TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

Background of the Study

Statement of the Problem

Objectives

Methodology

Methodological Framework

Data Collection

Results & Discussion

Conclusion & Recommendations

References

Appendices

Raw Data from Experiments

Documentations (Photos of Equipment Used and Procedures)

Abstract

This study looks into the effect of sluice gate openings on hydraulic jump characteristics
in order to enhance flood management. The purpose of this study was to investigate the
correlation among gate openings and the consequent hydraulic jump phenomenon. By adjusting
the gate openings, laboratory experiments were carried out to imitate hydraulic jumps.

Multiple trials with various gate openings were conducted as part of the research.
Measurements were taken to determine the characteristics of the hydraulic jumps, upstream
velocity, and energy dissipation rate. The results provide valuable insights into the impact of gate
openings on hydraulic jump behavior.

The findings show that as the gate opening increases, so do the upstream and downstream
flow depths. Furthermore, with narrower gate openings, the energy dissipation rate increases.
These findings imply that affecting the sluice gate opening can effectively regulate hydraulic
jumps, which is important in flood mitigation techniques.

The findings of the study add to our understanding of how gate openings alter hydraulic
jump characteristics and their implications for flood control. The findings can be used to improve
flood control measures by optimizing sluice gate operations in water management systems.

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The Philippines, an archipelagic nation located in Southeast Asia, is no stranger to the

destructive force of floods. The country is especially prone to floods due to the fact it is situated

in the Pacific Ring of Fire and is subject to severe meteorological disturbances such as typhoons

and monsoons. [1]. Floods are harmful to both people and property. Flash floods can happen

rapidly leaving little time for escape, resulting in deaths and community relocation. [2].

Furthermore, economic damage caused by floods can also be extensive. Crops, infrastructure,

and companies are all damaged, resulting in a huge economic loss for the afflicted areas. [2]. In

addition, stagnant floods serve as breeding grounds for waterborne infections, putting the

afflicted population's health at danger. Water contamination may transmit illnesses like cholera

and dengue fever. [3]. Floods additionally lead to environmental damage by harming ecosystems,
eroding soil, and settling water bodies. The state of the environment as a whole and biodiversity

are impacted by this. [4]. Typhoon Ondoy hit the Philippines in September 2009, for instance,

causing one of the most disastrous floods in recorded history. It caused significant flooding in

Metro Manila and neighboring provinces, impacting more than 4 million people. [5]. Flooding

displaced hundreds of thousands of individuals and resulted in major economic damage.

Recognizing and handling these implications is critical for creating effective flood mitigation

approaches and increasing community resilience in the event of such natural disasters.

Several existing flood mitigation methods and approaches are in practice throughout the

world, and many of these may be improved and applied in flood-prone locations such as the

Philippines. One of the government’s existing solutions is that PAGASA (Philippine

Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration) provides an early

warning system to offer timely information on meteorological conditions, including potential

floods. Efforts to increase the accuracy and efficacy of these systems are ongoing. Moreover,

Reforestation Programs attempt to improve soil stability, prevent erosion, and increase natural

water absorption. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) has been

active in tree planting and reforestation projects. Furthermore, Government agencies and

Non-governmental groups manage public awareness programs designed to inform citizens about

flood hazards, preparedness measures, and the significance of implementing evacuation plans

during severe weather events. A more resilient and flood-resistant ecosystem may be

accomplished by implementing all of these methods into practice in combination, with special

attention to the specific geographic and meteorological features of the Philippines.

While there are existing solutions for flood mitigation, this study intended to evaluate the

effect of sluice gate opening on hydraulic jump characteristics for improved flood control
employing the Hydraulic Jump Experiment with the use of Multi-purpose Teaching Flume. A

hydraulic jump is an event that happens when the flow of water changes rapidly, causing a

sudden rise in water depth and a transition from supercritical to subcritical flow. This abrupt

change in the flow regime results in a visible and often turbulent water surface. [6]. Hydraulic

jumps are most common in open channel flows like rivers, canals, spillways, and sluice gates.

[7]. Due to its capacity to absorb energy, regulate water velocity, and mitigate the deleterious

impacts of fast flows, the hydraulic jump is extremely important for flood prevention. Water

frequently carries a lot of energy during a flood, which can cause erosive pressures and

downstream floods. The hydraulic jump converts this kinetic energy into potential energy,

stopping the flow of water.

Statement of the Problem

This study attempted to investigate the influence of opening of sluice gates on the

hydraulic jump characteristics for enhanced flood control. Specially, the study sought to answer

the following questions:

1. What is the significant relationship between the sluice gate opening and the velocity in the

upstream region, and how do changes in sluice gate opening influence the velocity in the

upstream region?

