EE202-S24_w03_2

EE202 – Circuit Analysis 2

Week 3 – Lecture 2:
Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

Abdurrahman Gümüş
Assistant Professor
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
March 06, 2024

EE202 Office Hours and Problem-Solving Sessions

Metin Sağık, Mehmet Sergen Çatal, Ekrem Fidan

Office hours is held both in-person and online

in person: Eng. Building D
online: MS Teams EE202-S24 (pw: xpmd066)

Monday Thursday
10:30 – 12:00  office hour 14:00 – 15:00  problem solving session (Z41)
15:00 – 16:30  office hour

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Part 1. DC Circuits Part 2. AC Circuits Part 3. Advanced

1. Basic Concepts
2. Basics Laws
3. Methods of Analysis
4. Circuit Theorems
5. Operational Amplifiers
6. Capacitors and inductors
7. First Order Circuits
8. Second Order Circuits
9. Sinusoids and Phasors
10. Sinusoidal Steady State
Analysis
11. AC Power Analysis
12. Three Phase Circuits
13. Magnetically Coupled
Circuits
14. Frequency Response
Circuit Analysis
15. Introduction to the
Laplace Transform
16. Applications of the
Laplace Transform
17. The Fourier Series
18. The Fourier Transform
19. Two-Port Networks

Ch10 – Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

Learning Objectives

1. Analyze electrical circuits in the frequency domain using nodal analysis

2. Analyze electrical circuits in the frequency domain using mesh analysis
3. Apply the superposition principle to frequency domain electrical circuits
4. Apply source transformation in frequency domain circuits
5. Understand how Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits can be used
in the frequency domain
6. Analyze electrical circuits with op amps

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Steps to Analyze AC Circuits

1. Transform the circuit to the phasor or frequency domain

2. Solve the problem using circuit techniques

(nodal analysis, mesh analysis, superposition, etc.)

3. Transform the resulting phasor to the time domain

Nodal Analysis

The basis of nodal analysis is Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)

Since KCL is valid for phasors we can analyze AC circuits by

nodal analysis

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Example: Find ix in the circuit using nodal analysis

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Applying KCL at node 1

Applying KCL at node 2

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Example: Compute V1 and V2

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Applying KCL at supernode

At supernode

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Mesh Analysis

The basis of mesh analysis is Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)

Since KVL is valid for phasors we can analyze AC circuits by

mesh analysis

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Example: Determine I0 in the circuit using mesh analysis

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KVL at mesh 1

KVL at mesh 2

For mesh 3

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Example: Solve for Vo in the circuit using mesh analysis

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Mesh 3 and 4 form a supermesh

due to the current source

KVL at mesh 1

For mesh 2

KVL at supermesh

For supermesh
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Superposition Theorem

Since AC circuits are linear, the superposition theorem applies to AC circuits

the same way it applies to DC circuits

The theorem becomes important if the circuit has sources operating at

different frequencies

In this case, since the impedances depend on frequency, we must have a

different frequency domain circuit for each frequency

The total response must be obtained by adding the individual responses in

the time domain

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Superposition Theorem

It is incorrect to try to add the responses in the phasor or frequency domain

Because the exponential factor ejωt is implicit in sinusoidal analysis, and that
factor would change for every angular frequency ω

It would not make sense to add responses at different frequencies in the

phasor domain

Thus, when a circuit has sources operating at different frequencies, one

must add the responses due to the individual frequencies in the time domain

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Example: Determine I0 in the circuit using superposition theorem

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Z = -j2 || 8+j10

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To get I’’

KVL at mesh 1

Mesh2

Mesh2

Substitute I1

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Example: Find the vo of the circuit below using superposition theorem

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Superposition breaks the problem

into single-frequency problems

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To find v1, we set to zero all

sources except the 5-V dc source

At steady state,
a capacitor is an open circuit to dc
while an inductor is a short circuit to dc

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By voltage division

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To find v2
We set to zero both the 5 V source and the 2 sin 5t
current source and transform the circuit to the
frequency domain

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To find v3
We set the voltage sources two zero

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v1 = -1 V

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Source Transformation

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Example: Calculate Vx in the circuit using source transformation

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By voltage division

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Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems are applied to AC circuits in the

same way as they are to DC circuits

The only additional effort arises from the need to manipulate

complex numbers

VTh is the open circuit voltage

IN is the short circuit current

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Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

While finding the Thevenin impedance ZTh, we need to consider 2 cases:

Case 1:
If the network has no dependent sources, we turn off all independent
sources. ZTh is the input impedance of the network looking between
terminals a and b

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Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits

While finding the Thevenin impedance ZTh, we need to consider 2 cases:

Case 2:
If the network has dependent sources, we turn off all independent
sources

Dependent sources are not to be turned off because they are controlled
by circuit variables

We apply a voltage or current source at terminals a and b to determine

the Zth

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Example: Find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b

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We find ZTh by setting the voltage

source to zero

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To find VTH

Apply KVL

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Example: Find the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit as seen from

terminals a-b

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To find VTH

KCL at node 1

Applying KVL to the loop on the

right-hand side

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To obtain ZTh

KCL

KVL at outer loop

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Example: Find current Io using Norton’s Theorem

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For mesh 1

For supermesh

At supermesh

Adding first 2 equations

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By current division

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Op Amp Circuits

The three steps in circuit analysis stated previously also apply to op amp
circuits, as long as the op amp is operating in the linear region

Three steps:
 Convert circuit to frequency domain
 Circuit analysis
 Convert back to time domain

As long as the op amp is operating in the linear region

1. No current enters either of its input terminals
2. The voltage across its input terminals is zero

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