1 Motivation 动机

and
is theprocess that account for an
individual's
innsity.lu
p of
size effort toward attaining a goal
界定动机三要素
强度 intensity concerned with how hard a person tries
fits the organization
⽅方向 Direction the orientation that beni
持续性 Persistence a measure howlong a person can maintain hiseffort
of
2 Theoriesof Motivation
in Maslow's hierarchyof Needs

self Actualization
⼩小
Esteem highorder needs
T
Social belongingness
⼩小
Safety security
⼩小 了了 low_orderneeds
Physiological
understand and some research
It is intuitively logical andeasy to
hasvalidated it
2 Two factor theory 双因素理理论 Herzberg 理理论
决定
a⼀一 个⼈人 ___ ⼯工作 b⼀一 个⼈人⼯工作态度 ⼀一 了了 ⼯工作成功
基本
存在
关系
满意 归于 ⾃自身内部原因
c ⼈人
归于外部原因
不不满意
d 消除了了⼯工作中的不不满意因素并不不⼀一定会让⼯工作令⼈人满意
the Criticisms of Herzberg's theory
Limited
Reliability of methodology is questioned
No overall measure of satisfaction was utilized
13 McClelland's Theory of Needs
the theoryfocuses on threeneeds
 Need for achievement InAch
Need for power In Pow
30Need for allilinton in Afl
ˇ 最关注

14 self Determination Theory ⾃自我决定 理理论

Peopleprefer to feel theyhave control over their
actions

Cognitive evaluation theory 认知评价理理论

假设外部奖励会降低⼈人们对⼯工作的内在兴趣
Self determination theoryacknowledges that extrinsic
rewards can improve even intrinsic motivation underspecific
circumstances
奖励和能⼒力力反馈等外部奖励能够提⾼高内在动机
⼝口头
concordance ⾃自我⼀一致性
Self
considers howstronglypeople'sreasons
for pursuinggoals are
consistent withtheir interest and core values

5 Goal Setting Theory ⽬目标设置

理理论
Goals tell an employee what needs to be done and how
much

effortis needed
Specificgoals increase performance
Difficultgoals 7 higher performance
Feedbacks lead to higher performance
 假设前提 个体既不不会降低⽬目标 也不不会放弃⽬目标
Three other factors influencing the goals performance relationship

Goal commitment ⽬目标

承诺
Task characteristic 任务特点
National culture ⺠民族
⽂文化

Cascading
of Objectives
Overall Divisional Individual
Departmental ⼆二
⼆二 objectives
organizational ⼀一
Objective
objective
objectives

u Self efficacytheory ⾃自我效能理理论

is an individual'sbelief that he or she is capable
ofperforming
a task
⾃自我效能⽔水平越⾼高 个体对⾃自⼰己成功
完成任务就越有信⼼心

Goal theory
Setting

Self efficacytheory
是互补
四个⽅方⾯面提⾼高⾃自我效能
emotivemastery 过去成功经验
vicariousmodeling替代榜样
verbal persuasion ⼝口头说服
arousal 唤醒
Believing in something can make it ture
7 Reinforcement theory 强化理理论 条件反射
behaviour is a function of its consequences

Reinforcement conditions behavior

特点
Behavior is environmentally caused
雀
区分Goal Setting Theory 化塑造⾏行行为
个体⽬目标引导着他们的⾏行行动
 Operant conditioningtheory 条件反射理理论
操作性
peoplelearnto behave toget somethingtheywant or to
avoid somethingtheydon'twant
⼈人们能够学会如何⾏行行事以获得想要的东⻄西和避免 他们不不想要的东⻄西
Social_learningtheory 社会学习理理论
Wecanlearnthrough both observation and direct experience
⼈人们可以通过观察 直接经验 学习观点
四个过程决定 了了榜样对个体的影响
a Attentional processes 注意过程
b Retention processes 保持过程
c Motor reproduction processes 动⼒力力复制过程
d Reinforcement processes 强化过程
8 EquityTheory 公平理理论
Whenemployeesperceive an
inequity theycan bepredicted
to make one six choices
of
a Change theirinputs
b Change their outcomes
c Distortperceptionsofself
d Distort perceptionsof others
e Choose a different referent

f leavethefield
Distributive justice 分配公平
员⼯工 对报酬数量量及其分配的公
平程度所持的看法
procedural justice程序公平
interactional justice 互动公平

q Expectancytheory 期望理理论
是tendency to act in a certain waydepends on an expectation
outcome and on
that the act will befollowed by a given individual
he
the attractiveness of that outcome to
 three relationships
a Efort_performance relationship
b Performance_ reward relationship
c Rewards_ personal goals relationship

Compare Contemporary Theories Motivation

3 of