01 - Intro - Protection

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004
Introduction to Areva
Basic Protection Philosophy
Sreenatha Rao R.S.N.V

Electrical Network
Generation
Transmission P139 P940 P920
P340
P630
P120 P140 P340
P740 P440 P540 P140 P220
P240
P630 Industry
P120 P630
Home
P140
Distribution
P139 Low Voltage
MiCOM protections cover all areas of the power system

Parameters which can be measured, monitored
& controlled

All Power Systems may experience faults at some time.
Based on the Parameters measured, we can

understand the following,
Normal operation
Abnormal operation
Faults in the system

Protection - Why Is It Needed?
All Power Systems may experience faults at some

time.
PROTECTION IS INSTALLED TO :
X Detect fault occurrence and isolate the faulted
equipment.
SO THAT :
X Damage to the faulted equipment is limited;
X Disruption of supplies to adjacent unfaulted
equipment is minimised.
PROTECTION IS EFFECTIVELY AN INSURANCE POLICY

- AN INVESTMENT AGAINST DAMAGE FROM FUTURE
FAULTS.

FAULTS ON POWER SYSTEMS RISK :
Severe damage to the faulted equipment :

X Excessive current may flow;
X Causes burning of conductors or equipment
windings;
X Arcing - energy dissipation;
X Risk of explosions for oil - filled switchgear, or when
in hazardous environments.
Damage to adjacent plant :

X As the fault evolves, if not cleared quickly;
X Due to the voltage depression / loss of supply.

FAULTS ON POWER SYSTEMS RISK :
Danger to staff or the public :

X Risk of shock from direct contact with the faulted
equipment;
X Danger of potential (voltage) rises in exposed
metalwork – accessible to touch;
X Fumes released by burning insulation;
X Burns etc.
Disruption to adjacent plant :

X Prolonged voltage dips cause motors to stall;
X Loss of synchronism for synchronous generators /
motors.
SUMMARY :
Protection must :
X Detect faults and abnormal operating conditions;
X Isolate the faulted equipment.
So as to :
X Limit damage caused by fault energy;
X Limit effect on rest of system.

Important Considerations When Applying
Protection
X Types of fault and abnormal conditions to be protected against

X Quantities available for measurement
X Types of protection available
X Speed
X Fault position discrimination
X Dependability / Reliability
X Security / Stability
X Overlap of protections
X Phase discrimination / Selectivity
X CTs and VTs
X Auxiliary supplies
X Back-up protection
X Cost
X Duplication of protection

Faults Are Mainly Caused By Insulation Failure
Underground Cables
Diggers
Overloading
Oil Leakage
Ageing

Overhead Lines
Lightning
Kites
Trees
Moisture
Salt
Birds
Broken Conductors

Machines
Mechanical Damage
Unbalanced Load

Types of Fault
a
b
Ø/E
c
a
b
Ø/Ø/E
c
e
a
Ø/Ø b
c
a a
3Ø b b
c 3Ø/E c

Types of Fault
a a'
CROSS b b'
COUNTRY c c'
FAULT
e e

Types of Fault
a
OPEN
b
CIRCUIT
+ Ø/E c
FAULT
BETWEEN
ADJACENT
PARALLEL
LINES

Types of Fault
a
CHANGING
FAULT IN
CABLE
b c

Types Of Protection

Types of Protection
X Fuses
For : LV Systems, Distribution Feeders and
Transformers, VTs, Auxiliary Supplies
X Direct Acting AC Trip

For : LV Systems, Pole Mounted Reclosers
X Overcurrent and Earthfault

Widely used in all Power Systems
Non-Directional
Voltage Dependant
Directional

Types of Protection
X Differential
For : Feeders, Busbars, Transformers, Generators,
etc.
High Impedance
Restricted E/F
Biased (or low-impedance)
Pilot Wire
Digital

Types of Protection
X Distance
For : Distribution Feeders and Transmission
and Sub-Transmission Circuits
Also used as Back-up Protection for
Transformers and Generators
X Phase Comparison
For : Transmission Lines
X Directional Comparison
For : Transmission Lines

