2 0.
1 a a2

Example 11: Let α be a repeated root of quadratic equation

f(x) = 0 and A(x), B(x) and C(x) be polynomial of degree 3, 4
A( x) B( x) C ( x) Concept Application
and 5 respectively, then show that A(α) B(α) C (α)
30. Let
divisible by f(x). A′(α) B′(α) C ′(α)
cos ( x + x 2 ) sin ( x + x 2 ) − cos ( x + x 2 )
A( x) B( x) C ( x) sin ( x − x 2 ) cos ( x − x 2 ) sin ( x − x 2 ) .
f ( x) =
Sol. Let g ( x) = A(α) B(α) C (α) sin (2 x) 0 sin (2 x 2 )
A′(α) B′(α) C ′(α)
Then find the value of f ′(0).
A′( x) B′( x) C ′( x) (a) –2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
⇒ g ′( x) = A(α) B(α) C (α) 31. Let
A′(α) B′(α) C ′(α) sec x cos x sec 2 x + cot x cosec x
Since g(α) = g′(α) = 0 ⇒ therefore α is a repeated root f ( x) = cos 2 x cos 2 x cos ec 2 x ,
of g(x) and α is repeated root of the quadratic equation 1 2
cos x 2
cos x
f(x) = 0, hence g(x) is divisible by f(x). prove
π/ 2 π 8 
cos x 1 0 that ∫ f ( x)dx = −  + .
0
 4 15 
Example 12: If f ( x) = 1 2 cos x 1 , then
0 1 2 cos x 1+ x x x2
π/ 2 32. Let x 1 + x x 2 = ax5 + bx4 + cx3 + dx2
find ∫
0
f ( x) dx. x2 x 1+ x
+  λx + µ be an identity in x, where a, b, c, d, λ, µ
Sol. Here f(x) = cos x (4 cos2x – 1) –2 cos x
= 4 cos3x – 3 cos x = cos 3x are independent of x. Then the value of λ is
π/ 2 π/ 2 (a) 3 (b) 2
sin 3 x  1
so ∫
0
cos 3 x dx =
3 0  = − .
3 (c) 4 (d) None of these

α 2 − 1 β2 − 2 γ 2 − 3
Example 13: If ∆ = 6 4 3 , then find
x x 2
x3 CRAMER’S RULE: SYSTEM OF
1 LINEAR EQUATIONS
∫
0
∆( x) dx.
1. Two variables:

α2 − 1 β2 − 2 γ2 − 3 Let a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 & a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 then:

1

Sol. ∫
0
∆( x) dx = 6 4 3 Consistent:

1 1 1

∫ x dx ∫ x 2 dx ∫ x 3 dx a1 b1 c1
Case-I: If = = then the given equations has infinite
0 0 0 a2 b2 c2
solution.

8 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 a1 b1 (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0) is always a solution of this system. This solution
Case-II: If
≠ then the given equations has unique is called as the trivial solution (or zero solution) of this system.
a2 b2
solution. D ≠ 0 ⇒ this system has only the trivial solution.
Inconsistent: D = 0 ⇒ this system has nontrivial solutions as well as trivial
(infinitely many solutions).
a1 b1 c1
If = ≠ then the given equations has no solution.
a2 b2 c2 Three Equations in Two Variables
2. Three variables: If x and y are not zero, then condition for a1x + b1y + c1 = 0; a2x
+ b2y + c2 = 0 and a3x + b3y + c3 = 0 to be consistent in x and y is
Consider the system
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 a1 b1 c1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 a2 b2 c2 = 0.
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 a3 b3 c3
Then, D.x = D1, D.y = D2, D.z = D3
D1 D2 D3
x
⇒= ,=
y ,z
=
DD D
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
=Where D a=
2 b2 c2 ; D1 d 2 b2 c2 ; Example 14: Find the nature of solution for the given
system of equations.
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3
x + 2y + 3z = 1
a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1 2x + 3y + 4z = 3
= D2 a= 2 d 2 c2 & D3 a 2 b2 d2 3x + 4y + 5z = 0
a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3 1 2 3
Sol. Let D = 2 3 4
Consistency of a System of Equations 3 4 5
1. If D ≠ 0 and alteast one of D1, D2, D3 ≠ 0, then the given
system of equations are consistent and have unique non trivial Apply C1 → C1 – C2, C2 → C2 – C3
solution.
−1 −1 3 1 2 3
2. If D ≠ 0 & D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations
are consistent and have trivial solution only. D =−1 −1 4 =0 . Now, D1 = 3 3 4
3. If D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations −1 −1 5 0 4 5
have either infinite solutions or no solution. (For 2 × 2 system, C3 → C3 – C2
D = 0 = D1 = D2 ⇔ system has infinitely many solutions). 1 2 1
Cofactors of D D1 = 3 3 1
0 4 1

Atleast one non-zero, All zeros R1 → R1 – R2, R2 → R2 – R3

then system will have −2 −1 0
infinite solutions D1 = 3 −1 0 = 5
0 4 1
All the cofactors of D1, Cofactors of atleast one D = 0. But D1 ≠ 0. Hence no solution.
D2 and D3 are zero, then of D1, D2 and D3 is non-zero, Example 15: Solve the following system of equations
system will have infinite then system will have no x+y+z=2
solutions solutions 2x + 2y + 2z = 4
4. If D = 0 but atleast one of D1, D2, D3 is not zero then the 3x + 3y + 3z = 6
equations are inconsistent and have no solution. 1 1 1
Homogeneous System Sol. ∴ D =
= 2 2 2 0
Consider the system 3 3 3
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 D1 = 0, D2 = 0, D3 = 0
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 All the cofactors of D, D1, D2 and D3 are all zeros, hence the
For homogeneous system, d1 = d2 = d3 = 0 system will have infinite solutions.
a1x + b1y + c1z = 0 a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 Let z = t1, y = t2 ⇒ x = 2 – t1 – t2 where t1, t2 ∈ R.
a3x + b3y + c3z = 0

Determinants 9
 Example 16: Consider the following system of equations 34. The equations x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 10, x + 2y
x+y+z=6 + mz = n give infinite number of values of the triplet
x + 2y + 3z = 10 (x, y, z) if
x + 2y + λz = µ
(a) m = 3, n ∈ R
Find values of λ and µ if such that sets of equation have
(b) m = 3, n ≠ 10
(i) unique solution
(ii) infinite solution (c) m = 3, n = 10
(iii) no solution (d) None of these
Sol. x + y + z = 6 35. The following system of equations 3x – 7y + 5z = 3;
x + 2y + 3z = 10 3x + y + 5z = 7 and 2x + 3y + 5z = 5 are
x + 2y + λz = µ (a) consistent with trivial solution
1 1 1 (b) consistent with unique non trivial solution
D= 1 2 3 (c) consistent with infinite solution
1 2 λ (d) inconsistent with no solution
Here for λ = 3 second and third rows are identical hence 36. If the system of linear equations
D = 0 for λ = 3. x + 2ay + az = 0
6 1 1 x + 3by + bz = 0
D1 = 10 2 3 x + 4cy + cz = 0
µ 2 λ has a non-zero solution, then a, b, c
1 6 1 (a) are in G. P.
D2 = 1 10 3 (b) are in H.P.
1 µ λ (c) satisfy a + 2b + 3c = 0
1 1 6 (d) are in A.P.
D3 = 1 2 10
1 2 µ
If λ = 3 then D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 for µ = 10 APPLICATION OF DETERMINANT
(i) For unique solution D ≠ 0 i.e., λ ≠ 3.
Following examples of short hand writing large expressions are
(ii) For infinite solutions
(i) Area of a triangle whose vertices are (xr, yr); r = 1, 2, 3 is:
D=0⇒λ=3
D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 ⇒ µ = 10. x1 y1 1
1
(iii) For no solution D = x2 y2 1
2
D=0⇒λ=3 x3 y3 1
Atleast one of D1, D2 or D3 is non zero
⇒ µ ≠ 10. If D = 0 then the three points are collinear.
(ii) Equation of a straight line passing through (x1, y1) and

x y 1
Concept Application (x2, y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0.
x2 y2 1
33. The system of equations
2x – y + z = 0 (iii) The lines: a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...(1)
x – 2y + z = 0      a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ...(2)
λx – y + 2z = 0      a3x + b3y + c3 = 0 ...(3)
has infinite number of nontrivial solutions for
a1 b1 c1
(a) λ = 1
are concurrent if, a2 b2 c2 = 0.
(b) λ = 5
a3 b3 c3
(c) λ = –5
(d) no real value of λ This is also the condition for the consistency of three
simultaneous linear equations in two variables.

10 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 ADVANCED LEARNING
(iv) ax² + 2hxy + by² + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a pair of x y 1
straight lines if: 1
∴ 3 4 1 =0
a h g 2
0 0 1
abc + 2fgh − af ² − bg² − ch² = 0 = h b f .
g f c ⇒ 4x – 3y = 0

(v) Conjugate of Determinant: If ai, bi and ci for i = 1,2,3 Example 19: Find the value of λ if A(λ, 0), B(5, 2) and
C(3, 1) are collinear
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
Sol. Since A, B and C are collinear
= ∆ a2 b2= c2 ⇒ ∆ a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 λ 0 1
1
∴ 5 2 1=0
(a) If ∆ is purely real then ∆ = ∆ 2
(b) If ∆ is purely imaginary then ∆ = –∆ 3 1 1

⇒ λ (2–1) + 1(5 – 6) = 0
⇒ λ=1

Example 17: Find the area of triangle whose vertices are

Concept Application
(3, 8), (–4, 1) and (4, 3)
37. A triangle has vertices (1, 6) (3, 0) and (–3, –7), then
3 8 1
1 area in square units is
Sol. Area
= −4 1 1
2 (a) 10 (b) 25 (c) 30 (d) 40
4 3 1
38. Determine the value of k, if the area of triangle is
1
= [3(1 − 3) + 4(8 − 3) + 4(8 − 1)] 4 square units. The vertices are (k, 0), (4, 0) and (0, 2)
2
39. Let A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) be vertices of
42
= = 21 square units an equilateral triangle whose side is 4 units. Let
2
x1 y1 1
Example 18: Find the equation of straight line joining point
∆ = x2 y2 1 , then ∆2 is equal to
P (3, 4) and Q (0, 0) using determinant
x3 y3 1
Sol. R(x,y) P(3, 4) Q(0,0)
 R, P and Q are collinear (a) 64 (b) 128 (c) 192 (d) 256

