Research Proposal

The Viability of Neem Leaves (Azadirachta Indica) Incense as a Insect

Repellent

Prepared by:
Ms. Kaycee B. Ticoy
Mr. Jupiter A. Martos Jr.
Ms. Danica Mae F. Mores
Ms. Chris Jane S. Beoncio
Ms. Sofia Villanueva
Ms. Emerald Joy S. Bantang

Adviser:
Mr. Charles Louie Villanueva
 Chapter I
This chapter aims to present the background of the study, statement of the problem,
significance of the study, definitions of terms, scope and delimitation of the study.

Introduction

Neem is popular and well-known plants in Sudan. All parts of Neem tree are
usable. The wood is strong and durable, the leaves contain many compounds which
can protect our crops and our health; the seeds provide the cheapest oil available
which is used for soap and energy and the cake is available manure and good cattle
feed. Furthermore, the leaf extract is use to reduce tooth plaque and to treat lice.
Neem contains chemicals that might help reduce blood sugar levels, heal ulcers in
the digestive tract, prevent pregnancy, kill bacteria and prevent plaque from forming
in the mouth. In addition, neem leaves can be used in both raw and cooked
applications such as frying or boiling. The taste of Neem leaves is so bitter that they
are used sparingly in culinary applications. The vibrant green leaves are smooth and
glossy with sharp, separated edges. Neem leaves grow on the branches of neem
trees in groups of two, and each branch produces around eight groupings. Neem
leaves are extremely bitters and have a grassy taste and aroma when torn. Neem
also grows white, fragrant flowers and yellow, olive-like fruit that has a bittersweet
pulp.
Moreover, the use of chemical pesticides causes pollution and has harmful
target effects and may stimulate resistance in pests. The likelihood of insect pests
developing resistance against plant derivatives, comprising an array of chemicals is
much less than using an insecticide based on a single chemical ingredient. Another
problem associated with pesticides use is their short term and long term health
effect. However, in many cases people applying the pesticides are unaware of how
they work and what precautions should be used in their application.

To continue, insects are a common pest that can cause damage to crops,
spread diseases, and cause annoyance to humans. Synthetic insecticides have
been used to control insect’s populations, but their prolonged use can have adverse
effects and environmental impacts. Neem tree, a traditional medicinal plant, has
been found to have insecticidal and repellent properties against wide range of
insects, including mosquitoes, flies, and beetles. Studies have reported the
effectiveness of neem tree and its derivatives as an insect repellent, making it a
promising natural alternative to synthetic insecticides. (Source: Isman, 200;
Senthilkumar et al., 2018; Mishra et al., 2020).

Therefore, there are questions about the effect of the chronic, mute exposure
to pesticides residue in food or through contamination of the environment. Although
the risks are to some degree small, many people find them unacceptable and seek
to prohibit the sale and use of such pesticides. For example, the United States
Environmental protection agency (EPA) banned the use of dinoseb herbicide
because tests by German chemical company Hoechst AG indicated that dinoseb
cause birth defects in rabbits. Other study indicates that dinoseb causes sterility in
rats (Whitaker1972).
The precise effects of the various neem-leaves extracts on a given insect species
are often difficult to pinpoint. Neem's complexity of ingredients and its mixed modes
of action vastly complicate clarification. Moreover, the studies to date are hard to
compare because they have used differing test insects, dosages, and formulations.
Further, the materials used in various tests have often been handled and stored
differently, taken from differing parts of the tree, or produced under different
environmental conditions.The larvae of a number of mosquito species (including
Aedes and Anopheles) are sensitive to neem. They stop feeding and die within 24
hours after treatment. If neem derivatives are used alone, relatively high
concentrations are required to obtain high mortality.12 Nonetheless, the use of
simple and cheap neem products seems promising for treating pools and ponds in
the towns and villages of developing countries. In one test, crushed neem seeds
thrown into pools proved nearly as effective at preventing mosquito breeding as
methoprene, a rather expensive pesticide that is usually imported in developing
countries.(National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 1992.)
Neem leaves are also an effective mosquito repellent and hence it is advisable to
plant neem trees in the surroundings. Using mosquito nets while sleeping is a must
in areas having severe outbreak of any mosquito borne diseases.
 Background of the Study

Insects can cause significant damage to crops, and their bites can transmit
diseases to humans and animals. Synthetic insecticides have been commonly used
to control insect populations, but they can have adverse health effects and
environmental impacts. As a result, there has been growing interest in natural and
sustainable alternatives to synthetic insecticides. Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) is a
tropical plant that has been traditionally used for medicinal and pest control
purposes. Neem tree contains various active compounds, such as azadirachtin,
salannin, and meliantriol that have been reported to have insecticidal properties.

