Lesson 3: Electromagnetic

Induction and Magnetic Forces

EEE 221
Energy Conversion II

1
 Learning Objectives

After this presentation you will be able to:

 Explain how voltage is induced in dc

generators and motors
 Explain how generators and motors
develop magnetic forces
 Explain the electromechanical operation of
generator and motor systems

2
 Electromagnetic Induction
Moving a conductor through a magnetic field induces a
voltage across the conductor

Mathematically e  Bl v

Where e = induced voltage

B = flux density of the magnetic field
v = velocity of the conductor in the field
l = active length of conductor

3
 Electromagnetic Induction
The maximum voltage is induced when B and v are at 90
degrees
Current into slide

N S
x
B
Voltage induced when
conductor cuts flux lines No voltage induced when velocity , v, is
parallel to flux, B. Conductor must cut
Polarity: Right-hand Rule B for induction
Thumb = v -velocity
First Finger = B – flux density
Middle Finger = I direction 4
 Induced Voltage in Rotating
Conductors
Consider a loop of conductor rotating in a magnetic flux

Conductor loop

No induction
here. l || to B e  B  l  v  sin( q)
v
e = induced voltage
a
B = flux density

N d b
S l = conductor l in field
q = angle between B
c and v (B reference)
v = conductor velocity

B
5
Induced Voltage in Rotating
Conductors
Rotating conductors produce sine wave voltages

N d b
S
c

B 2

b
1

a
e( q )
c a
0

All voltage induced by a

1
rotating conductor is
d
sinusoidal. 2
0 90 180 270 360

q 6
 Question 3.1: Drive the final form of voltage equation induced
in a simple rotating loop, which lies in a magnetic field.
Ans:
Basic Principle: An emf (voltage) is induced in a conductor if it moves through a magnetic
field (generator action).
From the Fig 3.1, the voltage on each segment is given by equation
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑒𝑏𝑎 = 𝑒𝑑𝑐 = 𝑣𝐵𝑙 sin 𝜃
Total induced voltage on the loop, 𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 2𝑣𝐵𝑙 sin 𝜃
If the loop is rotating at a constant angular
velocity ω, then the angle (θ) of the loop
will increase linearly with time.
θ=ωt
And the tangential velocity,
v=rω
Where r is the radius from axis of rotation and
ω is the angular velocity of the loop.

Fig 3.1: Perspective view of simple rotating loop.

7
 Question 3.1: Continued

𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 2𝑟𝜔𝐵𝑙 sin 𝜔𝑡 Since, the rotor surface is a cylinder, so

2 the area of the rotor surface A = 2πrl.
= 𝐴𝑝 𝐵𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡
Hence, 𝜋 The area of the rotor under each pole
Therefore final form of the voltage is 𝐴𝑝 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙.
2
equation is 𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝜑𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡 Total flux in each pole, 𝜑 = 𝐴𝑝 𝐵
𝜋

In general, the voltage in any real machine will depend on the same three factors:
I. The flux in the machine
2. The speed of rotation
3. A constant representing the construction of the machine

8
 Electromagnetic Force
Induced voltage causes an induced current to flow when the
wire loop forms a circuit.
Induced current
causes flux field
v around conductor

F
Flux fields follow the rules of magnetic attraction.

Direction of force on conductor depends on:

1.) magnetic polarity of stationary magnetic field
2.) direction of induced current in conductor.

9
 Electromagnetic Force
Mathematical definition of electromagnetic force

B
I

F  BlI F

Where: F = force
B = flux density
I = current in conductor
l= length of conductor in field

10
 Question 3.2: Drive the torque equation induced
in a simple rotating machine
Ans: Suppose a battery is now connected to a simple loop. The resulting
configuration is shown in Fig 3.3.

Segment ab: The force on the wire is given by

𝐹𝑎𝑏 = 𝐵𝑙𝑖 (tangent to direction of motion)
So, the torque on the rotor caused by this
force is 𝜏𝑎𝑏 = 𝑟𝐹 sin 𝜃 = 𝑟𝑖𝑙𝐵 sin 𝜃, where 𝜃
is the angle between r and F and the direction
can be found by Fleming’s Right Hand Rule.