Determinants 11
 AARAMBH (SOLVED EXAMPLES)
1. If Tp, Tq, Tr are the pth, qth and rth terms of an A.P., then Sol.
Tp Tq Tr cos x x 1
2
p q r equals f ( x) 2sin x
= x= 2 x x 2 (tan x − cos x)
1 1 1 tan x x 1
f ( x) x 2 (tan x − cos x)
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) p + q + r ⇒ = = tan x − cos x
x2 x2
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) f ( x)
∴ lim 2 = lim(tan x − cos x) = −1
Sol. TP = a + (p – 1)d, x →0 x x →0

Similarly, Tq and Tr Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

a + ( p − 1)d a + (q − 1)d a + (r − 1)d 4. If f(x) satisfies the equation
p q r
f ( x − 3) f ( x + 4) f [( x + 1)( x − 2) − ( x − 1) 2 ]
1 1 1
5 4 −5 0
=
a a a pd qd rd −d −d −d 5 6 15

=p q r + p q r + p q 0
r =
for all real x, then:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) f(x) is not periodic
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer. (b) f(x) is periodic and is of period 1
(c) f(x) is periodic and is of period 7
2. If 0 ≤ [x] < 2; –1 ≤ [y] < 1 and 1 ≤ [z] < 3 ([.] denotes
the greatest integer function) then the maximum value of (d) f(x) is an odd function
[ x] + 1 [ y ] [ z]  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
=
determinant ∆ [ x] [ y ] + 1 [ z ] is Sol. The determinant of L.H.S. on expansion
[ x] [ y] [ z] + 1 = 90 f(x – 3) – 100 f(x + 4) + 10f (x – 3).
So, f(x) satisfies the equation f(x + 4) = f(x – 3).
(a) 2 (b) 6
Replace x by x + 3, we get f(x + 7) = f(x) for all x.
(c) 4 (d) None of these
Hence f(x) is periodic with period 7.
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.
[ x] + 1 [ y ] [ z]
5. Let a, b, c be such that (b + c) ≠ 0 if
=
Sol. ∆ [ x] [ y ] + 1 [ z ]
a a +1 a −1 a +1 b +1 c −1
[ x] [ y] [ z] + 1
−b b + 1 b − 1 + a − 1 b −1 c +1 = 0
Apply R1 → R1 – R2, R2 → R2 – R3, we get c c − 1 c + 1 (−1) n + 2 a (−1) n +1 b (−1) n c

1 −1 0
then value of n is
=
∆ 0 1 −1= 1([ z ] + 1 + [ y ] + 1[ x])
(a) 0 (b) Any even integer
[ x] [ y ] [ z ] + 1
(c) Any odd integer (d) Any integer
= [z] + [y] + [x] + 1  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
∴ Maximum value is 2 + 0 + 1 + 1 = 4. Sol.
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer. a a +1 a −1 a +1 b +1 c −1
−b b + 1 b − 1 + (−1) n a − 1 b − 1 c + 1
cos x x 1
f ( x) c c −1 c +1 a −b c
3. Let f ( x) = 2sin x x2 2 x , then lim 2 is equal to
x →0 x
tan x x 1 a a +1 a −1 a +1 a −1 a
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 3 −b b + 1 b − 1 + (−1) n b + 1 b − 1 −b
=
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) c c −1 c +1 c −1 c +1 c

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 a a + 1 a −1 a +1 a a −1 Applying R3 → R3 – R1, R2 → R2 – R1
=−b b + 1 b −1 + (–1) n +1 b + 1 −b b −1 {C2 ↔ C3 } p b c
c c −1 c + 1 c −1 c c +1 ∆= a − p q − b 0 = 0
a− p 0 r −c
a a +1 a −1
= [1 + (−1) n+2
] −b b + 1 b − 1 {C1 ↔ C2} p b c
c c −1 c +1 p−a q −b r −c
1
⇒ −1 1 0 =0
⇒ any odd integer. ( p − a )(q − b)(r − c)
−1 0 1
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.
Applying C3 → C3 + C1
t 2 − 3t + 4 p b p c
6. If t is real and λ = 2 , then the number of solution +
t + 3t + 4 p −a q −b p −a r −c
of the system of equations 3x – y + 4z = 3, x + 2y – 3z = –2, ⇒ −1 1 −1 0
=
6x + 5y + λz = – 3 is
−1 0 0
(a) One (b) Two
(c) Zero (d) Infinite p c b
⇒ + + 0
=
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) p −a r −c q −b
2
Sol. λ t − 3t + 4 ⇒ (λ − 1)t 2 + 3(λ + 1)t +=
= 4(λ − 1) 0 p c−r+r b−q+q
t 2 + 3t + 4 ⇒ + + 0
=
p−a r −c q −b
Since, t is real. So, D ≥ 0 ⇒ b2– 4ac ≥ 0
p
⇒ 9(l + 1)2 – 16(l – 1)2 ≥ 0 ⇒∑ = 2
p−a
⇒ (3l + 3 – 4l + 4)(3l + 3 + 4l – 4) ≥ 0 Now use
1 p + a 2 p − ( p − a) 2p
⇒ (7 − λ)(7λ − 1) ≥ 0 ⇒ ≤λ≤7 = = −1
7 p−a p−a p−a
3 −1 4 p+a q+b r +c
Now,
= ∆ 1 2 −3 [Determinant of coefficients of So, + + = 2(2) − =
3 1
p −a q −b r −c
6 5 λ
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.
equations]
8. The number of distinct roots of the equation
 1 
= 7(λ + 5) ≠ 0  ≤ λ ≤ 7  ⇒ D > 0 x2 − 1 x2 + 2x + 1 2 x 2 + 3x + 1
 7  ) 2 x 2 + x − 1 2 x 2 + 5 x − 3 4 x 2 + 4 x − 3 = 0 is
P ( x=
Hence, the given system of equations has a unique solution. 6 x 2 − x − 2 6 x 2 − 7 x + 2 12 x 2 − 11x + 2

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.
(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 4
7. If a ≠ p, b ≠ q, c ≠ r and the system of equations  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
px + by + cz = 0 Sol.
ax + qy + cz = 0 ( x −1)( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2 (2 x + 1)( x + 1)
ax + by + rz = 0 P( x) = (2 x − 1)( x + 1) (2 x − 1)( x + 3) (2 x + 3)(2 x −1) = 0
has a non-zero solution, then value of
(2 x + 1)(3 x − 2) (2 x −1)(3 x − 2) (4 x −1)(3 x − 2)
p+a q+b r +c
+ + is x −1 x + 1 2x + 1
p −a q −b r −c
=( x + 1)(2 x − 1)(3 x − 2) x + 1 x + 3 2 x + 3
(a) 2 (b) –2 (c) 1 (d) –1 2x + 1 2x −1 4x −1
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) Using C2 → C2 – C1, C3 → C3 – 2C1, we get
Sol. As the system has a non-zero solution x −1 2 3
p b c P( x) =( x + 1)(2 x − 1)(3 x − 2) x + 1 2 1
= ∆ a= q c 0 2 x + 1 −2 −3
a b r Using R2 → R2 – R1, R3 → R3 + R1, we get

Determinants 13
 x −1 2 3 0 − xy 0
1
P( x) =
( x + 1)(2 x − 1)(3 x − 2) 2 0 −2 =+ ax by b bx + cy
xy
3x 0 0 a′ x + b′ y b′ b′ x + c′ y
P(x) = –12x (x + 1) (2x – 1) (3x – 2) [Applying C1 → C1 + yC2, C3 → C3 + xC2]
∴ P(x) = 0 has four distinct roots 1 ax + by bx + cy
Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer. = xy [Expanding along R1]
xy a′ x + b′ y b′ x + c′ y
λ 2 + 3λ λ − 1 λ + 3 ax + by bx + cy
4 3 2 2
9. If pλ + qλ + r λ + sλ + t = λ + 1 2 + 5λ λ − 3 then =
a′ x + b′ y b′ x + c′ y
λ2 − 3 λ + 4 3λ
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.
p is equal to
(a) 5 (b) 8 (c) 3 (d) 2 11. If x, y and z are different even integers and minimum value

 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) 1 + x 2 + x 4 1 + xy + x 2 y 2 1 + xz + x 2 z 2

Sol. We divide L.H.S. by λ4 and C1 by λ2, C2 by λ and C3 by λ of 1 + xy + x 2 y 2 1 + y 2 + y 4 1 + yz + y 2 z 2
on the R.H.S. to obtain, 1 + xz + x 2 z 2 1 + yz + y 2 z 2 1 + z 2 + z 4
2 3 4
1 1 1 1 N
p + q  + r  + s  +t  is N, then is
λ λ λ λ 1024
1+ 3 / λ 1 − 1/ λ 1 + 3 / λ  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
= 1 + 1/ λ 2 2 / λ + 5 1− 3 / λ 1 x x2 1 1 1
1 − 3 / λ2 1+ 4 / λ 3 Sol. Given determinant is 1 y y2 x y z
1 z z 2 x2 y2 z2
Taking limit as l → ∞ we get
1 1 1 1 1 1 = (x – y)2 (y – z)2 (z – x)2
=p 1=5 1 0=4 0 8 is 256
minimum value is 256, ∴ = 0.25
1024
1 1 3 0 0 2
(take x = 2, y = 0, z = – 2)
[using R2 → R2 – R1, R3 → R3 – R1] Therefore, 0.25 is the correct answer.
Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.
1 3cos x 1
2 2
y − xy x 12. If f ( x) = sin x 1 3cos x , find the maximum value
10. The determinant a b c = 1 sin x 1
a′ b′ c′ of f (x). (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
Sol. We have
ax + by bx + cy ax + by bx − cy
(a) (b) f(x) = 9 cos2 x + sin2 x – 6 sin x cos x
a′ x + b′ y b′ x + c′ y a′ x + b′ y b′ x + c′ y
= 5 + 4 cos 2x – 3 sin 2x.
(c) 0 (d) None of these As maximum value of 4 cos 2x – 3 sin 2x is 5, we get
maximum value of f(x) is 10.
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
Therefore, 10 is the correct answer.
y2 − xy x2
13. The value of the determinant
Sol. Let, ∆ = a b c
a′ b′ c′ If for all A, B, C, P, Q & R
A + B + C + P + Q + R = 0, Then
Then,
tan( A + P) tan( B + P) tan(C + P)
xy 2 − xy x2 y
∆=
1
ax b cy A + Q) tan( B + Q) tan(C + Q) =
tan(
xy tan( A + R) tan( B + R) tan(C + R)
a′ x b′ c′ y