The use of neem tree and its derivatives as an insect repellent has been
extensively studied. Neem tree has been found to be effective in controlling various
insect populations, including mosquitoes, flies, and stored-product insects. One of
the ways neem tree is used as an insect repellent is by burning neem incense sticks.
Neem incense sticks release smoke that repels insects and can be used in both
indoor and outdoor settings.

The use of neem tree as an insect incense repellent has several advantages.
Firstly, neem tree and its derivatives are non-toxic and biodegradable, making them
an eco-friendly solution for controlling insect populations. Secondly, neem incense
sticks are safe and non-toxic, making them an ideal alternative to synthetic
insecticides. Thirdly, the use of neem incense sticks can have significant public
health benefits by reducing the incidence of mosquito-borne diseases and improving
public health outcomes.

Cassava is a tropical root crop that is widely used as a staple food in many
developing countries. In addition to its use as a food crop, cassava has also been
explored for its potential use as a binder in various applications.

Charcoal as a natural and traditional mosquito repellent, charcoal has been

used in creating mosquito incense has become increasingly popular due to its
effectiveness and safety compared to chemical-based repellents.
 Overall, the use of neem tree as an insect incense repellent has shown
promising results in various studies. Further research is needed to investigate the
effectiveness of neem tree as an insect repellent in different settings and
populations.
 Statement of the Problem
This study aims to test the viability of Neem Tree (Azadirachta Indica) as an
insect repellent. Specifically, this research will seek answer to the following
questions:
1. What is the quality of neem tree repellant in terms of:
a. Safety Used
b. Scent Quality
c. Smoke Quality
d. Duration of Efficacy

2. What is the compatibility of main ingredients neem leaves, charcoal and

cassava in terms of?
a. Potency
b. Binding Quality
c. Physical Characteristics
3. Is there a relationship between leaf is cent of Neem leaves and other repellent
in terms of
a. Safety of ingredients in our health
b. Effects of ingredients in our health
c. Availability of Ingredients
 Significance of the Study
The following entities will benefit from this study are students, household,
entrepreneurs and future researchers.
Students. Through the help with this research, the student will be able to
know the advantage of using organic incense and prevent from disease cause by
dengue mosquitos.
Household. In order for them to use as an organic incense to prevent
mosquitos and the avoid the use of chemical incense.
Entrepreneurs. When the product is made they will be the one to promote,
sell and propagate to all the consumers. They can also offer job that serve as
livelihood.
Teachers - This refers to our educators to taught their students how
importance the incense in our society . In this study they will be able to teach the
benefits of using organic incense to prevent different illness that cause by of incense
that have a chemicals.
Future Researchers. The outcome of the study is beneficial to the future
researchers, This study ,is the basis that a new theory in learning will used and .will
help to further information and research about the use of incense.
 Definition of Terms
For better comprehension, the researcher provides the conceptual and operational
definitions for some terms mentioned in the study. These are the following:

Viability- Based on ability to works successfully.

Neem Leaves- When you burn its leaves whether die or not it can kill mosquitos.

Incense stick –it is man-made incense that control/killed insects around the area or
room.

Insect Repellent –A substance that deters insects or other pests from approaching
or settling

Synthetic Insecticides –).insecticides made by detrimental chemicals.

 Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study will focus on viability against common insects found in households
and agricultural environments. The study also aims to evaluate the potential of neem
leaves to repel insects and reduce their populations and to also contribute to the
knowledge of natural products as an alternative to synthetic pesticides in pest
control, particularly in environments where toxicity and residue accumulation are of
concern.