2. How does the sluice gate openings influence the Froude's Number?

3. How does the Froude’s Number (Fr1) contribute to the energy head loss (∆H) and what is the

ideal sluice gate opening that will give the maximum energy dissipation?
Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence of different openings of
sluice gates through the hydraulic jump characteristics for enhanced flood control. It particularly
aimed to:
1. Determine the velocity in the upstream region.

2. Determine the Froude’s Number (Fr1) and classify the hydraulic jump.

3. Determine the energy loss due to hydraulic jump (∆H) and know the most effective sluice

gate opening for enhanced flood control.

 METHODOLOGY

Methodological Framework

Data Gathering and Procedures

In this experiment using Multi-purpose Teaching Flume (HM 160) , the initial step

involves adjusting the sluice gate opening to a minimum of 20 mm. Subsequently, the main
switch and pump are activated to initiate water flow through the system. To ensure a controlled

start, the shut-off valve is then modified to achieve low discharge. Once a steady flow is

established in the flume, a restriction block is installed downstream to observe potential

hydraulic jumps, characterized by abrupt transitions between supercritical and subcritical flow.

The discharge (Q), representing the volume of water passing through the channel per unit

of time, is measured and recorded using a flowmeter. The discharge (Q) is calculated through the

formula:

𝑉
𝑄 = 𝑡

The velocity (v) can be calculated using the formula below, where Q is the flow discharge, b is
the width of the flume, and y1 is the upstream flow depth; we can incorporate this into the
analysis.

𝑄
𝑉 = 𝑏×𝑦1

Moving on to the analysis of critical depth, the critical depth (yc) is a crucial parameter in
open-channel hydraulics. It can be determined using the specific energy equation, which relates
the total energy per unit weight of fluid to the flow depth:

2
𝑉
𝐸 = 𝑌1 + 2𝑔

At critical flow conditions, the specific energy is minimized, leading to the critical depth
formula:

2 1/3
𝑌𝑐 = ⎡⎢ 2 ⎤⎥
𝑄
⎣𝑏𝑔⎦
where (g) is the acceleration due to gravity.
Furthermore, Froude's Number (Fr1) is calculated to characterize the type of hydraulic jump
observed in the open channel flow. Froude's Number is given by:

𝑉
𝐹𝑟 =
𝑔𝑦1

This dimensionless parameter is instrumental in understanding the flow conditions, especially

during transitions from supercritical to subcritical flow. The energy loss (H)) associated with the
hydraulic jump is then quantified using the formula:

3
(𝑦2−𝑦1)
∆𝐻 = 4𝑦1𝑦2

where (y2) and (y1) represent the downstream and upstream flow depths, respectively. The
velocity (v) is involved in these calculations and is a key factor in assessing flow characteristics
and energy dissipation during the hydraulic jump phenomenon. Collectively, these formulas and
measurements contribute to a comprehensive analysis of the hydraulic jump in the experimental
setting.
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Result and Discussion

Table 1: Velocity in the Upstream Region

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5

(20mm) (25mm) (30mm) (35mm) (40mm)
Discharge 0.0014 0.0014 0.0014 0.0014 0.0014
(m/s)
Width 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.075
y1 (upstream 0.012 0.013 0.0165 0.0189 0.021
flow depth)
Velocity 1.543 1.425 1.122 0.980 0.882

According to the data, the upstream flow depth rises in tandem with the gate opening,
influencing the flow's velocity. This implies that the hydraulic jump characteristics and flow
dynamics are significantly influenced by the size of the gate opening. As the gate opening is
changed, the flow dynamics change, causing fluctuations in the upstream velocity. The study's
findings specifically show that as the sluice gate opening grows, so do the upstream and
downstream flow depths. Narrower gate apertures, on the other hand, result in higher energy
dissipation rates. These variations in flow characteristics have a direct impact on velocity in the
upstream region. As a result, understanding the relationship between sluice gate opening and
upstream velocity is critical in understanding how gate opening adjustments might alter flow
dynamics and, as a result, velocity in the upstream zone. This knowledge is required to determine
the behavior of hydraulic jumps and their consequences for flood management. It is clear from
examining the data that better flood control strategies may result from controlling hydraulic
jumps through sluice gate operations.