[Applying C1 → xC1, C3 → yC3]  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)

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 Sol. Expansion along 1st row Sol. Following the solution of 1. The number of n × n minus
tan( B + Q) tan(C + Q) special determinants
=∆ tan( A + P) − tan( B + P)
tan( B + R) tan(C + R) =(nC1 + nC3 + nC5 + ...)n–1

(Choose first n – 1 rows the last row has to be automatically
tan( A + Q) tan(C + Q) tan( A + Q) tan( B + Q)
+ tan(C + P) fixed)
tan( A + R ) tan(C + R ) tan( A + R ) tan( B + R ) n −1 n −1 2
= (2
= ) 2( n −1)
Since A + P + B + Q + C + R = 0
So, let tan (A + P) = tAP, tan (A + Q) Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.
= tAQ, tan(A + R) = tAR 16. The minimum value of a 3 × 3 minus special determinant is
So, ∆ = tAP (tBQ tCR – tCQ tBR) – tBP (tAQ tCR – tCQ tAR) (a) –6 (b) –4 (c) –2 (d) 0
+ tCP (tAQ tBR – tBQ tAR)  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)

tAP tBQ tCR = tAP + tBQ + tCR...(i) Sol. Since on expanding. Determinant = sum of six terms each

tAP tCQ tBR = tAP + tCQ + tBR...(ii) of which is –1 or –1

tBP tAQ tCR = tBP + tAQ + tCR...(iii) ⇒ minimum can not be less than –6.

tBP tCQ tAR = tBP + tCQ + tAR...(iv) But –6 is possible only in one case
a1b2c3 = –1, a2b3c1 = –1, a3b1c2 = –1

tCP tAQ tBR = tCP + tAQ + tBR...(v)
a1b3c2 = –1, a3b2c1 = +1, a2b1c3 = +1

tCP tBQ tAR = tCP + tBQ + tAR...(vi)
These equations can not exist simultaneously because if we
(i) – (ii) – (iii) + (iv) + (v) – (vi) = 0 multiply all of them we get 1 = –1, a contradiction.
Therefore, 0 is the correct answer. We now observed that there is a determinant whose value
is –4.
Comprehension (Q. 14 to 16)
−1 1 1
A 3 × 3 determinant has its entries as either 1 or –1. The number
of such determinant is 29 = 512. We will call a 3 × 3 determinant =Take D 1 1 −1
with entries 1 or –1 as minus special if product of elements of any 1 −1 1

1 −1 1 ⇒ minimum value is –4.
rows or any columns is –1. For example 1 1 −1 is a minus Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.
−1 1 1 Comprehension (Q. 17 to 20)
special determinant.
14. The number of 3 × 3 minus special determinant must be 2 x3 − 3x 2 5x + 7 2
(a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 18 Let ∆( x) = 4 x 3 − 7 x 3 x + 2 1 = a0 + a1 x + ... + a4 x 4
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) 7 x3 − 8 x 2 x −1 3

Sol. The first row can either be filled in 3C3 ways (–1 at all the To evaluate ai we differentiate ∆(x) i time w.r.t. x and put x = 0
or divide ∆(x) by x4 put 1/x = t, differentiate (4 – i) time w.r.t.
places) or 3C1 ways (–1 at one place).
t and put t = 0.
⇒ first row can be filled in 3C3 + 3C1 ways corresponding
17. a0 equals
to each such case the second row can also be filled in 3C3 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
+ 3C1 ways. But third row elements have got to be fixed
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
automatically.
Sol. ∆ (0) = 0

⇒ Number of minus special determinant Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.
= (3C3 + 3C1)(3C3 + 3C1) = 16.
18. a1 equals
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer. (a) 0 (b) 61 (c) 161 (d) 191
15. The number of n × n minus special determinant must be  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
2
(a) 2n–1 (b) 2( n−1) 6 x 2 − 6 x 5 x + 7 2 2 x3 − 3x 2 5 2
2
13n − 37 n + 26 Sol. ∆ '( x=
) 12 x 2 − 7 3 x + 2 1 + 4 x 3 − 7 x 3 1
(c) (d) 2n
2 21x 2 − 16 x x − 1 3 7 x 3 − 8 x 2 1 3
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) a1 = ∆′(0) = 161.
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

Determinants 15
 19. a4 equals 20. a3 equals
(a) 41 (b) –43 (c) –41 (d) 43 (a) –70 (b) –73 (c) –74 (d) 0
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
Sol. Put 1/x = t in ∆(x)/x4 and write
2−3/ x 5+7 / x 2
∆( x) 2 − 3t 5 + 7t 2
Sol. 4 − 7 / x2
= 3+ 2 / x 1
x4 ∆1 (t ) =4 − 7t 2 3 + 2t 1
7 −8/ x 1 − 1/ x 3
7 − 8t 1 − t 3
Taking limit as x → ∞, we get
−3 5 + 7t 2 2 − 3t 7 2
2 5 2
∆1′ (t ) =−14t 3 + 2t 1 + 4 − 7t 2 2 1
a4 = 4 3 1 = −43
−8 1 − t 3 7 − 8t −1 3
7 1 3
⇒ a3 = ∆′1(0) = –73
Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer. Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

16 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 BOARD LEVEL PROBLEMS
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS 8. The equations x + 2y + 3z = 1, x – y + 4z = 0, 2x + y + 7z = 1
have
a–b b–c c–a
(a) Only one solution
1. The value of the determinant x – y y–z z − x is
(b) Two solutions
p–q q–r r–p
(c) No solution
(a) 0 (b) abc + pqr + xyz (d) Infinitely many solutions
(c) (a – x)(y – z)(r – p) (d) None of these  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) 9. If the system of equations x + ay = 0, az + y = 0 and
ax + z = 0 has infinite solutions, then the value of a, is
2. If A and B are square Matrices of order 3 such that |A| = –1,
(a) –1 (b) 1
|B| = 3 then |3AB| = _____________.
(c) 0 (d) No real values
(a) –9 (b) –81 (c) –27 (d) 81
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
 8 –6 2  VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
  10. Find minors and cofactors of the elements a11, a21 in the
3. If the matrix A =  –6 7 –4  is singular, then λ equal to
 2 –4 λ  a11 a12 a13
(a) –5 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) –1 determinant ∆ = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
0 a−b a−c
4. The value of b − a 0 b − c is 1 cosC cosB
c−a c−b 0 11. If A + B + C = 0, then prove that cosC 1 cosA = 0
(a) a (b) b (c) 0 (d) c cosB cosA 1

 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)

0 2 0 2 4 2x 4
12. Find values of x, if =
5. There are values of l such that λ 3 λ =−16 , then the 5 1 6 x
λ 5 6  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
sum of two values of l is
(a) 5 (b) 0 (c) 3 (d) 6
0 −1 3 5
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) 13. Find |AB|, if A =   and B = 0 0  .
0 2   
5 5α α 
   (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
6. Let A = 0 α 5α  . If |A2| = 25, then | α | =
0 0 5  14. By using the properties of determinants, show that:
1 1 a a 2 
(a) (b) 52 (c) 5 (d) 1  
5 det 1 b b 2  =( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) 1 c b 2 
 
7. The values of λ for which the system of equations
x + y – 3 = 0, (1 + λ)x + (2 + λ)y – 8 = 0, x – (1 + λ)y  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
+ (2 + λ) = 0 is consistent are 15. Find the maximum value of
5 2 1 1 1
(a) − ,1 (b) , −3
3 3 1 1 + sin θ 1
1 1 1 1 + cos θ
(c) − , −3 (d) 0, 1
3  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)

Determinants 17
 x y x+ y On the basis of above information, answer the following questions:
16. Evaluate y x+ y x 22. |adj (adj A)| is equal to
x+ y x y (a) 102
(b) 1003
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (c) 104
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) (d) None of these
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
17. Using properties of determinants, show that
3a −a + b −a + c 23. |adj (AB) | is equal to

−b + a 3b −b + c = 3(a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) (a) 100

−c + a −c + b 3c (b) 1000
(c) 104
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) (d) None of these
a b c  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
18. If a + b + c ≠ 0 and b c a = 0 , then prove that a = b = c. Case Study-II
c a b
1 0 0 
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)  
Let A =  2 1 0  and U1, U2 and U3 are columns of a
x sinθ cosθ  3 2 1 
19. Prove that the determinant −sinθ −x 1 is 3 × 3 matrix U. If column matrices U1, U2 and U3 satisfy
independent of q. cosθ 1 x
2 2 2
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)   3 3
AU1 =  3  , AU2 =   , AU3 =   , then answer the following
1 1 sin3θ 1   0  1 
20. Find the value of q satisfying −4 3 cos2θ =0 . questions:
7 −7 −2
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) 24. The value of |adj(U)| is equal to
xa yb zc a b c (a) 7 (b) 8
21. If x + y + z = 0, prove that yc za xb = xyz c a b (c) 9 (d) 16
zb xc ya b c a
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS 25. The value of |adj(adjU)| is equal to

(a) 3 (b) 9
Case Study-I
(c) 27 (d) 81
If A and B are square matrix of order 3 given by
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
1 2 4 1 2 3
4 5 6
A= 4 3 5,B=  
 
 2 4 6   7 8 9 

18 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 PRARAMBH (TOPICWISE)
MINORS, COFACTORS AND EXPANSION OF n1 n2
7. =
If 2022 (n1 , n2 ∈ I ), then number of solutions is
DETERMINANT n2 n1
1 1 1
(a) 0 (b) 1
1. The determinant 1 2 3 is not equal to (c) 2 (d) More than 2
1 3 6
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
2 1 1 2 1 1
(a) 2 2 3 (b) 3 2 3 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT
2 3 6 4 3 6 x +1 3 5
1 2 1 3 1 1 8. If 2 x+2 5 =0, then x =
(c) 1 5 3 (d) 6 2 3 2 3 x+4
1 9 6 10 3 6 (a) 1, 9 (b) –1, 9
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) (c) –1, –9 (d) 1, –9