Also, the scope of this study will be specifically placed near your windows or
around the room which keep the mosquito away. Neem leaves are non-toxic and
biodegradable, making them an eco-friendly solution for controlling insect population.

Moreover, the study will cover the Neem leaves as significant public health
benefits by reducing the incidents of mosquito borne diseases and improving public
health outcomes. The purpose of Neem leaves is to use it as another product for
enhancing non chemicals insect repellent.

The data will be collected through surveys, and observation with experts in
the field. The study will consists of researchers to develop the incense product to find
out the viability of neem leaves if it is sure to not affect the human body.

Lastly, This study will be limited to target participants from Tanagan San
Andres , Romblon. The respondents of this study will be ten (30) household from
Barangay Tanagan San Andres Romblon This study conducted at Romblon State
University (main campus) Odiongan, Romblon.
 Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

This chapter tackles the different studies and literature that are related to the
study. Basically, this chapter includes definition, significance, other related study and
conceptual framework to further elaborate the aims and goals of the study.

Neem Leaves

Several studies have investigated the effectiveness of neem tree and its
derivatives as an insect repellent. Neem tree contains various active compounds,
such as azadirachtin, salannin, and meliantriol that have been reported to have
insecticidal properties. Here is a review of related literature on the use of neem tree
as incense insect repellent:

A study conducted by Mishra et al. (2020) evaluated the effectiveness of

neem-based incense sticks in repelling mosquitoes and other insects. The study
also found that neem incense sticks were safe and non-toxic and could be used as a
natural and sustainable alternative to synthetic insecticides.

The study was that Neem had proven effective in controlling various pests
and diseases in agriculture, without harming humans or the environment.
Additionally, Neem was found to have antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and anti-
inflammatory properties, making it useful in traditional medicine. The authors also
highlighted the potential for Neem to be used in environmental conservation efforts,
as it can serve as a natural pesticide and help to prevent soil erosion. It provides
valuable insights into the diverse applications of the Neem tree and its potential to
contribute to sustainable development.

According to Dale Borres , Denise Enriquez and Josie Yu. (2011). The
mosquito larvae treated with the neem leaf extract died within 3 hours as compared
to mosquito larvae treated with commercialized larvicidewith died 18-48 hours.
 Senthilkumar and Murugan (2018) reviewed the potential of botanicals and
their products as an alternative to synthetic insecticides against stored-product
insects. The study reported that neem oil was effective in repelling rice weevils and
cowpea weevils, with a repellency rate of 97.2% and 99.4%, respectively. The study
concluded that neem oil could be an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to
synthetic insecticides in the management of stored-product insects.

Neem is also known for its ability to repel other insects such as termites and
cockroaches. A study by Chandrasekhar et al. (2013) found that neem oil was
effective in controlling termites. Another study by Khaliq et al. (2011) found that
neem oil was effective in repelling cockroaches.

Overall, the use of neem tree as incense insect repellent has shown
promising results in various studies. Neem tree and its derivatives are natural, safe,
and eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic insecticides and can provide an effective
method of controlling insect populations.

Cassava

Cassava is a tropical root crop that is widely used as a staple food in many
developing countries. In addition to its use as a food crop, cassava has also been
explored for its potential use as a binder in various applications. In this review, we
summarize the existing literature on the use of cassava as a binder and its potential
applications.

Several studies have explored the use of cassava starch as a binder in

various industries. One study conducted by Thirumdas et al. (2016) investigated the
use of cassava starch as a binder in tablet formulation. The study found that cassava
starch was an effective binder, and tablets made using cassava starch had good
mechanical properties.

In the food industry, cassava flour has also been explored as a potential
binder. A study conducted by De Moura et al. (2018) investigated the use of cassava
flour as a binder in meat products. The study found that cassava flour was an
effective binder and improved the texture and yield of the meat products.

The use of cassava is effective binder to enhance the appearance and

texture in different ways of product

Cassava has also been explored as a binder in the production of

particleboard. A study conducted by González et al. (2012) investigated the use of
cassava starch as a binder in particleboard production. The study found that cassava
starch was an effective binder, and particleboards made using cassava starch had
good mechanical properties.