Segment bc: The force on the wire, 𝐹𝑏𝑐 = 0

since conductor length (l) is parallel to Flux
density (B), Therefore, 𝜏𝑏𝑐 = 0.
Segment cd: Same as segment ab,
Fig 3.3: Derivation of an equation for
𝜏𝑐𝑑 = 𝑟𝑖𝑙𝐵 sin 𝜃
the induced torque in the loop.
Segment da: Just as segment bc, 𝜏𝑑𝑎 = 0

11
 Question 3.2: [Continued]
The resulting total induced torque on the loop,
𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝜏𝑎𝑏 + 𝜏𝑏𝑐 + 𝜏𝑐𝑑 + 𝜏𝑑𝑎 Since, the rotor surface is a cylinder, so
= 2𝑟𝑖𝑙𝐵 sin 𝜃 the area of the rotor surface A = 2πrl.
2 The area of the rotor under each pole
= 𝐴𝑝 𝐵𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝜋 is 𝐴𝑝 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙.
Therefore final form of the voltage Total flux in each pole, 𝜑 = 𝐴𝑝 𝐵
2
equation is 𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝜋 𝜑𝑖 sin 𝜃
Thus, the torque produced in the machine is the product of the flux in the machine
and the current in the machine, times some quantity representing the mechanical
construction of the machine (the percentage of the rotor covered by pole faces). In
general, the torque in any real machine will depend on the same three factors:
i. The flux in the machine
ii. The current in the machine
iii. A constant representing the construction of the machine

12
Induced Voltage & Electromagnetic
Force in Generators
Generator Action
v

N S
F
x

1. External force moves conductor at velocity v, induces emf

2. Induced emf produces flux around conductor
3. Conductor field interacts with stationary field to produce
opposing force.
Force producing velocity must work against F
13
Induced Voltage & Electromagnetic
Force in Motors
Motor Action

x
N S
F CEMF
+
v

1. Applied voltage produces flux around conductor

2. Field interaction causes force (torque)
3. Motion causes induced voltage of opposite polarity in
conductor
14
 Problem 01: [Stephen J. Chapman: Example 7-1].
Fig 2.8 shows a simple rotating loop between curved pole faces connected to
a battery and a resistor through a switch. The resistor shown models the total
resistance of the battery and the wire in the machine. The physical dimensions
and characteristics of this machine are:

𝐵 = 0.25 𝑇
𝑙 = 1.0 𝑚
𝑉𝐵 = 120 𝑉
𝑅 = 0.3 Ω
𝑟 = 0.5 𝑚

(a) What happens when the switch is closed?

(b) What is the machine's maximum starting current? What is its steady-state angular velocity at no load?
(c) Suppose a load is attached to the loop, and the resulting load torque is 10 N.m. What would the new
steady-state speed be? How much power is supplied to the shaft of the machine? How much power is being
supplied by the battery? Is this machine a motor or a generator?
(d) Suppose the machine is again unloaded, and a torque of 7.5 N.m is applied to the shaft in the direction of
rotation. What is the new steady-state speed? Is this machine now a motor or a generator?
(e) Suppose the machine is running unloaded. What would the final steady-state speed of the rotor be if the
flux density were reduced to 0.20 T?
15
 Problem 01: Part (a)
Solution:
 Switch closed, a current will flow in the loop.
 Since the loop is initially stationary 𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 0.
 Therefore, the current will be given by
𝑉𝐵 − 𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝐵
𝑖= =
𝑅 𝑅
 This current flows through the rotor loop, producing a torque
2
𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝜑𝑖 … … . . 𝐶𝐶𝑊
𝜋
 This induced torque produces an angular acceleration, so the rotor of the
machine begins to turn.
 As a result an induced voltage is produced in the motor, given by
2
𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝜑𝜔
𝜋
 So the current 𝑖 falls. consequently, 𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑑 decreases,
 And the machine winds up in steady state with 𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 0, and the battery
voltage 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 .
16
 Problem 01: Part (b)
Solution:
𝑉𝐵 120 𝑉
 At starting conditions, the machine's current is 𝑖 = = = 400 𝐴
𝑅 0.3 Ω
 At no-1oad steady -state conditions,𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 0, so current goes to zero.
 The fact that 𝑖 = 0 A means that the battery voltage 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑
 Therefore, the speed of the rotor is
2
𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑉𝐵 = 𝜑𝜔
𝜋
𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝐵 120 𝑉
𝜔= = =
2 ൗ
( 𝜋)𝜑 2𝑟𝑙𝐵 2 0.5 𝑚 1.0 𝑚 0.25 𝑇
𝜔 = 480 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