2. The minors of –4 and 9 and the cofactors of –4 and 9 in  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
−1 −2 3 a + b a + 2b a + 3b
determinant −4 −5 −6 are respectively 9. a + 2b a + 3b a + 4b =
−7 8 9 a + 4b a + 5b a + 6b
(a) 42, 3; –42, 3 (b) –42, –3; 42, –3 (a) a2 + b2 + c2 – 3abc (b) 3ab
(c) 42, 3; –42, –3 (d) 42, 3; 42, 3 (c) 3a + 5b (d) 0
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
3. A determinant of second order is made with the elements
0 and 1. The number of determinants with non-negative b2 + c2 a2 a2
values is 10. b2 c2 + a2 b2 =
(a) 3 (b) 10 (c) 11 (d) 13 c2 c2 2
a +b 2

 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) (a) abc (b) 4abc

 r r −1 (c) 4a2b2c2 (d) a2b2c2
4. If the matrix Mr is given by M r =   , r = 1, 2, 3,
 r −1 r   (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
... then the value of det(M1) + det(M2) + ... + det(M2024) is y+z x y
(a) 2023 (b) 2024 x = k ( x + y + z )( x − z ) 2 , then k =
11. If z + x z
(c) (2024)2 (d) (2023)2 x+ y y z
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(a) 2xyz (b) 1
0 ab 2 ac 2 (c) xyz (d) x2y2z2
5. If a 2 b 0 bc 2 = 2a p b q c r , then 10 + p + q + r is equal to
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
a 2 c cb 2 0
1+ a 1 1
(a) 16 (b) 13 12. If a–1 + b–1+ c–1 = 0 such that 1 1+ b 1 = λ, then
(c) 19 (d) 10 1 1 1+ c
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
the value of λ is
6. If [x] stands for the greatest integer less than or equal to x, (a) 0 (b) abc
[e] [π] [π2 − 6] (c) –abc (d) 2abc
then the value of [π] [π2 − 6] [e] is  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
2
[π − 6] [e] [π]

(a) –8 (b) 8 (c) 0 (d) 1

Determinants 19
 13. If a2 + b2 + c2 = –2 (a) ∆ depends on a (b) ∆ depends on d
1 + a x (1 + b ) x 2 2 2
(1 + c ) x (c) ∆ is a constant (d) Both (a) and (b)
and f ( x) =(1 + a 2 ) x 1 + b 2 x (1 + c 2 ) x then f(x) is a  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(1 + a 2 ) x (1 + b 2 ) x 1 + c2 x 1 ω3 ω5

polynomial of degree 20. If w is cube root of unity, then ω3 1 ω4 =
(a) 3 (b) 2 ω5 ω4 1
(c) 1 (d) 0 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
2
4+ x −6 −2 21. If α, β and γ are the roots of the equation x3 + px + q = 0,
2
14. The determinant −6 9+ x 3 is not divisible by α β γ
−2 3 1 + x2
then the value of the determinant β γ α =
(a) x (b) x3 γ α β
(c) 14 + x2 (d) x5 (a) p (b) q (c) p2 − 2q (d) 0
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
0 b3 − a 3 c3 − a3 1 x x2
3 3
15. The value of the determinant a − b 0 c 3 − b3 is 22. Let ∆ = x 2 1 x , then
3 3
a −c b − c3
3
0 x x2 1
equal to
(a) 1 + x3 is a factor of ∆
(a) a3 + b3 + c3 (b) a3 – b3 – c3
(b) (1 – x3)2 is factor of ∆
(c) 0 (d) –a3 + b3 + c3
(c) ∆(x) = 0 has 4 real roots
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
2 2
(d) ∆(1) = 1
1 + sin θ sin θ sin 2 θ
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
16. cos θ 1 + cos θ
2 2
cos 2 θ =0 then sin 4θ equal to
23. If D is a determinant of order three and ∆ is a determinant
4sin 4θ 4sin 4θ 1 + 4sin 4θ formed by the cofactors of determinant D; then
(a) 1/2 (b) 1 (c) –1/2 (d) –1 (a) ∆ = D2
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) (b) D = 0 implies ∆ ≠ 0
(c) if D = 27, then ∆ is not perfect cube
x − 3 2 x 2 − 18 3 x 3 − 81 (d) if D = 27, then ∆ is not perfect square
17. If f ( x) =
x − 5 2 x 2 − 50 4 x 3 − 500 then f(1) ∙ f(3)  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
1 2 3 24. Suppose, n, m are natural number and
– f(3) ∙ f(5) + f(5) ∙ f(1) = 1 (1 + x) m (1 + mx) mn
(a) f(1) (b) f(3) (1 + mx) n
f ( x) = 1 (1 + nx) mn
(c) f(1) + f(3) (d) f(1) + f(5) (1 + nx) m (1 + x) n 1

 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
Constant term of the polynomial f(x) is
y+z x−z x− y (a) 1 (b) m + n (c) m – n (d) 0
18. If y − z z+x y−x =k xyz , then the value of k is  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
z−y z−x x+ y
y 5 z 6 ( z 3 − y 3 ) x 4 z 6 ( x3 − z 3 ) x 4 y 5 ( y 3 − x3 )
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8 25. If D1 =y 2 z 3 ( y 6 − z 6 ) xz 3 ( z 6 − x 6 ) xy 2 ( x 6 − y 6 ) and
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) y 2 z 3 ( z 3 − y 3 ) xz 3 ( x 3 − z 3 ) xy 2 ( y 3 − x 3 )

a a+d a + 2d x y2 z3
19. Let ∆= a+d a + 2d a , then D2 = x 4 y5 z 6 . Then D1D2 is equal to
a + 2d a a+d x7 y8 z9

20 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 (a) D23 (b) D22 f ( x)
31. Let lim then find
(c) D24 (d) None of these x →∞ x2
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) x( x + 1) x 2 − 1 x 2 + 5 x + 6
f ( x) = 1 2 3
SUMMATION, LIMIT, DIFFERENTIATION AND 1 –1 1

INTEGRATION OF DETERMINATE (a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 4
r −1 n 6  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
n

∑∆
2
26. If ∆ r = (r − 1) 2n 2 4n − 2 then r equals cos(θ + φ) − sin(θ + φ) cos 2φ
r =1
(r − 1)3 3n3 3n 2 − 3n sin θ cos θ sin φ is
32. The determinant
(a) 1 (b) –1 − cos θ sin θ cos φ
(c) 0 (d) None of these (a) 0
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) (b) independent of θ
x b b (c) independent of φ
x b (d) independent of θ and φ both
=
27. If ∆1 a x=b and ∆ 2 then
a x  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
a a x
33. If l + m + n =
i
2 2 2
1 and lilj + mimj + ninj = 0 ∀ i, j ∈ {1, 2, 3},
i i
d
(a) ∆1 = 3∆22 (b) (∆1 ) =3∆ 22 l1 m1 n1
dx
i ≠ j and ∆ = l 2 m2 n2 then
d
(c) (∆1 ) =3∆ 2 (d) None of these l3 m3 n3
dx
(a) |∆| = 3 (b) |∆| = 2
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(c) |∆| = 1 (d) ∆ = 0
sin x cos x sin x
dy  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
=
28. If y cos x − sin x cos x , find
dx 34. If f r (x), g r (x), h r (x), r = 1, 2, 3 are polynomials
x 1 1
in x such that f r (a) = g r (a) = h r (a), r = 1, 2, 3 and
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –1 f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) f 3 ( x)
F ( x) = g1 ( x) g 2 ( x) g3 ( x) then value of F′(x) at
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
h1 ( x) h2 ( x) h3 ( x)
29. Find the coefficient of x in the expansion of
x = a is
(1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x )
22 44 66
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
(1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x )
33 66 99

 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)

(1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x )
44 88 144

CRAMER’S RULE: SYSTEM OF LINEAR
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –1
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) EQUATIONS
35. x + ky – z = 0, 3x – ky – z = 0 and x – 3y + z = 0 has non-zero
sin 2 x log cos x log tan x
solution for k =
30. If=
∆( x) n2 2n − 1 2n + 1 then evaluate
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
1 −2 log 2 0
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
π/ 2
36. The number of solutions of equations x + 4y – z = 0,
∫ ∆( x)dx
0 3x – 4y – z – 0, x – 3y + z = 0 is
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2 (a) 0 (b) 1
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) (c) 2 (d) Infinite
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)

Determinants 21
 37. If the system of equations, x + 2y – 3z = 1, (k + 3)z = 3, 42. If a, b, c are non-zeros, then the system of equations
(2k + 1)x + z = 0 is inconsistent, then the value of k is (α + a) x + αy + αz = 0
(a) –3 (b) 1/2 αx + (α + b)y + αz = 0
(c) 0 (d) 2 αx + αy + (α + c)z = 0
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) has a non-trivial solution if
38. If the system of equation 3x – 2y + z = 0, lx – 14y + 15z (a) α–1 = –(a–1 + b–1 + c–1)
= 0, x + 2y + 3z = 0 have a non-trivial solution, then l = (b) α–1 = a + b + c
(a) 5 (b) –5 (c) α + a + b + c = 1
(c) –29 (d) 29
(d) None of these
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
39. The existence of the unique solution of the system x + y + z
= l, 5x – y + mz = 10, 2x + 3y – z = 6 depends on 43. The system of equation − 2x + y + z = 1, x − 2y + z = −2,
(a) µ only x + y + λz = 4 will have no solution if
(b) λ only (a) λ = − 2
(c) λ and µ both (b) λ = −1
(d) Neither λ nor µ (c) λ = 3
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) (d) None of these
40. The system of equations x + y + z = 2, 3x – y + 2z = 6 and  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
3x + y + z = –18 has
44. The system of equations
(a) A unique solution
(aa + b)x + ay + bz = 0
(b) No solutions
(c) An infinite number of solutions (ba + c)x + by + cz = 0
(d) Zero solution as the only solution (aa + b)y + (ba + c)z = 0
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) has a non-trival solution, if

41. If the system of equations x + ay = 0, az + y = 0 and ax + z (a) a, b, c are in A.P

= 0 has infinite solutions, then the value of a is (b) a, b, c are in G.P
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) a, b, c are in H.P
(c) 0 (d) No real values (d) α is a root of ax2 + 2bx + c+1 = 0
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)

PRABAL (JEE MAIN LEVEL)

n1 n2 n1 n2 + 1 denotes the determinant formed by the cofactors at ∆n–1 then

1. If n1, n2 are integers then is always the determinant value of ∆n is
1 1 −1 1
n

multiple of (a) ∆ 02 n (b) ∆ 02

(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) ∆ 0n

2
(d) ∆ 02
(c) 3 (d) 5
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)

a11 a12 a13 1 + a 2 + a 4 1 + ab + a 2 b 2 1 + ac + a 2 c 2

2 2
2. Let ∆ 0 =a21 a22 a23 and let ∆1 denote the determinant 3. ∆ = 1 + ab + a b 1 + b 2 + b 4 1 + bc + b 2 c 2 is equal to
a31 a32 a33 1 + ac + a 2 c 2 1 + bc + b 2 c 2 1 + c2 + c4

formed by the cofactors of elements of ∆0 and ∆2 denote (a) (a – b)2 (b – c)2 (c – a)2
the determinant formed by the cofactor at ∆1 similarly ∆n (b) 2(a – b) (b – c) (c – a)