Another study conducted by Eseyin et al. (2017) investigated the use of

cassava starch as a binder in the production of briquettes for household cooking.
The study found that cassava starch was an effective binder and improved the
quality of the briquettes.

In summary, cassava has been explored as a potential binder in various

applications, including tablet formulation, meat products, particleboard production,
and household cooking. The existing literature suggests that cassava starch and
flour are effective binders, and their use could improve the quality of the final
product.

Charcoal
As a natural and traditional mosquito repellent, charcoal has been used in
creating mosquito incense for generations. The use of charcoal in mosquito incense
has become increasingly popular due to its effectiveness and safety compared to
chemical-based repellents. This review of related literature explores the properties of
charcoal and its role in creating mosquito incense.

Charcoal is a porous substance made from wood, coconut shells, or other

organic materials. It has high carbon content, which makes it an excellent absorbent
material for toxins, odors, and moisture. This property of charcoal makes it an ideal
component of mosquito incense. The use of charcoal as a base material for
mosquito incense has been reported in various studies.
 In a study conducted by Gopalakrishnan et al. (2012), the efficacy of a
mosquito-repellent incense stick made from charcoal and various plant materials
was investigated. The results showed that the incense stick made from charcoal and
neem leaves had the highest mosquito repellency rate, with an efficacy of 92.4%.

Similarly, a study by Mulla et al. (2019) explored the effectiveness of

mosquito-repellent incense sticks made from bamboo and coconut shell charcoal.

The results of the study showed that the incense sticks made from coconut
shell charcoal were more effective in repelling mosquitoes compared to those made
from bamboo charcoal.

Furthermore, in a study by Pauzi et al. (2019), the researchers investigated

the use of coconut shell charcoal as a mosquito repellent. The results showed that
the coconut shell charcoal had a significant mosquito repellent effect, with a mean
protection time of 3 hours.

In conclusion, the use of charcoal in creating mosquito incense is an effective

and natural way to repel mosquitoes. The high absorbent capacity of charcoal makes
it an ideal base material for mosquito incense. Studies have shown that charcoal-
based mosquito incense has a significant repellent effect, making it a viable
alternative to chemical-based repellents.

Insect Repellent
Repellents are substances that are used to repel insects, pests, or animals.
They are widely used in agriculture, public health, and personal protection. The
effectiveness of repellents varies depending on the type of repellent, the
concentration, and the target organism. The following is a review of the related
literature about repellents. (Sources: Fradin et al., 2002; Jaenson et al., 2010; Isman
et al., 2006; Dhanani et al., 2017)

According to Shapourreza Bina, Iraj Javadi, Omid Iravani (2017) The neem
extract , and especially its main ingredients, “Azadirachtin” is one of the strongest
natural substances that negatively control insects and has been used against many
pest in medicine and agriculture.
 According to Suman Chaudhary et. Al (2017).The antifeedant and repellent
efficacy of neem leaves was validated in a study where enrichment of organic
fertilizers with neem leaf powder and boiler ash was observed to significantly
improve resistance of plants against infestation by aphids.

According Melanie Travares et.Al (2018). The use of natural and systhetic
repellents, marketed in different pharmaceutical forms, is growing in the word due to
the emerging vector-borne viral diseases as Dengue, Zika , Chinkunguya , Yellow
Fever and Malaria.

In conclusion, repellents are important tools for protecting crops, controlling

pests, and preventing insect bites and stings. Synthetic repellents such as DEET and
picaridin are effective but may have adverse effects on human health. Natural
repellents are an alternative but their effectiveness varies depending on the
concentration and the target organism. More research is needed to develop safer
and more effective repellents.
 Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1.What is the quality of

neem tree repellent in
terms of:
a. Safety Used
b. Scent quality
c. Smoke Quality Survey Viability of neem
d. Duration of efficacy questionnaire leaves as an
(likert scale ) insect repellent
2.What is the compatibility
of main ingredients neem
leaves, charcoal and
cassava in terms of ?

a. Potency
b. Binding quality
c. Physical Characteristics

3.Is there a significant leaf

is cent of Neem leaves and
other repellent in terms of

a. Safety of ingredients in
our health
b. Effects of ingredients in
our health
c. Availability of ingredients

Figure 1 shows the Input-Process-Output (IPO) of the study. Figure 1

describes the conceptual framework of the study where the input consists of the
following the statement of the problem which used to produce or to know the
outcome of the Neem leaves incense as an insect repellent. There will be
experimental process to make the incense insect repellent.

