14 February 2022 Machine Design 1

14 February 2022 Machine Design 2

 Introduction

Threaded Fasteners - used for joining (non-permanently) two

or more parts in mechanical assembly
- Bolt & Nut
- Screw
Threaded Elements
- Stud

Power Screw - used for converting rotary motion to

linear motion & transmitting power.

14 February 2022 Machine Design 3

- A thread is formed by cutting a helical groove on a cylindrical surface or cylindrical hole

Single start
Double start
Multi-start
Triple start ..etc…
Right - hand

Left - hand

British Standard Whitworth (BSW) thread

Forms of Threads
British Association (BA) thread
for Fasteners American National Standard thread
Unified Standard thread
Metric thread
Square thread
Trapezoidal thread
for Power screws ACME thread
Buttress thread
14 February 2022 Machine Design Knuckle thread 4
 Terminology of Threads

14 February 2022 Machine Design 5

 Terminology of Threads
Crest - is the top surface of the thread.
Root - is the bottom surface of the thread created by the two adjacent flanks.
Flank - is the surface joining the crest & root

Depth of
- is the perpendicular distance between the crest & root
Thread

14 February 2022 Machine Design 6

 Terminology of Threads
Major Diameter
- is the diameter of an imaginary cylinder that bounds the crest of an external thread or the root of an
internal thread.
- is the largest diameter of the thread.
- Screw is specified by this diameter (also known as NOMINAL DIAMETER)

Minor Diameter
- is the diameter of an imaginary cylinder that bounds the root of an external thread or the crest of an
internal thread.
- is the smallest diameter of the thread.(also known as CORE or ROOT diameter)

Pitch Diameter
- is the diameter of an imaginary cylinder,
on a cylindrical screw thread, the surface
of which would pass through the threads
at such points so as to make the width of
the threads equal to the width of spaces
between the threads.
- also known as Effective diameter)
14 February 2022 Machine Design 7
 Terminology of Threads
Pitch

- is the distance between two similar points on adjacent threads measured parallel to the axis of the
thread.
- Pitch= 1/ no. of threads per unit length of screw

Lead
- is the distance that the nut moves, parallel to the axis of the screw, when the nut is given one turn.
(i.e. distance which a screw advances axially in one rotation of nut)
- Lead = no. of start  pitch

Thread Angle

- is the angle included between the sides of

the thread measured in an axial plane.
- Angle included by the flanks of the thread

14 February 2022 Machine Design 8

 Terminology of Threads

Tensile Stress Area

- It has been observed during the testing of

threaded rods that an unthreaded rod, having
a diameter equal to the mean of the pitch
diameter & the minor diameter [i.e. (dp+dc)/2]
has the same tensile strength as the threaded
rod. The cross-sectional area of this
unthreaded rod is called Tensile Stress Area.

- This area is used for the purpose of calculating

the tensile strength of the screw

14 February 2022 Machine Design 9

- A thread is formed by cutting a helical groove on a cylindrical surface or cylindrical hole

Single start
Double start
Multi-start
Triple start ..etc…

Right - hand
Left - hand

British Standard Whitworth (BSW) thread

Forms of Threads
British Association (BA) thread
for Fasteners American National Standard thread
Unified Standard thread
Metric thread
Square thread
Trapezoidal thread
for Power screws ACME thread
Buttress thread
14 February 2022 Machine Design Knuckle thread 10
14 February 2022 Machine Design 11
 Forms of Threads

BSW B.A

American National Standard Unified Standard

14 February 2022 Machine Design 12
 Metric Thread

14 February 2022 Machine Design 13

 Metric threads
Tooth profile that the crests & roots of the metric threads are either flattened or
rounded to a circular because it reduces the stress concentration in the threads

Coarse series Fine Series

- is designated by the letter “M” followed by the - is designated by the letter “M” followed by the
value of the Nominal Diameter (in mm) value of the Nominal Diameter (in mm) & the
M12 pitch (in mm) & separated by symbol 
M12  1.25
Application : Application :
- Recommended for general industrial - Parts subjected to dynamic loads & vibration
application - for fine adjustment

14 February 2022 Machine Design 14

 Metric threads

Advantages of Coarse threads

 Static load carrying capacity of the coarse threads is high
 Coarse threads are easier to cut than fine threads
 Coarse threads are less likely to seize during tightening

Advantages of Fine threads

 Fine threads have greater strength when subjected to fluctuating loads

 Fine threads have greater resistance to unscrewing as a result of lower helix angle

14 February 2022 Machine Design 15

 Basic Dimensions for Metric threads (Coarse series) [IS : 4218 (Part-III)- 1996]