22 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 (c) 4(a – b) (b – c) (c – a) sin θ cos θ sin θ
(d) (a + b + c)3 9. If f ( θ)
= cos θ sin θ cos θ , then
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) cos θ sin θ sin θ
4. Suppose a1, a2, a3 are in A.P. and b1, b2, b3 are in H.P. and (a) f(θ) = 0 has exactly 5 real solutions in [0, π]
a1 − b1 a1 − b2 a1 − b3 (b) f(θ) = 0 has exactly 3 real solutions in [0, π]
∆ a2 − b1 a2 − b2 a2 − b3 , then
let =
f (θ)
a3 − b1 a3 − b2 a3 − b3 (c) Range of function is  − 2, 2 
1 − sin 2θ 
(a) ∆ is independent of a1, a2, a3 f (θ)
(d) Range of function is [–3, 3]
(b) a1 − ∆, a2 − 2∆, a3 − 3∆ are in H.P. sin 2θ − 1
(c) b1 + ∆, b2 + ∆2, b3 + ∆ are in A.P.  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(d) ∆ is dependent of b1, b2, b3
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) 1/ x 1/ y 1/ z
10. The value of ∆ = xyz p 2q 3r where x, y, z are
sec x x2 x
1 1 1
5. Let f ( x) = 2sin x x3 2 x 2 , then absolute value of
tan 3 x x2 x respectively, pth, (2q)th and (3r)th terms of an H.P., is
(a) –1 (b) 0
f ( x) (c) 1 (d) None of these
lim
is given by
x →0 x4  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 2 (d) 3
11. If α, β, γ are the angles of a triangle and the system of
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
equations
5m 3b cos (α – β)x + cos (β – γ)y + cos (γ – α) z = 0
6. If x 2 a y 3=
b
e5 m , x 3c y 4 d= e 2 n , ∆=
1 ,
2n 4d cos (α + β)x + cos (β + γ)y + cos (γ + α) z = 0
2a 5m 2a 3b sin (α+β)x + sin (β + γ)y + sin (γ + α) z = 0
=
∆2 = , ∆3 , then the values of x and y
3c 2n 3c 4d has non-trivial solutions, then triangle is necessarily
are (a) Equilateral (b) Isosceles
(c) Right angled (d) Acute angled
∆1 ∆ 2 ∆ 2 ∆3
(a) , (b) ,  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
∆3 ∆3 ∆1 ∆1
12. Suppose a1, a2, ... real numbers, with a1 ≠ 0. If a1, a2, a3, ...
∆1 ∆2
∆  ∆  ∆ ∆ are in A.P. Then, which of the following is not correct?
(c) log  1  , log  2  (d) e 3 , e 3
∆
 3  ∆3   a1 a2 a3 
A  a6  is singular
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) (a) =  a4 a5
 a5 a6 a7 
7. If xi = aibici, i = 1, 2, 3 are three-digit positive integer such
that each xi is a multiple of 19, then for same integer n, (b) The system of equations a1x + a2y + a3z = 0, a4x + a5y
a1 a2 a3 + a6z = 0, a7x + a8y + a9z = 0 has infinite number of
∆ = b1 b2 b3 is given by solutions
c1 c2 c3  a1 ia2 
(c) B =   is non-singular; where i= −1
ia2 a1 
(a) 19n + 1 (b) 19n + 2 (c) 19n (d) 19n + 3 (d) None of these (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) 13. If p, q, r, s are in A.P. and
a− x e xna x2 p + sin x q + sin x p − r + sin x
8. If f ( x) = a −3 x e3 xna x 4 , then f ( x) = q + sin x r + sin x − 1 + sin x such that
a −5 x e5 xna 1 r + sin x s + sin x s − q + sin x

2
(a) f 2(x) + f 2(–x) = 1 (b) f(x) · f(–x) = 0
(c) f(x) + f(–x) = 0 (d) f(x) – f(–x) = 0
∫ f ( x)dx =
0
−4 , then the common difference of the A.P.

 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) can be

Determinants 23
 (a) −2 (b) 1/2 (c) 1 (d) 2 a1 a2
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) 18. ∆ = and ai ∈ {1, 2, 3}, (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) then number
a3 a4
14. If α, β are the, maximum and minimum values of
of different possible real value of D
1 + sin 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x
2 2 (a) 18 (b) 20 (c) 17 (d) 21
= f ( x) sin x 1 + cos x sin 2 x
2 2
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
sin x cos x 1 + sin 2 x
ex sin 2 x tan x 2
then match the following 2
19. If ∆( x) = ln(1 + x) cos x sin x =A + Bx + Cx + ...,
A. α + β87 (p) 6 cos x 2 e x − 1 sin x 2
B. α2 – 3β11 (q) 2 then B is equal to
C. (r) 4 (a) 0 (b) 1
π (c) 2 (d) None of these
f ' 
2  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
D. π (s) –2 20. The values of θ, λ for which the following equations
f  sin θx – cos θy + (λ + 1) z = 0; cos θx + sin θy – λz = 0;
2
λx + (λ + 1)y + cos θz = 0 have non-trivial solution, is
(a) A → (s); B → (q); C → (p); D → (r) (a) θ = nπ, λ ∈ R – {0}
(b) A → (r); B → (p); C → (s); D → (q) (b) θ = 2nπ, λ is any rational number
(c) A → (s); B → (r); C → (q); D → (p) (c) θ = (2n + 1)π, λ ∈ R+, n ∈ I
(d) A → (s); B → (q); C → (r); D → (p) π
(d) θ = (2n + 1) , λ ∈ R, n ∈ I
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) 2
15. In triangle ABC, if  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
21. If the system of equations x – 2y + z = a; 2x + y – 2z = b
1 1 1 and x + 3y – 3z = c have atleast one solution, then the
A B C relationship between a, b and c is
cot cot cot = 0, then the
2 2 2 (a) a + b + c = 0 (b) a – b + c = 0
B C C A A B (c) –a + b + c = 0 (d) a + b – c = 0
tan + tan tan + tan tan + tan
2 2 2 2 2 2  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
triangle must be 22. If system of equations
(a) Equilateral (b) Isosceles (tan α) x + (cot α) y + (8 cos 2α) z = 0
(cot α) x + (8 cos 2α) y + (tan α) z = 0
(c) Obtuse angled (d) None of these
(8 cos 2α) x + (tan α)y + (cot α) z = 0
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
have non-trivial solution, then sin (4α) is equal to
16. If x, y, z are natural numbers such that − 3 −1 1
(a) (b) –1 (c) (d)
x4 + x x3 y x3 z 2 2 2
xy 3 y4 + y y3 z = 11xyz , then x can be equal to  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
xz 3
yz 3 4
z +z 23. The set of equations
λx – y + (cos θ) z = 0
(a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 11 3x + y + 2z = 0
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) (cos θ)x + y + 2z = 0
17. P(x, y, z) satisfies the equations 0 ≤ θ < 2π , has non-trivial solution(s)
x + (loga b)y + (loga c)z = 1, (a) for no value of λ and θ
(logb a)x + y + (logb c)z = 1 and (b) for all values of λ and θ
(logc a)x + (logc b)y + z = 1, then (c) for all values of λ and only two values of θ
(a) Locus of P is a straight line (d) for only one value of λ and all values of θ
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(b) Locus of P is a plane if a = b = c
24. If c < 1 and the system of equations x + y – 1 = 0, 2x – y
(c) P is a unique point
– c = 0 and –bx + 3by – c = 0 is consistent, then number of
 (d) No such P exists (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) integral values of b is

24 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
1
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) f ( x) f   + f ( x)
x
=
25. Let λ and α be real. Then the number of integral values λ 31. If ∆ = 0
1
for which the system of linear equations 1 f 
x
λx + (sin α)y + (cos α) z = 0;
x + (cos α)y + (sin α) z = 0; where it is given f(2) = 17, then f(5) is equal to:
– x + (sin α)y – (cos α) z = 0 has non-trivial solutions is  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
32. The value of the determinant

INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS 1

−(25 + 1) 2 210 − 1 5
2 −1
x x+ y x+ y+z
1
26. If x, y, z ∈ R & ∆ = 2 x 5 x + 2 y 7 x + 5 y + 2 z = −16 210 − 1 −(25 − 1) 2 is
25 + 1
3x 7 x + 3 y 9 x + 7 y + 3z 1 1 1
− 10
then value of x is 25 − 1 25 + 1 (2 − 1) 2

 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
x 1
27. If 0 ≤ q ≤ p/2, find the number of roots of Let a Lim
33.= − ;
x →1 ln x x ln x
cos 2 2θ cos 2 4θ cos 2 6θ
x 3 − 16 x
(θ) sin 2θ sin 4θ sin 6θ
∆= b = Lim ;
x →0 4 x + x 2
1 1 1

ln(1 + sin x)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) c = Lim and

x →0 x
28. If x, y, z are in A.P, lying between 1 and 9, and x51, y41 and z31 ( x + 1)3
5 4 3 d = Lim , then value of det(A) where
x →−1 3[sin( x + 1) − ( x + 1)]
are three digit numbers, then value of x51 y 41 z 31 is
a b
x y z A=
c d 
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)

x n r
29. If x > m, y > n, z > r (x, y, z > 0) such that m y r = 0 a1 a2 a3
m n z 34. If a1, a2, a3, 5, 4, a6, a7, a8, a9 are in H.P. and ∆ = 5 4 a6
27 xyz a7 a8 a9
then find the greatest value of .
( x − m)( y − n)( z − r ) then find the value of [∆] is, where [.] denotes G.I.F.
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)

(β + γ − α − δ) 4 (β + γ − α − δ) 2 1
30. If the value of the determinant 4
35. If ( γ + α − β − δ) ( γ + α − β − δ) 2 1
(13) + 3 2 5 5 ( α + β − γ − δ) 4 ( α + β − γ − δ) 2 1
(15) + (26) 5 (10)
= –k (α – β) (α – γ) (α – δ) (β – γ) (β – δ) (γ – δ). Then the
3 + (65) (15) 5
value of (k)1/2 is
=a ( b )(c − 6)(a, b, c ∈ I ) then a + b + c is  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)

