2nd SEM- Q1 M1

NATURE AND FUNCTION OF SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES WITH THE NATURAL SCIENCE AND
HUMANITIES
(So on this topic we will tackle about Social Science, Natural Science and Humanities and their nature and
function. The students will be introduce on this course the basic concepts, subjects and methods in relation
to Social Science. I will discuss here also those influential thinkers with their ideas and how this ideas apply
to the society.)

(But before we proceed, I have here a picture, on the blank space I want you to answer it one word only on
each space. And my question is, what comes into your mind when you hear the word SOCIAL SCIENCE? I
have already answer behind that blank space but I want to hear also your thoughts. Don’t worry no minus
grade on your part for any wrong answers since I only need to hear if you have any idea about SOCIAL
SCIENCE before we proceed to our main discussion.)

(I have here two words that describes SOCIAL SCIENCE #1 is SOCIAL means Society and #2 is Analysis
which means Studying so SOCIAL SCIENCE is the study of the society.)

SOCIAL SCIENCE
 Is engaged in the study of phenomena relating to human group and their sociophysical
environment.
 Started as a field of inquiry on populations using the scientific method
(For further knowledge about Social Science, Social Science simply define as the study of society or the
people, what is the happenings on the society since we have different issues facing every day and the
effects of many issues to the society. One of the example of this happening or issues on the society is
unemployment and what the impact of the unemployment to the society of course personal stress or
reducing spending in the country. And this different issues are being investigated or being studied on how
to overcome or how to solve this issues.)

THE BEGINNING OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH

 It can be traced back to ancient Greek Philosophers who inquired on questions of ethics, the
nature of man, society, and state.
(Social Science starts on Ancient Greece. Most of the philosophers came from the Ancient Greece.
On this era or times, the questioning of the evolution of man has been asked or what those things
are exist or why those things are exist. So when there is a questioning so there should be a
research. And after the research, we gather those answers by those different inquiries (ask the
students, unsa may mahitabo after maka gather ug answers?), of course we become
 knowledgeable on that ideas. We will already know the existence of human, society and state
since they are connected to each other. And that is why Social Science has exist and started
because? (Ask again the students the meaning of Social Science) it is the study of society. I have
a question to all of you. Why you are studying right now? Why you go to school? In order to obtain
knowledge right? And in order to be knowledgeable you should listen to your teacher always and
make a study right?)

(Anyway, we will discuss more about different Philosophers later.)

 Social Science is commonly used as an Umbrella Term to refer plurality of fields outside of the
natural sciences.
(What is plurality of fields or social pluralism mean? Social Pluralism means when a society has
multiple different social groups within it. When we say plurality of fields on Social Science, Social
Science has different fields or subjects involve and has different learnings or research.)

(As I mentioned earlier, Social Science has many subjects but it was classified into Humanities and
Natural Science. They arranged into groups.)
SUBJECTS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE FALLS UNDER HUMANITIES:
1. ANTHROPOLOGY (is the study of origin and development of human societies and cultures.)
2. ARCHAEOLOGY (is the study of materials or artifacts remains of past human life and
activities.)
3. POLITICAL SCIENCE (is the study of politics and power from domestic, international, and
comparative perspective.)
4. ECONOMICS (is the study of scarcity and its implications for the use of resources, production
of goods and services, growth of production, and issues of vital concern to society.)
5. PSYCHOLOGY (is the study of human mind and behavior.)
6. SOCIOLOGY (is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and
consequences of human behavior.)
SUBJECTS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE FALLS UNDER NATURAL SCIENCE:
1. BIOLOGY (is the study of life.)
2. GEOLOGY (is the study of the earth.)
3. METEOROLOGY (is the study of weather and atmosphere.)
4. CHEMISTRY (is the study of matters, what it consists of, what its properties are, and how it
changes.)
5. ASTRONOMY (is the study of everything in the universe beyond earth’s atmosphere.)
6. PHYSICS (is the study of structure of matter and how the fundamental constituents of the
universe interact.)
(So let’s differentiate now the HUMANITIES and NATURAL SCIENCE.)
WHAT IS NATURAL SCIENCE?
 It is a major branch of science that deals with the description, prediction and understanding of
natural phenomena, based on observational and empirical evidence.
(Let’s define natural science into simple one, so natural science is the study of physical world or
the events that happen in nature. It has different scientific method to acquire information or
evidences through experimentation and conduct measurement or testing on the evidence gathered
like fossils or artifacts.)

TWO MAIN BRANCHES OF NATURAL SCIENCE:

1. LIFE SCIENCE
 Biology
2. PHYSICAL SCIENCE
 Physics
 Astronomy
 Chemistry
 Earth Science

WHAT IS HUMANITIES?
 Refers to the study of the ways in which the human experience is processed and documented.
(When we say humanities it is the expression of human mind. It explain human behavior and
conditions. You cannot explain this through Science. In order to understand human behavior it will
through an Arts or Music since not all Humanities is Science like Literature, Music, or Arts.
Example, in Music. When you are broken hearted we choose music that related to broken feelings,
so Kung kanang tawhana sige paminaw mga hugot nga mga kanta maka ingon jod ka nga broken
hearted jod ni ba pero d man jod tanan maminaw ug mga hugot songs broken hearted sadyang
ginahan lang jod ta maminaw. Or in Arts, let say theater it is an example of an Art, all of the
emotions and feelings are there, all the characters or artists on the theater give all their emotions in
order to give an excellent performance to the audience.)