Types of Protection
X Miscellaneous
Under and Over Voltage
Under and Over Frequency
Special Relays for Generators,
Transformers, Motors, etc.
X Control Relays
Auto-Reclose, Tap Change Control, etc.
X Tripping and Auxiliary Relays

Overcurrent Protection Direct Acting AC Trip
51
Trip Coil
IF
X AC series trip
common for electromechanical O/C relays

Overcurrent Protection Direct Acting AC Trip
IF '
+
Sensitive
51 Trip
Coil
-
IF
X Capacitor discharge trip

used with static relays where no secure DC
supply is available

Overcurrent Protection DC Shunt Trip
IF
IF '
51
DC SHUNT
BATTERY TRIP COIL
X Requires secure DC auxiliary

No trip if DC fails
Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination Principle
X Relay closest to fault

R1 R2 must operate first
IF1 X Other relays must have
adequate additional
operating time to
T prevent them operating
X Current setting chosen
to allow FLC
X Consider worst case
conditions, operating
modes and current
IS2 IS1 Maximum I flows
Fault
Level

Differential Protection Principle (1)
Protected
Circuit

Differential Protection Principle (2)
Protected
Circuit

Basic Principle of Distance Protection
Relay
ZS PT.
IR ZL
Normal
VS VR ZLOAD
Load
VR
Impedance measured ZR = = Z L + Z LOAD
ΙR

Basic Principle of Distance Protection
ZL
ZS IR ZF
VS VR ZLOAD Fault
X Impedance Measured ZR = VR/IR = ZF

X Relay Operates if ZF < Z where Z = setting
X Increasing VR has a Restraining Effect ∴VR
called Restraining Voltage
X Increasing IR has an Operating Effect

Plain Impedance Characteristic
jX ZL Impedance Seen At
Measuring Location
For Line Faults
TRIP STABLE

Impedance Characteristic Generation
jIX
IF zF
IZ
V2 V1
VF V3
IR
Trip TRIP STABLE
Spring
Restrain Voltage to Relay = V

Operate
Current to Relay = I
Replica Impedance = Z
Ampere Turns : VF IZ
Trip Condition : S2 < S1
Trip Conditions : VF < IFZ
where : S1 = IZ ≈ Z
S2 = V ≈ ZF

Buchholz Relay Installation
3 x internal pipe
Conservator
diameter (minimum)
5 x internal pipe
diameter (minimum)
Oil conservator
3 minimum
Transformer

Autoreclose Benefits (1)
X Improved continuity of supply
Supply restoration is automatic (does not require

human intervention)
Shorter duration interruptions
Less consumer hours lost
X Use of instantaneous protection for faster fault clearance

(NB: some healthy circuits may also be tripped)
Less damage
Less pre-heating of circuit breaker contacts (reduced
maintenance?)
Less chance of transient fault becoming permanent

Autoreclose Benefits (2)
X Less frequent visits to substations
More unmanned substations

Reduced operating costs

Definitions & Considerations

Classes of Protection
Non-Unit, or Unrestricted Protection :
No specific point downstream up to which

protection will protect
X Will operate for faults on the protected

equipment;
X May also operate for faults on downstream
equipment, which has its own protection;
X Need for discrimination with downstream
protection, usually by means of time grading.

Classes of Protection
Unit, or Restricted Protection :
Has an accurately defined zone of protection
X An item of power system plant is protected as

a unit;
X Will not operate for out of zone faults, thus no
back-up protection for downstream faults.

Co-ordination
LOAD
SOURCE
LOAD
LOAD
F1 LOAD F2
F3
Co-ordinate protection so that relay nearest to

fault operates first – minimises amount of
system disconnection.