Designation Pitch (mm) Major or Pitch dia. Minor or Core dia. (mm) Tensile stress
Nominal dia. (mm) Bolt Nut area
(mm) (sq. mm)
M4 0.7 4 3.545 3.141 3.242 8.78
M6 1 6 5.35 4.773 4.917 20.1
M8 1.25 8 7.188 6.488 6.647 36.6
M10 1.5 10 9.026 8.16 8.376 58
M12 1.75 12 10.86 9.85 10.106 84.3
M16 2 16 14.7 13.54 13.83 157
M20 2.5 20 18.376 16.933 17.294 245

Basic Dimensions for Metric threads (Fine series) [IS : 4218 (Part-III)- 1996]

Designation Pitch (mm) Major or Pitch dia. Minor or Core dia. (mm) Tensile stress
Nominal dia. (mm) Bolt Nut area
(mm) (sq. mm)
M81 1.0 8 7.35 6.773 6.917 39.2
M10 1.25 1.25 10 9.188 8.466 8.647 61.2
M20 1.5 1.5 20 19.026 18.16 18.376 272
14 February 2022 Machine Design 16
14 February 2022 Machine Design 17
 Threaded Joint
- Threaded joint is used to hold two or more machine parts together. These parts can be
dismantled, if required, without any damage to machine parts.
- is a detachable joint or separable joint

Advantages of threaded joints

 The parts are held together by means of a large clamping force. There is wedge action
at the threads, that increases the clamping force. Therefore, threaded joints are reliable
joints.
 The parts joined together by threaded joints can be detached as & when required.
 Threads are self-locking. Therefore, it can be placed in any position like vertical,
horizontal or inclined.
 Threaded joints have small overall dimensions resulting in compact construction.
 Threaded fasteners are economical & simple to manufacture. High accuracy can be
maintained for the threaded components.
 Threaded fasteners are standardized & wide variety is available for different operating
conditions & applications.
14 February 2022 Machine Design 18
 Threaded Joint
Disadvantages of threaded joints
 Stress concentration in the threaded portion of the parts are vulnerable to fatigue
failure
 Threaded joints loosen when subjected to vibration.

Washers - Simple washers are thin annular shaped metallic disk.

Functions of Washers
 It distributes the load over a large area on the surface of clamped parts.
 It provides bearing surface over large clearance holes.
Plain washer [I.S : 5370]

Washer Machine washer [I.S : 2016]

Spring washer [I.S : 3063]

14 February 2022 Machine Design 19

 Common types of Threaded Fasteners
 Threaded fasteners are classified according to their shape & the purpose for which
they are used.
Through bolts (Bolt & Nut)

Screw
Head
Tap bolt
Cap Screw Shank

Set screw /
Grub screw
Stud

Threaded portion for Nut

Bolt & Nut Screw Stud
14 February 2022 Machine Design 20
 Bolt & Nut --- Screw --- Stud
Difference between Bolt & Screw
Bolt Screw

- A bolt is a fastener with a head & straight - A screw is tuned or screwed into a threaded
threaded shank & intended to be used with a hole (i.e. tapped hole) of one of the part to
nut to clamp two or more parts be fastened & not into the nut.
N.B: Same bolt can be used as Screw
Fundamental difference in their assembly procedure

- Generally bolt is held stationary, while torque - Whereas the torque is applied to the screw
is applied to the nut to make threaded joint to turn it into matching in one of the parts.

Stud
- A stud is a cylindrical rod threaded at both ends. One
end of the stud is screwed into a tapped hole in one of
the connecting parts. The other end of the stud receives
a nut.
14 February 2022 Machine Design 21
 Through Bolts (Bolt & Nut) are used under following conditions

 The parts that are fastened have medium thickness & space is available to
accommodate the bolt head & nut. Space should also be available to
accommodate spanner to tighten the nut.
 The parts that are fastened are made of materials, that are relatively weak to
make durable internal threads (threaded hole or tapped hole)
 The parts that are fastened require frequent dismantling & reassembly

Screw are used under the following conditions

 One of the parts is thick enough to accommodate a
threaded hole
 When there is no place to accommodate the nut
 The material of the part with threaded hole (tapped hole)
has sufficient strength to ensure durable threads

14 February 2022 Machine Design 22

14 February 2022 Machine Design 23
 Screw
Tap bolt - is turned into a threaded hole (or tapped hole) in one of the parts to be
fastened & not into a nut
Cap Screw Cap screw differ from tap bolt in the following respects
- Cap screws are small compared with tap bolt
- A wide variety of shapes are available for the head of cap screw

Countersunk (CSK)

Hexagonal Fillister Round Flat Hexagonal Socket Fluted

Head Head Head Head Head Head
14 February 2022 Machine Design 24
Threaded Fasteners Assembly

Counter-bored Hole Counter Sunk (CSK) Hole

14 February 2022 Machine Design 25

Advantages of Cap Screw
 Cap screw can be fix in confined spaces & in counter-bored holes
 They result in better appearance of the product
 They reduce the overall dimension of the product resulting in compact
construction

Disadvantages of Cap screw

 When screw is removed frequently, the threads in the part (tapped hole) get worn
out resulting in costly repairs.