HISTORY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

 The history of Social Sciences begins from the origin of ancient philosophy.
(Asa gani to gikan tong mga ancient philosophers? We already discuss it earlier. In Ancient
Greece.)

(Let’s discuss now all the different philosophers on ancient times.)

PHILOSOPHERS

1. PLATO
 An Athenian Philosopher during the classical period in Ancient Greece.
 Founder of the Academy of Philosophical School where he taught the philosophical doctrines that
would later become known as Platonism.
PHILOSOPHY
 Discuss how human nature or the soul is a reflection of society and how a society can achieve
harmony by creating classes or divisions.
(Are you familiar with Plato? It is already discuss on Aral Pan subject. I have hear a short video about
Plato. Plato is the founder of First Western University and was teacher to Ancient Greece’s greatest
mind including Aristotle. Plato came from the wealthy family of Athens. One of the famous work of
Plato is the “The Republic” and “The Law”. Plato is the student of Socrates, the first Philosophers in the
ancient Greece but all the ideas of Socrates has no publication or was not published because he was
condemn and being sentence to death by Athens government. Instead of being in politics, Plato pursue
Philosophy because of Socrates and most of his work the main character of it was Socrates.)

2. ARISTOTLE
 One of the greatest Philosophers and the first genuine scientist of history.
 He writings contributed to all fields of philosophy and science.
 He invented the field of formal logic and he identified the various scientific disciplines and explore
their relationship to each other.
PHILOSOPHY
 Believe that people should strive to live well physically, mentally, and spiritually.
(I have here also a short video about Aristotle.)

3. AUGUST COMTE
 French Philosopher known as the founder of Sociology and of Positivism.
 Three developmental stages according to August Comte are Theological, Metaphysical, and
Scientific.
PHILOSOPHY
 The best way to study society is to use the scientific method.

4. AL BIRUNI
 Is an Islamic medieval scholar who documented the lives of early populations in the Middle East,
South Asia, and Mediterranean?
 Founder of Indology, Father of Comparative Religion, Father of Modern Geodesy and the First
Anthropologist.

WORKS
 The Remaining Signs of Past Century
 Critical Study of What India says, whether Accepted by Reason or Refused

5. IBN KHALDUN’S EPISTEMOLOGY

 Attempted to reconcile mysticism with theology by dividing Science into two different categories,
the religious science that regards the sciences of the Qur’an and the non-religious science.
(What is Qur’an anyway? It is the Holy Book of the Muslims, in Catholic our Holy Book is the
Bible.)
 A North African Muslim Scholar who was recognized as one of the key founders of several
disciplines of Demography, History, Sociology, Anthropology, and Economics.

PHILOSOPHY
 Focused on the cyclical nature of history and the concepts of “Asabiyyah”, which refers to social
cohesion and group solidarity.

6. THOMAS HOBBES
 An English Philosopher, considered to be one of the founders of modern political philosophy.
 He is known for his 1651 book Leviathan, in which he expounds an influential formulation of social
contract theory.

PHILOSOPHY
 Argues that the only way to escape the state of nature is to create a social contract. People create
a contract by coming together in peace, agreeing to set of laws, and creating a “sovereign”.

7. JOHN LOCKE
 An English Philosopher and Physician, the famous Philosophers and Political Theorists of the 17 th
century.
 Founder of a school of thought known as British Empiricism, and he also made foundational
contributions to modern theories of limited, liberal government. He is known as the “Father of
Liberalism”.

PHILOSOPHY
 Argued that the power of the state to govern is the power given by the people for the protection of
their inalienable rights.

8. MONTESQUIEU
 Was a French Judge, Man of Letters, and Political Philosopher.
 He is the principal source of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many
constitutions throughout the world.

PHILOSOPHY
 Developed the idea of the government having a system of checks and balances, called for the
separation of government powers into the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
(So Montesquieu d i naka idea aning three branches of government system to separate it in
accordance to their power, which are the legislative (the in charge of making laws. It’s made up of
Congress that consist of House of Representative (compose of Congressman or Congresswoman)
and the Senate), executive (headed by the President of the Government as head of the state and
Commander-in-Chief of AFP, the responsible of implementing the laws and policies made by the
legislature), and judicial (in charge of deciding the meaning of laws, how to apply them to real
situations, and whether a law breaks the rules of the Constitution. It is headed by the Supreme
Court and the lower court.)

9. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
 Was a Genevan Philosopher, Writer, and Composer.
 Influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as the aspects of the
French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic, and educational thought.

PHILOSOPHY
 Explained that a social contract exists, which enables a society to function toward a general will or
a common good.

10. DAVID EMILE DURKHEIM

 A French Sociologist.
 Established the academic discipline of sociology and with Karl Marx and Max Weber, is commonly
cited as the principal architect of modern social science.

PHILOSOPHY
 He argued in his work “The Rules of Sociological Methods (1895) that everything in the social
realm could be quantifiably.