ANSI Reference Numbers
2 Time Delay 51 Time Delayed Overcurrent

21 Distance 51N Time Delayed Earthfault
25 Synchronising Check 52 Circuit Breaker
27 Undervoltage 52a Auxiliary Switch - Normally Open
30 Annunciator 52b Auxiliary Switch - Normally Closed
32 Directional Power 59 Overvoltage
37 Undercurrent or Under Power 60 Voltage or Current Balance
40 Field Failure 64 Instantaneous Earth Fault (High Impedance)
46 Negative Sequence 67 Directional Overcurrent
49 Thermal 67N Directional Earthfault
50 Instantaneous Overcurrent 74 Alarm
79 Auto-Reclose 85 Signal Receive
81 Frequency 86 Lock-Out
85 Signal Receive 87 Differential
86 Lock-Out

Protection
X Speed
Fast operation :
Minimises damage and danger
Very fast operation :
Minimises system instability
Discrimination and security can be costly to
achieve as it generally involves additional
signaling / communications equipment.

Protection
X Fault Position Discrimination

Power system divided into PROTECTED ZONES
Must isolate only the faulty equipment or section

Zones of Protection
TRANSF- BUSBAR
BUSBAR ORMER ZONE
ZONE ZONE
FEEDER
ZONE
GENERATION ZONE
BUSBAR
ZONE FEEDER
ZONE

Protection
X Overlap of Protections
No blind spots
Where possible use overlapping CTs

Protection Overlap
BBP BBP
‘1’ ‘2’
H J
‘Z’
G LP LP K L
‘H’ ‘J’
LP LP
‘K’ ‘L’

Protection
X Dependability / Reliability
Protection must operate when required to
Failure to operate can be extremely damaging
and disruptive
Faults are rare. Protection must operate even
after years of inactivity
Improved by use of: Back-up protection and
duplicate protection

Protection
X Security / Stability
Protection must not operate when not required to,
e.g. due to : Load switching
Faults on other parts of the system
Recoverable power swings

Protection
X Phase Discrimination
Correct indication of phases involved in the fault
Important for single phase tripping and auto-
reclosing applications

Cost
The cost of protection is equivalent to an insurance

policy against damage to plant, and loss of supply
and customer goodwill.
Acceptable cost is based on a balance of economics

and technical factors. Cost of protection should be
balanced against the cost of potential hazards.
There is an economic limit on what can be spent.
MINIMUM COST : Must ensure that all faulty

equipment is isolated by
protection.

Cost
TOTAL COST should take account of :
X Relays, schemes and associated panels and

panel wiring
X Setting studies
X Commissioning
X CTs and VTs
X Maintenance and repairs to relays
X Damage repair if protection fails to operate
X Lost revenue if protection operates
unnecessarily

Cost
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
X Large numbers of switching and distribution

points, transformers and feeders
X Economics often overrides technical issues
X Protection may be the minimum consistent
with statutory safety regulations
X Speed less important than on transmission
systems
X Back-up protection can be simple and is often
inherent in the main protection
X Although important, the consequences of
maloperation or failure to operate is less
serious than for transmission systems

Cost
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
X Emphasis is on technical considerations rather

than economics
X Economics cannot be ignored but is of
secondary importance compared with the need
for highly reliable, fully discriminative high speed
protection
X Higher protection costs justifiable by high capital
cost of power system elements protected
X Risk of security of supply should be reduced to
lowest practical levels
X High speed protection requires unit protection
X Duplicate protections used to improve reliability
X Single phase tripping and auto-reclose may be
required to maintain system stability
Protection
Current and Voltage Transformers
X These are an essential part of the protection scheme

to reduce primary current and volts to a low level
suitable to input to relay.
X They must be suitably specified to meet the
requirements of the protective relays.
X Correct connection of CTs and VTs to the protection is
important. In particular for directional, distance, phase
comparison and differential protections.
X VTs may be electromagnetic or capacitor types.
X Busbar VTs : Special consideration needed when
used for line protection.

Current Transformer Circuits
X Never open circuit a CT secondary circuit, so :

X Never fuse CT circuits;
X VTs must be fused or protected by MCB.
X Do wire test blocks in circuit (both VT and CT) to
allow commissioning and periodic injection testing of
relays.
X Earth CT and VT circuits at one point only;
Wire gauge > 2.5mm2 recommended for mechanical
strength.