To specify, the concept being used by the researchers is based on Likert

scale that consists of a measuring attitudes and opinions from collective responses.
The output is the expected product will be produced.
 Chapter III

Research Methodology

This chapter explains various methodologies that were used in gathering data and
analysis which are relevant to the research, which include the research design, Data
gathering instrument, sampling technique, experimental procedures.

Research Design
The type of research design used for this study is qualitative
experimental method style of research. Experimental design is the process of
carrying out research in an objective and controlled fashion so that precision is
maximized and specific conclusions can be drawn regarding a hypothesis statement.
Generally, the purpose is to establish the effect that a factor or independent variable
has on a dependent variable, while Qualitative research is a type of research that
aims to gather and analyses non-numerical data in order to gain an understanding of
individuals, social reality, including understanding their attitudes, beliefs, and
motivation.

Data Gathering Instrument

For the purpose of the primary data collection, researchers use a Likert
Scale to measuring the attitudes and opinions from collective responses. Rensis
Likert (1932), adopted and used to determine the effectiveness of incense in
household. In addition, the researcher used Likert scale to know the opinions of
respondents using questionnaire to gather information.

Research Method
This study employs simple random sampling as a type of probability sampling
in which the researcher randomly selects a subset of participants from a population.
Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Data is then
collected from as large a percentage as possible of this random subset.
Experimental Procedures
This study used an experimental design and Likert scale. These are the
process of making incense; first, blend and powderized the dried neem leaves;
second, powderized the charcoal; third, cook cassava starch for binder; fourth, mixed
all the ingredients; Lastly, mold the mixture.
After gathering the data the researchers made a questioner based on the
likert scale which must answered by the household respondents. The researchers
will write a letter of consent to conduct study and shall be conducted upon the
approval of the administrator and will interview when it’s vacant time, if they allow
performing the experiment in their household.
The respondents of this study will be thirty (30) household from Barangay
TanAgan San Andres Romblon. Finally, this study will strengthen the experimental
study of the researchers.

Sampling Technique
This study shall employ simple random sampling is a type of probability
sampling in which the researcher randomly selects a subset of participants from a
population. Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
Data is then collected from as large a percentage as possible of this random subset.
 Chapter IV
Results and Discussion
This research was conducted to investigate The Viability of Neem Leaves
(Azadirachta Indica) Incense as an Insect Repellent

Table 1
Level of Acceptability
Standard
Level of
Indicators Sum Mean Deviatio
Acceptability
n
Q1 132.00 4.55 0.57 Very Acceptable
Q2 113.00 3.90 1.11 Acceptable
Q3 69.00 2.38 1.01 Unacceptable
Either Acceptable
91.00 3.14 0.71
Mean_SQ or Unacceptable
Q4 117.00 4.03 0.82 Acceptable
Either Acceptable
93.00 3.21 1.15
Q5 or Unacceptable
Either Acceptable
93.00 3.21 1.01
Q6 or Unacceptable
Either Acceptable
101.00 3.48 0.70
Mean_SQ or Unacceptable
Q7 119.00 4.10 1.21 Acceptable
Q8 73.00 2.52 1.12 Unacceptable
Q9 51.00 1.76 0.91 Very Unacceptable
Either Acceptable
81.00 2.79 0.73
Mean_DE or Unacceptable
Q10 72.00 2.48 0.87 Unacceptable
Either Acceptable
98.00 3.38 0.90
Q11 or Unacceptable
Q12 99.00 3.41 0.98 Either Acceptable
 or Unacceptable
Either Acceptable
89.67 3.09 0.64
Mean_P or Unacceptable
Q13 122.00 4.21 0.86 Very Acceptable
Either Acceptable
90.00 3.10 1.26
Q14 or Unacceptable
Mean_BQ 106.00 3.66 0.50 Acceptable
Q15 108.00 3.72 1.13 Acceptable
Either Acceptable
84.00 2.90 1.45
Q16 or Unacceptable
Either Acceptable
88.00 3.03 1.09
Q17 or Unacceptable
Either Acceptable
93.33 3.22 0.69
Mean_PC or Unacceptable
Q18 125.00 4.31 0.93 Very Acceptable
Q19 127.00 4.38 0.56 Very Acceptable
Q20 137.00 4.72 0.59 Very Acceptable
Either Acceptable
98.92 3.41 0.90
Overall Mean or Unacceptable
Legend:
1:00 – 1:80 Strongly Disagree --------------------Very Unacceptable
1.81 – 2.60 Disagree--------------------------------- Unacceptable
2.61 – 3.60 Either Agree or Disagree ------------- Either acceptable or
unacceptable
3.61 – 4.20 Agree------------------------------------- Acceptable
4.21 – 5.00 Strongly Agree------------------------- Very Acceptable