14 February 2022 Machine Design 26

14 February 2022 Machine Design 27
Set Screws & Grub Screws
- are used to prevent relative motion between two parts
- A set screw is screwed through a threaded hole in one part so that its point i.e. end of the
screw presses against the other part
- The friction between the point & the part to be held prevents relative motion of that part
with respect to the part through which the set screw is screwed
- Set screw may be used to prevent relative motion between hub & shaft or prevent relative
axial motion of the shaft, key & hub assembly

Dog point Oval point Cone point Flat point

14 February 2022 Machine Design Cup point 28
14 February 2022 Machine Design 29
 Nuts

Hexagonal Nut

Slotted Nut

Castle Nut
Nuts
Cap Nut

Domed Cap Nut

Ring Nut

14 February 2022 Machine Design 30

14 February 2022 Machine Design 31
14 February 2022 Machine Design 32
 Locking Devices
 Ordinary threaded fasteners, generally remain tight under static loads.
- because it satisfy the condition of self-locking :
[ Angle of friction > Helix angle (3.5° to 1.5°) ]

 However, many of these fastenings become loose under the action of variable loads,
cyclic and impact loads and when machine subjected to vibration.
 Loosening is due to the reduction of friction force in the threads due to consecutive
expansion and contraction of the bolt resulting from fluctuating axial load and vibration.
 Locking devices are used to prevent the loosening of the threads between the nut and
screw
Methods for locking
 by creating supplementary friction
 by using special locking devices like split pin
 by plastic deformation
14 February 2022 Machine Design 33
 Locking Devices
Jam Nut or Lock Nut

 The lower nut is first tightened down with normal force

 The upper nut is then tightened down upon the lower nut
 The upper nut is held with spanner & the lower nut is slackened back against it by another spanner
 The tightening of lower nut against the surface of upper nut creates additional friction at the
contacting surface.
 This force of friction does not depend on the external force applied to the joint. The upper nut
called Jam Nut, carries the main axial load

14 February 2022 Machine Design 34

 Locking Devices
Castle Nut  Popular in Automobile industry

 Consists of a hexagonal portion with cylindrical upper part

which has six slots located in line with center of each face
of hexagonal part.
 A split pin is passed through diametrically opposite slots in
the castle nut & a hole in bolt, so that a positive lock is
obtained unless the pin shears.
14 February 2022 Machine Design 35
 Locking Devices
Split Nut or Sawn Nut

 a hexagonal nut with a saw cut

 A cap screw is provided to tighten or loosen the two parts of the nut separated by the saw cut
 After nut is screwed down, then slot is opened by means of cap screw. Opening of the slot
results in deformation of nut & introduces additional friction at the threads & prevents loosening
of nut
14 February 2022 Machine Design 36
 Locking Devices
Locking with Pin or Set screw

Locking with Plate  Elastic piece made of copper/lead, prevents the

damage to the threads when set screw/grub screw
is tightened on the nut
 This results in additional friction between the thread
of the bolt & elastic piece

14 February 2022 Machine Design 37

 Locking Devices
Locking with Spring Washer

 Spring washer consists of a ring made of hardened steel with a cut at an angle of 15° with the
ring axis
 Ends of the washer at the cut are slightly separated & provided with sharp teeth
 During tightening, the spring washer is compressed & its teeth bite into the contacting surface of
the nut on one side & the base on the other side.
14 February 2022 Machine Design 38
Materials of Threaded Fasteners

 For light loaded small bolts, nut, screw are made of Free cutting steel
 For high strength bolts, screws are made of
- Plain C-Steel [ 40C8, 45C8 ]
- Alloy Steel [ 35Mn6Mo3, 40Cr4Mo2 etc. ]
N.B: Stainless steel is used for fasteners where corrosion resistance is required.

Manufacturing Methods

 Head of Bolt : Forging [Cold / Hot forging]

 Thread of Bolt : - Thread cutting

- Thread rolling

14 February 2022 Machine Design 39

14 February 2022 Machine Design 40
 Heli-Coil screw thread inserts

 A tapped hole is expensive, & the threads are easily damaged

in soft materials (Aluminium) or brittle materials (C.I).
 If frequent removal of a bolt from a tapped hole is required, it
is recommended that an INSERT (Heli-coil) be installed in the
hole.
 Heli-coil inserts are also extensively used in renovating tapped
holes in which the threads have become worn.
 Heli-coil insert being screwed into a threaded hole
 A special tap is required for threading the hole to
accommodate the insert.

14 February 2022 Machine Design 41