Auxiliary Supplies
Required for : TRIPPING CIRCUIT BREAKERS

CLOSING CIRCUIT BREAKERS
PROTECTION and TRIP RELAYS
AC AUXILIARY SUPPLIES are only used on LV and MV systems.

DC AUXILIARY SUPPLIES are more secure than AC supplies.
SEPARATELY FUSED SUPPLIES used for each protection.
DUPLICATE BATTERIES are occasionally provided for extra
security.
MODERN PROTECTION RELAYS need a continuous auxiliary
supply.
During unoperated (healthy) conditions, they draw a small
‘QUIESCENT’ load to keep relay circuits energised.
During operation, they draw a larger current which increases due to
operation of output elements.

Relay Outputs
TRIP OUTPUT CONTACTS :
X Check that these are rated sufficiently to make and
carry the circuit breaker trip coil current. If not, a
heavier duty tripping relay will be needed.
X Use a circuit breaker normally open (52a) contact to
interrupt trip coil current. This extends the life of the
protection relay trip contacts.
TYPE OF CONTACTS :
Make (M) / Close when energised, typically
Normally Open (NO) used for tripping.
Break (B) / Close when de-energised.

Normally Closed (NC)
Changeover (C/O) Can be break before make (BBM)

or make before break (MBB).

MiCOM Protection portfolio
P900 Frequency Protection

Relays
P800 Autoreclose Relays
P700 Busbar Protection Relays

P600 Transformer Protection
Relays
P500 Line Differential Relays
P400 Distance Protection Relays

P300 Generator Protection
Relays
P200 Universal Motor Protection
Relay
P100 Feeder Management Relays

Rating Information
LCD
Cancel / Reset Key
Alarm viewer
Fixed function (Read Key)
LEDs
Programmable Menu Navigation

LEDs Keys
Battery
back-up 9 Pin Local
(Under Flap) Security seal
communications
(Under Flap)
MiCOM S1 V2 Connection (cont..)
X RS485 rear port communication (1km Multidrop)
Communications
Network

Front Panel
Rating Information
Fixed function LCD
LEDs
Direct Access
(Hot Keys)
Menu Navigation
Alarm viewer Keys
(Read Key)
Programmable
Battery LEDs
back-up
25 Pin Download/
9 Pin Local
Monitor port
communications
Security seal

Rear view
Voltage inputs
Dual rated CTs
Digital inputs
Power
Time supply
Synchronisation
Fibre optic Output Relays

substation
communications
Expansion K-Bus / RS485

MiCOM_62B
slot communications port
My contact address
Sreenatha Rao R.S.N.V.
Manager - Training,
Automation Support
Areva T & D India Ltd.,
Mail : sreenatha.rao@areva-td.com
Reference Books:
1. NPAG by Areva – must read!!!

2. A&S of Protective relay – Mason
3. IEEE guidelines

01 - Intro - Protection

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> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

Sreenatha Rao R.S.N.V

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

MiCOM protections cover all areas of the power system

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

Based on the Parameters measured, we can

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

All Power Systems may experience faults at some

PROTECTION IS EFFECTIVELY AN INSURANCE POLICY

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

FAULTS ON POWER SYSTEMS RISK :

Severe damage to the faulted equipment :

Damage to adjacent plant :

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

FAULTS ON POWER SYSTEMS RISK :

Danger to staff or the public :

Disruption to adjacent plant :

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

X Types of fault and abnormal conditions to be protected against

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

X Direct Acting AC Trip

X Overcurrent and Earthfault

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

X Tripping and Auxiliary Relays

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

X Capacitor discharge trip

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

X Requires secure DC auxiliary

X Relay closest to fault

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

X Impedance Measured ZR = VR/IR = ZF

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

Restrain Voltage to Relay = V

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

X Improved continuity of supply

 Supply restoration is automatic (does not require

X Use of instantaneous protection for faster fault clearance

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

X Less frequent visits to substations

 More unmanned substations

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

Non-Unit, or Unrestricted Protection :

No specific point downstream up to which

X Will operate for faults on the protected

> Basic Protection Philosophy - January 2004

Unit, or Restricted Protection :

Supply restoration is automatic (does not require

More unmanned substations