Interpretation: In terms of the scent quality, the sum is 91.00, the mean is 3.14 and
the standard deviation is 0.71. This results either acceptable or unacceptable. In
terms of smoke quality, the sum is 101.00, the mean is 3.48 and the standard
deviation is 0.70. This result either acceptable or unacceptable. In terms of duration
of efficacy, the sum is 81.00, the mean is 2.79 and the standard deviation is 0.73.
This results either acceptable or unacceptable. In terms of potency, the sum is
89.67, the mean is 3.09 and the standard deviation is 0.64. This results either
acceptable or unacceptable. In terms of binding quality, the sum is 106.00, the mean
is 3.66 and the standard deviation is 0.50. This results acceptable. In terms of
physical characteristics, the sum is 93.33, the mean is 3.22 and the standard
deviation is 0.69. This result either acceptable or unacceptable. In terms of the
overall mean, the sum is 98.92, the mean is 3.41 and the standard deviation is 0.90.
Therefore, this results either acceptable or unacceptable.

Test for Significant Relationship Factors

Are the different factors significantly related in evaluating the acceptability of Neem
Leaves(Azadirachta Indica) as an Insect Repellent.

Correlations
Scent Smoke
SU Q Q D P PC SH EH AI
Spearma SU Correlati 1.00 .283 -.034 .019 .163 .176 .228 .039 .352
n's rho on 0
Coefficie
nt
Scent Correlati .283 1.000 .370* .261 .298 .163 .486 .338 -.12
**
Q on 5
Coefficie
nt
Smoke Correlati -.03 .370* 1.000 .559 .130 .483 .406 -.20 .129
** ** *
Q on 4 7
Coefficie
nt
D Correlati .019 .261 .559** 1.00 .079 .496 .356 -.41 .084
**
on 0 9*
Coefficie
nt
 P Correlati .163 .298 .130 .079 1.00 .067 .665 .283 .230
**
on 0
Coefficie
nt
PC Correlati .176 .163 .483** .496 .067 1.00 .190 -.27 .487
** **
on 0 1
Coefficie
nt
SH Correlati .228 .486** .406* .356 .665 .190 1.00 .145 .231
**
on 0
Coefficie
nt
EH Correlati .039 .338 -.207 -.41 .283 -.27 .145 1.00 .056
on 9* 1 0
Coefficie
nt
AI Correlati .352 -.125 .129 .084 .230 .487 .231 .056 1.00
**
on 0
Coefficie
nt
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Sample interpretation:
The table shows the correlation matrix on the relationship of the different variables in
evaluating the developed instructional material. Finding show that the different
factors are significantly related, indicating that each variable could contribute to the
acceptability of the instructional material. (Explain further)
ANNEX
A. Test of Normality on the Different Variable

Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
SU .369 29 <.001 .694 29 <.001
ScentQ .216 29 .001 .909 29 .016
SmokeQ .153 29 .080 .956 29 .258
D .157 29 .067 .944 29 .126
P .181 29 .016 .920 29 .030
PC .242 29 <.001 .883 29 .004
SH .263 29 <.001 .838 29 <.001
EH .323 29 <.001 .741 29 <.001
.337 29 <.001 .721 29 <.001
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

Interpretation: The standard normal distribution is the most continuous probability

distribution has a bell-shaped density curved describe by its mean and SD and
extreme values in the data set have no significant impact on the mean value. This
table shows the different value of each statistic. In terms of safety used, the result of
the data is significantly deviate from a normal distribution. In terms scent quality, the
Kolmogorov-Smirnova result normal distribution is not assumed while Shapiro-Wilk
result is normally distributed. In terms of smoke quality, the results are significant
deviation as normal distribution. In terms of duration of efficacy the result of the data
is normally distribution. In terms of potency the result of the data is normally
distributed. In terms of physical characteristics, the result of the data is not normally
distributed. In terms of safety of ingredients in our health the result of the data is not
normally distributed. In terms of effects of ingredients of our health, the result of the
data is not normally distributed. In terms of availability of ingredients, the result of the
data is not normally distributed. Statistical tests have the advantage of making an
objective judgment of normality but have the dis-advantage of sometimes not being
sensitive enough at low sample sizes or overly sensitive to large sample sizes.
Graphical interpretation has the advantage of allowing good judgment to assess
normality in situations when numerical tests might be over or under sensitive.
 CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of the study, findings, the conclusions,
and the recommendations.

Summary
This study shows the viability of Neem leaves ( Azadirachta Indica)
Incense as an Insect Repellent is sought to answer the following questions: (1) What
is the quality of Neem Leaves repellent in terms of safety use, scent quality, smoke
quality, duration of efficacy (2) What is the compatibility of main ingredients neem
leaves, charcoal and cassava in terms of potency, binding quality and physical
characteristic (3) Is there a relationship between leaf is cent of Neem leaves and
other repellent in terms of: safety of ingredients in our health, effects of ingredients in
our health, availability of ingredients.
This study inspired the researchers to relate it to the other organic incense in
producing new organic incense insect repellent.

Findings
In terms of the scent quality, the sum is 91.00, the mean is 3.14 and the standard
deviation is 0.71. This results either acceptable or unacceptable. In terms of smoke
quality, the sum is 101.00, the mean is 3.48 and the standard deviation is 0.70. This
result either acceptable or unacceptable. In terms of duration of efficacy, the sum is
81.00, the mean is 2.79 and the standard deviation is 0.73. This results either
acceptable or unacceptable. In terms of potency, the sum is 89.67, the mean is 3.09
and the standard deviation is 0.64. This results either acceptable or unacceptable. In
terms of binding quality, the sum is 106.00, the mean is 3.66 and the standard
deviation is 0.50. This results acceptable. In terms of physical characteristics, the
sum is 93.33, the mean is 3.22 and the stadard deviation is 0.69. This results either
acceptable or unacceptable. In terms of the overall mean, the sum is 98.92, the
mean is 3.41 and the standard deviation is 0.90. Therefore, this results either
acceptable or unacceptable.
 Conclusion
The result of this study showed the viability of neem leaves incense as an
insect repellent. The studies in the last two decades have focused on the search for
new natural repellents and some plants displayed good repellents activities, but few
natural products have been developed so far. Repellents do not share a single mode
of action and surprisingly little is known about how repellents act on their target
insects. It is important to explore plant sources for new and very effective mosquito
repellents that would help the ingredients to make the product effective. The findings
lead to the conclusion that if the product contains all ingredients, this will be effective
and safe to used. The conclusions drawn in this article are totally based on the
information and data generated by other researchers. Therefore the researchers
recommend conducting studies to evaluate and developed the enhancement of the
product.

Recommendation
Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following are
recommended:
1. Future researchers need to add more ingredients to improve this insence.
2. We recommend this product to everyone so that they could use this as a
substitute for mosquito repellent rather than using dangerous insecticides since this
is easy to make and it is not harmful to our health for its made out of neem leaves.
3. Interested researchers may use the experimental procedures and may
improve the methods used in this study.
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