17
 Problem 01: Part (c)
 If a load torque of 10 N.m is applied to the shaft of the machine, it will begin to slow
2
down. But as 𝜔 decreases, 𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝜑𝜔 ↓ decreases.
𝜋
𝑉𝐵 −𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 ↓
 The rotor current increases 𝑖 = .
𝑅
 𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑑 increases too until 𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝜏𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 at a lower speed 𝜔
 At steady state,
2
𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝜏𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝜑𝑖
𝜋
𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑑 10 𝑁. 𝑚
𝑖= = = 40𝐴
2𝑟𝑙𝐵 2 0.5𝑚 1.0𝑚 0.25 𝑇
 𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑖𝑅 = 120 𝑉 − 40𝐴 0.3Ω = 108𝑉
 Speed of the shaft,
𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 108 𝑉 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔= = = = 432
2
𝜑 2𝑟𝑙𝐵 2 0.5𝑚 1.0𝑚 0.25 𝑇 𝑠
𝜋
𝑟𝑎𝑑 60
𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑝𝑚, 𝑛 = 432 = 4127 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑠 2𝜋
𝑟𝑎𝑑
 Power supplied to shaft, 𝑃 = 𝜏𝜔 = 10 𝑁. 𝑚 432 = 4320 𝑊
𝑠
 Power out of the battery is, 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐵 𝑖 = 120 𝑉 40 𝐴 = 4800 𝑊
 This machine is operating as a motor, converting electric power to mechanical power.
18
 Problem 01: Part (d) & (e)
Part (d)
 If a torque is applied in the direction of motion, the rotor accelerates.
 As the speed increases, the internal voltage increases and exceeds Vs,
 So the current flows out into the battery. This machine is now a generator.
𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑑 7.5 𝑁.𝑚
 The current in the rotor, 𝑖 = = = 30 𝐴
2𝑟𝑙𝐵 2 0.5𝑚 1.0𝑚 0.25 𝑇

 The induce voltage, 𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑉𝐵 + 𝑖𝑅 = 120 + 30𝐴 0.3Ω = 129 𝑉

𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 129 𝑉
 Finally the speed of the shaft, 𝜔 = 2 = = = 516 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝜑 2𝑟𝑙𝐵 2 0.5𝑚 1.0𝑚 0.25 𝑇
𝜋

Part (e)
𝑟𝑎𝑑
 Since the machine is initially unloaded at the original conditions, the speed 𝜔 = 480
𝑠
 If the flux decreases, there is a transient.
 However, after the transient is over, the machine must again have zero torque, since there
is still no load on its shaft. If 𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 0, then the current in the rotor must be zero,
and 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 .
 The shaft speed is thus
𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑑 120 𝑉
𝜔= = = = 600 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
2 2𝑟𝑙𝐵 2 0.5𝑚 1.0𝑚 0.20 𝑇
𝜑
𝜋

19
 Summary of Generator and Motor
Electromagnetic Actions
Motor
Generator
Input I produces force.
F opposes driving torque
Force produces v (rpm) v
that produces emf
produces CEMF

All generators develop an opposing force

(torque) when generating a voltage

All motors generate an internal voltage (counter

emf) when producing a force (torque)

Motor and generator action occur simultaneously in rotating machines.

Therefore they can be operated as either.
20
 Motor /Generator Systems
Torque and speed act
opposite

Mechanical
drive call prime
mover

Generator System

T and w act in
same direction

21
END LESSON 3:
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION AND
MAGNETIC FORCES

Next Lesson…….
Topics: Construction of Elementary Dc Generators

22