Determinants 25
 PARIKSHIT (JEE ADVANCED LEVEL)

SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS 1 1 ( x + y)

−
z z z2
1 + a1 + b1 a1 + b2 a1 + b3
( y + z) 1 1
1. If a2 + b1 1 + a2 + b2 a2 + b3 5. If D = − then, the
x2 x x
a3 + b1 a3 + b2 1 + a3 + b3 y( y + z) x + 2y + z y( x + y)
3 − −
=k + ∑ (ai + bi ) + ∑ ∑ (ai − a j )(b j − bi ); then find the x2 z xz xz 2

=i 1 1 ≤ i < j ≤3
incorrect statement is
value of k
(a) D is independent of x
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 8
(b) D is independent of y
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(c) D is independent of z
n! (n + 1)! (n + 2)!
∆
2. If n ∈ N and n = ( n + 1)! ( n + 2)! (n + 3)! then (d) D is dependent on x, y, z
(n + 2)! (n + 3)! (n + 4)!  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)

(3n3 − 5)∆ n
lim equals (2n1 + 1) 2 (2n2 + 1) 2 (2n3 + 1) 2
n →∞ ∆ n +1
6. If=
∆ (2n4 + 1) 2 (2n5 + 1) 2 (2n6 + 1) 2
3 5 (2n7 + 1) 2 (2n8 + 1) 2 (2n9 + 1) 2
(a) (b)
2 2

ni ∈ I, (i = 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., 9) then D is always divisible by
5
(c) − (d) 3 (a) 11 (b) 7 (c) 9 (d) 64
2
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
7. Let An be a n × n matrix with its ith row and jth column
2 2 2
x − 4 x + 6 2 x + 4 x + 10 3 x − 2 x + 16 (−1)|i − j | i≠ j
elements aij is defined as aij =  match
3. If f ( x) = x−2 2x + 2 3x − 1 and  2 i= j
1 2 3
values of List-I with number of their factor in List-II.

{∫ 2

−2 }
x 2 [ f ( x)]dx = 2/k , when [ ] denotes the greatest integer List-I List-II
A. |A2| p. 5
function, { } denotes fractional part; then find the value of k.
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 8 B. |A1| q. 4

 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) C. |A3| r. 3

D. |A4| s. 2
−bc b 2 + bc c 2 + bc
4. Let ∆
= a 2 + ac −ac c 2 + ac and the equation (a) A-(p); B-(q); C-(r); D-(s)
2 2
a + ab b + ab −ab
(b) A-(r); B-(s); C-(p); D-(q)
px3 + qx2 + rx + s = 0 has roots a, b, c, where a, b, c ∈ R+.
(c) A-(r); B-(s); C-(q); D-(p)
The value of ∆ is
(d) A-(s); B-(r); C-(q); D-(p)
(a) r2/p2 (b) r3/p3
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(c) –s/p (d) None of these a1 a2 a3
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) 8. If ∆ = a4 a5 a6 then incorrect statement is
a7 a8 a9

26 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 (a) If ai ∈ {–1, 1} then Dmax = 4 (a) –4 (b) 9 (c) –9 (d) 4
(b) If ai ∈ {0, 1} then Dmax = 2  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(c) If ai ∈ {–1, 0} then Dmax = –2 13. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that MN = NM.
(d) If ai ∈ {–1, 0} then Dmax = 2 Further, if M ≠ N2 and M2 = N4, then
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) (a) Determinant of (M2 + MN2) is 0
(b) There is a 3 × 3 non-zero matrix U such that
9. If a, b, c ∈ R and a + b + c ≠ 0 and the system of equations
(M2 + MN2)U is the zero matrix
ax + by + cz = 0
(c) Determinant of (M2 + MN2) ≥ 1
bx + cy + az = 0
(d) For a 3 × 3 matrix U, if (M2 + MN2)U equals the zero
cx + ay + bz = 0
matrix then U is the zero matrix
has a non-zero solution, then a : b : c is given by
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(a) 1 : α : β where α, β are roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0
14. If a, b, c are three distinct real numbers for which there
(b) 1 : r : r2 where r is some positive real number
exist x, y, z such that
(c) 1 : k : 2k where k is some positive real number
x+y+z=1
(d) None of these (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) ax + by + cz = t
a2x + b2y + c2z = t2
MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS
then a3x + b3y + c3z – t3 = P(t), polynomial in t, find
f ( x) solutions of P(t) = 0.
10. If g ( x) = , where f(x) is a polynomial
( x − a )( x − b)( x − c) (a) a (b) b (c) c (d) 3
of degree <3, then  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
1 a f (a ) log x − a 1 a a2
MATRIX MATCH QUESTIONS
(a)
= ∫ g ( x)dx 1 b f (b) log x − b ÷ 1 b b 2 + k
py
1 c f (c) log x − c 1 c c2 15. Consider a system of linear equations 3x + y – z = 0, x –
4
1 a f (a )( x − a ) −2 a 2 a 1 + z = 2 and 2x – y + 2z = q where p, q ∈ I and p, q ∈ [1, 10],
dg ( x) then identify the correct statement(s).
(b)= 1 b f (b)( x − b) −2 ÷ b 2 b 1
dx
1 c f (c)( x − c) −2 c 2 c 1 List-I List-II
1 a −2
f (a )( x − a ) 1 a a 2 A. Number of ordered pairs (p, q) (p) 1
dg ( x) for which system of equation
(c) = 1 b f (b)( x − b) ÷ 1 b b 2
−2

dx has unique solution is

1 c f (c)( x − c) −2 1 c c 2
B. Number of ordered pairs (p, q) (q) 9
1 a f (a ) log x − a a 2
a 1 for which system of equation
has no solution is
(d) ∫ g ( x)dx 1 b
= f (b) log x − b ÷ b 2 b 1 +k
1 c f (c) log x − c c2 c 1 C. Number of ordered pairs (p, q) (r) 10
for which system of equation
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) has infinite solutions is
11. Let {∆1, ∆2, ∆3, ..., ∆k} be the set of third-order determinant D. Number of ordered pairs (p, q) (s) 90
that can be made with the distinct nonzero real numbers a1, for which system of equation
a2, a3, ..., a9; then has atleast one solution is
k (t) 91
(a) k = 9! (b) ∑∆ i =0
i =1 (a) A → (s); B → (q); C → (p); D → (t)
(c) At least one ∆i = 0 (d) None of these (b) A → (s); B → (r); C → (p); D → (s)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) (c) A → (s); B → (r); C → (q); D → (t)
12. Which of the following values of α satisfy the equation (d) A → (s); B → (q); C → (q); D → (s)
(1 + α) 2 (1 + 2α) 2 (1 +3α) 2  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(2 + α) 2 −648α 
(2 + 2α) 2 (2 + 3α) 2 =
(3 + α) 2 2
(3 + 2α) (3 + 3α) 2

Determinants 27
COMPREHENSION BASED QUESTIONS 22. If a, b, c are rational and one of the roots of the equations is
1 + 2, then the value of ∆ is
Comprehension (Q. 16 to 18): For α, β, γ, θ ∈ R. Let
(a) 8 (b) 12 (c) 30 (d) 32
cos(α + θ) sin(α + θ) 1  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
Aθ (α, β,=
γ ) cos(β + θ) sin(β + θ) 1 23. If ∆ > 0, then
cos( γ + θ) sin( γ + θ) 1 (a) f(1) > 0
16. If a = Aπ/2 (α, β, γ), b = Aπ/3 (α, β, γ). Which of the following (b) f(1) < 0
is true? (c) f(1) = 0
(a) a = b (b) a < b (d) Cannot say anything about f(1)
(c) a > b (d) 2a = b  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
17. Aθ2 + Aφ2 – 2(Aθ+φ)2 equals
NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS
(a) –2AθAφ (b) Aθ + Aφ 1 a bc 1 a a2
(c) Aθ – Aφ (d) None of these 24. The value of 1 b ca − 1 b b 2 is
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) 1 c ab 1 c c2
18. If α, β, γ are fixed, then y = Ax (α, β, γ) represents
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(a) a straight line parallel to x-axis
(b) a straight line through the origin 25. For what value of 2k/33 the equations x + ky + 3z = 0,
3x + ky – 2z = 0, 2x + 3y – 4z = 0 possess a nontrival solution
(c) a parabola with vertex at origin
over the set of rationals?
(d) None of these (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
Comprehension (Q. 19-20):
Let α, β, γ be the roots of the cubic x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0, a2 (s − a)2 (s − a)2
which (taken in given order) are in G.P. If α and β are such that 26. If 2s = a + b + c and ( s − b) 2 b2 ( s − b) 2
2 1 2 ( s − c) 2 ( s − c) 2 c2
1+ α α β = 0, then = ks3 (s – a)(s – b)(s – c), then the numerical quantity k
4 − β 3 − β α +1 should be (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
19. The value of a + b + c equals 27. If (1 + ax + bx2)4 = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ... + a8x8, where a, b, a0,
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 2
a0 a1 a2
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
a1, ..., a8 ∈ R such that a0 + a1 + a2 ≠ 0 and a1 a2 a0 = 0,
100   α r  a r 
a2 a0 a1
20.
= If S ∑    +   , then S equals

r =1  β   b   then the value of
5a
is
 b
1 1  4 1   (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(a) 1 − 100  (b) 1 − 100 
3 2  3 2  28. The system of equations
8 1  2 1  ax + y + z = a – 1
(c) 1 −  (d) 1 −  x + ay + z = a – 1
3  2100  3  2100  x + y + az = a – 1
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) has no solution, then absolute value of α is
Comprehension (Q. 21 to 23)  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
Let α, β, be the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. 29. Number of values of θ lying in [0, 100π] for which the
3 1 + S1 1 + S 2 system of equations, (sin 3θ) x – y + z = 0; (cos 2θ)
Let Sn = αn + βn for n ≥ 1 and ∆ = 1 + S1 1 + S 2 1 + S3 x + 4y + 3z = 0; 2x + 7y + 7z = 0 has non-trivial solution is
________. (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
1 + S 2 1 + S3 1 + S 4
30. If sin q ≠ cos q and x, y, z satisfy the equations
21. If ∆ < 0, then the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has x cos p – y sin p + z = cos q + 1
(a) Positive real roots (b) Negative real roots x sin p + y cos p + z = 1 – sin q
(c) Equal roots (d) Imaginary roots x cos(p + q) – y sin (p + q) + z = 2
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) then find the value of x2 + y2 + z2.