Table 2: Froude’s Number (Fr1) and Type of Hydraulic Jump

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5

(20mm) (25mm) (30mm) (35mm) (40mm)
 y1 0.012 0.013 0.0165 0.0189 0.021
(upstream
flow depth)
Velocity 1.543 1.425 1.122 0.980 0.882

Froude 13.1092 11.1699 6.9338 5.2846 4.2805

Number

The data shows the Froude's Number and the type of hydraulic jump for each sample,
revealing information on the relationship between gate openings and hydraulic jump features.
According to the table, the type of hydraulic jump varies and the Froude's Number drops as the
gate opening increases. This indicates that alterations in sluice gate openings have a direct
impact on Froude's Number, offering important information on the flow circumstances and the
features of hydraulic jumps. This adjustment has a substantial impact on the Froude's Number,
which in turn determines the type of hydraulic jump.

Table 3: Energy loss due to Hydraulic Jump (∆H)

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5

(20mm) (25mm) (30mm) (35mm) (40mm)

y1 (upstream 0.012 0.013 0.0165 0.0189 0.021

flow depth)
y2 0.089 0.092 0.095 0.09 0.09
(downstream
flow depth)
Froude 13.1092 11.1699 6.9338 5.2846 4.2805
Number
Hydraulic Strong Strong Steady Steady Oscillating
Jump
Head Loss 0.1069 0.1031 0.0772 0.0528 0.0434
 Based on the table above, as the gate opening increases, so does the energy loss from the
hydraulic jump. This implies that the size of the gate opening has a substantial effect on energy
dissipation in the hydraulic jump phenomena. The flow properties, including velocity and flow
depth, are influenced by the gate opening, which in turn controls the energy dissipation rate. As a
result, changes in sluice gate openings have a direct impact on hydraulic jump parameters, such
as the rate of energy dissipation and subsequent head loss. Furthermore, according to the study's
findings, maximizing energy dissipation is the best sluice gate opening for improved flood
management. The results show that bigger gate openings lead to higher energy dissipation rates,
while narrower gate openings result in higher upstream and downstream flow depths.
Consequently, the best sluice gate opening for flood control would be the one that allows for the
greatest amount of energy dissipation. To control hydraulic jumps and improve flood control
measures, sluice gate operations in water management systems must be optimized.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion

This paper aims to evaluate the influence of varying sluice gate openings on hydraulic
jump characteristics for improved flood control. The study indicates a direct relationship
between sluice gate opening and flow area, resulting in predictable changes in flow velocity. It is
evident in the data above that when the sluice gate opens, the flow area increases, causing the
flow velocity to decrease, and vice versa. This link extends to upstream flow depth, with
increased sluice gate opening resulting in higher flow rates and decreasing upstream flow depth.

Furthermore, the study highlights the direct influence of sluice gate changes on the
Froude number. An increase in sluice gate opening is connected with faster velocity and a
potential decrease in flow depth, resulting in an increase in the Froude number. The reduction in
sluice gate opening, on the other hand, may result in reduced velocity and increased flow depth,
resulting in a fall in the Froude number. The Froude number in the upstream section (Fr1) is an
essential component when determining the nature and intensity of a hydraulic jump, which
impacts the energy head loss related with the jump. The most effective sluice gate opening for
maximum energy dissipation often correlates to a high range of Froude numbers indicates a
stronger hydraulic jump. As can be seen in the results, the most effective sluice gate opening is
the smallest gate openings, which in this case study is 20 mm. Understanding these relationships
is critical for efficient water management and infrastructure design.

Recommendations

This research focuses on impact of varying sluice gate openings on hydraulic jump
characteristics to optimize flood mitigation. The researchers propose some recommendations for
future researchers including experimentation in varying slopes, different discharge and/ or
employ longer devices/equipment.

It is suggested to conduct experiments with varying slopes at the flume to investigate the
impact on flow characteristics under different hydraulic conditions. This will contribute to a
more thorough understanding of open channel hydraulics by offering insightful information
about how sensitive sluice gate operations are to variations in channel slope.

Moreover, investigate the effects of varying discharge rates on sluice gate performance.
Future researchers can evaluate the gate's ability to regulate varied flow conditions by
systematically altering discharge. This will improve the findings' application to a variety of
hydraulic conditions, enabling more robust and adaptable water management solutions.

For more exact and accurate flow depth measurement, upgrade the measuring apparatus
by incorporating longer devices. This improvement will offer a more dependable dataset for
examining the connection between upstream flow depth and sluice gate openings and reduce the
possibility of data gathering errors. In order to fully comprehend hydraulic action, precise
measurements are essential.
 DOCUMENTATION

Resources/Instruments:
Procedures:
References:
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