MODEL DASAR

KOMUNIKASI

Abdul Halik
MODEL KOMUNIKASI
• Model → Deskripsi abstrak fenomena komunikasi
• Fungsi → Deskripsi abstrak untuk menyelesaikan masalah
• Model → Bantu pahami komunikasi secara lebih analitik
1. Menyelesaikan masalah-masalah khusus dengan segera
2. Mengembangkan dan menguji suatu teori yang dapat
membantu penyelesaian masalah yang lebih besar
• Model → Membantu mempersepsi orang lain
• Model → Mengorganisir ide tentang fenomen tertentu
 A simple communication model with a sender which
transfers a message containing information to a receiver
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
1. FORMULA LASWELL
• Cara terbaik jelaskan proses kom. → Menjawab pertanyaan:
Who says in which channel to whom with what effect
• Jawaban pertanyaan tersebut → Unsur proses komunikasi:
1. Communicator,
2. Message,
3. Media,
4. Receiver, and
5. Effect
Lasswell → Fungsi Komunikasi
1. The surveillance of the environment
2. The correlation of the parts of society in responding to the
environment
3. The transmission of the social heritage from one generation to
the next
2. MODEL S-O-R
• S-O-R → Stimulus-Organism-Response
• Berasal dari psikologi.
• Objek material ilmu komunikasi → Manusia yang jiwanya
meliputi: sikap, opini, perilaku, kognisi afeksi dan konasi.
• Efek yang ditimbulkan → Reaksi khusus terhadap
stimulus khusus → Seseorang dapat mengharapkan dan
memperkirakan kesesuaian pesan dan reaksi komunikan
• Hovland, Janis, dan Kelley → Tiga variabel penting dalam
menelaah sikap yang baru → Perhatian, Pengertian, dan
Penerimaan.
• Pesan yang disampaikan kepada komunikan mungkin
diterima atau mungkin ditolak.
• Komunikasi akan berlangsung jika ada perhatian komunikan
→ Mengerti → Menerima
3. OSGOOD & SCHRAMM CIRCULAR MODEL
• Dinilai sebagai sirkular dalam derajat yang tinggi.
• Fokus → Perilaku pelaku-pelaku utama dalam proses
komunikasi
• Dua pihak berperilaku sama → Encoding atau menjadi,
decoding atau menyandi balik, & interpreting atau
menafsirkan.
The Osgood and Schramm Circular Model
4. THE SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
• Model Matematika → Perpaduan gagasan Claude E.
Shannon dan Warren Weaver.
• Shannon (1948) → Teori matematik dalam komunikasi
permesinan (engineering comm.),
• Bersama Warren (1949) → Proses komunikasi manusia
The Shannon-Weaver Model
• Sumber informasi → Produksi sebuah (message) untuk dikomunikasikan.
• Pesan → Kata lisan atau tulisan, musik, gambar, dll.
• Pemancar → Mengubah pesan jadi isyarat (signal) yang sesuai bagi
saluran yang akan digunakan.
• Saluran → Media yang salurkan isyarat dr pemancara kepada penerima

Dalam Percakapan:
• Sumber informasi → Benak (brain)
• Pemancar → Mekanisme suara yang menghasilkan isyarat,
• Saluran (channel) → udara.
5. MODEL MM MALETZKE
• Maletzke’s model of the mass communication process is extremely
useful because of its comprehensiveness and the complex
interaction of the factors at play.
• The self-image of the communicator corresponds with that of the
receiver.
• Both act upon and are influenced by the Message which is itself
constrained by the dictates of the Medium chosen.
• To add to the complexity, the message is influenced by the
communicator’s image of the receiver’s image of the
communicator.
• Maletzke → In the communication process, many shoulders are
being looked over. The more the shoulders, the more
compromises, the more adjustments.
Maletzke's Model of The Mass Media
• The event (E) is perceived by M (the man (sic) or machine).
• The process of perception is not simply a matter of 'taking a picture' of
event E. It is a process of active interpretation.
• The way that the E is perceived will be determined by a variety of factors,
such as the assumptions, attitudes, point of view and experience of M.
• E can be a person talking, sending a letter, telephoning, or otherwise
communicating with M. In other words, E could be what we
conventionally call the Source or Transmitter.
• Equally, E can be an event - a car crash, rain, waves crashing on a beach,
a natural disaster etc. In this case, we could be applying the model to mass
media communication, say the reporting of news.
6. BERLO'S S-M-C-R MODEL
• Edward Sapir → Channel mengandung dua pengertian → Primer
dan sekunder.
• Media sebagai saluran primer → Lambang, misal bahasa, kial
(gesture), gambar atau warna, yaitu lambang-lambang yang
digunakan khusus dalam komunikasi tatap muka face-to-face
communication),
• Media sekunder → Media yang berwujud, baik media massa,
misalnya surat kabar, televisi atau radio, maupun media nir-massa,
misal, surat, telepon atau poster.
Berlo's S-M-C-R Model
• Komunikator pada komunikasi tatap muka hanya gunakan
satu media saja, misalnya bahasa,
• Pada komunikasi bemedia seorang komunikator, misalnya
wartawan, penyiar atau reporter menggunakan dua media
→ Media primer dan media sekunder → Bahasa dan
sarana yang ia operasikan.
7. GERBNER'S GENERAL MODEL
8. KATZ AND LAZARSFELD'S MODEL
9. THE WESTLEY-MACLEAN MODEL
10. KINCAIDS'S CONVERGENCE MODEL (1979)

• “Communication“ → A process in which participants create and

share information with one another in order to reach a mutual
understanding.
• Several cycles of information-sharing about a topic may increase
mutual understanding but not complete it.
• Generally communication ceases when a sufficient level of mutual
understanding has been reached for the task at hand.
• Mutual understanding is never perfect.
• Rogers and Kinclaid formulated convergence or network model
which represents communication as a process of horizontal sharing
among two or more participants within social networks.
• Information and mutual understanding are the dominant components
of the convergence model of communication.
• Information shared by two or more participants in the communication
process may lead to collective action, mutual agreements, and mutual
understanding.
Kincaids's Convergence Model (1979)
11. RILEY AND RILEY MODEL
• John and Matilda Riley → A model in which the process of
communication is an integral part of the social system.
• Both the Communicator and the recipient are affected by the three
social orders, namely: the primary group/s of which they are members,
the larger social structure (the immediate community-social cultural,
industrial - to which they belong,) and the overall social system.
• All these are in dynamic interaction, with messages flowing
multidirectionally.
• Thus the C and R are neither passive nor isolated but are related and
their messages are patterned in terms of these relationships.
12. JAKOBSON’S MODEL (1958)
• Based on the Organon-Model by Karl Bühler, Jakobson
distinguishes six communication functions, each associated
with a dimension of the communication process:
Terima Kasih