28 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 PYQ'S (PAST YEAR QUESTIONS)
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS  a b  
4. Let M=  A=   : a, b, c, d ∈ {±3, ±2, ±1, 0} . Define
1 2k 2k − 1 n  c d  
1. Let = 2
Dk n n + n + 2 n2 . If ∑D
k =1
k = 96, f : M → Z, as f(A) = det(A), for all A ∈ M, where Z is set of
n n2 + n n2 + n + 2 all integers. Then the number of A ∈ M such that f(A) = 15
is equal to. [25 July, 2021 (Shift-I)]
then n is equal to [12 April, 2023 (Shift-I)]
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
5. For any 3 × 3 matrix M, let | M | denote the determinant of
2. Let p and p + 2 be prime numbers and let M. Let
p! ( p + 1)! ( p + 2)!
1 2 3  1 0 0  1 3 2 
∆
= ( p + 1)! ( p + 2)! ( p + 3)!   
= E = 2 3 4  , P 0 = 0 1  and F 8 18 13

( p + 2)! ( p + 3)! ( p + 4)! 8 13 18 0 1 0   2 4 3 


then the sum of the maximum values of α and β such that
If Q is a non-singular matrix of order 3 × 3, then which of
pα and (p + 2)b divide ∆ is ____. [29 July, 2022 (Shift-I)]
the following statements is(are) TRUE? [JEE Adv, 2021]
(a) 0 (b) 1
1 0 0 
(c) 2 (d) 4
(a) F = PEP and P = 0 1 0 
2

 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) 0 0 1 

3. Let | M | denote the determinant of a square matrix M. Let
(b) | EQ + PFQ–1| = | EQ | + | PFQ–1 |
 π
g:  0, → R be the function defined by
 2  (c) | (EF)3| > | EF |2

π  (d) Sum of the diagonal entries of P–1EP + F is equal to the

g (=
θ) f (θ) − 1 + f  − θ  − 1 where sum of diagonal entries of E + P–1FP
2 
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
1 sin θ 1
1 6. For any 3 × 3 matrix M, let |M| denote the determinant
f (θ)= − sin θ 1 sin θ +
2 of M. Let l be the 3 × 3 identify matrix. Let E and F be
−1 − sin θ 1
two 3 × 3 matrices such that (I – EF) is invertible. If
 π  π G = (I – EF)–1, then which of the following statements is
sin π cos  θ +  tan  θ −  (are) TRUE? [JEE Adv, 2021]
 4  4
 π π 4 (a) |FE| = |I – FE| |FGE|
sin  θ −  − cos log e  
 4 2 π
 π π (b) (I – FE) (I + FGE) = I
cot  θ +  log e   tan π
  4 4 (c) EFG = GEF
Let p(x) be a quadratic polynomial whose roots are the (d) (I – FE) (I – FGE) = I
maximum and minimum values of the function g(θ), and
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
p (2)= 2 − 2. Then, which of the following is/are TRUE?
7. Let a, b, c, d be in arithmetic progression with common
 [JEE Adv, 2022]
difference l.
 3+ 2  1+ 3 2  x+a−c x+b x+a
(a) p  <0 (b) p  >0 x −1 x+c 2 , then the value of l2 is equal
x+b =
 4   4  If
x−b+ d x+d x+c
 5 2 −1  5− 2  to [20 July, 2021 (Shift-I)]
(c) p  >0 (d) p  <0
 4   4   (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)

 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)

Determinants 29
 8. Let A = [aij] and B = [bij] be two 3 × 3 real matrices such are m and M respectively, then the ordered pair (m, M) is
that bij = (3)(i+j–2) aji, where i, j = 1, 2, 3. If the determinant equal to:
of B is 81, then the determinant of A is (a) (0, 2 2 ) (b) (0, 4)
 [7 Jan, 2020 (Shift-II)] (c) (– 4, 4) (d) (– 4, 0)
(a) 1/9 (b) 1/81
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(c) 3 (d) 1/3
13. Let m and M be respectively the minimum and maximum
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
values of [6 Sep, 2020 (Shift-I)]
9. Suppose the vectors x1, x2 and x3 are the solutions of the
system of linear equations, Ax = b when the vector b on the cos 2 x 1 + sin 2 x sin 2 x
right side is equal to b1, b2 and b3 respectively. If 2 2

1 + cos x sin x sin 2 x
2 2
1 0  0  1  0  cos x sin x 1 + sin 2 x
  
x1 = 1 ,
x2 = 2 , x3 = 0  , b1 = 0 , b2 =  2  and
      Then the ordered pair (m, M) is equal to:
1 1  1  0  0 
(a) (1, 3) (b) (–3, –1)
0 
b3 = 0  , then the determinant of A is equal to (c) (–4, –1) (d) (–3, 3)
 
  2  [4 Sep, 2020 (Shift-II)]  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)

1 3 x sin θ cos θ
(a) 4 (b) (c) 2 (d)
2 2 14. If ∆1 = − sin θ − x 1 and
cos θ 1 x
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
x sin 2θ cos 2θ
π  cos θ sin θ 
∆ 2 = − sin 2θ −x 1 , x ≠ 0; then for all
10. Let θ = and A =  4
 . If B = A + A ,
5  − sin θ cos θ  cos 2θ 1 x
then det (B) [6 Sep, 2020 (Shift-II)]  π
θ ∈  0,   [10 April, 2019 (Shift-I)]
(a) lies in (2, 3)
(b) is zero  2
(c) is one
(d) lies in (1, 2) (a) ∆1 – ∆2 = x (cos 2θ – cos 4θ)
(b) ∆1 + ∆2 = – 2x3
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(c) ∆1 – ∆2 = – 2x3
11. Let a – 2b + c = 1. (d) ∆1 + ∆2 = – 2(x3 + x – 1)
x+a x + 2 x +1  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
If f ( x) =+
x b x + 3 x + 2 , then 15. Let d ∈ R, and
 x+c x+4 x+3  −2 4+d (sin θ) − 2 
= A 1  (sin θ) + 2 d ,
[9 Jan, 2020 (Shift-II)]  q ∈ [0, 2p].
 5 (2sin θ) − d (− sin θ) + 2 + 2d 
(a) f(–50) = –1 (b) f(50) = 1
If the minimum value of det. (A) is 8, then a value of d is
(c) f(50) = –501 (d) f(–50) = 501  [10 Jan, 2019 (Shift-I)]
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) (a) –5 (b) –7
(c) 2( 2 + 1) (d) 2( 2 + 2)
12. If the minimum and the maximum values of the function f :
π π  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
 4 , 2  → R, defined by [5 Sep, 2020 (Shift-I)]
  2 b 1
16. Let
= A b b + 1 b  where b > 0. Then the minimum
 2

− sin 2 θ −1 − sin 2 θ 1 1 b 2 

2 2

f (θ) = − cos θ −1 − cos θ 1 det( A) 
12 10 −2 value of is [10 Jan, 2019 (Shift-II)]
b

30 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 (a) 2 3 (b) −2 3 (c) − 3 (d) 3  −30 20 56  2 7 ω2 
   
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) 22. Let P =  90 140 112  and A =  −1 −ω 1 
120 60 14   0 −ω −ω + 1
17. Let a1, a2, a3, ..., a10 be in G.P. with ai > 0 for i = 1, 2, ...,  
10 and S be the set of pairs (r, k); r, k ∈ N (the set of natural −1 + i 3
were ω = , and I3 be the identity matrix of order 3.
numbers) for which 2
If the determinant of the matrix ( P–1AP – I3 )2 is aw2, then
log e a1r a2k log e a2r a3k log e a3r a4k the value of a is equal to. [16 March, 2021 (Shift-I)]
log e a4r a5k log e a5r a6k log e a6r a7k = 0
log e a7r a8k log e a8r a9k log e a9r a10k  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)

Then the number of elements in S, is: 23. Let A and B be two 3 × 3 real matrices such that (A2 – B2) is
 [10 Jan, 2019 (Shift-II)] invertible matrix. If A5 = B5 and A3B2 = A2B3, then the value
of the determinant of the matrix A3 + B3 is equal to:
(a) 4 (b) Infinitely many
 [27 July, 2021 (Shift-II)]
(c) 2 (d) 10
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 4

1 1 1   (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)

18. Let the number 2, b, c be in an A.P. and A =  2 b c  .
 4 b 2 c 2  SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN THREE
If det (A) ∈ [2,16], then c lies in the interval UNKNOWNS
 [8 April, 2019 (Shift-II)]
24. If a point P(a, b, g) satisfying
(a) [2, 3) (b) (2 + 23/4, 4)
(c) [3, 2 + 23/4] (d) [4, 6]  2 10 8 
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
( α β γ )  9 3 8  =( 0 0 0 ) lies on the plane

 8 4 8
 
 n n

 ∑k ∑ Ck k 2 
n
2x + 4y + 3z = 5, then 6a + 9b + 7g is equal to:
19. Suppose det  n  = 0, holds for some
= k 0= k 0

 n n
k
[31 Jan, 2023 (Shift-II)]
 ∑ Ck k ∑ Ck 3 
n

=  k 0=k 0  11 5
n n
Ck (a) –1 (b) (c) (d) 11
positive integer n. Then ∑ equals [JEE Adv, 2019] 5 4
k =0 k + 1
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) 25. Let N denote the number that turns up when a fair die is
rolled. If the probability that the system of equations
ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX, [24 Jan, 2023 (Shift-I)]
INVERSE OF A MATRIX, PROPERTIES OF x+y+z=1
2x + Ny + 2z = 2
ADJOINT AND INVERSE OF MATRIX 3x + 3y + Nz = 3
20. Let the determinant of a square matrix A of order m be k
has unique solution is , then the sum of value of k and all
m – n, where m and n satisfy 4m + n = 22 and 17m + 4n = 93. 6
If det (n adj(adj(mA))) = 3a5b6c. then a + b + c is equal to: possible values of N is
(a) 18 (b) 19 (c) 20 (d) 21
 [15 April, 2023 (Shift-I)]
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(a) 96 (b) 101 (c) 109 (d) 84
26. Let S denote the set of all real values of l such that the
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) system of equations [1 Feb, 2023 (Shift-I)]
21. The positive value of the determinant of the matrix A, λx + y + z =1
 14 28 −14  x + λy + z =1

whose Adj(Adj( A)) =  −14 14 
28  is____. x + y + λz =1

 28 −14 14 

 
[27 June, 2022 (Shift-I)]
(
is inconsistent, then ∑ λ∈S | λ |2 + λ ) is equal to
(a) 2 (b) 12 (c) 4 (d) 6
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)

