Protecting Workers from Ultraviolet Radiation

5.3.8 Research laboratories...................................................................................................... 37

5.3.9 Ultraviolet photography.................................................................................................. 37
5.3.10 Printing industry and electronic industry ........................................................................ 37
5.3.11 Insect traps ...................................................................................................................... 38
5.3.12 Sunlamps and sunbeds .................................................................................................... 38
5.3.13 Floodlighting in studios and on stage ............................................................................. 38
5.3.14 General lighting .............................................................................................................. 38
6. Health Risk Assessment from Human Studies ........................................................................... 39
6.1 Skin Cancer Studies................................................................................................................ 39
6.2 Ocular Disease Studies ........................................................................................................... 40
7. Occupational exposure limits and safety standards .................................................................... 40
7.1 Application of the ICNIRP Limit for the Skin........................................................................ 42
7.2 Application of the ICNIRP Limit for the Eye......................................................................... 42
7.3 Geometrical Aspects of the Exposure Guidelines................................................................... 42
7.4 CIE Risk Groups for Lamps ................................................................................................... 43
8. Exposure Assessment ................................................................................................................. 44
8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 44
8.2 Measurement Aims................................................................................................................. 44
8.2.1 Measurement of indoor workers´ exposure .................................................................... 44
8.2.2 Measurement for consultations concerning an accident or a disease.............................. 45
8.2.3 Other measurement aims ................................................................................................ 45
8.3 Measurement Devices............................................................................................................. 45
8.3.1 Geometrical characteristics............................................................................................. 45
8.3.2 Spectroradiometers ......................................................................................................... 46
8.3.3 Broad-band UV radiometers ........................................................................................... 46
8.3.4 Personal dosimeters ........................................................................................................ 47
8.4 Procedure of Detailed Indoor Exposure Assessment .............................................................. 48
8.4.1 Work task analysis .......................................................................................................... 48
8.4.2 Orientation of the detector .............................................................................................. 49
8.4.3 Output varying with time................................................................................................ 49
8.4.4 Motion of the worker ...................................................................................................... 49
8.4.5 Moving Source................................................................................................................ 50
8.4.6 Non-visible source radiation and reflections .................................................................. 50
8.4.7 Choice of instrumentation............................................................................................... 50
8.5 Relevant properties of measurement systems ......................................................................... 50
8.5.1 Irradiance averaging ....................................................................................................... 50
8.5.2 Field of view (acceptance angle) .................................................................................... 50
8.5.3 Cosine dependence ......................................................................................................... 51
8.5.4 Spectral responsivity....................................................................................................... 51
8.5.5 Minimum sensitivity....................................................................................................... 51
8.5.6 Dynamic range................................................................................................................ 51
8.5.7 Temporal response.......................................................................................................... 52
8.5.8 Uncertainty ..................................................................................................................... 52
8.5.9 Environmental conditions ............................................................................................... 52
8.6 Ocular Exposure from Indoor Sources ................................................................................... 52
8.7 Hazard Evaluation and Risk Assessment for Outdoor Workers ............................................. 52
8.8 Comparison of Measured Solar Exposure and the ICNIRP Guidelines.................................. 55
8.9 Outdoor Exposure Guidelines................................................................................................. 56
9. Protective measures for outdoor workers ................................................................................... 56
9.1 Engineering Controls and Shade............................................................................................. 57
9.2 Administrative Controls.......................................................................................................... 57
9.2.1 Educational Programs: Training and Awareness ........................................................... 57
9.2.2 Recognizing Individual Susceptibilities.......................................................................... 58
9.2.3 Simple Tips for Sun Avoidance...................................................................................... 58
9.2.4 Work Hours .................................................................................................................... 59
9.3 Personal Protective Measures for Outdoor Workers............................................................... 59