Determinants 31
 27. For the system of linear equations 29. Let the system of linear equations x + 2y + z = 2, αx + 3y – z = a,
[10 April, 2023 (Shift-I)] –ax + y + 2z = –a be inconsistent. Then α is equal to:
2x – y + 3z = 5 27 June, 2022 (Shift-I)]
3x + 2y – z = 7 5 5
(a) (b) −
4x + 5y + az = b 2 2
Which of the following is NOT correct ? 7 7
(a) The system has infinitely many solutions for a = –5 (c) (d) −
2 2
and b = 9
(b) The system has a unique solution for a ≠ –5 and b = 8  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(c) The system has infinitely many solutions for a = – 6
and b = 9 30. If the system of linear equations
(d) The system is inconsistent for a = –5 and b = 8 2x + 2ay + az = 0
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) 2x + 3by + bz = 0
2x + 4cy + cz = 0
28. The number of real values λ, such that the system of linear
where a, b, c ∈ R are non‑zero and distinct; has a non‑zero
equations
solution, then [7 Jan, 2020 (Shift-I)]
2x – 3y + 5z = 9
x + 3y – z = –18 1 1 1
(a) a, b, c are in A.P. (b) , , are in A.P.
3x – y + (λ2 – |λ|) z = 16 has no solution, is a b c
[25 July, 2022 (Shift-II)] (c) a + b + c = 0 (d) a, b, c are in G.P.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)

PW CHALLENGERS
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS (−1) n −1 (−1) n −1
(a) (b)
( x 2 + 1) 2 ( xy + 1) 2 ( xz + 1) 2 (n − 1)!n ! (n + 1)!n !
2 2 2 2
1. If ( xy + 1) ( y + 1) ( yz + 1) = k(x – y)2 (x – z)2 (y – z)2. (c) 0 (d) None of these
( xz + 1) 2 ( yz + 1) 2 ( z 2 + 1)  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
Find the value of k. ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CORRECT
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5 QUESTIONS
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) 5. If p, q, r, s are in A.P. and f (x)
2. Find sum of all numbers in the interval [–2025, 2025] that
can be equal to the determinant of an 11 × 11 matrix with p + sin x q + sin x p − r + sin x
entries equal to 1 or –1. = q + sin x r + sin x −1 + sin x
(a) 2048 (b) 1024 (c) 4096 (d) 0 r + sin x s + sin x s − q + sin x
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
3. For any integers x1, x2,…, xn and positive integers k1, k2,…, kn, such that ∫ 02 f ( x)dx =
−4 then the common difference of the
A.P. can be:
 x1k1 x2k1  xnk1 
 k  (a) –1 (b) 1/2 (c) –1/2 (d) 1
 x1 2 x2k2  xnk2 
the determinant  is
      (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
 
 x kn x2kn  xnkn 
 1
yz − x 2 zx − y 2 xy − z 2 r2 u2 u2
(a) divisible by n! (b) divisible by (n + 1)! 6. If xz − y 2 xy − z 2 yz − x 2 =
u2 r2 u 2 , then
(c) 0 (d) divisible by (n + 2)!
xy − z 2 yz − x 2 zx − y 2 u 2 u 2 r2
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(a) r2 = x + y + z (b) r2 = x2 + y2 + z2
4. Let A be the n × n matrix whose entry in the ith row and the
(c) u2 = yz + zx + xy (d) u2 = xyz
1
jth column is for 1 ≤ i, j ≤ n. Compute det(A).  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
min(i, j )}

32 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 11. Consider a set S = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23}, a collection
a b c
7. Let A =  p q r  and B = A2. of 1st 9 prime numbers. Let {D1, D2, D3, ... Dn} be the set
  of third order determinants that can be made with all the
 1 1 1 
9 elements of set ‘S’. Then D1 + D2, … + Dn is equal to.
If (a – b)2 + (p – q)2 = 25, (b – c)2 + (q – r)2 = 36 and (c – a)2  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
B 12. If f(x), g(x), h(x) are three polynomial functions of degree
+ (r – p)2 = 49, then det   is divisible by
2 f ( x ) g ( x ) h( x )
(a) 12 (b) 11 two and=
φ( x) f ′( x) g ′( x) h′( x) , then the value of
(c) 15 (d) 6 f ′′ ( x) g ′′ ( x) h′′ ( x)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) φ( x) − φ(4 − x)
lim is equal to:
x→2 sin( x − 2)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
n −1 n−2 n−6
8. If Tn =2n − 4 2n − 6 2n − 11 where n ∈ N, then which
3n − 9 3n − 12 3n − 18
a2 + n ab ac
of the following is/are true? 13. If Dn = ab 2
b +n bc , where n ∈ N and given that
m 10 2
ac bc c +n
(a) ∏ Tn = 6m (b) ∑T n = 60
2
( ∆ 2n )
n =1 n =1

T
> λn3 , Then the value of is l…
(c) n +1 = 2 48
(d) T100 ⋅ T101 = ∆n
Tn
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) 14. Let S be the sum of all possible determinants of order
2 having 0, 1, 2, 3 as their elements. Let α be a common
9. If (x1 – x2)2 + (y1 – y2)2 = a2;
root of the equcations
(x2 – x3)2 + (y2 – y3)2 = b2; x2 + ax + [K + 1] = 0

)2
(x3 – x1 + (y3 – y1 = )2 c2; and x2 + bx + [K + 4] = 0 and

x1 y1 1
2 x2 – cx + [K + 15] = 0

4 y2 1 = l(l3 – (l + l + l )l2 + l(l l + l l such that α > S where a + b + c = 0 and
x2 1 2 3 1 2 2 3
x3 y3 1 1 2n π
k = Lim n →∞ ∑
n n −1 n + π2
2

+ l1l2l3)), then
Based upon the above information the value of (a + S)⋅[k] + 10
(a) λ > 3 ( λ1λ 2 λ 3 ) 3
1
will be
2
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(b) λ1λ 2 λ 3 =8abc
15. Consider the 24, 2 × 2 matrices which can be obtained by
(c) ∑λ λ 1 2 =4∑ ab some arrangement of the four letters x, y, z, w. For a certain
(d) 2λ = λ1 + λ 2 + λ 3 assignment of non-negative integers to x, y, z, w, we find that:
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) 4 of these matrices have determinant 16 ; 4 have determinant
– 16; and 16 have determinant zero. Find number of all
possible solution sets for {x, y, z, w}⋅
INTEGER / NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS
10. The value of determinant COMPREHENSION BASED QUESTIONS
ax + xy a + xb ab + xc 1
2
1 1
PASSAGE-I
bx + y ab + yb b + yc + cos θ cos θ sin θ is

2 2

cx + yz ac + zb bc + cz − sin θ − sin θ cos θ Paragraph (16-17):

equal to x3 − 4 x 2 bx − 2 x 2 3bx − 8
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) Consider ∆ ( x) = bx − 2 x 2 3bx − 8 x3 − 4 x 2 = f ( x)
3bx − 8 x3 − 4 x 2 bx − 2 x 2

Determinants 33
g(x), where b ∈ R+ and the equation f(x) = 0 has positive real PASSAGE-III
roots. (Leading coefficient of f(x) is 1.)
Paragraph (20 to 21):
16. The value of b is equal to: If g(x) = (c1 – x) (c2 – x)(c3 – x)
(a) 3 (b) 12
x + c1 x+a x+a
(c) –12 (d) –3 f ( x) =+
x b x + c2 x+a
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) x+b x+b x + c3
17. Number of real roots of the equation g(x) = 0, is:  (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(a) 0 (b) 1 20. Coefficient of x in f(x) is
(c) 2 (d) 4 g (a ) − f (b)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) (a)
b−a
g (−a ) − g (−b)
PASSAGE-II (b)
b−a
Paragraph (18 to 19): A 3 × 3 determinant its entries as either
‘1’ or ‘–1’. The number of such determinants is 29 = 512. We call g (a ) − g (b)
(c)
an order 3 determinant with entries ‘1’ or ‘–1’ as minus special if b−a
product of elements of any rows and any columns is –1
(d) None of these (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
18. The number of 3 × 3 minus special determinants is
2
21. Which of the following is not a constant term in f(x)
(a) 2( n−1) (b) 2n bg (a ) − ag (b)
(a)
13n 2 − 37 n b−a
(c) (d) None of these
3
bg (a ) − af (−b)
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1) (b)
b−a
19. The minimum value of a 3 × 3 minus special determinant is
bf (−a ) − ag (b)
(a) –6 (b) –4 (c) –2 (d) 0 (c)
b−a
 (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)
(d) None of these (JEE Lakshya Mathematics M-1)

34 P JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS

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 Answer Key

CONCEPT APPLICATION
1. (d) 2. [–10] 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (c)
13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (a,b,c) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (c) 21. (a, b) 22. (c)
23. (c) 24. [0] 25. [1] 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (d) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (b)
36. (b) 37. (b) 38. {0,8} 39. (c)

BOARD LEVEL PROBLEMS

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (a) 22. (c)
23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (d)

PRARAMBH (TOPICWISE)
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (b)
31. (d) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (a) 40. (a)
41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (b)

PRABAL (JEE MAIN LEVEL)

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (d)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (d) 26. [2] 27. [6] 28. [0] 29. [8] 30. [3]
31. [626] 32. [4] 33. [0] 34. [2] 35. [8]

PARIKSHIT (JEE ADVANCED LEVEL)

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a,b)
11. (a,b) 12. (b,c) 13. (a,b) 14. (a,b,c) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (d)
21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. [0] 25. [1] 26. [2] 27. [8] 28. [2] 29. [201] 30. [2]

PYQ’s (PAST YEAR QUESTIONS)

1. [6] 2. (d) 3. (a, c) 4. [16] 5. (a,b,d) 6. (a,b,c) 7. [1] 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. [6.20] 20. (a)
21. [14] 22. [36] 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (b)

PW CHALLENGERS
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (a, d) 6. (b, c) 7. (a, d) 8. (a, b ) 9. (a, b, c, d)
10. [2] 11. [0] 12. [0] 13. [64] 14. [13] 15. (6) 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (b)
20. (c) 21. (d)

Determinants 35